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History of Linux from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia
History of Linux From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The history of Linux began in 1991 with the commencement of a personal project by Finnish student Linus Torvalds to create a new free operating system kernel. Since then, the resulting Linux kernel has been marked by constant growth throughout its history. Since the initial release of its source code in 1991, it has grown from a small number of C files under a license prohibiting commercial distribution to the 4.2.3 version in 2015 with more than 18 million lines of source code under the GNU General Public License v2.[1](p7)[2][3] Contents 1 Events leading to creation 2 The creation of Linux 3 Naming 4 Linux under the GNU GPL 5 GNU/Linux naming controversy 6 Official mascot 7 New development 7.1 Community 7.2 Open Source Development Lab and Linux Foundation 7.3 Companies 7.4 Desktop environments 8 "Linux is obsolete" 9 Competition from Microsoft 10 SCO 11 Trademark rights 12 Chronology 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Events leading to creation After AT&T had dropped out of the Multics project, the Unix operating system was conceived and implemented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (both of AT&T Bell Laboratories) in 1969 and first released in 1970. Later they rewrote it in a new programming language, C, to make it portable. The availability and portability of Unix caused it to be widely adopted, copied and modified by academic institutions and businesses. In 1977, the Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) was developed by the Computer Systems Research Group (CSRG) from UC Berkeley, based on the 6th edition of Unix from AT&T. -
{Dоwnlоаd/Rеаd PDF Bооk} Linux Phrasebook 1St Edition
LINUX PHRASEBOOK 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Scott Granneman | 9780672328381 | | | | | Linux Phrasebook 1st edition PDF Book Previous editions. The hierarchy is not reflected in the list. Signed out You have successfully signed out and will be required to sign back in should you need to download more resources. Tanenbaum's prediction that Linux would become outdated within a few years and replaced by GNU Hurd which he considered to be more modern proved incorrect. Add To My Wish List. The Linux Mark Institute, which represents Linus Torvalds' rights, announced a price increase from to 5, dollars for the use of the name. On 25 August , he at age 21 announced this system in a Usenet posting to the newsgroup "comp. Place your image files either in the My Wallpapers folder or in a sub-folder under the My Screensavers folder. Select Show Covers to see and browse through the covers by swiping your finger left or right. After all, before you can manipulate and use files in a directory remember, file and directory are interchangeable , you first have to know what files are available. Class 2, 4 and 6 cards are supported. You might be asked to put your NOOK in a separate bin when going through airport security. Ars Technica. Then make the changes to the email address or the password of your account, and then re-register your NOOK using the current new email address and password for your account. It cannot connect to any international cellular data networks, including those in Canada and Mexico. The top edge of the battery should rise up out of the slot that holds the battery. -
1. Обобщающее Название Систем На Основе Linux И GNU 2. История
Linux Linux ( i/ˈlɪnəks/ [ˈlɪnəks]?[1][2] или [ˈlɪnʊks]?[3][4][5]), 800 различных компаний[15]) и набирает популяр- также Ли́нукс — общее название Unix-подобных ность (за 9 месяцев с мая 2011 по январь 2012 доля операционных систем, основанных на одноимённом Linux выросла на 64 %[16]). ядре. Ядро Linux создаётся и распространяется в со- Наиболее популярными дистрибутивами являются ответствии с моделью разработки свободного и от- (расположены в алфавитном порядке названия их па- крытого программного обеспечения. Поэтому общее кетных форматов): deb-based (Debian, Mint, Ubuntu), название не подразумевает какой-либо единой «офи- pacman-based (Arch Linux, Chakra, Manjaro), RPM- циальной» комплектации Linux; они распространя- based (RedHat, Fedora, Mageia, OpenSUSE), source- ются в основном бесплатно в виде различных готовых based (Slackware, Gentoo). дистрибутивов, имеющих свой набор прикладных программ и уже настроенных под конкретные нужды пользователя. 1. Обобщающее название систем На начальном этапе Linux бесплатно разрабатывал- ся только энтузиастами-добровольцами, но с успехом на основе Linux и GNU Linux и его массовым коммерческим использованием дорабатывать ОС и вносить свой вклад стали и ком- Операционные системы на основе GNU и Linux на- пании, со временем став значительной силой. Подав- зывают «Linux» или «GNU/Linux»[17][18]. Первый ва- ляющее большинство ПО в современных дистрибу- риант более популярен и чаще используется сторон- тивах по-прежнему доступно по свободным лицензи- никами термина открытого ПО[19], второй — сторон- ям, как правило, за исключением небольшого коли- никами свободного ПО. чества проприетарных компонентов. В 2008 году рас- чёты показывали, что для того, чтобы «с нуля» разра- Хотя в английском второй вариант пишется и зву- ботать систему, аналогичную Fedora 9, потребовалось чит как «GNU/Linux», это не всегда удобно в дру- бы затратить 10,8 млрд долл.[6] Совокупная себесто- гих языках. -
The Future of Open Source Versus Proprietary Software
STOA Science and Technology Options Assessment The Secretariat STOA annual lecture proposal: The future of open source versus proprietary software - Long term threats, challenges and opportunities, for the ICT industry, the private and public sectors and the general public The objective of this conference would be to allow industry representatives and key stakeholders supporting the development of "open source" and "proprietary" software to present their views on "what are the long term prospects for open source versus proprietary software development, and in relation to this, what are the technological and economic potentials and impacts of the expected developments on the society as a whole" It is proposed that to invite Linus Torvalds from the Linux Foundation as the main speaker at this conference. However since the conference needs to present the views of the two "camps", each camp should be adequately represented. Therefore, the presence of a high- level Microsoft representative is indispensable. Speakers from Apple, Oracle, IBM, Google and Ubuntu Canonical are also strongly recommended since these companies are major players in the software industry. A balanced representation of the advocates of each camp is also essential to ensure adequate contradictory debate during the conference in the best interest of the success of the event. It is unlikely that it is possible to attract enough participants within the EP for a conference on such a specialised subject. Therefore, it is recommended that STOA, at a very early stage of the planning process, secures an adequate level of participation by inviting target representatives from large ICT companies, major universities, as well as key stakeholders and experts from the private and public sectors. -
Remote Access with SSH and Telnet
CHAPTER 15 IN THIS CHAPTER . Setting Up a Telnet Server Remote Access with SSH . Telnet Versus SSH and Telnet . Setting Up an SSH Server . The SSH Tools . Remote X The ability to control your system remotely is one of the . Reference high points of Ubuntu—you can connect from any Linux box to another Linux box in a variety of ways. If you just want to check something quickly or if you have limited bandwidth, you have the option of using only the command line, but you can also connect directly to the X server and get full graphical control. Understanding the selection of tools available is largely a history lesson. For example, Telnet was an earlier way of connecting to another computer through the command line, but that has since been superseded by SSH. That is not to say that you should ignore Telnet; you need to know how to use it so you have it as a fallback. However, SSH is preferred because it is more secure. We cover both in this chapter. Setting Up a Telnet Server You will find the Telnet server installation packages in Synaptic under the telnetd package. Once installed, select Administration, Services and enable Telnet. Note your IP address while you are here (run ifconfig with sudo). With that done, you can now fire up your other Linux box and type telnet <your IP>. You are prompted to enter your username and password. The whole conversation should look like this: [paul@susannah ~]$ telnet 10.0.0.1 Trying 10.0.0.1… Connected to 10.0.0.1 (10.0.0.1) Escape character is ‘^]’. -
Creación De Distribuciones Linux
¿ Universidad de Almería Máster en Administración, Comunicaciones y Seguridad Informática Creación de distribuciones Linux Autor: Rafael Monroy Caballero Creación de distribuciones Linux Rafael Monroy Caballero Ingeniero Técnico Informático de Gestión [email protected] Tanto la memoria de este trabajo como el software desarrollado se distribuyen bajo la licencia GNU GPL v3. La Licencia Pública General GNU (GNU GPL) es una licencia libre, sin derechos para software y otro tipo de trabajos. Las licencias para la mayoría del software y otros trabajos prácticos están destinadas a suprimir la libertad de compartir y modificar esos trabajos. Por el contrario, la Licencia Pública General GNU persigue garantizar su libertad para compartir y modificar todas las versiones de un programa--y asegurar que permanecerá como software libre para todos sus usuarios. Cuando hablamos de software libre, nos referimos a libertad, no a precio. Las Licencias Públicas Generales están destinadas a garantizar la libertad de distribuir copias de software libre (y cobrar por ello si quiere), a recibir el código fuente o poder conseguirlo si así lo desea, a modificar el software o usar parte del mismo en nuevos programas libres, y a saber que puede hacer estas cosas. Para obtener más información sobre las licencias y sus términos puede consultar: • http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html (Licencia original en inglés) • http://www.viti.es/gnu/licenses/gpl.html (Traducción de la licencia al castellano) Se ha realizado el presente trabajo para la obtención del título de Máster Propio en Administración, Comunicaciones y Seguridad Informática por la Universidad de Almería http://masteracsi.ual.es 6 Distribuciones Linux.