Northwest Territories Soil Survey Enhancement Project
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NORTHWEST TERRITORIES SOIL SURVEY ENHANCEMENT PROJECT Final Report Prepared For: Department of Industry, Tourism and Investment, Government of Northwest Territories Prepared By: EcoDynamics Consulting Inc. Prince Albert, Saskatchewan July 31, 2008 NWT Soil Survey Enhancement Project – Final Report (draft) Table of Contents 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Project Background and Purpose ................................................................1 1.2 Description of Study Area........................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Location and Extent .....................................................................2 1.2.2 Climate......................................................................................... 3 1.2.3 Bedrock Geology..........................................................................5 1.2.4 Surficial Geology .........................................................................6 1.2.4 Vegetation ..................................................................................10 1.2.5 Soils............................................................................................ 10 2.0 METHODOLOGY.............................................................................................. 12 2.1 Map Compilation....................................................................................... 12 2.2 Digital Conversion Process and Map Enhancements................................14 2.3 Field Program............................................................................................ 22 2.4 Communications and Collaboration..........................................................23 3.0 SOIL CAPABILITY FOR AGRICULTURE................................................... 24 3.1 Overview of Agricultural Capability Classification..................................24 3.2 Liard-Mackenzie River Map Area ............................................................25 3.3 Upper Mackenzie River Map Area ...........................................................26 3.4 Hay River Valley Map Area......................................................................28 3.5 Slave River Lowland Map Area................................................................29 3.6 Other Areas ...............................................................................................30 3.7 Total Agricultural Land Base....................................................................32 4.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................ 34 4.1 Conclusions...............................................................................................34 4.2 Recommendations..................................................................................... 34 REFERENCES CITED .................................................................................................. 36 APPENDIX A – Descriptions of Soils and Soil Map Units by Map Area.................. 37 APPENDIX B – Soil Capability for Agriculture Classification System................... 121 APPENDIX C – Soil Inspection Data Summary........................................................ 125 APPENDIX D – Soil Correlation Table ...................................................................... 135 APPENDIX E – Glossary of Terms............................................................................. 141 EcoDynamics Consulting Inc. i NWT Soil Survey Enhancement Project – Final Report (draft) “The greatest enemy of progress is ignorance and I think I am safe in calling maps the most used and least understood documents of modern civilization. The tendency may be to believe everything that appears on a map without understanding the limitations of maps and knowing how to use them.” Lloyd A. Brown, 1953, Author of “The Story of Maps” Upper left photo: agricultural land along the Hay River Lower left photo: Fort Liard, with abandoned Class 3 agricultural land in foreground Photo to right: a Gleyed Cumulic Regosol soil in the Fort Resolution area. Funding for this project provided by: EcoDynamics Consulting Inc. ii NWT Soil Survey Enhancement Project – Final Report (draft) Acknowledgements Core funding for the project came from the Canada - NWT Agricultural Policy Framework Program of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) and the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT). In addition to core funding, AAFC also provided important in-kind support including correlation assistance in the field by Scott Smith, head of AAFC’s National Land and Water Information System (NLWIS) program, and by Wally Fraser, Assistant National Soil Correlator (AAFC). AAFC also made a welcome contribution towards helicopter expenses in 2006, as well as regular moral support and advice. Thank you Scott and Wally. Thank you also goes out to Len Kozak (AAFC, Saskatoon), Harold Rostad (formerly of AAFC, Saskatoon) and Charles Tarnocai (AAFC, Ottawa) who kindly shared their knowledge and experience gained during various soil surveys in the NWT. EcoDynamics is particularly indebted to Gene Hachey of Industry Trade and Investment (ITI), GNWT, who lead the project, provided superb logistical support, assisted periodically in the field, and continually lent his seemingly endless energy and passion to the project. A thank you is also extended to John Colford, ITI, Yellowknife, who provided critical management support throughout the project. Seasonal ITI staff working for Gene also assisted with fieldwork and logistics in 2006 and 2007, and deserve our gratitude, specifically: Heather Smith, Josh Clark, Jane Brookes, and Nicole Redvers. Special thanks also goes to Jennifer Donnelly of Crosscurrents Environmental Services Ltd., who assisted with the fall reconnaissance in 2005. Andrew Forbes, Steve Skinner, Margorie Fraser, Ed Hornby, and Charlene Koe at Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) in Yellowknife, NWT, and especially Bob Gowan of INAC, Hull, Quebec, deserve a very special thank you for their efforts in locating a hard copy of the Liard-Mackenzie soil map series and providing scanned copies of these maps. The project team also received a variety of information, data and advice from staff of Environment and Natural Resources, GNWT, including: Bob Decker, Lisa Smith, Paul Kitchen, and Kathleen Groenewegen (Forest Management Division, Hay River); Bas Oosenbrug (Wildlife and Fisheries Division, Yellowknife); and Evelyn Gah (Protected Areas Strategy, Yellowknife). Thanks to you all. Kathleen Groenewegen also deserves an additional thank you for generously donating some of her time in the field in 2006, as well as helping with obtaining ancillary datasets held by ENR. Dr. Alejandra Duk-Rodkin and Dr. David Huntley of the Geological Survey of Canada (GSC) also deserve our thanks for graciously sharing their personal knowledge of the glacial history and surficial geology of the southern Northwest Territories, as well as in- kind support. Dr. Huntley accompanied the study team during a reconnaissance trip into Trout Lake in 2006, and shared radiocarbon dating results for the Trout Lake Paleosol. EcoDynamics Consulting Inc. iii NWT Soil Survey Enhancement Project – Final Report (draft) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In the fall of 2005, the Northwest Territories Department of Industry, Tourism and Investment (ITI), retained EcoDynamics Consulting to compile, digitize, and where possible, enhance the existing soil survey information covering over 4.3M ha of land in the southern Northwest Territories (Figure 1). The overall purpose of the project was to ensure that this existing map coverage is available in a digital form to support agricultural planning and management in the NWT. Funding for the project was from the Canada - NWT Agricultural Policy Framework Program (Agriculture and Agri-foods Canada) and the Government of the Northwest Territories (GNWT). The resulting digital map set provides soil and agricultural land capability information for over 4M ha of the southern Northwest Territories based on compilation of a variety of soil surveys conducted during the 1960s and 1970s. Digital versions of these historical paper maps were produced using various computer-based techniques including raster scanning, raster-to-vector conversion, georeferencing and conflation. Various soil and soil capability for agriculture attributes were then attached to each digital map polygon using the built-in database structure of ArcMap. Revised map legends and soil descriptions were also prepared based on current Canadian soil taxonomy and terminology. A reconnaissance level field program was also undertaken to gain familiarity with the soils of the study area and to assess the general reliability of the existing information. Digital files representing digital versions of the original hard copy soil and land capability for agriculture maps, and other key project files are contained on an accompanying DVD. This digital dataset represents the ‘best available’ soil and soil capability for agriculture information for the defined study area. GIS-derived summary data prepared from these digital files indicates the following soil capability totals for agriculture in the 4.3M ha study area: Class 3 - 826,336 ha Class 4 - 491,119 ha Class 5 - 1,310,082 ha Class 6 - 138,486 ha Class 7 - 1,196,085 ha Bases on this summary, over 1.3M ha of arable land occur in the mapped area. This represents more than a quarter of the total mapped land base. EcoDynamics Consulting Inc.