DOCSLIB.ORG

Table of Contents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

TABLE OF CONTENTS ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR FOR FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION 2000 Page INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................1 CHAPTER I GENERAL REPORTS........................................................................................... 3 A. Mandate and Competence of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression ................................................. 3 B. The Office of the Special Rapporteur’s Principal Activities in the Year 2000 ................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES ON FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION ..............11 A. Background.......................................................................................................14 B. Interpretation .....................................................................................................15 CHAPTER III LEGISLATION AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: AN OVERVIEW OF THE INTERNAL LEGISLATION OF THE MEMBER STATES ..........................................33 A. Legislation and Freedom of Expression ........................................................... 33 1. Access to Information ............................................................................33 2. Desacato, or Contempt, Laws ...............................................................34 2 CHAPTER IV EVALUATION OF THE SITUATION OF FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION IN THE HEMISPHERE ................................................................................................................. 55 A. Introduction........................................................................................................55 B. Evaluation..........................................................................................................55 C. Status of Freedom of Expression in Some Member States...............................60 1. Progress made in freedom of expression .............................................60 a. Peru ...........................................................................................60 b. Guatemala .................................................................................61 2. Countries without freedom of expression ............................................. 62 a. Cuba ......................................................................................... 62 3. Countries with serious limitations on freedom of expression................ 70 4. Countries that merit special attention ................................................... 70 a. Chile.......................................................................................... 71 b. Colombia................................................................................... 76 c. Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ............................................. 80 d. Guatemala ................................................................................ 82 e. Panama..................................................................................... 83 f. Nicaragua.................................................................................. 87 g. Honduras ...................................................................................87 5. Information received concerning the countries 3 in the hemisphere during 2000............................................................... .89 D. Assassinations of Journalists ........................................................................ 115 CHAPTER V FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION CASES WITHIN THE INTER-AMERICAN SYSTEM .............................................................................................. 119 1. Cases before the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.............................. 119 2. Cases declared admissible during the last period of sessions of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights in the year 2000...............................................................................................120 3. Precautionary measures. ............................................................................... 121 CHAPTER VI FINAL CONSIDERATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................. 123 ANNEXES 1. Complete text of Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights ........................................................................ 127 2. Press releases................................................................................................ 128 3. Joint Declaration of the three rapporteurs for freedom of expression ............ 170 4. Declaration of Chapultepec ............................................................................ 178 4 REPORT OF THE SPECIAL RAPPORTEUR FOR FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION INTRODUCTION 1. The twenty-first Century ushered in a period of progress and challenges to the strengthening of democratic progress in the Americas. The hemispheric objective of deepening constitutional forms of participatory democracy has had as its focus addressing problems such as social justice, sustainable development and full respect for individual human rights. Within this context, the right to freedom of expression plays a central role in the consolidation of democracy, as it affects the right of the individual to seek, receive and impart information and opinions as well as the collective right to participation through the free exchange of ideas and information. 2. The Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression would like to highlight that in October of 2000, in recognition of the urgent need to develop principles to strengthen democracy in the hemisphere, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights approved the Declaration of Principles on Freedom of Expression developed by the Office of the Special Rapporteur. This document was prepared as a fundamental reference tool to guide the development of laws on freedom of expression and as a guide to the interpretation of Article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights. The Special Rapporteur believes that the Declaration of Principles of Freedom of Expression will serve as a model in the hemisphere for the defense, promotion and protection of the right to freedom of expression. 3. The Special Rapporteur notes that in the year 2000, various States have recognized the importance of full respect for freedom of expression and information. In this context, various States have requested recommendations from the Office of the Special Rapporteur, expressing their intention to introduce legislative reforms that expand the protections of this right or to amend existing legislation restrictive of the full exercise of freedom of expression. Nonetheless, in some cases there is a perceptible slowness of the approval 5 process as well as a lack of leadership, initiative and will to amend the laws that restrict freedom of expression. 4. In addition, the Special Rapporteur continues to be seriously concerned about the assassination of journalists registered in the hemisphere during the last year. This report makes reference to the assassination of seven journalists due to their professional activities. The Office of the Special Rapporteur received information about other cases of assassinations of journalists, which are currently being investigated to determine if these murders were consequences of their journalistic activities. At the same time, the Special Rapporteur received information regarding more than 170 cases of violations of freedom of expression during the year 2000. 5. The Special Rapporteur views with concern the utilization of the judiciary to place limits on freedom of expression and on the informative role of journalists and the media. During 2000, the Special Rapporteur received approximately 60 accounts of legal or judicial actions against journalists and the media. The Special Rapporteur has prepared a study of laws affecting freedom of expression, confirming that in various States, criminal contempt laws (desacato) remain in place and are used to silence criticism of public officials. In response to a recommendation of the IACHR, the Office of the Special Rapporteur will carry out an annual investigation of the movement to repeal contempt laws in the hemisphere. Equally important to ensure greater protection for freedom of expression is the review of laws governing criminal slander and libel. During the past year, the Special Rapporteur received numerous reports of cases involving the use of criminal slander and libel laws to silence the press. 6. Finally, given the objective of various States to find strategies to combat the high incidence of corruption afflicting democracies in the Americas, the Special Rapporteur is pressing for the promulgation of laws promoting access to information. Such laws are likely to promote greater control of governmental activities as well as to guarantee ample protection for freedom of expression, which could contribute significantly to increasing transparency in government. The media plays an essential role in democratic systems due to its capacity to investigate, inform the citizenry through public scrutiny and promote public participation. The right to free access to information is structured as a way to strengthen the fundamental 6 principles of transparency, openness and public scrutiny of the government’s activities in a representative democracy. Having in place the procedures that guarantee this right is one of the most effective mechanisms for combating corruption. CHAPTER I GENERAL REPORTS A. Mandate and Competence of the Office
Recommended publications
  • Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations

    Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations

    Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations Mark P. Sullivan Specialist in Latin American Affairs November 27, 2012 Congressional Research Service 7-5700 www.crs.gov RL30981 CRS Report for Congress Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress Panama: Political and Economic Conditions and U.S. Relations Summary With five successive elected civilian governments, the Central American nation of Panama has made notable political and economic progress since the 1989 U.S. military intervention that ousted the regime of General Manuel Antonio Noriega from power. Current President Ricardo Martinelli of the center-right Democratic Change (CD) party was elected in May 2009, defeating the ruling center-left Democratic Revolutionary Party (PRD) in a landslide. Martinelli was inaugurated to a five-year term on July 1, 2009. Martinelli’s Alliance for Change coalition with the Panameñista Party (PP) also captured a majority of seats in Panama’s National Assembly. Panama’s service-based economy has been booming in recent years – with a growth rate of 7.6% in 2010 and 10.6% in 2011 – largely because of the ongoing Panama Canal expansion project, now slated for completion in early 2015. The CD’s coalition with the PP fell apart at the end of August 2011when President Martinelli sacked PP leader Juan Carlos Varela as Foreign Minister. Varela, however, retains his position as Vice President. Tensions between the CD and the PP had been growing throughout 2011, largely related to which party would head the coalition’s ticket for the 2014 presidential election. Despite the breakup of the coalition, the strength of the CD has grown significantly since 2009 because of defections from the PP and the PRD and it now has a majority on its own in the legislature.
  • Observations Report (Rodley 1997)

    Observations Report (Rodley 1997)

    UNITED NATIONS E Distr. Economic and Social GENERAL Council E/CN.4/1998/38/Add.1 24 December 1997 Original: ENGLISH COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS Fifty­fourth session Item 8 (a) of the provisional agenda QUESTION OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS OF ALL PERSONS SUBJECTED TO ANY FORM OF DETENTION OR IMPRISONMENT, IN PARTICULAR: TORTURE AND OTHER CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING TREATMENT OR PUNISHMENT Report of the Special Rapporteur, Mr. Nigel S. Rodley, submitted pursuant to Commission on Human Rights resolution 1997/38 Addendum Summary of cases transmitted to Governments and replies received CONTENTS Paragraphs Page Afghanistan ....................... 1 ­ 2 4 Albania ......................... 3 4 Algeria ......................... 4 ­ 8 4 Argentina ........................ 9 5 Armenia ......................... 10 ­ 13 5 Austria ......................... 14 ­ 17 6 Azerbaijan ....................... 18 ­ 20 7 Bahrain ......................... 21 ­ 24 7 Bhutan ......................... 25 ­ 28 8 Bolivia ......................... 29 9 Brazil ......................... 30 ­ 34 9 Bulgaria ........................ 35 ­ 39 10 Burundi ......................... 40 ­ 43 11 GE.97­14648 (E) E/CN.4/1998/38/Add.1 page 2 CONTENTS (continued) Paragraphs Page Cameroon ........................ 44 ­ 48 11 Chad .......................... 49 ­ 63 12 Chile .......................... 64 ­ 66 14 China .......................... 67 ­ 78 16 Colombia ........................ 79 19 Cuba .......................... 80 ­ 82 19 Cyprus ......................... 83 ­ 84 19 Democratic Republic
  • Ofic. 501 Pucallpa, Perú Telf. 51 (61) 571713

    Ofic. 501 Pucallpa, Perú Telf. 51 (61) 571713

    PALMAS DEL PERÚ Abril 17, 2016 Ms. Sasikia Ozinga Co-Chair of the Board Forest Peoples Programme 1c Fosseway Business Centre, Stratford Road Moreton-in-Marsh, GL56 9NQ England We are responding to your letter dated March 4th, 2016 and confirming our serious commitment to sustainable entrepreneurship in Peru, respecting their laws and operating with social inclusion and environmental care, especially with respect to the original cultures close to the areas where we are carrying out our activities. 1. In order to maintain a relationship of reciprocal treatment with your organization, it is necessary for us to receive a satisfactory clarification on the part of FPP for that which was irresponsably expressed in the fourth paragraph of your online press release issued on November 18th, 2015 regarding alleged death threats to Mr. Washington Bolivar insinuating that this was supposedly carried out by the company and its principal director Mr Dennis Melka. Freedom of expression is in no way an acceptable pretext for desseminating slanderous allegations through the media, which without objective evidence unjustly attempt to skew information and the perceptions of people and institutions with the presumed intention of damaging their respective reputations. We wish to remind you that the rights of one person end where the rights of another begin. In the letter we sent on November 23rd, 2015 we had specifically requested from you objective evidence proving the above claims made by the FPP. Up to this point in time we still have not received any response 2. We reiterate that our agricultural activities are NOT being carried out on property owned by the Shipibo community of Santa Clara de Uchunya , demonstrated not only in the field of pure national and international law and binding agreements , but also with full respect for customary laws of Indigenous peoples , through the following considerations : • The Regional Government of Ucayali , according to its competence, by Regional Executive Resolution No.
  • Rethinking Fuelwood: People, Policy and the Anatomy of a Charcoal Supply Chain in a Decentralizing Peru

    Rethinking Fuelwood: People, Policy and the Anatomy of a Charcoal Supply Chain in a Decentralizing Peru

    Article Rethinking Fuelwood: People, Policy and the Anatomy of a Charcoal Supply Chain in a Decentralizing Peru Aoife Bennett 1,2,*, Peter Cronkleton 2 ID , Mary Menton 3 and Yadvinder Malhi 1 1 Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks road, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK; [email protected] 2 Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR-Peru), Av. La Molina 1895, La Molina 15024 Peru; [email protected] 3 SEED (Solutions & Evidence for Environment & Development), 163 Howard St, Oxford OX4 3BA, UK; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Received: 5 July 2018; Accepted: 24 August 2018; Published: 31 August 2018 Abstract: In Peru, as in many developing countries, charcoal is an important source of fuel. We examine the commercial charcoal commodity chain from its production in Ucayali, in the Peruvian Amazon, to its sale in the national market. Using a mixed-methods approach, we look at the actors involved in the commodity chain and their relationships, including the distribution of benefits along the chain. We outline the obstacles and opportunities for a more equitable charcoal supply chain within a multi-level governance context. The results show that charcoal provides an important livelihood for most of the actors along the supply chain, including rural poor and women. We find that the decentralisation process in Peru has implications for the formalisation of charcoal supply chains, a traditionally informal, particularly related to multi-level institutional obstacles to equitable commerce. This results in inequity in the supply chain, which persecutes the poorest participants and supports the most powerful actors.
  • Panama Country Report BTI 2012

    Panama Country Report BTI 2012

    BTI 2012 | Panama Country Report Status Index 1-10 7.39 # 22 of 128 Political Transformation 1-10 7.70 # 25 of 128 Economic Transformation 1-10 7.07 # 29 of 128 Management Index 1-10 5.65 # 43 of 128 scale: 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest) score rank trend This report is part of the Bertelsmann Stiftung’s Transformation Index (BTI) 2012. The BTI is a global assessment of transition processes in which the state of democracy and market economy as well as the quality of political management in 128 transformation and developing countries are evaluated. More on the BTI at http://www.bti-project.org Please cite as follows: Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2012 — Panama Country Report. Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung, 2012. © 2012 Bertelsmann Stiftung, Gütersloh BTI 2012 | Panama 2 Key Indicators Population mn. 3.5 HDI 0.768 GDP p.c. $ 13609 Pop. growth1 % p.a. 1.6 HDI rank of 187 58 Gini Index 52.3 Life expectancy years 76 UN Education Index 0.743 Poverty3 % 17.9 Urban population % 74.8 Gender inequality2 0.492 Aid per capita $ 19.0 Sources: The World Bank, World Development Indicators 2011 | UNDP, Human Development Report 2011. Footnotes: (1) Average annual growth rate. (2) Gender Inequality Index (GII). (3) Percentage of population living on less than $2 a day. Executive Summary Since 2004, Panama has experienced a period of political stability and strong macroeconomic performance. The country’s growth rates in 2007 and 2008 were higher than in any other country in Latin America. The economic and financial crisis of 2008 caused only a temporary slowdown, and Panama was one of the very few countries in the region that did not suffer recession in 2009.
  • Doing Business in Peru

    Doing Business in Peru

    DOING BUSINESS IN PERU CONTENTS 1 – Introduction 3 2 – Business environment 4 3 – Foreign Investment 11 4 – Setting up a Business 13 5 – Labour 16 6 – Taxation 18 7 – Accounting & reporting 28 8 – UHY representation in Peru 33 DOING BUSINESS IN PERU 3 1 – INTRODUCTION UHY is an international organisation providing accountancy, business management and consultancy services through financial business centres in around 90 countries throughout the world. Business partners work together through the network to conduct transnational operations for clients as well as offering specialist knowledge and experience within their own national borders. Global specialists in various industry and market sectors are also available for consultation. This detailed report providing key issues and information for investors considering business operations in Peru has been provided by the office of UHY representatives: UHY SANDOVAL ALIAGA Y ASOCIADOS S. CIVIL DE R.L. Cura Muñecas 181 San Isidro Lima 27 Peru Phone +51 1 422 3884 Website www.uhyenperu.com You are welcome to contact Carlos Sandoval Aliaga ([email protected]) for any inquiries you may have. A detailed firm profile for UHY’s representation in Peru can be found in section 8. Information in the following pages has been updated so that they are effective at the date shown, but inevitably they are both general and subject to change and should be used for guidance only. For specific matters, investors are strongly advised to obtain further information and take professional advice before making any decisions. This publication is current at June 2014. We look forward to helping you do business in Peru.
  • 2015 Annual Report As Per Article 59(10) of Its Rules of Procedure and Asked That the State to Submit Its Observations Within One Month

    2015 Annual Report As Per Article 59(10) of Its Rules of Procedure and Asked That the State to Submit Its Observations Within One Month

    CHAPTER IV.B VENEZUELA I. INTRODUCTION 1. The Commission has closely followed the human rights situation in Venezuela and, through its various monitoring mechanisms, has observed a series of structural situations that affect the enjoyment and exercise of human rights in that country. Accordingly, the Commission has observed and has repeatedly made statements in its previous reports on Venezuela on structural situations such as the provisional nature of judges and prosecutors, which weakens the judicial branch and leads to its lack of independence and impartiality. The Commission has considered that this structural flaw has a negative impact on the right of access to justice and due process, and thus is one of the weakest points of Venezuelan democracy. Along these same lines, as the lack of independence and autonomy of the judicial branch vis-à-vis the political branches of government is one of the most fragile points that has been identified, the IACHR is concerned about the use of the punitive power of the State to harass and stigmatize human rights defenders and journalists, and to criminally prosecute political dissidents and disqualify several of its leaders from holding office. 2. In addition, the IACHR has identified as matters of concern the regulatory amendments that imply legal and regulatory restrictions—in particular, through passage of Special Powers Acts (Leyes Habilitantes), which in recent years have been used to effect the reform of criminal statutes, as well as to assign public safety and domestic law enforcement responsibilities to the military. The Inter-American Commission has also stated that the high degree of impunity in Venezuela, the serious public safety situation, and the violence in penal institutions are factors that impose particular constraints on the inhabitants’ exercise of the human rights to life, humane treatment, and access to justice, among other rights.
  • 1 CCPR DECLARATION RE: ARTICLE 41 9 April 1984 Peru

    1 CCPR DECLARATION RE: ARTICLE 41 9 April 1984 Peru

    PERU CCPR DECLARATION RE: ARTICLE 41 9 April 1984 Peru recognizes the competence of the Human Rights Committee to receive and consider communications to the effect that a State Party claims that another State Party is not fulfilling its obligations under the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, in accordance with article 41 of the said Covenant. DEROGATIONS: NOTIFICATIONS UNDER ARTICLE 4 (3) OF THE COVENANT 22 March 1983 (Dated 18 March 1983) First notification: The Government has declared the extension of the state of emergency in the provinces of Huanta, La Mar, Cangallo, Victor Fajardo y Huamanga, in the Department of Ayacucho, Andahuaylas in the Department of Apurímac, and Angaraes, Tayacaja and Acobamba in the Department of Huancavelica and for a period of 60 days from the date of the issue of the Supreme Decree No. 003-83-IN of 25 February 1983. Suspension of the constitutional guarantees provided for in paragraphs 7, 9, 10 and 20 (g) of article 2 of the Political Constitution of Peru, which relate to the inviolability of the home, liberty of movement in the national territory, the right of peaceful assembly and the right to liberty and security of person. In a communication received by the Secretary-General on 4 April 1983, the Government of Peru specified that the state of emergency extended by Supreme Decree No. 003-83-IN of 25 February 1983 was originally proclaimed by Supreme Decree No. 026-81-IN of 12 October 1981. It further specified that the provisions of the Covenant from which it was derogated by reason of the proclamation of the state of emergency were articles 9, 12, 17 and 21.
  • University of Southampton Research Repository

    University of Southampton Research Repository

    University of Southampton Research Repository Copyright © and Moral Rights for this thesis and, where applicable, any accompanying data are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis and the accompanying data cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder/s. The content of the thesis and accompanying research data (where applicable) must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder/s. When referring to this thesis and any accompanying data, full bibliographic details must be given, e.g. Thesis: Navarrete-Frías Carolina (2020) "Policy Implementation in a Frontier Region: the case of deforestation in the Amazon", University of Southampton, Faculty of Social Sciences, Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology, PhD Thesis, 320p. Data: Navarrete-Frías, C. Author (2020). Policy Implementation in a Frontier Region: the case of deforestation in the Amazon. DOI:10.5258/SOTON/T0027 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology Policy Implementation in a Frontier Region: the case of deforestation in the Amazon by Carolina Navarrete-Frías Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy July 31st, 2020 UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON ABSTRACT FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology Doctor of Philosophy POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN A FRONTIER REGION: THE CASE OF DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON By Carolina Navarrete-Frías The Amazon Forest is changing at unprecedented rates and is facing significant forest-cover loss.
  • CARLOS GUEVARA MANN Florida State University, Panama City of Knowledge | Building #227 | Clayton P.O

    CARLOS GUEVARA MANN Florida State University, Panama City of Knowledge | Building #227 | Clayton P.O

    CARLOS GUEVARA MANN Florida State University, Panama City of Knowledge | Building #227 | Clayton P.O. Box 0819-05390 |Panama | Republic of Panama Tel: +507 317 0367 ext. 239 | +507 6671 7649 (mobile) E-mail: [email protected] EDUCATION Ph.D., 2001, University of Notre Dame. Dissertation directed by Michael Coppedge. M.A., 1993, Ohio University. Thesis directed by Michael Grow. Licenciado en Finanzas, 1990, Universidad Católica Santa María La Antigua, Panamá (cum laude) RESEARCH INTERESTS Politics and democracy in Latin America and Western Europe International relations of Latin America Political history of Latin America FULL-TIME APPOINTMENTS Florida State University, Panama: Associate Professor of Political Science, 2016- Director, Master of Science in International Affairs Program, 2016- Assistant Professor of Political Science, 2004-2005 Associate Professor of Political Science, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia, 2014-2015 United Nations World Food Programme (WFP), Regional Bureau for Latin America and the Caribbean Policy Advisor with the rank of National Programme Officer (NO-D), 2011-2013 University of Nevada, Reno: Assistant Professor of Political Science, 2005-2011 Director, International Affairs Program, 2005-2006 Lloyds TSB Bank Plc, Panama: Senior Manager-Credit (discretionary limit: US$500,000), 2001-2003 Executive Officer, Credit Appraisal, 1993-1995 Credit Analyst, 1990-1991 Government of the Republic of Panama: Director-General of Foreign Policy (with the rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary),
  • Mireya Moscoso De Arias (Mireya Elisamoscoso De Arias, Nacida Mireya Elisa Moscoso Rodríguez)

    Mireya Moscoso De Arias (Mireya Elisamoscoso De Arias, Nacida Mireya Elisa Moscoso Rodríguez)

    Mireya Moscoso de Arias (Mireya ElisaMoscoso de Arias, nacida Mireya Elisa Moscoso Rodríguez) Panamá, Presidenta de la República Duración del mandato: 01 de Septiembre de 1999 - de de Nacimiento: Ciudad de Panamá, 01 de Julio de 1946 Partido político: PA Profesión : Secretaria ResumenPerteneciente a una familia de propietarios rurales de Pedasí, en la provincia de Los Santos, y menor de seis hermanos, su padre, director de la escuela del pueblo, falleció cuando ella tenía nueve años. Tras completar la educación primaria en Pedasí, su madre la internó en un colegio regentado por monjas de María Inmaculada en Ciudad de Panamá, donde cursó la secundaria. De allí salió en 1963 con un diploma de bachiller en Comercio, titulación que la facultó para trabajar de secretaria en la Dirección General de la Caja de Seguro Social (CSS). http://www.cidob.org 1 of 11 Biografía En este organismo público la joven no tardó en trabar contacto con la política y ya en 1964, cuando aún no había cumplido los 18 años, participó en la campaña electoral de Arnulfo Arias Madrid, veterano político y diplomático conservador de 62 años que aspiraba a la Presidencia de la República con su Partido Panameñista (PP), fundado en enero de 1961. Arias era un valedor de los intereses de la oligarquía agropecuaria y del ideal anticomunista, pero también era un nacionalista celoso y popular que suscitaba recelos en Estados Unidos, cuyos Gobierno y multinacionales tenían en Panamá un importantísimo patrimonio económico y estratégico. Arias alcanzó en diferentes circunstancias la Presidencia en 1940, 1949 y 1968, aunque en ninguno de los casos llegó a completar su mandato al ser forzado a dimitir por mostrar tendencias autoritarias y debido a las injerencias de sus numerosos enemigos, desde el conservadurismo tradicional proestadounidense hasta la izquierda pasando por los militares.
  • Filing # 29423303 E-Filed 07/08/2015 05:45:05 PM

    Filing # 29423303 E-Filed 07/08/2015 05:45:05 PM

    Filing # 29423303 E-Filed 07/08/2015 05:45:05 PM IN THE SUPREME COURT OF FLORIDA THE FLORIDA BAR Supreme Court Case No.: SC15-1011 Complainant, The Florida Bar File No.: 2012- vs. 50,591(150) RICHARD SAM LEHMAN Respondent. RESPONSE TO COMPLAINT Respondent, RICHARD SAM LEHMAN, by and through his undersigned counsel, for his Answer with Affirmative Defenses and Mitigating Circumstances, states and alleges as follows: 1. Admit 2. Admit 3. Admit 4. Admit 5. Admit 6. Admit 7. Admit, but affirmatively asserts that the audit also determined that all funds were used solely for the benefit of the Estate of Wilson Lucom. 8. Admits, that funds were transferred from the estate account into Mr. Lehman's Operating Account, but affirmatively states that no funds were retained by Mr. Lehman or by his law firm and that all funds were used for the benefit of the Estate of Wilson Lucom. 9. Admit, that for a brief period of time, that Respondent comingled funds by placing the funds in his Operating Account, but states that all funds were used for the benefit of the Estate of Wilson Lucom and that, as more particularly hereinafter set forth, that Mr. Lehman co-mingled the funds negligently and in an effort to protect those funds from dissipation by third parties from the Country of Panama. 145552.0060 I/I 00667802v. I 10. Admit that Mr. Lehman paid expenses of the Estate of Wilson Lucom from his operating account, rather than leaving the funds in the Estate Account, but affirmatively states that although Mr.