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The Soviet Bioastronautics Research Program I C01293578 UNCLASSIFIED I a€RE+ N? 87 \ SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE REPORT THE SOVIET BIOASTRONAUTICS -\ RESEARCH PROGRAM \ \ OSI-SR/62-3 22 February 1962 INTELLIGENCE AGENCY F I OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE . ~ - /I -.' . -...-,.."- ,.. .. '. ' 1I: 1 /j i: ii .. , .- III , ... .. UNCLASSIFIED C01293578 UNCLASSIFIED- Scientific Intelligence Report THE SOVIET BIOASTRONAUTICS RESEARCH PROGRAM NOTICE The conclusions, judgments, and opinions contained in this finished intelligence rep& are based on extensive scientiflc intelligence research and represent the final and consid- ered views of the Ofice of Scientific Intelli- gence. OS I-SR/62-3 22 February 1962 CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY OFFICE OF SCIENTIFIC INTELLIGENCE UNCLASSIFIED C01293578 UNCLASSIFIED tics, and to assess the results achieved. - . .. L I iii UNCLASSIFIED C01293578 .. 1 UNCLASSIFIED . -€meRHP CONTENTS Page PREFACE .......................iii PROBLEM ...................... 1 CONCLUSIONS .................... 1 SUMMARY .......................2 DISCUSSION ..................... 2 Organizational Changes Related to the Soviet Bioastro- nauticsProgram .................. 2 History and Postulation of Soviet Biomedical Experiments inspace ...................... 4 Vertical and Orbital Flights (Animals) ........ 4 Manned Orbital Flights ............... 4 Training of Cosmonauts .............. 5 Postulated Biomedical Achievements in Space ..... 6 Techniques Related to Soviet Biomedical Experiments inspace ...................... 6 Chemicaland Biological Gas Exchangers ....... 6 Radiation Factors ................. 8 The Biological Problem .............. 8 . Protection and Recovery Problem (Biophysical) ... 8 Life Support Equipment Problem ......... 9 9 maation ShieldingTechnique (SputnikV) .....' 9 Scientific Instrumentation and Use .......... 9 I 1 ........... 9 Biodetectors ................... 11 Instrumentation of Peripheral Interest .......12 Thermoelectric Methods for Analysis of Metabolism Rate ..................... 12 Human Factors Engineering ............13 43wawiL 6-205 1V . I. U NC LASS IF IE D C01293578 UNCLASSIFIED CONTENTS (Continued) Page Theoretical Research Related to Soviet Bioastronautics . 19 . Maximum Utility of Oxygen . , . , . , . 19 Simulation of Human Responses to Parachute Recovery . 19 Molecular Biology . 19 Reactions, Functions, and Responsesof Oagarin (Vostok I) 19 Reactions, Functions, and Responses of Titov (Vostok 11) 19 Psychopolitical Implications of Soviet Biomedical Experi- mentsinspace. , . , , , , . 21 Impact of Manned Space Flight . 21 Soviet Views Regarding Man’s Exploitation of Outer Space.. 22 Soviet Propaganda Drive . , . 22 Soviet Bloc Support to Bioastronautics Research . 22 APPENDIX A - Major Soviet Personalities Doing Research Applicable to Bioastronautics . A1 APPENDIX B - Major Organizational Units Doing Re- search Applicable to Bioastronautics . B1 APPENDIX C-I I APPENDIX D - Parameters of Space Radiations . D1 APPENDIX E - Pictorial Supplement . El UNCLASSIFIED REFERENCES . R1 vi UNCLASSIFIED C01293578 -‘UNCLASSIFIED FIGURES Following Page I I 3. Photos Sterile Agal Culture Units Utilizing Chlorella. 8 4. Drawing Van Allen Radiation Belts as Conceived in Late 1960 ................ 8 5. Drawing Illustration of Radio-Telemetric Subsystem ... Which Would Eliminate Necessity for Um- bilical Cord ................10 6. Photo Dog with “Free-Movement” Radio-Telemet- ricKit. .................10 7. Photo Helmet Equipped with Telemetric Radio Kit Designed by L. Shuvatov ..........10 8. Photo Shuvatov’s Helmet Measuring Arm Move- ments.. ................10 9. Photo Electromagnetic Pick-Up for Recording Car- diac Sounds ...............10 10. .Photo Potentiometer Pick-Up for Mechanograms (Limb Movement) ............10 11. Photo Oxyhemometer (Pick-Up for Oxygen Satu- ration Level of Blood) ...........10 12. Photo Body Temperature Pick-Up ........ 10 “.... 13. Photo Device For Measuring Muscle Biocurrents . 10 14. Photo Pulse Pick-Up Device ...........10 15. Photo Titov with Forehead Sensor (Brain Waves) and Ear Oxyhemometer (Oxygen Saturation of Blood) ................10 16. Photos Bioelements of Space Zoo Used in Sputnik V , 14 vii UNCLASSIFIED - C01293578 UNCLASSIFIED THE SOVIET BIOASTRONAUTICS RESEARCH PROGRAM PROBLEM To assess the status of the Soviet bioastronautics research program. CONCLUSIONS I 1. Abut 1950, the Soviets began a broad, the objectives of the Soviet overall spaceflight carefully planned, high-priority bioastronau- program will continue to encompass studies of tics program that has provided their scientists the effects of multiple stressors or stimuli on wlth extensive and valuable information. man and lower forms of biological specimens, the possible origin of life in outer space, and 2. A biomedical research program was con- the ecology of outer space. The Soviets will ducted with vertical rockets through mid- also conduct additional biomedical investiga- This program was followed by the or- 1960. tions and exploratory space probes in and bital biological carriers Sputnik V in August beyond the Van Allen radiation belts before 1960, and Sputniks IX and X in March 1961, manned flight can be conducted in those areas that gave the Soviets much additional physio- and orbital fight observations with animals, logical and biological data. testing the reliability of partially closed eco- 3. The 12 April and 6 August 1961 orbitings logical systems for periods up to 90 days. I I I1 of Vostoks and enabled the Soviets to be 5. The development of miniaturized radio the first to test human survival in space with telemetric equipment for use in conjunction life sustaining systems; and also during re- with spaceflight helmets eliminates an entry and recovery from orbital spaceflight, um- bilical cord attachment. This technique per- and thus advanced Soviet bioastronautics re- mits free movement and is indicative of Soviet .. search substantially beyond that of the progress in deriving biomedical data, although United States. the known Soviet body sensors are inadequate 4. In support of the long-term objectives of for obtaining the type and amouht of infor- interplanetary travel, the primary or immedi- mation desired. This miniaturized equip- ate interest of Soviet science is the man-in- ment will be highly advantageous in future space program, which includes the intensive multimanned space missions , particularly study of man-machine relationships during those involving prolonged periods of weight- extended time periods in flight. In addition, lessness or under artiflcial gravity states. UNCLASSIFIED - .. - C01293578 UNCLASSIFIED 6. Soviet theorizing on the physiological procedures or require extensive changes in effects of extended periods of weightlessness spacecraft design (rotation). and man’s rapid transfer back to natural con- The Soviets continue to take advan- ditions indicates a modern concept Of this ,. tage of and to emphasize their bioastronauti- problem* The have a definite lead in cal achievements in the propaganda effort the Observation Of zero-gravity effects On man following brief orbital flights. [ against the West. They have already antici- pated the psychological and ideological pos- sibilities that manned spaceflight accomplish- ments will afford as man is forced to revise his social frame of reference. Studies are probably underway to aid them to derive the maximum benefit from their man-in-space program. SUMMARY The systematic, sustained, and extensive man and lower form of life, the possible Soviet bioastronautics program is directed to- origin of life in outer space, the ecology of ward acquisition of basic physiological and outer space, and man-machine relationships. biological data, along with the development of “hardware” and life support systems. It Assessments of statements and voluminous publications by Soviet scientists indicate that is evident that the sum total of Soviet vertical they are conducting and extending bioastro- and orbital experiments through Vostok IT nautical research under very high priority. demonstrates an ability to apply complex sci- entiflc systems to bioastronautics problems. As a result, during the next 10 years, the So- viets undoubtedly will demonstrate substan- Overall, the Soviet bioastronautics pro- tial improvement and sophistication of chem- gram appears to be a well-planned and well- ical and biological gas exchangers, bioinstru- executed attempt to investigate the effects of mentation devices (telemetry), conventional space (hostile environment) on biological or- radiation shielding techniques, environmental ganisms, as well as to provide background for instrumentation, life support systems, and bi- sustaining man in space. Basic research un- ocybernetical controls necessary for extended derlying the man-in-space effort began about manned space missions. The placing of man 1950 as part of a broad, carefully planned, high-priority program which included exten- in space for extended periods wiU result from sive biomedical experlments in space, con- the orderly and well-executed Soviet space ducted with vertical rockets. In addition to program. The Soviets demonstrated their placing man in space, the prime objectives of capability for recovering man from a brief or- the Soviet bioastronautics program include bital flight in April 1961 and from multiorbit- studies of the effects of multiple stresses on al flight 4 months later. DISCUSSION ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES RELATED TO supportive research by adopting a national THE SOVIET B~OASTRONAUT~CSPROGRAM policy of forced scientific
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