The USAFSS Command Emblem Symbolizes the command mission. It consists of a shield divided equally into quarters by a vertical and horizontal line and identifying scroll. Significant of the command’s worldwide influence, the first quarter is blue, thereon a green sphere with yellow land markings. Pertinent to transmission, the second quarter is red, thereon a yellow lightning streak. Significant of the United States Air Force, the third quarter is yellow, thereon a blue half wing. Symbolic of protection and security, the fourth quarter is blue, thereon over a sword with point to base (hilt and pommel yellow), a white shield, thereon a yellow flame shaded red. The emblem was approved by Headquarters USAF in August 1952.

On a field of blue, a silver shield bearing a chesspiece is displayed over a blade of lightning, and identifying scroll is unfurled underneath. The blue field, as the dominant color, represents ESC’s Air Force subordination; to preserve the link with the Air Force Security Service emblem, whose principal color was blue; and symbolizes the valor and loyalty of the men and women of the command. The lightning blade of the sword is drawn from the USAFSS emblem to preserve tradition and to represent the identification with electronics. Connecting the bolt to a sword hilt suggests its transformation into a weapon, much as the more passive mission of USAFSS evolved into the active role with which ESC is charged. Immediate readiness of response is also embodied in the lightning bolt sword. The silver shield has its origin in the USAFSS emblem, denoting now, as then, both defense and the security resulting from that defense. The chesspiece--a black knight-- conveys several meanings. Classic deception as embodied in the Trojan horse is suggested. The color black takes meaning from the rule of chess that black moves second; black’s tactics are therefore counter moves, representing ESC countermeasures missions. The knight is a powerful chessman; he strikes from unexpected quarter, and is the only piece able to strike while obstructed. He employs elegant rather than brute force. All these attributes combine to symbolize C3 Countermeasures and the move/countermove nature of electromagnetic warfare.

The emblem of the Air Force Intelligence Command is symbolic of its diverse missions. The knight chesspiece had its origin in the ESC emblem and conveys classic deception, as embodied in the trojan horse. It is a powerful chessman; he strikes from unexpected quarter and is the only piece able to strike while obstructed. The shield had its origin in the USAFSS emblem, denoting now, as then, both defense and the security resulting from that defense. It is separated into four quadrants to symbolize the Command’s worldwide mission of support. The double-edged sword refers to the military role of the Air Force. It signifies the readiness of AFIC to electronics in both defensive and offensive operations to ensure the security of the nation.

Blue and yellow are the Air Force colors. Blue alludes to the sky, the primary theater of Air Force operations. Yellow refers to the sun and the excellence required of Air Force personnel. The globe signifies the intelligence the agency provides to the Air Force Global Reach - Global Power Mission. The key represents the Agency’s efforts to unlock its protagonist’s secrets. The teeth on the ward symbolize the disciplines of intelligence gathering - SIGINT, HUMINT, IMAGERY, and MASINT. The chess knight reflects counter-intelligence and the ability to use intelligence information in a variety of ways. The compass rose symbolizes intelligence operations reaching the four corners of the earth and the use of satellite information gathering. A CONTINUING LEGACY:

USAFSS to AIA

1948-2000

A Brief History of the

Air Intelligence Agency

and its Predecessor Organizations

By Dr. Dennis F. Casey and MSgt Gabriel G. Marshall

Published by the Air Intelligence Agency History Office 102 Hall Boulevard, Suite 112 San Antonio, TX 78243-7045

Telephone: (210) 977-2303 FAX: (210) 977-2390 CONTENTS

Preface and Acknowledgements

Foreword

Brief History

Chronology

Past Commanders

ii Preface and Acknowledgements

he Air Intelligence Agency’s rich and colorful heritage began nearly 52 years ago and encompasses much of the Cold War. Indeed, the activities and many Taccomplishments of the United States Air Force Security Service, later the Electronic Security Command, and for a brief time the Air Force Intelligence Command contributed importantly to the history of the United States during this period which was replete with the threat of nuclear confrontation with our primary opponent, the Soviet Union. As scholars look back on this period and try to explain its major trends and developments, as well as its frustrations and the chasm that separated the two super powers, the role of air intelligence will surely be seen as a defining influence.

As the Air Intelligence Agency steps forward into the 21st century and carries out its mission of information operations it is worth a moment to reflect on where the command was, where it has been and what it has achieved. This publication outlines briefly the command’s first 52 years as the Air Force’s air intelligence arm and chronicles many of the important contributions which have provided for the continued security of the United States. We wish to recognize the superb support provided by the 690th Information Systems Squadron Visual Production Flight and the Headquarters Air Intelligence Agency Public Affairs Office. To Jim Pierson and Mary Holub and the others who endeavored tirelessly over the years to record this exciting and important story, and to Juan Jimenez whose assistance and advice were invaluable, we express our special thanks.

Dr. Dennis F. Casey MSgt Gabriel G. Marshall Chief Historian Senior Enlisted Historian

iiii Foreword

n this fast-paced environment of the 21st century, driven as it often is by seemingly constantly changing information age technologies, it is fundamentally I important to pause occasionally and reflect on where the Air Intelligence Agency (AIA) has been. Even in the autumn of 1947, when Colonel Richard P. Klocko began laying the groundwork for a separate Air Force organization devoted to special information, change was everywhere. Unprecedented accuracy and speed in communications, the unleashing of the atomic age, and the advent of a bipolar world heralded much of this change. The Air Force Security Group established on 23 June 1948, underwent a significant metamorphosis and became the United States Air Force Security Service (USAFSS) on 20 October 1948, before even five months had passed. Not quite two years later USAFSS personnel found themselves headed into a new conflict when on 25 June 1950 North Korean ground forces crossed the 38th parallel into South Korea. The Cold War had suddenly heated up.

Today’s AIA is a fused intelligence organization serving as a critical part of the air operations arm of the United States. Its mission continues to change as it endeavors to provide its many customers with current, readily usable and focused information products and services. AIA’s personnel accomplish this complex mission of information operations with a high degree of professionalism and effectiveness. They participate directly in combat operations and capitalize upon new and promising technologies, adapting them to current as well as perceived needs. In so doing AIA defines and sharpens the Air Force Core Competency of information operations. Today’s AIA warriors, backed by a rich 52-year heritage, look forward to the challenges of the future and stand ready to defend the United States and its people, its interests and its allies in the 21st century.

Bruce A. Wright, Major General, USAF Commander, Air Intelligence Agency

iiiiii To gain a true apprecia- tion for the manner in which BRIEF HISTORY intelligence operations were conducted during the imme- diate post WWII years, it is USAFSS to AIA — necessary to examine briefly why the Air Intelligence A Legacy More Than Half a Agency’s (AIA) predecessor organizations were estab- Century Old Continues lished and what their original missions entailed.

Origins AIA beginnings can be traced to the autumn of During WWII, intelligence, most notably signals intelli- 1947, when then Colonel Major General Richard P. gence (SIGINT) proved invaluable in helping the Allies Richard Klocko (who would Klocko, who later commanded secure victory. The successes of the ULTRA and MAGIC later command USAFSS) USAFSS, led early planning efforts in the European and Pacific theaters respectively, transferred from the Army efforts. undoubtedly helped shorten the war and save American lives. Security Service Headquar- The nation’s euphoria over the victory in 1945 quickly ters at Arlington Hall, Va, to an office in the newly created gave way to a post WWII political climate defined by the air staff. Once there, Klocko and others began to lay the Cold War. A bipolar world began to emerge when a massive groundwork for establishing a new, separate air force major Soviet Army presence in Eastern Europe threatened to command charged with the responsibility for processing and engulf the western portion of that continent and the U.S.’ reporting special intelligence information. The concept of a principal allies under communist rule. With the country separate air force intelligence organization, one vastly rapidly transitioning to a post war economy and the U.S. different from the army and navy structures, quickly received military machine in the midst of an even more unprecedented the approval of Air Force’s second Chief of Staff General Hoyt demobilization effort, America’s leaders realized how S. Vandenberg. Within the framework of the newly important establishing and keeping intelligence organiza- organized air staff, responsibility for intelligence matters tions intact would be to the national security future of the initially fell under the purview of the deputy chief of staff United States. for operations.

With the seeds for the new air intelligence organization sowed months earlier in an office of the ASA, AIA’s roots began to flourish with the establishment on 23 June 1948 of the Air Force Security Group (AFSG) in the Directorate of Intelli- gence at HQ USAF in Washington, D.C. As the junior service in the new DoD structure, the AFSG encountered many obstacles dealing with its sister services on matters of policy concerning the cryptologic and communications security (COMSEC) missions of the new air force. Other National Military Intelligence Reorganizations

One of the more significant intelligence reorga- Radio operators train at Brooks AFB in the summer of 1949. nizations of the immediate post war period saw President Harry S. Truman abolish the Office of 1 After three months of negotiations with the Army Security Agency the new MAJCOM gained its first subordi- nate units on 1 February 1949, when the 1st Radio Squadron Mobile (RSM) in Japan, the 2nd RSM in Germany, the 8th RSM at Vint Hill Farms, Va, and the 136th Radio Security Detachment at Fort Slocum, N.Y., were transferred to USAFSS from the Army Security Agency (ASA).

The initial exposure of the USAFSS staff to the full scope of ASA operations and missions provided valuable firsthand experience for the newly formed USAF MAJCOM. The new organization had an initial authorized strength of 156 personnel—34 officers, six airmen and 116 civilians. Korea

When elements of the communist North Korean Army Arlington Hall--the first home of USAFSS. swarmed across the 38th Parallel on 25 June 1950, the Strategic Services in September 1945. This event preceded Korean peninsula was an unfamiliar region few Americans the January 1946 creation of the Central Intelligence Group— knew existed. The entry of the U.S. forces into a United the forerunner of the CIA. The establishment of the Nations “police action,” found an understaffed (just 3,050 Department of Defense in 1947 influenced significantly the personnel) and somewhat untrained USAFSS in its infancy. subsequent development of the nation’s air force intelligence USAFSS tasking to support the Korean conflict saw the structure.

Another change in the organization of the nation’s intelligence structure took place in late 1949 when the Joint Chiefs of Staff announced the establishment of the Armed Forces Security Agency. Chartered with overseeing cryptologic and COMSEC operations within the national military establishment, ASA later became the National Security Agency in 1952. United States Air Force Security Service (USAFSS) Established

Because the air force leadership wanted the new service to have an active role in producing intelligence information, USAFSS was established under the command of Colonel Roy H. Lynn on 20 October 1948 at Arlington Hall Station, Va. Just one year after its own birth, the new military service now had in place a Major Command (MAJCOM) tasked with two important charters—to carry out a cryptologic mission and to provide COMSEC for a fledgling air force. Operators of the 15th Radio Squadron Mobile during the Korean War. 2 the enemy. By early 1952, the first detachment of 33 airmen underwent language training at Yale University and established operations at Ehwa University outside of Seoul. USAFSS’ performance during the Korean conflict earned the MAJCOM a permanent place at the table of the American intelligence community. In early 1953, USAFSS personnel flying aboard converted 5th Air Force C-47s, began experi- mental airborne operations in the Far Eastern Theater. The operation known as Project Blue Sky, used the modified C- 47 aircraft to relay communications to allied ground forces on the Korean Peninsula. The USAFSS organization grew steadily during the Korean War. As the Korean conflict wound down, USAFSS had grown considerably and reported an authorized strength of 17,143 airmen, officers and civilians.

Construction of the front of Bldg. 2000--later known as Ardisana Hall--winter 1952. Headquarters Moves/ command quickly order the 1st Radio Squadron Mobile Organizational Changes (RSM) to alert status on 27 June 1950. By November 1950 a detachment of the 1st RSM deployed to Korea in time to USAFSS originally began operations at Arlington Hall, become involved in a retreat from the rapidly advancing Va. With the army and navy intelligence hierarchies planted North Korean Army. Not hindered by the quick evacua- in Washington D.C., the air staff directed that USAFSS Head- tion, the 1st RSM contributed significantly to UN and Far quarters be relocated elsewhere. Brooks Air Force Base Eastern Air Forces (FEAF) operations during early 1951. The surfaced as the best choice for a new home. USAFSS detachment provided invaluable intelligence information on Headquarters and related functions moved there in April the movements of major North Korean Army units from 1949. Colonel Klocko and the USAFSS staff prepared plans Manchuria to Wonsan. The intelligence information enabled to temporarily relocate only to Brooks after Major General UN air and naval units to interdict the enemy advance. Charles P. Cabell, the Air Force’s first director of intelligence, secured funds for the construction of a headquarters for Within the air operations realm, the intelligence USAFSS at Kelly AFB. Construction of a new $4,798,000 furnished by a USAFSS detachment in June 1951 enabled USAFSS Headquarters building at Kelly AFB began in late American F-51 and F-86 fighters to inflict heavy losses on summer 1951. Operations commenced at the new headquar- ters (Bldg. 2000) effective 1 August 1953. The move into the newly constructed headquarters building took place during the first week of August 1953.

Within USAFSS Head- quarters, several organiza- tional changes took place in the first years of the or- ganization. In July 1953, the newly established Air Force Communications Se- curity Center at Kelly AFB took on responsibility for the USAFSS COMSEC The C-130A-II--successor to the RB-50.

3 Texas, the 6926th SS (Mobile) at Clark AB and the 6911th SS (Mobile) at Darmstadt, Germany. Fixed Ground Operations Flourish

As the 1950s gave way to the 1960s, USAFSS support to national level customers expanded rapidly. USAFSS ground units sprang up in a few out of the way places around the globe. The 6937th Communications Group, Peshawar, Pakistan, situated just west of the historic Khyber Pass, began operations in April 1958. Command units also operated at Samsun and Trabzon, Turkey; Zweibrucken and Wiesbaden, Germany, Kirknewton, Scotland and other locations. As 1959 Operations site of the 6937th Communications Group, Peshawar, drew to a close, 21,602 airmen, officers and civil- Pakistan 1969. ians comprised a still growing team of USAFSS intelligence professionals. mission from the HQ USAFSS Deputy Chief of Staff (DCS) for operations. Also at this time, the 6901st Special Commu- Fixed Operations significantly improved when the first nications Center at Brooks AFB took over the operational of USAFSS’ AN /FLR-9 “Elephant Cage” antennas reached functions previously performed by the USAFSS DCS of operational status at the 6920th SS at Misawa Air Base, Operations. Shortly thereafter, on 8 August 1953, with the Japan in March 1965 and at the 6922nd SS, Clark Air Base, new Headquarters building complete, the 6901st now the Philippines one month later. Other “Elephant Cages” renamed the Air Force Special Communications Center, sprung up, and by the end of the 1960’s the antenna array moved from Brooks AFB to “Security Hill” at Kelly AFB. was operational at the 6950th SW at RAF Chicksands, England, the 6917th SS, San Vito Dei Normanni, Air Station Airborne & Contingency (AS), Italy, the 6981st SS, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska and the 6933rd SS, Karamursel AS, Turkey. Other important Missions Evolve

Modern USAFSS airborne operations commenced in 1952 using converted B-29 Super Flying Fortresses. Strategic Air Command (SAC) RB- 50 Superfortresses with USAFSS crews began flying operational airborne missions in the Pacific in March 1954. C-130A-IIs, more maintainable and having longer endurance than their predecessors, began replacing RB-50s in 1958. In 1962 USAFSS crews first flew missions aboard SAC sponsored RC-135 aircraft.

As regional trouble spots began to develop in the post WWII Cold War world, USAFSS reacted accordingly. In 1956, the first USAFSS mobile unit deployed to the Middle East in response to instabil- ity in the area. Later in 1963, in the aftermath of the Cuban missile crisis, the command activated three Emergency Reaction Units (ERUs)—the 6948th AN-FLR-9 and Operations building at the 6922nd Security Squadron, Security Squadron (SS) (Mobile) at Goodfellow AFB, Clark AB. 4 USAFSS/ESC operational field sites included Iraklion AS, Crete, Wakkanai AS, Japan and Shu Lin Kou AS, Taiwan. The introduction of several high technology systems like IATS, STRAWHAT and TEBO at USAFSS ground sites during this time further automated many time and labor intensive unit field operations. Vietnam

USAFSS involvement in the Vietnam war began in late 1961. On 20 December 1961, HQ PACAF directed the command to deploy a capability to establish an Air Force Special Security Office and related intelligence functions at Tan Son Nhut Airport near Saigon. Later in early 1962, the air staff began to make firm plans to provide intelligence support to the commander-in-chief of Pacific Air Forces in Southeast Asia. USAFSS resources and personnel would play a leading role. By the end of 1962, USAFSS’ 6923rd Radio Squadron Mobile and three subordinate detachments in A USAFSS crewed EC-47P from Phu Cat, AB Vietnam Vietnam and Thailand were serving both national intelli- in flight. gence customers and providing tactical support for the fast growing number of military units operating in the South- served with distinction aboard the EC-47, supporting search east Asia theater of operations. and rescue operations for downed U.S. airmen. By mid 1964, U.S. military involvement in Southeast Asia With U.S. involvement in the Vietnam conflict increas- significantly increased. In August 1964, Major General ing significantly, USAFSS took on the role as the central evalu- Richard P. Klocko, now USAFSS commander, met with the ating agency for USAF electronic warfare activities in 1967— commander of PACAF’s 2nd Air Division at Tan Son Nhut the first major change in the command’s mission since its Airport, South Vietnam, to work out issues for USAFSS inception. By mid 1969, command manning authorizations support to the 2nd AD. Over the course of the next four totaled 28,637, the highest number in the history of the years, USAFSS personnel provided key support to COLLEGE organization. EYE threat warning operations for U.S. aircrews conducting air operations over North Vietnam. Post Vietnam Mission Changes With the air war in Southeast Asia escalating, The redesignating of AFSCC as the Air Force Electronic DoD added six RC-135 air- Warfare Center (AFEWC) on 1 July 1975 gave USAFSS a craft to the SAC inventory. greater role in the Air Force’s expanding electronic warfare Based at Kadena AB, mission. Throughout the 1970’s the command continued to Okinawa and supported by furnish Emergency Action Unit (ERU) support to tactical USAFSS crews, the 6990th SS commanders and gained approval of its plan to offer direct activated at Kadena on 15 support to Air Force Component commanders. USAFSS July 1967 in support of the further refined its direct support role during this time added RC-135s. The first through the extensive participation in numerous military USAFSS manned COMBAT exercises. APPLE RC-135 mission staged out of Kadena Air Base on 12 September 1967. ESC Takes Shape During the Vietnam conflict, By the end of the 1970’s USAFSS had become thoroughly Major General Doyle E. USAFSS personnel also involved in electronic warfare. The command first demon- Larson, ESC’s first commander. strated this operational capability during the Tactical Air

5 Security Division at Peterson AFB, Colo. That same year, ESC personnel began supporting USAFE COMPASS CALL operations staging from Sembach AB, Germany.

The 1980’s witnessed the fruition of technologies that would foreshadow present day intelligence support. Systems like PARSEC and the Conventional Signals Upgrade became operational, changing profoundly the way command organizations carried out their rapidly expanding missions. These new modern computer-based, state-of-the-art automated systems replaced those based on outdated technologies AN FLR-9 of the 6917th ESG, Summer 1984. from the 1950’s and earlier.

Command (TAC) sponsored exercise Blue Flag 79-1 at Hurlburt Field, Florida in late 1978. ESC began to take shape ESC, JUST CAUSE, on February 1, 1979, when USAFSS transferred the operation and maintenance of its Telecommunications DESERT STORM Center to the Air Force Communications Service (later the Air Force Communications Command.) On 1 August 1979 ushers in a new era USAFSS was redesignated Electronic Security Command (ESC) with Major General Doyle E. Larson as the commander. In December 1989, ESC field units, the ESC staff and the With this change, ESC assumed a broad responsibility for Air Force Electronic Warfare Center (AFEWC) played an improving the Air Force’s use of electronic warfare technol- on-the-scenes role in Panama, ensuring the success of ogy in combat. On the operational side, ESC also gained Operation JUST CAUSE. As the 1980s drew to a close, ESC more challenging and critical national missions, with the had made its mark as a prime source of intelligence 6920th Electronic Security Group, Misawa AB, Japan products for the command’s expanding list of customers. starting Ladylove operations in the early 1980s. The first two years of the new decade set the stage for ESC Matures the future of ESC and its predecessors. On 9 August 1990

ESC focused its attention for much of the 1980’s on supporting warfighters and theater command- ers. During this time, the command began to concentrate its efforts on carefully tailoring its prod- ucts for use by operational commanders in military operations. In 1985, the command took over respon- sibility for computer security from the Air Force Computer Security Office at Gunter Air Force Station, Ala.

In Korea, ESC’s 6903rd ESG underwent a major mission change in 1986. By year’s end, the Korean Combat Operations Intelligence Center (KCOIC) had achieved initial operational capability. KCOIC consolidated ESC, and other U.S. and Republic of Korea intelligence functions under one roof to better serve the operational needs of the theater commander. Also during 1986, ESC began an asso- Operations site of the 6948th ESS, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, summer 1990. ciation with the USAF Space Command with the activation of the Headquarters Space Electronic 6 ESC personnel from the 6916th ESS were among the first U.S. military personnel to arrive in Saudi Arabia to support RC-135 DESERT SHIELD Operations. By the end of 1990, Operation DESERT SHIELD was well underway and on 10 November 1990 the 6975th Electronic Security Squadron (Provisional) was desig- nated, activated and organized at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in support of RC-135 operations.

As DESERT SHIELD gave way to DESERT STORM during the second half of January 1991, ESC personnel were engaged in key intelligence support roles both in the air and on the ground. The 6948th ESS operated from three different locations in Saudi Arabia and Turkey during the conflict, providing air commanders with valuable intelligence and communications support. The unparalleled success of U.S. and coalition forces in DESERT STORM ushered in the age of information warfare. Iraq’s command and control system killed with An RC-135V RIVET JOINT aircraft in flight. AIA and its predecessor airpower several weeks before the ground war began organizations have served aboard this venerable reconnaissance became a prime example of how information dominance platform for nearly four decades. was used in warfare. Within the now emerging doctrine of information warfare, it was clear that ESC forces played a large role in helping the U.S. to achieve operational AIA—Pioneering Air Force supremacy over Iraqi forces during the war in the Persian Gulf. Information Operations

The need to establish the Air Intelligence Agency (AIA) AFIC Formed stemmed from the introduction of the objective Air Force— the one base, one boss concept authored by Air Force Chief ESC was redesignated Air Force Intelligence Command of Staff General Merrill A. McPeak. Because of this, further (AFIC) on 1 October 1991. The new organization led by restructuring of Air Force Intelligence beckoned and AFIC Major General Gary W. O’Shaughnessy, consolidated, was resdesignated AIA on 1 October 1993. Commanded by restructured and streamlined the functions of Air Force then Major General Kenneth A. Minihan, the new organiza- intelligence resources into a single command. AFIC formed tion, reported directly to the USAF Assistant Chief of Staff by merging the personnel and missions of the Air Force for Intelligence. This move emphasized increased support Foreign Technology Center at Wright-Patterson Air Force to the warfighter. The Air Force Information Warfare Center Base, Ohio, the Air Special Activities Center, Fort Belvoir, (AFIWC) became a significant player in AIA activities. Va. and elements of the Air Force Intelligence Agency, Wash- AFIWC was established at Kelly Air Force Base on 10 Sep- ington D.C. and ESC into one command. AFIC provided tember 1993 by combining the AFEWC with the securities direct intelligence support to national decision makers and functions from the Air Force Cryptologic Support Center. field air component commanders. Support furnished by AFIWC’s primary mission remains that of channeling all AFIC focused on the interrelated areas of intelligence, electronic battle field information toward the objective of security, electronic combat, foreign technology, and treaty gaining information dominance over any adversary. monitoring. During AFIC’s first year the new command established a strong foundation for meeting the changing During the 1990s, one significant fact became more intelligence needs of the warfighter. prevalent than ever—U.S. military forces now operate in an information age, where the need for precise, instantaneous intelligence is increasing and expanding across the entire spectrum of military operations. Within today’s framework of the USAF Global Presence strategy, AIA serves as an integral part of the presence component in the application of this principle. The agency and its supported units help the 7 U.S. maintain a “virtual” advantage by providing battlespace forces with unique information. This helps the U.S. maintain global situational based capabilities. AIA plays a prime hour-to-hour, day-to-day role in helping the aware- ness.

The new agency now supports customers from nearly every governmental department and agency, and all of the U.S. Armed Forces. The Agency plays an active role in supporting almost every military contingency operation in which U.S. armed forces are committed. AIA, today, a remarkably diverse organization defends the information highway, providing the best battle space information to the right customer—anywhere, anytime. Since the beginning of 1996, AIA has been taking steps to develop and become the leader in information operations. With an emphasis on participating rather than just supporting combat operations, AIA is now moving boldly towards a new frontier. On AIA’s horizon is an environment in which the Agency will play a central role in helping U.S. forces achieve information superiority. This will become the prime objective in shaping future battlespace.

Clearly, national security events during the last half of the 1990s signaled the need for precise battlefield informa- AIA personnel work side-by-side with the other tion. In response to national taskings, AIA found its assets services. Members of the 93rd IS conduct intelligence and people being deployed to places like Bosnia collection operations at the Medina Regional SIGINT Herzegovina, Southwest Asia, and Kosovo. The activation Operations Center--1998. of the Information Warfare Battlelab in 1997 and the USAF approval in August 1998 of an Air Force Doctrine Document (AFDD) for Information Operations (IO) Doctrine have shown that IO will continue to evolve and that it will be an integral and sustaining part of future US military operations. The emergence of Information Superiority as an Air Force Core Competency in the landmark 1996 Global Engagement publication ensured the products and services provided by AIA will mean the difference between success and failure for the warfighter. Today, in the dawn of the 21st Century, AIA has become an essential part of US Aerospace Operations. The Agency’s mission, Information Operations, is rapidly becoming an indispensable ingredient in the overall mission of the Air Force.

8 CHRONOLOGY 19491949 The United States Air Force Security Service 19481948 received its first subordinate units on 1 February 1949, On 24 May 1948, Headquarters, United States Air Force when the 1st Radio Squad- (HQ USAF) informally activated the Air Force Security ron, Mobile in Japan, the 2d Group (AFSG) in the Office of the Intelligence Requirements Radio Squadron, Mobile in Division, Directorate of Intelligence, Headquarters USAF, Germany, the 8th Radio in the Pentagon and designated Major Idris J. Jones, an Air Squadron, Mobile at Vint Force officer, to head the Group. Hill Farms, Va., and the 136th Radio Security Detach- The AFSG was formally established in the Directorate ment in upper New York Colonel Roy H. Lynn, shown of Intelligence, HQ USAF, on 23 June 1948, with a cadre of state, along with assigned here as a Major General, was eleven officers and some clerical enlisted personnel on loan personnel, were transferred USAFSS’ first commander. from the Army Security Agency. to the command from the Army Security Agency. On 20 October 1948, the United States Air Force Security Service (USAFSS), the forerunner of the Air Intelli- In March 1949, on authority of a signed agreement with gence Agency, was established at Arlington Hall Station, Va., the U.S. Army, HQ USAF assigned Capt David D. Morris, as a major air command to perform cryptologic and an Air Force officer, to the Army Special Security Office at communications security missions for the Air Force. HQ United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE). About two and one-half months later, in June 1949, HQ USAFSS On the date of activation, the total authorized strength assigned Capt Campbell Y. Jackson to HQ USAFE as a of USAFSS was 156 personnel — 34 officers, 6 enlisted, and Security Service Liaison Officer. Those assignments 116 civilians. represented the first use of Air Force personnel in the previ- ously all-Army Special Security Office system. Colonel Roy H. Lynn was assigned as the first USAFSS Commander effective 20 October 1948. The transfer of HQ USAFSS from Arlington Hall Station, Va., to Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, was effective with transfer of the morning reports on 18 April 1949.

On 29 May 1949, Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson issued a Memo to the Joint Chiefs of Staff announcing the establishment of a unified crypto- logic organization — the Armed Forces Security Agency — (which later became the National Security Agency (NSA) in October 1952) for the conduct of Intelligence and communications secu- rity COMSEC) activities within the National Military Establishment.

On 30 June 1949, USAFSS had 2,032 personnel authorized — 171 officers, 1,745 enlisted, and 116 civilians.

The USAFSS Photography Laboratory had its USAFSS direction finding operators worked with equipment such as this beginning in July 1949 with the assignment of a during the early years. This DF position was located at Vint Hill Farms master sergeant and a corporal. On 7 October 1949, Station, in 1949. a photo officer was assigned. By 30 June 1950, the

9 officer on 1 May 1950 and was assigned as the Assistant Adjutant General.

In May 1950, USAFSS attempted to get the Director of Intelligence at HQ USAF to support the publication of an Air Force regulation which would specify that USAFSS was responsible for the production of Intelligence of interest to the Air Force and that the USAFSS units would be attached to the air commanders to meet tactical intelligence requirements. (Such a regulation was never published.)

In June 1950, the Airways and Air Communications Service (later the Air Force Communications Command) transferred to USAFSS the responsibility for service testing USAF cryptological equipment, systems, and devices. Airways and Air Communications Service also transferred the personnel and spaces authorized to perform this function. Early intelligence processing operations were tedious and time consuming--a USAFSS Radio Traffic Analyst at work in 1949. On 30 June 1950, USAFSS had 3,050 personnel autho- rized — 298 officers, 2,365 enlisted, and 387 civilians. total number of personnel assigned to the photo lab had grown to 22. The USAFSS Flight Section was organized on 1 Septem- ber 1950 with the assignment of three administrative aircraft JCS 2010/6 was published on 28 July 1949 which — two C-47s and one B-25 — and nine personnel. assigned the responsibility for Intelligence processing to the individual services “as needed for combat intelligence.” In November 1950, USAFSS established a detachment at Pyongyang, Korea (Detachment C, 1st Radio Squadron, Colonel (later Brigadier General) Travis M. Hetherington Mobile), to provide support to USAF organizations engaged replaced Colonel Lynn as Commander effective 6 July 1949. in the Korean War.

The USAFSS Printing Plant had its beginning in Decem- ber 1949 with the arrival of a litho camera, paper cutter, and opaque table. Two civilians were assigned to the Printing Plant.

On 29 December 1949, HQ USAF approved the USAFSS- developed concept of fully capable Radio Squadrons Mobile. 19501950

The USAFSS concept and plan for production of tactical area intelligence was approved by the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Vice Chief of Staff, USAF, in April 1950.

Sergeant Christena Ogle, the first Women’s Air Force (WAF) to join USAFSS, was assigned to the Command on 2 Office of the Comptroller in USAFSS Headquarters, Brooks, April 1950 for duty in the Directorate of Security. Major AFB, 1950. Corinne E. Edwards became the Command’s first WAF

10 USAFSS provided Intelligence support at the Kaesong truce meetings which began on 10 July 1951 and dragged on for more than two years until a truce was signed on 27 July 1953. During those two years, intelligence was provided to Vice Admiral C. Turner Joy, who headed the U. S. delegation to the conference.

The first Annual USAFSS Commanders’ Conference was held at USAFSS headquarters from 12-16 November 1951. On 30 June 1951, USAFSS reported 8,192 personnel authorized, 775 officers, 6,773 enlisted, and 644 civilians. 19521952

On 24 October 1952, National Security Council Directive No. 9 was revised. It redesignated the Armed Forces Security Agency (AFSA) as the National Security Personnel of the Headquarters USAFSS Operations Production Agency (NSA), delegated control of resources of the Depart- Division, Brooks AFB, prepare a map depicting the Eurasian ment of Defense (DoD) to the Director of NSA (DIRNSA), landmass, 1950. designated DoD as the executive agent of the Government for SIGINT information, and authorized DIRNSA to delegate 19511951 control for close support purposes.

USAFSS gained its first units above squadron level with the activation of the 6910th Security Group at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, on 23 May 1951 and the 6920th Security Group at Johnson AB, Japan, on 1 September 1951. The 6910th Security Group was moved to Germany in July 1951 with the Group Headquarters going to Wiesbaden and Group Operations going to Darmstadt.

Brigadier General (later Lieutenant General) Roy H. Lynn, who served as the first USAFSS Commander, returned as the organization’s third commander effective 22 February 1951.

There were two incidents in 1951 in which support provided by USAFSS units in Korea resulted in major U.S. air victories. The most significant of the two occurred on 29 November 1951 when a small USAFSS detachment provided 5th Air Force with tactical support concerning the North Korean Air Force which contributed directly to the largest single U.S. air victory of the war up to that point. In a single air-to-air engagement, F-86s from the USAF fighter wing at Inchon shot down eleven North Korean aircraft and damaged four more. The U.S. sustained USAFSS senior commanders pose with world renowed cyrptologist only one slightly damaged F-86. These incidents William Friedman (in suit, third from left) at Landsberg Air Base, Germany, were aptly termed “turkey shoots” by U.S. pilots. 23 November 1951. (Photo courtesy of Brig. Gen. Hetherington, Ret.)

11 In March 1952, HQ USAF consolidated the Security The United States Air Force Security Service flew its first Service Liaison Office and the major command (MAJCOM) Airborne Reconnaissance Program test mission in the Special Security Office activities into an Air Force Special Pacific on 18 April 1952 using a converted B-29 aircraft. The Security Office system. The responsibility for the develop- aircraft was later sent to Europe for additional testing before ment and operation of the Air Force Special Security Office commencing regular operational missions in the Pacific in System was delegated to USAFSS in April 1952. At the time, March 1954. the consolidated system consisted of nineteen authorized offices worldwide. The United States Air Force Security Service reorganized to operate with the procedural functions, authorities, and The USAFSS emblem was approved in August 1952 responsibilities of a major Air Force command, which it had after a command-wide contest to select a winning entry. It been since its activation on 20 October 1948, but within policy was designed by Airman Second Class William Rogers. The constraints required by tri-service relationships. motto, Freedom Through Vigilance, was adopted in January 1964. 19531953 On 30 June 1952, USAFSS had 12,319 personnel autho- rized — 1,366 officers, 10,267 enlisted, and 686 civilians. Brigadier General (later Major General) Harold H. Bassett replaced Major General Roy H. Lynn as Commander effective 14 February 1953.

On 1 July 1953, the 6901st Special Communications Center was activated at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, to perform the operational functions previously handled by the Analysis and Dissemina- tions Divisions, Deputy Chief of Staff/ Operations, HQ USAFSS. Simultaneous with establishment of the 6901st Special Communications Center on 1 July 1953, the Air Force Communications Security A C-47 “Bluesky” Aircraft. Manned by USAFSS crews the platform began Center was established to take over the experimental collection operations over Korea in early 1953. communications security operational functions of DCS/Operations.

On 30 June 1953, USAFSS was authorized 1,547 officers, 15,013 enlisted, and 583 civilians for a total of 17,143 personnel.

Two USAFSS airmen — Staff Sergeant Donald G. Hill and Air Second Class Earl W. Radlein, Jr. — were presumed killed on 29 July 1953 when the RB-50G-2 aircraft of the 343d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron on which they were serving was shot down off the Soviet coast near Vladivostok. This marked the first loss of USAFSS airborne operators as a result of hostile action.

Headquarters USAFSS closed out operations at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, effective 31 July 1953 and began operations from its new head- Intelligence operators of the 37th Radio Squadron Mobile, RAF Station, quarters building at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas. Kirknewton, Scotland 12 The move into the newly which USAFSS already had jurisdiction over, engaged in the constructed Headquarters Airborne Reconnaissance Program effort at that time; building at Kelly Air Force however, USAFSS had personnel serving as operators aboard Base was accomplished 343d Strategic Reconnaissance Squadron RB-50G ECM during the first week in aircraft. August 1953. In March 1954, the USAFSS Commander submitted On 8 August 1953, the tentative plans for expansion of processing activities at the 6901st Special Communica- squadron level and for direct reporting to the using tions Center was moved commands. In June 1954, the point of analysis and report- from Brooks Air Force Base, ing concept was implemented on a test basis at the 6901st Texas, to “Security Hill” at Special Communications Center in Europe (Germany) and Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, the 6902d Special Communications Center in the Pacific and renamed the Air Force (Japan). In late August 1954, the point of intercept analysis Major General Harold H. Special Communications and reporting concept was approved. The objective was to Bassett, USAFSS commander, Center. Initially, the facilitate a direct and timely response to the requirements of 1953-1957. mission of the Air Force military commands and other organizations receiving Special Communications intelligence support. Center was: (1) producing and disseminating long-term intelligence data; (2) operating the USAFSS School for On 30 June 1954, USAFSS was authorized 16,244 training intelligence specialists; (3) providing technical personnel — 1,485 officers, 14,079 enlisted, and 680 civilians. guidance and operational assistance to USAFSS field units; (4) assisting the USAFSS Deputy Chief of Staff/Operations By the end of 1954, the technical training function and to develop and test operational procedures and techniques oversight of the Special Security Office system had been for implementing the USAFSS program for providin transferred from the Air Force Special Communications intelligence support for the Air Force; and (5) directing and Center to HQ USAFSS. monitoring operation of the Special Security Office system.

The 6900th Security Wing was activated at Landsberg Air Base, Germany, on 1 August 1953 as an intermediate Headquarters (numbered Air Force equivalent) to plan, coordinate, and direct the activities of all USAFSS units in Europe. The 6920th Security Group at Johnson Air Base, Japan, provided the same support to USAFSS units in the Pacific.

The USAFSS School was activated at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, on 1 August 1953 and placed under the operational control of the Air Force Special Communications Center. One of the major functions of the school was to train personnel in intelligence duties. 19541954

In March 1954, USAFSS initiated a new concept in reconnaissance collection by imple- Airmen assigned to the 6920th Security Group, Johnson, Air Base, Japan menting its Airborne Reconnaissance Program repair radios--1953. effort. One RB-29 began flying missions in the Far East in April 1954. This was the only aircraft,

13 19551955 19571957

USAFSS deployed the 6926th Radio Squadron, Mobile, RB-50 aircraft were to Japan to participate in Project GRAYBACK. assigned to the Airborne Reconnaissance Program. On 30 June 1955, USAFSS was authorized 15,730 per- There were five RB-50s in sonnel — 1,372 officers, 13,757 enlisted, and 601 civilians. Europe and five in the Pacific.

Major General (later 19561956 Lieutenant General) Gordon A. Blake replaced Major The USAFSS developed a new concept of mobile opera- General H. H. Bassett as tions to satisfy increased tasking for tactical support during Commander effective 4 contingencies. The first deployment came in January 1957 January 1957. in response to the unstable situation in the Middle-East in Major General Gordon A. late 1956 and early 1957. On 30 June 1957, USAFSS Blake, USAFSS commander had 17,297 personnel autho- 1957-1959. On 30 June 1956, USAFSS had 17,928 personnel autho- rized — 1,292 officers, 15,356 rized — 1,275 officers, 16,003 enlisted, and 650 civilians. enlisted, and 649 civilians.

The Air Force Communications Security Center was The USAFSS School was moved from Kelly Air Force deactivated on 1 July 1956 and its personnel and communi- Base, Texas, to March Air Force Base, California, on 1 July cations security monitoring, reporting and management 1957. mission became a part of the Air Force Special Communica- tions Center. This change reflected an effort to decrease management overhead. 19581958

A major milestone in the history of USAFSS occurred on 1 July 1958 when the command assumed control of several bases throughout the world where its units had previously been tenants. Included were: Misawa Air Base, Japan;

An RB-50F aircraft -- USAFSS’ first operational aerial reconnaissance platform.

14 San Vito Air Station (AS), Italy; Iraklion AS, Crete; Royal Air Force (RAF) Station Chicksands, United Kingdom; Karamursel AS, Turkey, Wakkanai AS, Japan; and Shu Lin Kou AS, Taiwan. Later that year, Goodfel- low Air Force Base, Texas, was added to the list. Through coordination with Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) in early 1958, USAFSS increased its airborne capability in Korea by adding three more C-47s to the Blue Sky effort, for a total of four platforms. Each C-47 staged from Osan AB, Korea. They flew an average of 60 hours each month. During 1960, the project name was changed from Blue Sky to Rose Bowl. This “primitive,” but effective, Airborne Reconnaissance Program operation continued into 1962 when the C-130s staging from Yokota AB, Japan, were able to provide the necessary support of Korea and the A B-50 Superfortress, also used by USAFSS as a reconnaissance platform. C-47s were phased out.

On 30 June 1958, USAFSS was authorized 18,124 per- sonnel — 1,291 officers, 16,158 enlisted, and 675 civilians. 19591959

C-130s were sent to Europe to replace the RB-50s in the On 30 June 1959, USAFSS had 21,602 personnel Airborne Reconnaissance Program effort. The first two authorized — 1,427 officers, 18,724 enlisted, and 1,551 arrived in Germany during July 1958. civilians.

The USAFSS School was moved from March Air Force The replacement of RB-50s in Europe was completed in Base, California, to Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, on 15 July 1959 with arrival of the eighth C-130. The European October 1958. RB-50s were moved to the Pacific, giving that area nine RB-50 Airborne Reconnaissance Program aircraft. The 6920th Security Wing (later redesignated HQ Pacific Air Forces Security Region) was moved from Shiroi The transfer of bases to USAFSS under the “Integrated Air Base, Japan, to Wheeler Air Force Base, Hawaii, on 1 No- Command Concept” was completed on 1 July 1959 with the vember 1958. transfer of Wakkanai Air Station, Japan, and Shu Lin Kou Air Station, Taiwan. On 26 August 1958, USAFSS sent a unit to Taiwan to augment the 6987th Radio Squadron, Mobile located at Shu The United States Air Force Security Service first became Lin Kou Air Station, Taiwan, due to the increased tension in involved in the war in Southeast Asia in August 1959 when the Taiwan Straits created by the Chinese shelling of Quemoy. national intelligence authorities tasked the command to make maximum effort to provide intelligence relating to North Viet- Soviet fighters shot down a C-130 Airborne Reconnais- namese or Laotian rebel movements. Existing USAFSS units sance Program aircraft on 2 September 1958 when it strayed were not in the most favorable geographical locations to off-course over Soviet Armenia. All crew members were obtain such information; therefore, in the spring of 1960, assumed killed, including 11 USAFSS personnel. USAFSS sent a small team to Bangkok, Thailand.

15 Major General provide tactical support. Also, the command increased its Millard Lewis assumed Cuban Airborne Reconnaissance Program coverage from one command of USAFSS to three aircraft. effective 21 September 1959, replacing Major Strategic Air Command operated RC-135 aircraft began General Gordon A. Blake flying reconnaissance missions in the Arctic. who was reassigned to HQ Pacific Air Forces as On 30 June 1962, USAFSS had 24,718 personnel autho- Chief of Staff effective rized — 1,613 officers, 20,975 enlisted, and 2,130 civilians. 5 August 1959. Major General (later Lieutenant General) Richard P. Klocko assumed command of USAFSS effective 1 Septem- 19601960 ber 1962, replacing Major General Millard Lewis who retired from active duty. On 30 June 1960, USAFSS had 23,128 per- 19631963 sonnel authorized — Major General Millard Lewis 1,508 officers, 19,827 en- USAFSS activated three Emergency Reaction Units, the commanded USAFSS listed, and 1,793 civilians. 6948th Security Squadron, Mobile, at Goodfellow Air Force from 1959-1962. Base, Texas; the 6926th Security Squadron, Mobile, at Clark AB, the Philippines; and the 6911th Security Squadron, The 6917th Radio Squadron, Mobile, became the first Mobile, at Darmstadt, Germany. USAFSS unit in Italy when it was activated at San Vito on 1 November 1960. The following USAFSS communications functions were transferred to AFCS: (1) operation and maintenance of the Critical Communications relay stations; (2) operation and 19611961 maintenance of terminal station technical control; and (3) terminal station maintenance. As the tempo of the Vietnam War increased, USAFSS became involved in a program which eventually became On 30 June 1963, USAFSS had 26,849 personnel autho- known as the Airborne Radio Direction Finding program. rized — 1,655 officers, 23,047 enlisted, and 2,147 civilians; That year, General Curtis E. LeMay, Air Force Chief of Staff, however, the assigned strength on 30 June 1963 was 29,068 ordered several experimental aircraft, equipped with radio — 1,719 officers, 25,254 enlisted, and 2,095 civilians. homing equipment, into Southeast Asia. In response to the Air Force problem of how to reduce On 30 June 1961, USAFSS had 23,105 personnel autho- or eliminate intermediate echelons and separate units, rized — 1,532 officers, 19,568 enlisted, and 2,005 civilians. USAFSS initiated the “Operational Wing Concept.” Under this concept, the mission unit was discontinued and a support squadron was organized. The functions of the 19621962 mission unit were absorbed into the wing structure. The concept was implemented in Europe late in 1963 and in the In December 1961, PACAF asked USAFSS to send an Pacific in 1964. Emergency Reaction Unit to Da Nang Air Base, South Viet- nam, to support a Tactical Air Control System that was being set up there. USAFSS deployed the unit in early 1962. 19641964

Intelligence processed by the USAFSS Airborne Recon- The motto “Freedom Through Vigilance” was adopted naissance Program provided the first significant intelligence in January 1964. data concerning the extent of Soviet involvement in Cuba. As of 30 June 1964, USAFSS was authorized 24,643 per- The United States Air Force Security Service deployed sonnel — 1,656 officers, 21,925 enlisted, and 1,062 civilians. an Emergency Reaction Unit (ERU) to Key West, Florida, to

16 By the mid-1960s AN FLR-9 “Elephant Cages” had become the mainstays of several USAFSS units, including this one at the then 6981st Security Squadron, Elmendorf AFB, Alaska.

The Operational Wing Concept was implemented in the arose over where to base the RC-135s, and it took 18 more Pacific. months of negotiations before a base of operations was finally selected. With the air war in Vietnam heating up, In early 1964, the USAFSS commander, Major General Japan, Thailand, and the Philippines, as well as Da Nang, Richard P. Klocko, asked the Air Staff and the Strategic Air South Vietnam, and Kadena, Okinawa, were all considered. Command to support the addition of six RC-135s to the airborne effort. On 26 March 1965, USAF headquarters issued instruc- tions to USAFSS to transfer all Air Force Special Security 19651965 Officer functions to the using commands effective 1 July 1965. This resulted in the transfer of 811 USAFSS personnel at some In June 1965, after many months of intense negotiations, 50 locations around the world to the consumer commands. the Office of the Secretary of Defense approved the addition of six RC-135s to the airborne effort. But even then, a debate The Gold Flow problem, an Air Force-wide program to reduce overseas manning, resulted in the reduction of 302 USAFSS personnel overseas.

The loss of an RB-57 over the Black Sea on 15 De- cember 1965 resulted in a Government of Turkey ban on Airborne Reconnaissance Program flights from their country. The RB-57 was one of two aircraft in the Little Cloud project which were manned and maintained by the Pakistan Air Force at Peshawar.

United States Air Force Security Service Airborne Reconnaissance Program missions in Southeast Asia increased from one to two daily, using four RC-130s instead of two.

The first AN/FLR-9 systems became operational — at Misawa Air Base, Japan, in March 1965 and Clark USAFSS’ Detachment 2, 6925th Security Group Emergency Reaction Air Base, the Philippines, in April 1965. Unit, Da Nang, AB, South Vietnam, October 1964. 17 United States Air Force Security Service Airborne Reconnaissance 19661966 Program aircraft (C-130s) began partici- pating in tactical operations in South- The USAF Airborne Radio Direc- east Asia, supporting both USAF and tion Finding Program was nicknamed Navy strike forces by providing alert Phyllis Ann. The first Phyllis Ann EC- warnings. This was the first time the 47 Airborne Radio Direction Finding command became involved in a Program aircraft arrived at Tan Son regular program of providing tactical Nhut, Air Base, Vietnam, in April 1966 support to combat operations. for use by the newly activated 6994th Security Squadron. As of 30 June 1965, USAFSS was authorized 26,835 personnel — 1,686 A CM-1 Antenna of the 6910th Security The first AN/FLR-12 antenna officers, 23,062 enlisted, and 1,087 Wing, Darmstadt, Germany in 1965. system became operational. civilians. In 1966, Office of the Secretary of Defense requested The USAFSS Airborne Reconnaissance Program unit in USAF to provide an objective evaluation of its electronic war- the Pacific area performed the command’s first airborne fare system effectiveness. Later that year, the Chief of Staff, transmission security monitoring mission on a test basis. USAF, directed the establishment of an Electronic Warfare evaluation function in USAFSS. CSAF assigned this task to On 28 September 1965, the Air Force Chief of Staff USAFSS because: (1) USAFSS was a disinterested command approved the release of communication security violators’ — it neither built nor operated electronic warfare systems; names in transmission security reports. This was a first in (2) USAFSS had the necessary core skills; (3) it had access to transmissions security reporting. The approval granted the critically needed intelligence data; and (4) it had a close release of names down to division level. working relationship with NSA as the Air Force component of the service’s cryptologic system. The task was to assess Major General Louis E. Coira assumed command of the effectiveness of protective electronic countermeasures USAFSS effective 16 October 1965, replacing Major General employed by U.S. aircraft during air strikes against North Richard P. Klocko who was reassigned as commander of the Vietnam. Air Force Communications Service. On 30 June 1966, USAFSS had 26,157 personnel authorized — 1,507 officers, 22,447 enlisted, and 2,203 civilians.

Major General Louis E. Coira Main gate of USAFSS’ 6987th Security Squadron at Shu Lin Kou, Air Station, took command of USAFSS in Taiwan in 1965. 1965. 18 Personnel assigned to USAFSS’ Air Force Cryptologic Depot at Kelly AFB perform maintenance on equipment--circa 1965.

Assistant Secretary of Defense Cyrus Vance placed Air September 1967, only two days after the first aircraft arrived at Force Airborne Radio Direction Finding Program assets in Kadena AB, the first operational Combat Apple mission was the Electronic Warfare Program. flown. By November 1967, daily scheduled Combat Apple missions of 18 hours and 45 minutes were being flown, The United States Air Force Security Service entered a including 12 hours and 30 minutes on the primary orbit. new era in operational systems development during the first half of 1966 with the completion of system 466L (FLR-9 and On 30 June 1967, USAFSS was authorized 28,498 per- FLR-12). sonnel — 1,483 officers, 24,509 enlisted, and 2,506 civilians.

The United States Air Force Security Service organized the 6993d Security Squadron. It was physically located at Lackland Air Force Base Annex One (Medina Base, Texas). 19671967

In June 1967, Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, was announced as the most economical location and the base that would leave the six additional RC- 135 aircraft in the best post-hostility posture. As a result, SAC and USAFSS developed plans to activate organizations at Kadena to operate the RC-135 program in Southeast Asia. In response, USAFSS activated the 6990th Security Squadron on 15 July 1967, and SAC established the 82d Stra- tegic Reconnaissance Squadron on 25 August 1967.

The first three Combat Apple RC-135 aircraft arrived at Kadena AB on 10 September 1967, followed by the remaining three in October 1967, November 1967, and January 1968. On 12 Antenna array of the 6932nd Security Group, Samsun, Turkey--1964. 19 United States Air Force Security Service Airborne Navy, and Marine personnel were assigned to the Air Force Reconnaissance Program units began performing airborne Special Communications Center. As the years passed, transmissions security monitoring on a time available, general usage of the term Comfy Coat came to mean all non-interfering basis. operational electronic warfare effectiveness evaluations being conducted by the Air Force Special Communications Center. In consonance with a USAF program to increase the use of women in the Air 19681968 Force, USAFSS assigned women to its units in The Government of Karamursel, Turkey; Pakistan refused to renew Iraklion, Crete; Chicksands, the lease for the USAFSS site United Kingdom; Misawa, at Peshawar (6937th Com- Japan; and Shu Lin Kou, munications Group). The Taiwan; as well as at Good- unit closed by the end of fellow Air Force Base, 1969. Texas, and Kelly Air Force Base, Texas. This was the On 30 June 1968, first time enlisted women USAFSS had 27,365 person- were assigned to USAFSS nel authorized — 1,481 operational sites overseas. officers, 23,350 enlisted, and 2,534 civilians. On 16 January 1967 the Operations site of the 6924th Security Squadron, Da Nang, South Vietnam in 1966. Air Force Special Commu- The 6990th Security nications Center established a 24-hour/7-day per week Squadron at Kadena Air Base, Okinawa, won the Travis function to provide direct support to any agency needing Trophy for its highly significant contributions toward the information. This data base was the culmination of several fulfillment of both national and tactical cryptologic objectives. years of developmental effort by the Center. It proved increasingly valuable in permitting rapid response to complex queries for technical and intelligence data. 19691969

The 6990th Security Squadron was organized at Kadena The Department of Defense decided to reduce forces in Air Base, Okinawa, to receive the six RC-135 aircraft assigned Turkey and realign the intelligence posture there. This to the Pacific Airborne Reconnaissance Program effort. The realignment caused the subsequent closure of the USAFSS first RC-135 Airborne Reconnaissance Program mission, sites at Trabzon and Samsun and the establishment of a named Combat Apple, was flown on 12 September 1967. USAFSS squadron (6934th Security Squadron) at Sinop.

The Iron Horse system was put into operation at Da Nang AB (6924th Security Squadron) and Monkey Mountain, South Vietnam.

In 1967, USAFSS assigned its new electronic warfare evaluation mission to the Air Force Special Communications Center (later AF Information Warfare Center) at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas. The USAFSS assigned the mission to the Air Force Special Communications Center because the Center had a cadre of experienced analysts. In addition, the Center’s analytic task was phasing down which made the necessary office space available. This new mission was the first major change in the command’s mission in many years. Then Lt Col Doyle E. Larson, commander of The initial evaluations were disseminated electrically in the 6990th Security Squadron, accepts the Comfy Coat reports. Later, the effort was expanded to cover NSA Travis Trophy for 1968 from the evaluation of Navy and ground electronic warfare, and Army, Director of NSA, VADM Noel Gaylor. 20 The 6994th Security Squadron, Tan Son Nhut Air Base, groups and their subordi- Vietnam, received the Travis Trophy for outstanding nate units placed under the contributions to the cryptologic efforts of the U.S. direct control of the two Regions. On 30 June 1969, USAFSS reported 28,637 personnel authorized — 1,618 officers, 24,558 enlisted, and 2,461 On 30 June 1970, civilians. USAFSS reported 25,123 per- sonnel authorized — 1,390 Major General Carl W. Stapleton replaced Major officers, 21,507 enlisted, and General Louis E. Coira as commander effective 19 July 1969. 2,226 civilians.

In 1970, the increasing 19701970 hostile threat against Air- borne Reconnaissance Pro- The pilot class of the USAFSS Senior Officers Orienta- gram aircraft focused Major General Carl W. tion Course was conducted at Goodfellow Air Force Base, national level emphasis on Stapleton commanded USAFSS Texas. The results were “unfavorable,” so the course reducing manned recon- from 1969-1972. subsequently went through an 18-month period of revision naissance flights in high and refinement. threat areas. Consequently, USAF deployed a series of unmanned drone vehicles and piloted airframes. The first A small ceremony attended by representatives of the U.S. of these systems to be deployed was Combat Dawn, an and Pakistani Air Forces closed out the tenure of the USAFSS unmanned drone staged and operated from Korea. “Communications Unit” (6937th Communications Group) at Peshawar, Pakistan, on 7 January 1970, thereby ending 15 years of valuable intelligence support at the site. 19711971 The year 1970 saw the operational wing concept fall by the wayside as USAFSS reorganized its subordinate unit United States Air Force Security Service acquired its first posture to strengthen the role of the Regions under this medical facility on 1 July 1971 when the USAF Hospital at concept. All USAFSS overseas wings were redesignated as Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, was transferred from the Air Training Command (ATC) to USAFSS.

An EC-121 College Eye in flight. USAFSS personnel served aboard the aircraft in the late 1960s during operations in Vietman providing vital threat warning data to US aircrews.

21 Primarily because of the ber 1971, causing a command’s contributions flurry of reorganization during the Southeast Asia planning activities dur- war, USAFSS units earned ing the remainder of 46 Air Force Outstanding Fiscal Year 1972. One of Unit Awards, two Presiden- the principal objectives tial Unit Citations, the Navy of the reorganization Meritorious Unit Commen- was to establish a more dation Award, and two coherent structure for special awards for outstand- manning the U.S. cryp- ing contributions to the tologic effort to include National Cryptologic Effort the creation of a during 1967-1971. Prior to “National Cryptologic 1967 (1948-66), command Command.” A signifi- units had garnered only 33 cant milestone in such awards. achieving this objective was reached on 14 April The C-130 fleet from Operations site of the 6915th Security Group, Hof, Germany. 1972 when the Secretary Japan replaced the aging of Defense approved for C-130 fleet in Europe. implementation the National Security Agency/Central Security Service (NSACSS) organizational plan. The 6908th Security Squadron was activated at Nakhon Phanom Airport, Thailand, to operate Senior Book and On 30 June 1972, USAFSS was authorized 20,755 per- Compass Flag programs, as well as process and report the sonnel — 1,300 officers, 17,190 enlisted, and 2,285 civilians. intercept collected from both platforms. The United States Air Force Security Service organized The 6300th Support Squadron (later redesignated 6300th the Air Force Communications Security Center on Kelly Air Aerospace Support Squadron) was activated at Ko Kha, Force Base, Texas, on 1 July 1972 to execute Air Force COM- Thailand, on 1 July 1971 to support Cobra Talon. SEC missions assigned to USAFSS. It also had overseas units assigned to assist Air Force theater activities with various Hof AS, Germany, was turned over to the United States COMSEC services. Air Forces in Europe and the 6915th Security Squadron was inactivated. In Japan, DOD Program Budget Decisions resulted in a complete realignment of the cryptologic structure, forcing On 30 June 1971, USAFSS was authorized 23,163 the closure of Wakkanai AS (6986th Security Group) and personnel — 1,314 officers, 19,827 enlisted, and 2,022 inactivation of the 6918th Security Squadron at Hakata AS civilians. and the 6988th Security Squadron, the command’s airborne 19721972

The first class of the Revised Senior Officers Orienta- tion Course was conducted at HQ USAFSS with favorable results.

The USAFSS School at Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, was accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. The USAFSS School was the first one in the Air Force to receive this recognition.

President Nixon announced a major reorganization Detachment 3, 6994th Security Squadron, Nakhon Phanom, of U.S. intelligence agencies and activities on 5 Novem- Thailand. The unit was inactivated in November 1972.

22 unit at Yokota AB. Concurrently, projects associated with the 6988th Security Squad- ron, such as Bench Royal and Rivet Gym manning for College Eye, were discontinued, and the remaining Combat Dawn mission was transferred to the 6903d Security Squad- ron at Osan Air Base, Korea.

Host base activities at Misawa Air Base, Japan (6921st Security Wing) were trans- ferred from Pacific Air Forces (PACAF) to USAFSS on 1 July 1972.

The 6910th Security Group was moved from Darmstadt, Germany, to Augsburg, Germany.

As a part of the reorganization of U.S. Intelligence Agencies and Activities, both HQ European Security Region and HQ Pacific Security Region were deactivated, on A voice processing specialist works with a receiver at a USAFSS unit--early 1970s. 30 June and 31 December 1972, respectively, eliminating the intermediate headquarters between USAFSS and its field units in Europe and the Pacific. On 30 June 1973, USAFSS was authorized 20,898 per- sonnel — 1,274 officers, 17,122 enlisted, and 2,502 civilians. The TEABALL/WCC concept was implemented. This concept provided for the relaying of intelligence data to The command’s European Airborne Reconnaissance USAF weapons controllers located in the 6908th Security Program unit (the 6916th Security Squadron) moved from Squadron operations area at Nakhon Phanom Airport, Rhein Main Air Base, Germany, to Athens, Greece, on 30 June Thailand. The weapons controllers used the data to enhance 1973. positive control of USAF aircrews over North Vietnam for both offensive and defense purposes. Beginning on 2 October 1973, HQ USAFSS, its European units, and the AF Special Communications Center became actively engaged in providing intelligence and electronic 19731973 warfare support to U.S. forces/agencies observing the Arab/ Israeli War. On 24 February 1973, Major General (later Lieutenant General) Walter T. Galligan replaced Major General Stapleton as commander of USAFSS. Shortly thereafter, General 19741974 Galligan directed a comprehensive, command-wide manpower and organization review of the USAFSS organi- United States Air Force Security Service implemented zational structure which, on 1 July 1974, resulted in a major the Main Operating Base/Forward Operating Base concept reorganization of the command. on 1 January 1974. Under this USAFSS/SAC concept, 12 Rivet Joint ASRP RC-135 aircraft and crews were based at Program Budget Decision 138C, dated 22 December 1972, the Main Operating Base (Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska) cut four RC-130 Airborne Reconnaissance Program aircraft where they received the bulk of their support, but flew many from the European Airborne Reconnaissance Program fleet, of their missions from the Forward Operating Base effective in early 1973. (Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, and RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom) where they received only mission essential The TEMPEST (compromising emanations) function was support. transferred from the Air Force Cryptologic Depot to the AF Special Communications Center, effective 20 April 1973.

23 A combat damaged EC-47P of the 6994th Security Squadron after recovering at Tan Son Nhut Air Base, South Vietnam in 1973. A major reorganization of USAFSS resulted in the at 1545 hours on 15 May 1974, it marked an end to a restructuring of most USAFSS units. Significant actions relatively brief but proud era in USAFSS airborne operations. included: (1) a major reorganization of six USAFSS host units For eight years, the Airborne Radio Direction Finding overseas; (2) a restructuring of USAFSS units engaged in program had provided valuable support to U.S. and friendly airborne operations, including activation of the 6944th tactical commanders throughout Southeast Asia. Security Wing at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska; (3) activa- tion of the 6955th Security Group at Kelly Air Force Base, Yet another era in USAFSS mission operations ended on Texas, and the resubordination of five USAFSS squadrons 30 June 1974 when the 6910th Security Group at Augsburg, (including the emergency reactions units) under the newly Germany, and the 6994th Security Squadron at Ubon, Air formed group; and (4) the downgrading from groups to Force Station, Thailand, were inactivated. The 6910th squadrons of three USAFSS tenant units. Security Group had been a mainstay of USAFSS operations in Europe since December 1953, while the 6994th Security On 21 May 1974, Major General H. P. Smith assumed Squadron served as the Command’s unit in Vietnam during command of USAFSS, replacing Major General (later Lieu- the war. At one time, the 6994th Security Squadron and its tenant General) Walter T. Galligan who was reassigned as detachments operated the mission equipment aboard some commander of 5th Air Force at Fuchu Air Station, Japan. 48 EC-47 aircraft in South Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, and General Smith came to USAFSS from the Thailand. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) where he served as Deputy Director for Intelligence. On 1 July 1974, the Consolidated Security Operations Center, a joint USAFSS On 30 June 1974, USAFSS was authorized and Army Security Agency was activated 18,017 personnel — 1,069 officers, 14,427 in San Antonio, Texas, at Lackland Air Force enlisted, and 2,521 civilians. Base Annex (formerly Medina Base).

In the face of constant reductions, the The United States Air Force Security only solution for USAFSS was to find ways Service deployed a 114-man emergency to do the job better. The Command’s Rivet reaction unit to San Vito, Italy, for 60 days Joint modernization proposal, which the resulting from the Cypriot/Cretan Crisis. Secretary of Defense approved on 29 July 1974, represented one approach toward On 16 August 1974, Greek protesters improved operations. It was aimed at replac- penetrated the base perimeter at Iraklion AS, ing the obsolete equipment in the 12-aircraft Crete (6931st Security Group) Rivet Joint fleet. Major General H. P. Smith, inflicting considerable damage to U.S. commanded USAFSS from 21 property located near the station’s perimeter When the last C-47 Airborne Radio May, 1974-10 August 1975. fence. Direction Finding aircraft returned to its base 24 United States Air Force Security Service Commander, (DSU) immediately responsive to requests from European Major General H. P. Smith, established a Crisis Management consumers, mainly USAFE, for intelligence support of a Team (consisting of operations specialists having an intimate primarily tactical nature. knowledge of unit operations, posture, and functions) to be available to the USAFSS Battle Staff for consultation during United States Air Force Security Service ended an era future crisis situations. on 24 June 1975 when it turned in all of its administrative aircraft — two O-2s and three C-118s — ending 24 years of Colonel (later Major General) Norma E. Brown became airlift support to the command headquarters. The Kelly Air the first woman to command an Air Force wing when she Force Base, Texas-based USAFSS Flight Operations Section assumed command of the 6940th Security Wing, closed out operations with an unblemished flying safety Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, on 1 December 1974. record (zero accident rate) for those 24 years, averaging 2,200 flying hours per year.

19751975 On 25 July 1975, the Turkish government ordered all U.S. operations at Karamursel Air Station shutdown immediately, For nearly eight years, Combat Apple played a key role due to an arms embargo imposed against Turkey by the U.S. in Southeast Asia operations. Then, on 30 April 1975, after Congress. the emergency evacuation of U.S. and South Vietnamese personnel from Saigon, the last Combat Apple mission was Major General Kenneth D. Burns replaced Major flown. General H. P. Smith as USAFSS Commander effective 11 August 1975. The Air Force Special Communications Center (AFSCC) was redesignated the Air Force Electronic Warfare Center As of 31 December 1975, USAFSS was authorized 17,202 (AFEWC), effective 1 July 1975, to reflect more accurately personnel — 1,042 officers, 13,684 enlisted, 1,418 civilians, the Center’s EW mission and give it greater visibility and 1,058 foreign national civilians. throughout the Defense Department.

Early in 1974, General John Vogt, Commander in Chief, United States Air Forces in Europe, (CINCUSAFE), based on his experience with intelligence support during the Vietnam War, established a requirement for timely intelligence support. Head- quarters USAF decided USAFSS could best provide this support through its 6911th Security Squadron (M) which would become a direct support unit. But first the unit had to undergo a significant expansion of per- sonnel, equipment, and real estate and be moved from Rhein Main, Germany, to Hahn Air Base, Germany. That happened on 25 July 1975 when it was converted to a Direct Support Unit

Ceremonies marking the inactivation of USAFSS’ flight operations--Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, 24 June 1975.

25 The 6924th Security Squadron, Ramasun Station, 19761976 Thailand, which had been stationed at Da Nang AB, South Vietnam, during the war in Southeast Asia, was deactivated In June 1975, termina- on 15 May 1976. tion of the high altitude reconnaissance drone, nicknamed Combat Dawn, created an intelligence void 19771977 that was only partially offset by introduction of the A longtime USAFSS unit, the 6987th Security Squadron Burning Candy RC-135. at Shu Lin Kou Air Station, Taiwan, was discontinued on 1 Approval of an operation to April 1977. fill that void was stalled until a flurry of activity in After two years of unsuccessful negotiations between Major General Kenneth D. early January 1976 pointed the U.S. and Turkey to reopen operations at Karamursel, the Burns commanded USAFSS toward imminent activa- 6933d Security Group was discontinued on 1 October 1977. from 1975-1979. tion of a U-2 operation from Osan Air Base, Korea. The impact of the Thailand, Taiwan, and Turkey When the dust settled, USAFSS was charged with manning reductions was partially offset by reallocation of tasks and the system, nicknamed Olympic Game, and the 6903d resources to other USAFSS bases. Security Squadron at Osan AB was assigned the Olympic Game mission.

The AFEWC learned that it had been awarded the Air Force Organizational Excellence Award for the period 1 January 1974-1 January 1976 in recognition of its “. . . comprehensive operational electronic warfare support to the Department of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, and all of the military services . . .”

During the 1970s USAFSS began playing an increasing role in supporting tactical commanders. Here, personnel operate positions inside an ERU Hut.

26 19781978 19801980

USAFSS transferred its cryptologic school The ESC Comfy Olympics program at Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, to the Air was officially created 1 January 1980 to Training Command (ATC) on 1 July 1978. identify and recognize ESC’s most talented Three months later, on 1 October, USAFSS individual enlisted technicians. Modeled ended 20 years of base management, transfer- after the Strategic Air Command’s annual ring its last four bases — San Vito Air Station, missile, bombing and munitions Italy; Iraklion Air Station, Crete; RAF competitions, the objectives of the program Chicksands, United Kingdom; and Misawa were to improve technical performance and Air Base, Japan — to the theater commands. proficiency and recognize and reward The net result was the transfer to other Air Brigadier General Bernard technical excellence command-wide. Force commands of 17 USAFSS units, a Ardisana, former USAFSS Vice cryptologic training mission, 5 host bases, and Commander for which the The Air Force Cryptologic Depot about 4,000 USAFSS personnel. Although the USAFSS Headquarters building (AFCD) was redesignated the Air Force outflow of personnel from the command was named. Cryptologic Support Center (AFCSC) sometimes seemed like a flood, there occasion- effective 1 February 1980. ally was a trickle of spaces back into the com- mand. Construction of a Document Destruction System (DDS) as an addition to Ardisana Hall, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, The Command headquarters building (Bldg. 2000) was was completed on 19 March 1980 at a cost of $74,200. named Ardisana Hall on 14 July 1978 in memory of Brigadier General Bernard Ardisana, a longtime member of DIRNSA assigned the Ladylove mission to ESC the command and a former vice commander who died on effective 31 March 1980. active duty while assigned to NSA. Headquarters USAF established the Directorate of Elec- The first operational application of C3CM by ESC tromagnetic Combat (AF/XOE), DCS/Operations, Plans, occurred during exercise Blue Flag 79-1, 1-10 December 1978, and Readiness, in support of the ESC mission on 30 April at Hurlburt Field, FL. 1979.

The Joint Electronic Warfare Center (JEWC) was acti- 19791979 vated at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, on 1 October 1980 and functioned under the direction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Major General Doyle E. Larson replaced Major General through the Director of Operations, Joint Staff. Major Kenneth D. Burns as USAFSS Commander effective 19 Janu- General Doyle E. Larson, also assigned as ESC Commander, ary 1979. General Larson was the last USAFSS Commander was assigned as Director of the JEWC. and the first ESC Commander. The ESC emblem was approved on 12 February 1980 and On 1 February 1979, USAFSS transferred operation and became official 1 March 1980. There was no motto selected maintenance of its Telecommunications Center to Air Force at that time. The command did not have a motto until the Communications Service (now Air Force Communications old USAFSS motto, Freedom Through Vigilance, was selected Command). in 1987.

On 17 July 1979, Major General Larson officially opened Transfer of the SCI adjudication function and spaces from the Command Alert Center. ESC to AFIS/INS was completed during July 1980.

Headquarters USAFSS was redesignated the Headquar- The first modernized Rivet Joint Block III aircraft was ters Electronic Security Command (ESC), effective 1 August delivered. 1979, because of its broader electronic warfare (EW) responsibilities. The units assigned to USAFSS were automatically transferred to ESC.

27 The Air Staff tasked ESC on The HQ 6910th Electronic 30 September 1980 to take the Security Wing was activated at lead in getting a Red Force Team Lindsey Air Station, Germany, (Constant Spur) underway to effective 1 July 1981, to employ adversary C3CM actions perform in-theater planning against friendly operators (com- with USAFE and other service bat crews, weapons controllers, staffs on ESC’s C3CM and tacti- communications) and C3 facili- cal intelligence support ties in order to train them in a missions. This included degraded C3 environment, and performing peacetime, exercise, stress friendly C3 systems. contingency and wartime planning for intelligence and On 3 November 1980, Head- C3CM programs/projects. quarters USAF directed ESC to combine the Red Force (Constant Spur) and Blue Force (Electronic The 8075th Electronic The Air Force Cryptologic Support Center replaced the Support Team) programs. The Security Squadron (USAFR), Air Force Cryptologic Support Depot on 1 February combined program was ESC’s first Air Force Reserve 1980. designated Comfy Challenge and unit, was established at Brooks the interim program was Air Force Base, Texas, on 1 designated Comfy Sword II. October 1981 to provide Communications Security support for the Air Force and other DoD organizations.

19811981 The first Coronet Guard Comfy Levi mission was flown out of Howard Air Force Base, Panama, in an attempt to Navy Lieutenant Cmdr G. Guy Thomas received the Air expand U.S. capabilities in the Central American area. These Force Officer Aircrew Member Badge on 5 January 1981, missions lasted from 8 October to 18 December 1981. becoming the first member of the Department of the Navy to be awarded the Air Force wings. The USAFSS/ESC Alumni Association was formally organized on 26 October 1981. The group was established The operational deployment of the first modernized to foster continued awareness of the mission and accomplish- Rivet Joint aircraft to the 6988 ESS, RAF Mildenhall, United ments of the U.S. Air Force and ESC, and to provide its Kingdom, took place on 9 January 1981. Completion of the members a forum for desirable social, educational, and modernization of the second aircraft and its subsequent humanitarian services. deployment to the 6985 ESS, Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska, occurred in February 1981. Successful Block III operations at these two units, and mixed fleet operations at Offutt Air 19821982 Force Base, Nebraska, continued throughout the year despite frequent surge tasking and increased sortie rates. Introduc- The 6952 ESS, which provided maintenance support for tion of the third, fourth, and fifth modernized aircraft into the TR-1 aircraft, was activated at RAF Alconbury, United the fleet followed in March, August, and December 1981. Kingdom, and assigned to the 6910 ESW, effective 1 January 1982, to ensure all ESC critical support requirements would Cobra Ball II was destroyed in an accident at Shemya be in place prior to the Strategic Air Command’s TR-1 Air Force Station, Alaska, on 15 March 1981. beddown at Alconbury in early 1983.

ESC began its own daily reveille and retreat ceremonies On 16 February 1982, HQ USAF tasked ESC to provide on 1 June 1981. integrated, all source Operations Security (OPSEC) support to MAJCOMs, DRUs and SOAs. Support included threat The HQ ESC DCS/Operations (DO) and DCS/National assessment and vulnerability analysis. Programs (NP) merged on 1 July 1981 with NP becoming a part of DO. In August 1982, the ESC Commander directed the merger of the Office of Assistant Chief of Staff for Total Force

28 A Cobra Ball RC-135 aircraft takes off. Two ESC crewmen were killed in the crash of a Cobra Ball at Shemya, Air Force Station, Alaska, in 1981.

Augmentation (CF) and the Reserve Affairs Office (DPB). This was accomplished on 17 December 1982. Rationale for 19831983 the merger was that it would increase mission effectiveness by establishing management of the entire ESC Individual The first TR-1 airframe was deployed to RAF Alconbury, Mobilization Augmentation (IMA) Program under one United Kingdom, on 10 February 1983, and the 6952 ESS function, reporting directly to the Deputy Chief of Staff, entered the era of providing direct support to intelligence Personnel (DP). operations in Europe. Concurrent with the arrival of the TR-1, U-2R operations in the Central European theater ceased On 1 October 1982, Special Agent Pat Martin, the first and ESC U-2R maintenance personnel assigned to the 6988 Air Force Office of Special Investigations (AFOSI) Counter- ESS at RAF Mildenhall, United Kingdom, were transferred intelligence representative, was assigned to HQ ESC report- to the 6952 ESS. ing directly to the ESC Chief of Staff. The objective was to establish enhanced AFOSI investigative/operational support In February 1983, the 6960th Security Police Squadron’s to HQ ESC by increasing AFOSI’s visibility/accessibility cadre was reestablished as the “Special Security Guard,” through direct, continuing interface with HQ ESC staff replacing the familiar “Elite Guard.” elements. The ESC Hall of Honor, located in Ardisana Hall was Detachment 2, Electronic Security Combat Operations formally dedicated on 9 April 1983 in conjunction with HQ Staff (ESCOS) was activated at HQ Military Airlift Command ESC National Prisoner of War (POW)/Missing in Action (MAC), Scott Air Force Base, IL, on 1 December 1982, and (MIA) observance. Major General Doyle E. Larson assigned as an integrated directorate, responsible to the MAC delivered the welcoming remarks and former USAFSS Deputy Chief of Staff, Operations. Lieutenant Colonel (Colo- Commander, Major General (Ret) Carl W. Stapleton, nel selectee) Wesley Brown was assigned as Detachment presented the keynote address. Commander in July 1983. Major General John B. Marks became ESC Commander In December 1982, the 6924 ESS, commanded by on 29 July 1983, replacing Major General Doyle E. Larson. Lieutenant Colonel Michael S. Cassidy, was rated outstand- ing by the ESC IG, the first outstanding IG rating in the The Headquarters, Electronic Security, Alaska (HQ ESA) history of the Command. was activated at Elmendorf Air Force Base, Alaska, effective 1 October 1983. The activation of HQ ESA strengthened the The first new Comfy Sword IA system was delivered to organizational structure of ESC’s Alaskan units — the 6981 the 6981 ESS on 17 December 1982 for initial deployment in ESS at Elmendorf Air Force Base, assigned to HQ ESP at support of exercise Brim Frost 83. The remaining eleven Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, and the 6985 ESS at Eielson Comfy Sword IA systems were scheduled for completion Air Force Base, Alaska, assigned to HQ ESS at Offutt Air during 1983. Force Base, Neb. — by assigning both of them to a head- quarters in Alaska.

29 The 6952nd ESS, RAF Alconbury, England began supporting TR-1 operations in 1983. The 8078th ESS (AFRES) was activated at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, on 1 October 1983. AFRES Prime Beef teams 19851985 from Indiana, Washington, and Wisconsin constructed the squadron’s 4,000 square foot building. The unit’s mission On 1 April 1985, DCS/Space Activities (SX) was created was to train for and conduct communications surveillance from resources previously assigned to the discontinued activities in support of HQ SAC. Peacetime control of the Directorate of Space Activities (DOZ), DCS/Operations. 8078 ESS was through the Fourteenth Air Force. ESC would gain the unit upon mobilization. The 8085th Security Police Flight (AFRES) was activated on 10 April 1985 to augment the 6960th Security Police Squadron during wartime. It was the first unit of its kind to 19841984 be assigned a wartime mission at HQ ESC.

Olympic Game U-2 aircraft, crashed at Osan Air Base, Brigadier General (later Major General) Paul H. Martin Korea, on 21 May 1984 totally destroying all airborne assumed command of ESC on 17 April 1985, replacing systems on board. Major General Marks who retired.

In a formal ceremony on 29 June 1984, Mrs. Betty On 29 April 1985, AFMPC advised ESC that the Leftwich, wife of TSgt Raymond F. Leftwich, helped Major Secretary of the Air Force had approved a new policy that General Marks unveil a plaque memorializing a dormitory permitted Air Force women to perform airborne duty aboard on Security Hill in her late husband’s name. Technical Tactical Air Force EC-130 Compass Call aircraft. This Sergeant Leftwich, a USAFSS radio operator, was killed in assignment was a unique opportunity for female crypto March 1967 when the EC-47 aircraft he was flying in from linguists, who in the past had limited opportunity, to serve Nha Trang Air Base, Vietnam, was shot down by enemy fire. as aircrew members. He headed a crew of three USAFSS operators assigned to Detachment 1, 6994th Security Squadron, when his aircraft Effective 8 May 1985, all people scheduled for assign- was shot down and all crew members were killed. ment to NSA or related field activities were required to undergo a polygraph examination prior to departing their A second Olympic Game U-2 aircraft, crashed at Osan losing base. This screening included certain ESC positions. Air Base on 8 October 1984, destroying the airborne system The nearest AFOSI scheduled the examination which had to and data link system. be completed prior to issuance of permanent change of station (PCS) orders. Only espionage questions were asked. On 29 October 1984, ground was broken for the 74,000 square foot addition to Ardisana Hall (Building 2000) at a ESC assumed the Computer Security (COMPUSEC) contract cost of $5,216,958. mission for the Air Force on 17 May 1985 with the transfer of the Air Force Computer Security Office from Gunter Air Force Base, AL, to AFCSC. 30 Chief Master Sergeant military organic flights. These restrictions affected person- of the Air Force (Retired) nel movements because of the time required to complete Richard D. Kisling, a former travel — a minimum of three days, more if assigned to USAFSS Senior Enlisted Iraklion; and an overnight stay in Athens if traveling to Advisor and third Chief Iraklion and Frankfurt. The addition of a direct flight from Master Sergeant of the Air Rhein Main AB, Germany, to Hellenikon AB, Greece, helped Force, died and was buried some travelers, but not all. in Arlington National Cem- etery on 7 November 1985. During 1985, a new era in intelligence training began at Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, with the transfer of the Phase I of the integration Electronics Intelligence Operations Specialist Course from of HQ ESC Communications Keesler Air Force Base, Miss. This transfer represented the and Data Automation func- first in a series of moves designed to consolidate intelligence tions was implemented on 1 training at the Goodfellow Technical Training Center. Major General John B. Marks May 1985 with establishment assumed command of ESC in of the DCS/Information July 1983. Systems (SI). 19861986

Because of terrorist activities in Greece, the Secretary of In March 1986, the U.S. Air Forces, Europe (USAFE) Vice Defense imposed travel restrictions on U.S. military person- Commander (CV) reviewed the draft Compass Call organi- nel. These restrictions required passengers to use MAC zation structure which had been prepared by the ESC and airlift to the maximum extent possible. In June 1985, HQ USAFE staffs in October 1985. On 28 March 1986, Major USAF advised Air Force personnel that PCS/TDY (tempo- General Martin approved 6919 ESS as the designator for the rary duty) travel from and to the CONUS would be by MAC new ESC Compass Call squadron, and on the same day, contract and military organic flights, routed through Rhein USAFE transferred 109 Main AB, Germany, with travel to and from Greece via manpower billets to ESC effective 1 October 1986. USAFE agreed to provide ESC all facilities and equip- ment required to support the USAFE Compass Call mission. The 6919 ESS was activated at Sembach AB, Germany, on 1 October 1986.

In early 1983, the idea of establishing an ESC-gained Air National Guard (ANG) Electronic Security Squad- Major General Paul H. Martin ron (ESS) was born. The commanded ESC from 17, large number of language- April 1985-14 July 1989. qualified people and excellent ANG support available in the Salt Lake City, Utah, area made that city a most attractive location for an ESC Reserve Force airborne unit to support wartime and contin- gency operations. The idea was to fill ESC shortages of airborne crypto linguists while saving Air Force training funds by recruiting individuals already proficient in a language.

On 5 February 1986, organization of the unit was Interior of COMFY Shield “I-Hut”of the announced publicly. Then, a Department of the Air Force 6948th ESS. 31 (DAF) letter officially announced the constitution of the unit In August 1986, the 6990 ESG moved its operations effective 9 April 1986, stating the unit would be allotted to function from the Army facility at Torii Station to Kadena the ANG on/about 8 October 1986, with ESC as the gaining Air Base, Okinawa, and began operations in its new facility command. on 1 September 1986. This move brought the unit’s operations and logistics functions together at one central On 14 April 1986, U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy aircraft location on Kadena Air Base with the 961 AWACS and 376 conducted a nighttime air strike against the Libyan SA-5 SW. The completion of this relocation project, which began complex at Surte, the Al-Azziziyah Barracks in Tripoli, the in February 1985, brought to a close more than sixteen years Benghazi military barracks, the Benina military airfield, of Army service and support to the 6990 ESG. the military side of Tripoli airport, and terrorist training facilities in the port of Sidi Bilal. Between 13-18 April, ESC On 8 September 1986, the ESC Office of Innovation was units in Europe were tasked to provide intelligence support established. This was to increase the emphasis and move on to U.S. activities against Libya. This support involved with ESC’s corporate strategy for innovation. Colonel Rolf special tasking for the 6917 ESG, 6931 ESS, 6950 ESG, and Smith headed the office, reporting directly to the ESC Chief RC-135/Rivet Joint crews from the 6916 ESS. HQ ESE was of Staff. the in-theater ESC executive agent for this effort. The RC- 135 provided intelligence support to Sixth Fleet elements On 1 October 1986, the following ESC units were during the central Mediterranean operations and later Search redesignated as ESC Divisions: and Rescue (SAR) assistance during the search for a downed F-111. Headquarters Electronic Security Europe (ESE), Ramstein Air Base, Germany, was redesignated HQ Euro- In 1984, then ESC Commander, Major General John B. pean Electronic Security Division (EESD). Marks, directed a concerted staff effort to investigate vari- ous strategies which would serve to reposture and/or Headquarters Electronic Security Pacific (ESP), realign the command’s tactical assets to better support Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii, was redesignated HQ exercise and wartime tasking. An outgrowth of this tasking Pacific Electronic Security Division (PESD). was a proposal to consolidate the mobile ESC assets located at the 6913 ESS, Flak Kaserne, Augsburg, Germany, with Headquarters 6960th Electronic Security Wing (ESW), those of the 6918 ESS, Sembach AB, Germany, at the Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, was redesignated HQ Continen- Mehlingen annex of Sembach Air Base. On 15 April 1985, tal Electronic Security Division (CESD). ESC/CC formally proposed this initiative to USAFE/CV who accepted and approved it on 19 July 1985. This Also effective 1 October 1986 was activation of HQ Space combined unit was to be called the 6914 ESS. On 1 October Electronic Security Division (SESD) at Peterson AFB, Colo., 1986, the 6918 ESS vacated its Sembach AB location and set and the inactivation of OL ES, HQ Electronic Security up at Mehlingen Annex and was renamed the 6914 ESS. The Combat Operations Staff, Peterson Air Force Base, Colo. move of the 6913 ESS (mobile) from Augsburg to Mehlingen annex was slated for April 1987. A contract award of $5,2l6,958 was made on 2 On 21 April 1986, the ESC October 1984 for a 74,100 Command Innovation Center (IC) square-foot addition to the was created as a special office HQ ESC building. Construc- reporting directly to the ESC Vice tion was completed, and the Commander. Its purpose was to in- new building (2007) was stitute a conscious, purposeful accepted in June 1986. The search for innovative opportunities Air Force Communications throughout ESC. This innovation Command (AFCC) took strategy was established as an in- charge of the addition for tegral part of ESC’s long-range communication installation planning process. The Center’s which was completed in No- first director was Lieutenant vember 1986. The furniture Colonel John A. Lewis. Members of ESC’s 6948th ESS assemble the floor brace of a move was completed, and the COMFY SHIELD Hut at Border Star-85, March 1985. building occupied before the end of December 1986. 32 The 6919th ESS, Sembach, Air Base, Germany, began supporting EC-130 Compass Call operations in late 1986.

In 1986, after nearly seven years of planning, the 6903 He served as Command Surgeon from 16 August 1984 until ESG and other U.S. and Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) his untimely death on 1 August l987. intelligence functions moved into the Korean Combat Operations Intelligence Center (KCOIC). Despite several When USAFSS was redesignated ESC in August 1979, significant problems with the KCOIC construction project, the command motto, Freedom Through Vigilance, was the relocation of 6903 ESG mission assets from Hill 170 to retired and was not replaced. So, beginning on 23 Decem- the KCOIC began, as scheduled, on 1 October 1986. By 1 ber 1986, HQ ESC conducted a contest to select a motto. The November 1986, all mission equipment and support contest ended on 3 June 1987, with the announcement that, functions were fully operational, well before the 10 Decem- once again, “Freedom Through Vigilance,” a motto that had ber 1986 IOC date previously planned. a proud heritage and special meaning for the Command, would be the command motto. 19871987

Staff Sergeant Renata Gross, 6990 ESG, became the command’s first woman to fly on an operational RC-135.

The auditorium of Headquarters Electronic Security Command (ESC), building 2007 (origi- nally known as building 2025), was designated Bernard A. Larger Auditorium, effective 1 Janu- ary 1987 in honor of Colonel Bernard A. Larger (deceased). The rationale was that the current Larger Auditorium (in building 2000) would eventually be modified into office space and a small briefing room, and the new conference area was more in keeping with the honor to be accorded Colonel Larger.

Colonel Leonard W. Johnson, Jr., Command Surgeon, was killed when the single engine plane he was flying crashed during a thunder- storm five miles south of Kokomo, Ind. Crew members of the 6916th ESS, Hellenikon AB, Greece following the unit’s milestone 4,000th RC-135 mission on 17 October 1986.

33 19881988

On 25 January 1988, the new Security Service Federal Credit Union building on Security Hill, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, opened for business. The ground breaking was held on 1 June 1987, and the construction was completed on 22 January 1988. The Credit Union funded this building at the cost of $460,000.

On 1 April 1988 ESC, USAFE, EUCOM, and USAEUR signed Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) for TREDS/ TRIGS management. The MOA established the TREDS/ TRIGS Director in charge of the effort to combine the two intelligence disciplines into a coordinated effort. It formed a Mission Development and Control Element (MDCE) composed of the operations officers of the 7451st Tactical Intelligence Squadron (TIS); the 6911 ESS; and Det Hahn, 66th Military Intelligence Brigade. Torii Station home of the 6990th ESG’s operations and logistics functions until 1986. In support of the Department of Defense (DoD) aggres- sive antismoking campaign to improve health and readiness of DoD personnel, on 1 April 1988, the ESC no-smoking ESC’s first and only Air National Guard unit, the 169 policy went into effect for Buildings 2000, 2007, and AFCSC— ESS, Hill Air Force Base, UT, received its Federal Recogni- smoking permitted only in the Belvedere Picnic Area. tion on 27 April 1987 and was activated on 19 September 1987. On 15 April 1988 Major General Martin approved the HQ ESC reorganization recommendations and forwarded On 8 December 1987, Major General Martin approved a the accreditation package to HQ USAF/PR for approval— Command reorganization which would posture the HQ USAF approved the overall Command reorganization. Command for the future and ensure consistency with Air HQ USAF authority to constitute the 690 ESW, 693 ESW, and Force guidelines. 694 ESW was dated 21 June 1988; and approval for 695 ESW was dated 20 September 1988. In 1987, Congress deleted funding for additional Rivet Joint aircraft. On 18 May 1988 the Chief of Staff, USAF, approved a new mission for the AFEWC, and the first tasking to AFEWC

Construction on building 2007, January 1986. 34 COMFY SHIELD huts from the 6948th ESS under a camouflage canopy during an exercise--1987.

began in June. The mission was in support of EC testing the Services’ flexibility of managing the recruitment, and acquisition. retention, and compensation of civilian employees working in intelligence functions. On 1 June 1988 the HQ ESC reorganization became effective. The structure of HQ ESC was refocused to 1989 concentrate on planning and programming for the mission 1989 needs of ESC’s four divisions, two centers, and six opera- tional, Air Force-controlled wings in terms of manpower, In March 1989 , ESC flight-tested the U-2R SENIOR SPAN training, and equipment. The basic idea was for HQ ESC to system. function as a headquarters. In May 1989, HQ USAF approved the Gordon W. On 1 June 1988 the ESC reorganization dissolved the Sommers Outstanding Civilian of the Year award. Constant Web Program Office, but program management activities remained in ESC — Constant Web data base On 26 May 1989, SENIOR SCOUT, a tactical airborne production responsibilities were moved to AFEWC/CW and intelligence system designed to replace COMFY LEVI, made responsibility for Constant Web hardware and software its first test flight. acquisition was transferred to HQ ESC/SC. The first Flowing Pen (Comfy Levi) mission (CF916) was In July 1988 Air Force Secretary Aldridge announced a flown on 9 June 1989. change to the combat exclusion policy for women in the Air Force. The revised policy opened assignments of women to On 12 June 1989, Major General (retired) Carl W. Red Horse and mobile aerial port squadrons effective 8 June Stapleton, Commander of USAFSS from August 1969 until 1988. Additionally, the following aircraft were opened for his retirement in February 1973, died. In August 1989, the assignment of women effective 1 July 1988: TR-1, U-2, TU-2, ESC commander approved renaming the Security Hill C-29 (flight check), and all EC-130 missions. picnic area in honor of General Stapleton.

At HQ USAF, Major General Martin accepted the 1987 Conversion of ESC and JEWC civilian employees from Air Force Productivity Enhancement Award for professional competitive to the excepted service under the new Civilian excellence on 7 November 1988. The ESC success story was Intelligence Personnel Management System (CIPMS) took attributed to creative promotion schemes, program integra- place on 1 July 1989. Later, on 15 October 1989, the General tion at all levels, and outstanding Air Force support of key Manager (GM) force converted to the General Schedule (GS) initiatives. system.

On 15 December 1988, the Deputy Secretary of Defense On 16 August 1989 Major General Gary W. signed DoD Directive implementing the Civilian Intelligence O’Shaughnessy assumed command of ESC, replacing Major Personnel Management System. This system was to enhance General Paul H. Martin who retired.

35 In October/November 1989 ESC demonstrated Tactical Information Broadcast Service (COMFY HARVEST). 19901990

In November 1989 Brigadier General Paul L. Roberson On 15 March 1990, the SENIOR SCOUT system was presented the first ESC display to the USAF Museum—an handed over to ESC. Then at 0737 hours on 16 March 1990, AN/MSR-1 Communications Security monitoring van. The a new era of ESC airborne operations began when SENIOR AN/MSR-1 system had been replaced by COMFY SABRE. SCOUT departed for Panama on its first operational deployment. The end of 1989 saw ESC play an active, on-the-scene role in Operation JUST CAUSE. The 6933 ESS was involved On 17 May 1990, the Civilian Drug Testing Program from beginning to end, and performed very successfully. officially started in ESC with the testing of five volunteers. Other ESC involvement included Electronic Warfare planning in the AFEWC, mission support by other ESC units, On 25 May 1990, the 6903 ESG and Detachment 2, 9th and staff support at HQ ESC. In terms of planning and Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, flew U-2R Olympic Game execution, DoD officials proclaimed Operation JUST CAUSE mission sortie number 5,000. the most successful military operation since World War II, and ESC people played a big part in that success. On 1 July 1990, Mr. Dennis B. Richburg replaced Mr. Gordon W. Sommers as the advisor to the ESC commander. In December 1989, CSAF opened additional aircraft to He later became the organization’s Technical Director. women—the C-141, C-130, C-17, and the U-2/TR-1. Iraq invaded Kuwait on 2 August 1990 and President Also in December 1989, the third U-2 was deployed to George Bush mobilized U.S. military forces for deployment Osan AB, Republic of Korea. to the Persian Gulf under Operation DESERT SHIELD.

Under the A-76 Commercial Activities Program, the ESC On 9 August 1990, the 6916 ESS arrived in Saudi Arabia Base Supply function would convert from a military/civil- with two RIVET JOINT aircraft and two backend crews to ian operation to a civil service operation during 1989. How- participate in Operation DESERT SHIELD. ever, implementation of the Most Efficient Organization for base supply support had to be extended to 1 April 1990. On 11 August 1990, Colonel William C. Bender arrived in Riyadh, Saudia Arabia, to serve as ESC’s first Task Force Director for DESERT SHIELD.

On 11 August 1990, the 6948 ESS arrived in Riyadh, Saudia Arabia, to participate in Operation DESERT SHIELD.

On 1 October 1990, the Headquarters 2100th Communi- cations Group (CG) was relieved from assignment to the Air Force Communications Command (AFCC) and assigned to ESC as a result of the transfer of Critical Intelligence Communication (CRITICOMM) operations and maintenance (O&M) from AFCC to ESC.

The U-2 operations against Cuba from the 6947 ESS, Key West NAS, Fla, and OL BA, 6947 ESS, Patrick Air Force Base, Fla, ended on 1 November 1990, with the last mission flown on 31 October 1990. Major General Gary W. On 10 November 1990, the 6975th Electronic Security O’Shaughnessey, commanded Squadron, Provisional, was designated, activated, and ESC from 1989-1991. He later organized at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. became the first commander of the Air Force Intelligence Command. 36 A proud chapter in USAFSS and ESC history was closed On 13 March 1991, the out 13 November 1990 with the deactivation of the 6916 ESS command ended over 17 at Hellikon AB, Greece. For almost 34 years, the men and years of operations at women of the 6916 ESS flew in the Baltic and Black Seas, the Augsburg, Germany, with deserts of Sudan and Egypt, the Mediterranean and Adriatic the inactivation of the 6913 Seas, and the Persian Gulf. Operations from this location ESS. During its history, the provided support during every momentous turn of history unit provided rapid radio in the volatile Mediterranean—the 1967 and 1973 Arab- relay, secure communica- Israeli wars, Beirut, Gulf of Sidra, TWA Flight 847 hijacking, tions and command, control Achille Lauro, ELDORADO CANYON–and it was the first and communications coun- ESC unit in Saudia Arabia. termeasures support to U.S. and allied forces.

19911991 On 31 March 1991, the Mr. Dennis B. Richburg 6913 ESS at Augsburg became advisor to the ESC In February 1991, ESC became the first command in the Germany, was inactivated. commander on 1 July 1990. Air Force, and within the intelligence community, to imple- ment a standard set of computer security application On 25 April 1991, the 6919 ESS flew its last operational programs designed specifically for the Computer Security mission, closing out another chapter in the proud history of Officer (CSO). ESC airborne operations. The 6919 ESS was inactivated on 21 May 1991 at Sembach AB, Germany. On 1 March 1991, the Mediterranean RC-135 missions, historically flown from Hellenikon AB, began flying from The last COMFY LEVI system was decommissioned on NAS Souda Bay, Greece. ESC activated OL-RS, 6931 ESS at 1 July 1991. Souda Bay for this purpose. Major Generals James R. Clapper, Jr., AF/IN, and Gary On 13 March 1991, a chapter of ESC history was closed W. O’Shaughnessy, ESC/CC, briefed Secretary of the Air with the inactivation of OL RH, 6988 ESS, thus ending the Force Donald Rice on 16 July 1991 concerning the proposed USAF Security Service/ ESC presence at Hellenikon AB, Air Force Intelligence Command (AFIC) structure and imple- Greece, which began on 1 December 1968, and marking an mentation plans/time lines. The Secretary was pleased with end to ESC airborne activities in that country. the planning actions and structure and gave his approval to go-ahead with the formation of AFIC with a 1 October 1991 effective date.

On 23 August 1991, ESC accepted the SENIOR TROUPE system as an operational asset and assigned it to the 6948 ESS for operation and support.

On 19 September 1991, a formal retreat and closure ceremony was conducted at Berlin’s Marienfelde, Germany, site, and keys to the site were turned over to the host air base group commander. The formal closure of Marienfelde came after 26 years of existence as one of the premier operations of the Command.

Electronic Security Command was redesignated the Air Force Intelligence Command on 1 October 1991.

On 1 October 1991 the Deputy Chief of Staff/ Operations, Collection Operations Division established a counter-drug operation function. The function was August 1990--members of the 6948th ESS deploy to Saudi Arabia in responsible for policy execution, and oversight support of Desert Shield. 37 management of collection activities On 18 June, the 6949th Electronic associated with the “war on drugs.” Security Squadron accepted operational control of the COBRA BALL and COBRA On 15 December 1991, the 6922 Elec- EYE programs. tronic Security Squadron at Clark Air Base, Republic of the Philippines, was inactivated. On 1 July, Headquarters, 690th Electronic Security Group was inactivated On 31 December 1991, AFIC’s autho- at Templelhof Central Airport, Germany. rized strength was 16,388 - 1, 863 officers, On 1 August, the 6917th Electronic 11, 693 enlisted personnel and 2, 832. Security Group at San Vito, Italy, was inactivated.

19921992 On 17 August, AFIC supported TASKFORCE Russia, a Department of the On 24 January, General Merrill McPeak, Army effort in support of a U.S./Russian Air Force Chief of Staff, announced the Joint Commission on POW/MIAs. final phase in implementing the objective wing organization structure. On 27 August, the 600th Electronic Security Squadron was activated at On 20 February, Major General Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, to O’Shaughnessy selected “PRISM” to replace support the Contingency Airborne Recon- “COMFY” as the first word of the naissance System (CARS). Command’s nickname. Major General Gary W. On 13 April, AFIC held its first 1993 O’Shaughnessy accepts the new Air 1993 Communications Computer Architecture Force Intelligence Command guidon Workshop. Representatives from across the On 26 January, the Communications, from Air Force chief of staff General Air Force attended. Computer Systems Requirements Merrill A. McPeak during activation Processing Working Group was renamed ceremonies at Kelly, Air Force Base, On 20 April, the Secretary of the Air Command, Control, Communications and Texas on 17 October 1991. Force delegated AFIC the authority to Computer (C4) Group. disclose information on the characteristics and performance of key Russian and Chinese aerodynamic weapons and On 22 February, the related systems. AFIC commander an- nounced the end to compli- On 1 June, AFIC created the Architecture and Integra- ance - oriented IG inspec- tion Division to develop a communications-computer tions and introduced Qual- systems architecture for the command. ity Force Assessment.

On 8 June, AFIC inactivated the 6985 ESS after more than On 15 March, the Secre- 30 years of providing critical intelligence support to tactical tary of Defense directed the and national customers. The unit stood on the leading edge Services to consolidate their of new roles in intelligence through the BURNING WIND, intelligence commands/ COBRA BALL, and COBRA EYE missions and they left a agencies into a single intelli- legacy of advancing technology as a means to accomplish gence element within each the AFIC mission. According to Major General service. O’Shaughnessy, “The end of the cold war is a victory in which every military member can take pride, but the men On 17 May, General Then Major General Kenneth A. and women of the 6985 ESS should take a special pride in Merrill A. McPeak officiated Minihan served as the first the key role they played in achieving this victory.” as Major General Kenneth A. commander of the Air Minihan assumed command Intelligence Agency. of AFIC.

38 19941994

On 1 April, Headquarters 696th Intelligence Group inactivated at Andrews Air Force Base, Md.

On 1 June, Headquarters Air Intelligence Agency accepted responsibility for COBRA DANE from the Air Force Space Command.

On 30 June, Headquarters 26th Intelligence Wing inactivated at Ramstein Air Base, Germany.

ESC personnel from several units began On 1 July, The Air Force Cryptologic Office (AFCO) supporting Desert Shield Operations in early stood up at Fort George G. Meade, Md. August 1990. An RC-135 RIVET JOINT refuels over Saudi Arabia. ESC provided On 1 September, the Air Intelligence Agency’s Informa- invaluable support on the ground and in the tion Services Flight and Management Engineering Flight and air during Operation Desert Storm. the Intelligence Combat Operations Staff inactivated at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas. On 1 June, Major General Gary W. O’Shaughnessy retired from the Air Force. On 15 September, the Joint Electronic Warfare Center was redesignated as the Joint Command and Control 1 August 1993, AIA formed the Tactical Information Warfare Center. Broadcast Service (TIBS) Special Management office with management responsibility for all DoD. On 30 September 1994, Vigilance Memorial Park, in front of HQ AIA, featuring a static EC-47 aircraft was dedicated. On 10 September 1993, HQ Air Force Electronic Warfare Center was redesignated HQ Air Force Information Warfare On 10 October 1994, the Air Force Cryptologic Support Center. Center inactivated at Kelly Air Force Base, Texas.

On 1 October 1993 AFIC was redesignated the Air On 3 October 1994, Brigadier General John P. Casciano Intelligence Agency, a field operating agency, under the Air assumed command of AIA from Major General Kenneth A. Force Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence. Minihan. On 15 November 1994, the 39th Intelligence Squadron On 1 October 1993, Major General Kenneth A. Minihan activated at Nellis Air Force Base, Calif. became the first AIA Commander. On 30 November, 1994, the 48th Intelligence On 1 October 1993, The 67th Intelligence Wing was Squadron activated at Beale Air Force Base, Calif. activated at Kelly Air Force, Texas.

On 20 December 1993, the Operations Support Central, AIA’s single point of contact for time sen- sitive intelligence, officially opened.

Members of AFIC’s 6990th ESS, Kadena, Air Base, Japan, pose with an RC-135 Rivet Joint Aircraft--summer 1992. 39 On 11 October 1995, elements of the Contingency 19951995 Airborne Reconnaissance System completed their first year of support to Joint Task Force Southwest Asia. On 23 February 1995, the 68th Intelligence Squadron at Brooks Air Force Base 19961996 celebrated its 46th anniver- sary. It is the oldest unit at Major General John P. Casciano relinquished command Brooks and one of the origi- of the Air Intelligence Agency on 5 January 1996 to become nal four units in the Air the Air Force’s Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence. Intelligence Agency. On 5 January 1996, Brigadier General Michael V. Hayden On 23 February 1995, assumed command of the Air Intelligence Agency. members of the 6975th Major General John P. Intelligence Squadron com- On 28 March 1996, Brigadier General Hayden pinned Casciano assumed command pleted their 1000th Rivet on his second star in ceremonies at Headquarters Air Intelli- of AIA on 3 October, 1994. Joint mission in 54 months in gence Agency. support of Operations Desert Shield/Storm and In March 1996, Headquarters Air Intelligence Agency Southern Watch. learned it had earned its fourth Air Force Organizational Excellence Award for exceptionally meritorious service from On 30 Mar 1995 after approximately 18 months of 1 October 1993 to 30 September 1995 for orchestrating the operation, the 67th Intelligence Wing quickly became the first largest restructure of Air Force intelligence since 1947. and only truly worldwide Air Force intelligence organiza- tion.

On 27 April 1995, Staff Sergeant Beth Yandow became the first female RC-135 Rivet Joint crew mem- ber to qualify as an airborne mission supervisor.

On 23 June 1995, Brigadier General John Casciano was promoted to Major General in ceremo- nies at HQ AIA.

On 30 August 1995, the 315th Training Squad- ron at Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, announced major alterations in intelligence officer training courses. More unit specific training and officer/en- listed interaction formed key elements in the change.

Secretary of the Air Force, Dr. Sheila Widnall visited the Air Intelligence Agency and the Informa- The Contingency Airborne Reconnaissance System of AIA’s 10th tion Warfare Center on 22-23 September 1995 for mis- Intelligence Squadron beside a U-2 on the Langley Air Base flightline-- sion briefings and current overview of the Agency’s 1995. mission. She stressed the importance of exploiting the information domain. Ground breaking ceremonies were held on 25 June 1996 for the new 67th Intelligence Wing Headquarters building. On 29 September 1995, the Air Intelligence Agency held The estimated completion date for the structure is 1998. a special remembrance ceremony on Security Hill to pay tribute to those who gave their lives in carrying out their On 30 June 1996, the 23rd Intelligence Squadron unit’s missions. inactivated at Key West Naval Air Station, Fla.

40 The 33rd Intelligence Squadron, Howard Air Force Base, Panama inacti- vated on 30 June 1996.

On 30 September 1996, the Air Intelligence Agency reported a uniformed strength of 11,867 people; 1,743 officers and 10,124 enlisted. The average age of the enlisted is 31.4 years and 39.8 years for the officer force. Major General (later Lieutenant General) Michael As of 30 September V. Hayden took over as AIA 1996, the annual economic commander on 5 January impact of the Air Intelligence 1996. Agency in the San Antonio area exceeded $224 million.

During exercise Blue Flag 91-1 held at the USAF Battle- staff Training School at Hurlburt, Field, Florida, in Decem- ber 1996, more than 800 people participated including 50 technicians from AIA. They comprised the information warfare support team and introduced for the first time Measurement and Signatures Intelligence to the exercise.

19971997 AIA personnel work closely with Air Force Speical On 2 January 1997 AIA commander Major General Operations Command serving as Direct Support Operators Michael V. Hayden announced the implementation of aboard several aircraft, including the MH-53J Pave Low III. “Global Engagement,” the new direction for Air Force operations introduced earlier by Secretary of the Air Force information operations functions. AIA participation tested Dr. Sheila Widnall. Under this program the Air Force would successfully the Agency’s ability to embed with the air pursue six core competencies. AIA would be responsible campaign planning element and function as part of an for the information superiority core competency. integrated team at the operational level of war.

On 15 January, Major General Hayden described the Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen visited AIA Head- vision of his command becoming the air force leader in quarters on 27 February 1997, to receive briefings and integrating and conducting information operations. In this orientation on information warfare and the new Informa- vision AIA will be a full service agency focused on the tion Warfare Battlelab. complete gamut of informations operations, (gain, exploit, attack and defend (GEDA)). On 10 March 1999, Lieutenant Colonel Gerry Riley, AIA’s chief of Plans and Requirements, announced that AIA was More than 50 AIA personnel supported Coalition/Green revitalizing its organizational structures to meet the needs Flag 97-3 conducted during February and March 1997 at the Agency would face in 2010. Nellis AFB, Nev. AIA supported RC-135 Rivet Joint and EC-130 Compass Call operations, conducted an Electronic Colonel Alan Thomas, in ceremonies at Lackland Air Systems Security Assessment and performed other vital Force Base’s Medina Annex, activated the 543rd Intelligence

41 Airman 2nd Class Archie Bourg, killed more than 38 years earlier, was laid to rest in Arlington National Cemetery on 2 April 1997. Bourg was one of 17 US crew members who lost their lives when their C-130 reconnais- sance aircraft was shot down by Soviet MiG-17 jet fighters over Armenia on September 2, 1958.

On 28-29 April 1997, Air Force commanders from the United States and 13 North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries visited the Air Intelligence Agency in San Antonio. They learned about information superiority during their stay at AIA.

On 17 June 1997, the 22nd Intelligence Squadron, Fort Meade, Md., with service dating back to the United States Air Service of World War I celebrated its 80th anniversary in ceremonies conducted in part by retired Lieutenant General James R. Clapper, former Director of the Defense Intelligence Agency.

Colonel Gary Harvey assumed command of the 67th Intelligence Wing at Kelly Air Force Base on 26 August 1997. By the mid-1990s, Communications Security Monitoring gaveway to full-fledged multi-mode During 4-6 September 1997, the 390th Intelligence Squad- Electronic Security Systems Assessments ron Kadena Air Base, Japan, commemorated 30 years of (ESSA) operations. A member of AIA’s 68th airborne combat intelligence operations in the Pacific Intelligence Squadron, Brooks, AFB, TX Theater. The unit’s first mission focused on direct support conducts ESSA operations--circa 1994. of RC-135 Combat Apple operations in Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War. Group on 14 March 1997. The new group would provide command and control and computer and logistics support for the MRSOC. Colonel Thomas noted the activation of the 543rd was a significant step toward the creation of America’s first Information Operations Wing.

Air Force Chief of Staff General Ronald Fogleman opened the Air Force’s Information Warfare Battlelab on Security Hill at Kelly AFB on 17 March 1997, thus christening the beginning of a new era in IW operations.

On 31 March 1997, Major General Hayden explained that AIA was rapidly becoming the Air Force leader in integrating and conducting information operations and would be embedding AIA personnel into the organizations of operations customers such as Air Mobility Command, Air Force Material Command, Air Combat Command’s 12th Air Force and others. Intelligence collection operators at work at the Medina Regional SIGINT Operations Center (MRSOC), hosted by AIA’s 93rd Intelligence Squadron. 42 On 5 September 1997, Major General Michael V. Hayden departed AIA to become the Deputy Chief of Staff for the United Nations Command and US Forces Korea.

On 5 September 1997, Brigadier General James E. Miller Jr., assumed command of the Air Intelligence Agency/Joint Command and Control Warfare Center during ceremonies at Headquarters Air Intelligence Agency.

On 10 October 1997, the US Government signed an agree- ment with the Republic of Moldova, a former Soviet republic, to purchase 21 MiG-29 Fulcrum fighter aircraft and associated air-to-air weapons equipment. The Moldovan MiGs soon called the National Air Intelligence Center home, after a trip from Markulesht, Air Base, Moldova to Wright- Patterson AFB Ohio by C-17.

Colonel Gary Davis assumed command of the 690th Information Operations Group the Air Force’s first such organization on 20 October 1997 at Kelly AFB, Texas. AIA personnel also support airborne operations on the ground. Here a member of the 488th IS, RAF Mildenhall, England, On 22 December 1997, Brig. Gen. James E. Miller Jr., transcribes information gathered during a RIVET JOINT mission. called for the establishment of an information operations from Al Kharj Air Base, and receive all communications training program for USAF personnel to be taught at support from Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Hurlburt Field, Fla. General Miller explained, “our strate- gic goals related to gain, exploit, defend and attack opera- On 30 January 1998, Brig. Gen. James Miller explained tions mandate an aggressive, Agency-wide approach to that as a result of AIA’s participation in Blue Flag 98-1, designing, developing and delivering AIA-unique training.” tactics analysis, previously only evident in after action reports, took place during the course of the exercise.

19981998 Blue Flag 98-1 proved the value of information opera- tions to air operations. In this exercise AIA arranged to bring By connecting an in live Tactical Information Broadcast Service feeds and AT&T modem to a mes- associated analysts. Participants expressed amazement at sage system and another the amount of information available from TIBS. The effort to a DSN line at the to embed AIA information operators in numbered air forces Medina Regional SIGINT was proved during Blue Flag 98-1. Operations Center, Mr. Bill Band, TSgt Morgan On 31 January 1998, the first SENSOR GUARD proto- Perkins and TSgt Tim type was shipped from AIA to the Air Force Material Sheppard enabled the Air Command’s Electronic Systems Center (ESC) at Hanscom, Force and the Depart- AFB Mass. ment of Defense to save about $2.5 million a year The 68th Intelligence Squadron at Brooks AFB, Texas, in unnecessary charges. recently became an Electronic Systems Security Analysis Because of this new Central, Continental United States. The purpose of the Brigadier General James E. communications link, initiative was to streamline operations and help Miller Jr., assumed command brought on line in Janu- leverage personnel reductions with technological advances. of AIA on 5 September 1997. ary 1998, the 4416th Intelligence Squadron On 28 February 1998, Brigadier General Regner C. Rider, was able to fly RC-135 AIA vice commander explained that the Agency’s participa- RIVET JOINT sorties tion in Global Engagement 97 involved an exercise aimed to 43 the future. AIA’s objective was to conduct warfare using anticipated technological advances that might exist in the year 2012. Sponsored by the USAF Chief of Staff, Global Engagement 97 was designed to high- light the contributions of air and space power in joint military operations in the 21st century. The exercise employed the concept of Information Conditions (INFOCONs.)

On 17 March 1998, after one year of operation, the 820th Security Forces Group (SFG) claimed a busy first year. Its first real-world action came in support of Bright Star and Air Expeditionary Force V at Sheikh Isa Air Base, Bahrain. Embedded AIA assets in the 820 SFG provided threat assessments and aided in the development of the Force Protec- tion Plan.

The 316th Training Squadron at Goodfellow Artist’s concept of the new 67th Intelligence Wing Headquarters Building AFB, Texas graduated 12 students from its first on Security Hill at Kelly AFB. The structure was scheduled for Serbo-Croatian language course on 1 April 1998. The completion in 1998. 80-day course taught common core knowledge and The Contingency Airborne Reconnaissance System skills cryptologic linguists require. Deployable Ground Station-2 recently completed supporting its 400th CREEK TORCH mission. Comprised of Air Combat Also in April 1998, at the 123rd Intelligence Squadron at Command’s 13th Intelligence Squadron and AIA’s 48th IS, Little Rock AFB, Arkansas one of two Air National Guard in DGS-2 supports the European Commands’ intelligence AIA, helped significantly in America’s drug war. The unit collection requirements, and protects NATO Stabilization processed nearly 90 percent of all C-26 aerial photographs in Forces in the Balkans. the US for the identification of drug fields. Colonel Harold Beatty assumed command of the Air On 1 April 1998, Det 4, 67 Intelligence Group, moved to Force Technical Applications Center, an administratively Headquarters Air Mobility Command, Scott AFB, Ill. The supported unit of AIA, in ceremonies at Patrick AFB, Florida detachment became the newest weapon in the Air Force in- on 15 July 1998. formation operations arsenal. Since activation in August 1997, the detachment has On 15 July 1998, Major General John Casciano, Director used information opera- of Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance on the Air tions to exploit the Staff, joined Colonel Craig Koziol, 17th Training Group vulnerabilities of adver- Commander, in dedicating a MiG-29 Fulcrum Static Display saries while building a Aircraft at Goodfellow AFB, Texas. The United States pur- protective wall around chased the MiG-29 from Moldova. The group also received AMC communications a MiG-23 Flogger G, an SA-4 surface-to-air missile launcher and information sys- with two missiles and other assorted equipment. tems. The USAF Chief of Staff approved the first information operations doctrine AFDD. The doctrine, released on 5 August 1998, defines information operations as consisting of two pillars: information in warfare and information warfare. IIW encompasses all intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, weather, precision navigation and dissemi- Major General John R. Baker nation activities. IW encompasses the offensive and served as AIA commander from defensive aspects of psychological operations, electronic 17 August 1998-31 January warfare, deception, destruction, and information defend and 2000. attack activities.

44 on-base and in the community during General Baker’s tenure as commander of PACAF’s 18th Wing, Kadena Air Base, Japan.

At the end of 1998, AIA had a strength of 14,048 person- nel; 1,826 officers, 10,083 enlisted and 2,139 civilians. 19991999

Mr. Dennis H. Alvey assumed duties as Executive Director of AIA in January 1999, replacing Mr. Dennis B. Richburg who retired in 1998.

An Air Force Special Operations Command EC-130E Commando Solo aircraft visited Kelly AFB, and highlighted the Agency’s Psychological Operations mission.

After almost 50 years of service the Technical Operations Division at McClellan AFB, Cailfornia closed its doors and inactivated effective 9 April 1999. The division, part of AIA’s Administratively supported unit, under the Air Force Technical Applications Center, had been that organizations largest unit.

Mr. Robert P. Egger ended half a century of service to the United States when he retired as AIA’s Chief of Security on 10 September 1999.

Inside the Agency’s Information Operations Central (IOC), at Kelly AFB, TX.

On 17 August 1998, Brigadier General John R. Baker assumed command of the Air Intelligence Agency and Joint Command and Control Warfare Center in ceremonies at Kelly AFB. After relinquishing command of the Agency, Brig. Gen. James E. Miller retired from the Air Force after more than 29 years of service.

On 17 August 1998, command responsibility for the Joint Command and Control Warfare Center transitioned to the United States Atlantic Command, Norfolk, Virginia. The JC2WC provides direct command and control warfare support to operational commanders around the world.

Effective 2 October 1998, Mr. Dennis B. Richburg, AIA Technical Director, retired after a civilian and military career that spanned nearly four decades.

During the month of November 1998, AIA commander Mr. Dennis H. Alvey became Brig. Gen. John R. Baker and his wife Judy, received the AIA Executive Director in General and Mrs. Jerome F. O’Malley award for their work January 1999.

45 On 17 September 1999, Maj. Gen. John R. Baker presided over ceremonies at AIA on national POW/MIA Recognition Day in honor of POW/MIAs whose contributions were honored and highlighted.

Maj. Gen. John Baker, AIA commander, opened the AIA Heritage Center on 24 September 1999. The Heritage Center, which featured several different displays portraying the history of intelligence and the legacy of AIA, was the only facility of its type in the Air Force dedicated to the memory of Air Intelligence.

AIA’s manning at the end of fiscal year 1999 totaled 13,722. The agency was comprised of 1,811 officers, 9,834 enlisted members and 2,077 civilians. Major General Bruce A. Wright In December 1999, Headquarters AIA’s Psychological took over as AIA commander Operations Division completed its second year of operations on 31 January 2000. He was with an enlarged staff of nine, augmented by Air Force promoted to Major General on Reserve Officers and the designation as the Air Force PSYOP 21 April 2000. Center of Excellence.

20002000

On 14 January 2000, ceremonies were held in front of building 2000 dedicating two Vietnam era aircraft, an O-2 Skymaster Psychological Operations Aircraft and an AQM- 34L Remotely Piloted Vehicle (RPV) Reconnaissance Drone. Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force Frederick J. Finch joined AIA commander Maj. Gen. John Baker in the dedication ceremonies.

On 31 January 2000, Brigadier General Bruce A. Wright, formerly the deputy director for information operations on the Joint Chiefs of Staff, assumed command of AIA from Maj. Gen. John R. Baker.

On 21 April 2000, Brigadier General Bruce A. Wright pinned on his second star in ceremonies at Headquarters Air Intelligence Agency.

46 Vigilance Memorial Park, located in front of the AIA Headquarters building, San Antonio, Texas. USAFSS/ESC/AFIC/AIA Vice Commanders

Col David Wade 26 Oct 48- 5 Sep 50 Col Francis B. O”Donnell 6 Sep 50- 1 Jun 51 Brig Gen H. H. Bassett 2 Jun 51 - 13 Feb 53 Brig Gen Edgar A. Sirmyer 14 Feb 53- 3 Jan 57 Vacant 4 Jan 57 - 18 May 58 Maj Gen John Ackerman 19 May 58- 3 Jun 60 Brig Gen Richard P. Klocko 1 Jul 60 - 31 Aug 61 Brig Gen Louis E. Coira 1 Sep 62- 15 Oct 65 Brig Gen Arthur W. Kellond 16 Oct 65 - 31 Jul 66 Brig Gen Carl W. Stapleton 1 Aug 66 - 19 Jul 69 Vacant 20 Jul 69 - 2 Nov 69 Brig Gen Ernest F. John 3 Nov 69- 18 Jan 71 Brig Gen George K. Sykes 19 Jan 71-14 Feb 72 Brig Gen Erwin A. Hesse 15 Feb 72-30 Jun 74 Vacant 1 Jul 74-25 Sep 74 Brig Gen Richard G. Collins 26 Sep 74-30 Jun 75 Brig Gen Kenneth D. Burns 1 Jul 75- 11 Aug 75 Vacant 12 Aug 75-26 Aug 75 Brig Gen Bernard Ardisana 27 Aug 75-9 Jun 77 Col Paul M. Ingram 10 Jun 77- 13 Jul 80 Col Paul H. Martin 14 Jul 80- 29 Jul 81 Col Lester R. Mellott, Jr. 30 Jul 81-12 May 82 Brig Gen Regis F. A. Urschler 13 May 82- 31 May 85 Brig Gen Grover E. Jackson 1 Jun 85- 2 Jul 87 Brig Gen Paul L. Roberson 3 Jul 87-31 May 90 Brig Gen Graham E. Shirley 1 Jul 90- 29 Sep 92 Brig Gen David L. Vesely 1 Sep 92- 28 Mar 94 Vacant 29 Mar 94- 29 May 94 Brig Gen Robert T. Osterthaler 30 May 94- 31 May 94 Col Neal T. Robinson (Interim) 1 Jun 95- 14 Jul 95 Brig Gen Jeffrey S. Pilkington 15 Jul 95- 1 Aug 96 Vacant 2 Aug 96- 13 Aug 96 Brig Gen Regner C. Rider 14 Aug 96- 23 May 98 Brig Gen Paul J. Lebras 23 May 98- 25 Oct 99 Brig Gen Carol Elliott 26 Oct 99-Present COMMANDERS

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE SECURITY SERVICE 20 Oct 48 - 1 Aug 79 (USAFSS)

Col Roy H. Lynn 26 Oct 48 * - 5 Jul 49 Col Travis M. Hetherington 6 Jul 49 - 21 Jan 51 Col J. Paul Craig (Acting) 22 Jan 51 - 5 Feb 51 Col William T. Smith (Acting) 6 Feb 51 - 21 Feb 51 Maj Gen Roy H. Lynn 22 Feb 51 - 13 Feb 53 Maj Gen Harold H. Bassett 14 Feb 53 - 3 Jan 57 Maj Gen Gordon A. Blake 4 Jan 57 - 5 Aug 59 Maj Gen John Ackerman (Temporary) 6 Aug 59 - 20 Sep 59 Maj Gen Millard Lewis 21 Sep 59 - 31 Aug 62 Maj Gen Richard P. Klocko 1 Sep 62 - 15 Oct 65 Maj Gen Louis E. Coira 16 Oct 65 - 18 Jul 69 Maj Gen Carl W. Stapleton 19 Jul 69 - 23 Feb 73 Maj Gen Walter T. Galligan 24 Feb 73 - 20 May 74 Maj Gen H. P. Smith 21 May 74 - 10 Aug 75 Maj Gen Kenneth D. Burns 11 Aug 75 - 18 Jan 79 Maj Gen Doyle E. Larson 19 Jan 79 - 31 Jul 79

ELECTRONIC SECURITY COMMAND 1 Aug 79 - 1 Oct 91 (ESC)

Maj Gen Doyle E. Larson 1 Aug 79 - 28 Jul 83 Maj Gen John B. Marks 29 Jul 83 - 17 Apr 85 Maj Gen Paul H. Martin 18 Apr 85 - 14 Aug 89 Maj Gen Gary W. O’Shaughnessy 15 Aug 89 - 30 Sep 91

AIR FORCE INTELLIGENCE COMMAND 1 Oct 91 - 1 Oct 93 (AFIC)

Maj Gen Gary W. O’Shaughnessy 1 Oct 91 - 17 May 93 Maj Gen Kenneth A. Minihan 18 May 93 - 1 Oct 93

AIR INTELLIGENCE AGENCY (AIA) 1 Oct 93 - Today

Maj Gen Kenneth A. Minihan 1 Oct 93 - 3 Oct 94 Maj Gen John P. Casciano 3 Oct 94 - 5 Jan 96 Maj Gen Michael V. Hayden 5 Jan 96 - 5 Sep 97 Brig Gen James E. Miller Jr. 5 Sep 97 -17 Aug 98 Maj Gen John R. Baker 17 Aug 98 -31 Jan 00 Maj Gen Bruce A. Wright 31 Jan 00-present

* Although USAFSS was established on 20 Oct 48, Colonel Lynn did not officially assume command until 26 Oct 48. NOTE: Headquarters and staff offices listed in italics have either been redesignated, discontinued, absorbed, or merged with other headquarters, units, or staff offices.