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INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI University Microtums International A Be>i & Howei; Information Company 300 Norm Zeeb Road Ann Arbor MI48106-1346USA 313 761-4700 800 521-0600 Order Number 9238202 Classical rhetoric and contemporary composition at work: A study of editorialists and their writing Kelvin, Patricia Rosemary, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1992 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 CLASSICAL RHETORIC AND CONTEMPORARY COMPOSITION AT WORK: A STUDY OF EDITORIALISTS AND THEIR WRITING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Patricia Rosemary Kelvin, B.S., M.A. fa- }&• }&• Ja- fa- The Ohio State University 1992 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Andrea A. Lunsford Kitty O. Locker >4^cUAj5r^u^ J^co\ , Advisor V Nan Johnson Department of English For My Dearest Husband, Scott and My Best Boy, Taylor ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS A document of this magnitude is never the work of a single individual but rather represents the tangible and intangible efforts of many people. I am most grateful for the efforts extended on my behalf by my family, academic colleagues, and the many writers and editors who shared their work with me. My work would not have been accomplished without the generosity of the Department of English in awarding me a graduate student stipend under an academic challenge grant to fund my travel and the Foundation of the National Conference of Editorial Writers, which awarded me a grant to attend the NCEW national convention. My advisor, Professor Andrea A. Lunsford has been generous with her time and her concern for my work. Professor Kitty O. Locker has been most reassuring and has helped me see the big picture as well as the small detail. And Professor Nan Johnson has been especially encouraging and protective. Joe Stroud and Joanna Wragg were particularly encouraging as I began my project and facilitated my excursions into the world of the editorial writer. My special thanks, too, to the many writers and editors who talked with me, let me watch them write, and provided me with copies of their written work: at the Dayton Daily News, editor Max Jennings; editorial page editor Hap Cawood; writers Ellen Belcher and Martin Gottlieb; at the Wall Street Journal, editor Robert Bartley; Albert Scardino, formerly editor of The iii Georgia Gazette; at the Philadelphia Daily News, editorial page editor Richard Aregood, associate editorial page editor Don Harrison, writer Linda Wright Moore, and the members of the Daily News editorial Board; Thomas Hylton, editorial page editor of the Pottstown Mercury; at the St. Paul Pioneer Press, writer Ann Daly Goodwin; at The Miami Herald, editor Jim Hampton, editorial page editor Joanna Wragg; writers Ramon Mestre— who graciously also introduced me to Cuban Miami—Martha Musgrove, Tony Proscia, Robert Sanchez, Kathleen Krog, and letters editor Zulay Chirinos; and at the Orlando Sentinel, associate editor Jane Healy, assistant editorial page editor David Porter, cartoonists Ralph Dunagin and Dana Summers; and members of the editorial board, David Porter, Charlie Reese, Leslie Doolittle, and Clint McCarthy. I would also like to thank those editors and writers at the NCEW convention who graciously allowed me to steal their time away from the conference: Susan Albright, Arizona Daily Star; Jerry Dhonau, Arkansas Gazette; Joe Geschwiler, Atlanta Constitution; Linda Goyette, Edmonton (Canada) Journal; Paul Greenberg, Pine Bluff Commercial; Robert Pittman, St. Petersburg Times; Ron Clark, St. Paul Pioneer Press; Donald Kimelman, The Philadelphia Inquirer; Morgan McGinley, The Day; and Phineas Fiske, Newsday;. In addition, I thank John Simonds, Dale Davenport, and Mary Tift Wade for allowing me to use their conference critique materials. The following newspapers have given me permission to reprint editorials from their pages: The Miami Herald, Dayton Daily News, Philadelphia Daily News, Pottstown Mercury, and the Orlando Sentinel. The NCEW Masthead has granted me permission to iv quote excerpts from Mark Stuart's article "A Day in the Life (Summer 1988). Other publishers who have kindly granted me permission to quote extensively from their works include the following: The University of Chicago Press for John Van Maanen's Tales of the Field: On Writing Ethnography. 1988; the Prentice-Hall Co. for Norman K. Denzin's The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods. 3rd. ed., 1989; and the Holt Rinehart Co. for James P. Spradley's The Ethnographic Interview, 1979. I have been unbelievably fortunate in the wonderful support given me by my entire family. My parents Pauline and Richard Kelvin, through their unstinting emotional and financial sustenance, have made it possible for my husband and me to complete our graduate degrees simultaneously in an environment of happiness and good cheer, and I am immensely grateful to them. My "other parents" Don and Barbara Leonard have continuously demonstrated their pride in our achievements with their constant encouragement. My sisters Hilary Cohen and Stephanie Arnold, having been there, have been particularly assuring; and my brother-in-law Michael Cohen has been a never-ending source of help and reference. My best boy Taylor, who has only known his mommy as a student, has been the dearest, most cheerful, most understanding little son a parent could have. And finally, my beloved Scott Leonard—husband, friend, and colleague—who encouraged me to go for a doctorate in the first place, has kept me moving forward, helped me instill confidence in myself, and even nursed me through chicken pox: this dissertation is as much his as it is mine. v VITA January 31,1945 Born—London, England 1966 B.S., University of California, Davis, California 1968 - 70 Publicity Director, School of Creative Arts, San Francisco State College, San Francisco, California 1970-72 Medical Editor and Research Associate, Tufts - New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 1972-74 Public Relations Director, Childrens Hospital of Orange County, Orange, California 1974-1985 Consultant, Patricia R. Kelvin & Associates, California and Oregon 1987 M.A., Department of English, Humboldt State University, Areata, California 1988-Present Graduate Teaching and Administrative Associate, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio VI FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: English Studies in Rhetoric: Andrea A. Lunsford, Nan Johnson, H. Lewis Ulman, and Edward P. J. Corbett; Business and Technical Communication: Kitty O. Locker; the Teaching of Writing: Thomas E. Gage, Karen Carlton, and John Schafer; American Literature: Steven Fink vn TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION ; ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS iii VITA vi LIST OF FIGURES x CHAPTER PAGE I. FOUNDATION 1 Writing in the Classroom: Student as Writer 8 Writing in the Workplace: Worker as Writer 13 Writing in the Workplace: Writer as Worker 19 Editorial Writers 25 Conclusion 34 H. METHODOLOGY 39 The Methods of Our Tradition 43 Ethnographic Methods 61 Ethnography: A Cautionary Note 64 The Methods of Sociology 68 The Methods of this Study 74 m. CLASSICAL RHETORIC AT WORK 90 Ethos in the Editorialist and in the Editorial Page 98 Logos: Reasoning from Ethical Precepts 127 Pathos: A Place in Rhetoric for Empathy and Sympathy 131 Invention 145 Arrangement 152 Conclusion 156 viii IV. CONTEMPORARY COMPOSITION IN THE WORKPLACE 158 Technology 160 Electronic Peer Response 182 Peer Response—Without Technology 192 Collaboration 202 Writing Processes 210 Voice 220 Conclusion 225 V. SOME THOUGHTS ON THE PAST AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE 229 APPENDICES A. Letters to the Editors 259 B. Questionnaire 261 C. Principles of the National Conference of Editorial Writers 263 BIBLIOGRAPHY 265 IX LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE 1. Lead and Second Editorials Published in the Miami Herald, 9/12/91 120 2. Third and Fourth Editorials Published in the Miami Herald, 9/12/91 121 3. Editorial in Series from the Pottstown Mercury 10/29/81 140 4. Editorial in the Philadelphia Daily News, 6/14/91 142 5. Editorial in the Philadelphia Daily News 6/14/91 143 6. Editorial in the Philadelphia Daily Neios 6/14/91 150 7. Excerpts from the Lead Editorial in the Orlando Sentinel's Pulitzer Prize-Winning Series 11/1/87 153 8. Excerpts from the second Editorial in The Orlando Sentinel in the Orlando Sentinel's Pulitzer Prize-Winning Series, 11/2/87 154 9. Excerpts from the third Editorial in The Orlando Sentinel in the Orlando Sentinel's Pulitzer Prize-Winning Series 11/3/87 155 10. Samples of Computerized Notetaking from the Dayton Daily News 163 11. From Notes To Draft 165 12. Subsequent Draft 167 13.