Soybean Gene Zoo (2018)
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Seeds from all soybean are all edible varieties soybean from Seeds Soybean seeds are rich sources of both protein and oil. oil. and protein are both rich of sources seeds Soybean varieties Soybean T Glycine soja Demonstration of special uses special of Demonstration Demonstration the of use biotech of Demonstration soybean of he USDA began organized saturated and more than 60% than and are polyunsaturated. more saturated contains oil Soy consumption. human for used is seeds lower than normal for saturated, developed.been rations for hogs, poultry, and cattle. Many higher amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids (protein) soybean varieties. those of modern than smaller are much released under the Xtend® the under released plants. to soybean a herbicide of nonselective application emergence beans for food. food. for beans texture and strong odor and taste. taste. and odor strong and texture fermented product proteinhigh with content. Fermentation is facilitated by the bacterium or flavor clear hila. have food soybeans grade resistance trait 2Yield®) Ready Roundup and Ready® Roundup (e.g. MU Gene Zoo displays displays Zoo Gene MU Soybeanbreeding varieties. new soyb USA of 75% nearly 1944, By II. introductions Clark Glycine Soja (background) mid MG 00 fill Clark (background) and 10.7 pounds of crude oil. oil. crude of pounds 10.7 and odor is t Mukden is glabrous he wild progenitor of soybean. The plant is a vine that twines around other plants and structures for support. Leaflets China intro on its own and is often added to other foods. foods. other to added often is and own its on (LibertyLink®) early MG 1 fill The scar where the seed is attached to the pod is called a hilum. These hila can be dark in be in dark can These hila pod ahilum. called attached to the is is seed the The scar where Mukden may possess one pubescence Seeds of varieties labeled Vist varieties of Seeds Dunfield 1929s Boone dense . important varieti 1930s pubescence The primary purpose for soybean cultivation in the USA was hay and other forage uses until World War War World until uses forage other and hay was USA the in cultivation soybean for purpose primary The introductions of soybean from China and other Asian nations in 1898. in nations Asian other and China from soybean of introductions mid MG 1 fill . Macoupin Semi- 1930s determinate Zoo Gene Soybean MU originated the in bacterium and higher than normal for monounsaturated Scioto or at universities and private companies determinate 1930s both Tofu early MG 2 fill history from domestication varieties modern to ean acreage ean harvested acreage grain. for was Lincoln fasciated Soy protein possesses a good balance of essential amino acids and is used in balancing feed feed balancing in used is and acids amino essential of balance good a possesses protein Soy es released within each decade from the 1920’s through 1920’s through the decade each from released es within for humans for biotechnology traits that confer resistance to herbicides. 1940s stems varie high qua Clark narrow & 5- ive Gold 1950s leaflets ties are usually large seeded are usually large ties (high oleic) mid MG 2 fill Shelby Sp herbicide lity 5-leaflets . Some varieties have been developed specifically or as use for processed developedwhole been specifically have . Some varieties One 1950s ecial use varieties with lower amounts saturated of lower varieties use with ecial appreciable amounts appreciable amounts pet foods contain soy protein. protein. soy contain foods pet ® Wayne came from came from 7-leaflets bushel of soybeans (60 pounds) yields about 47.5 pounds of soybean meal soybean of pounds 47.5 about yields pounds) (60 soybeans of bushel or Plenish Glycine soja Streptomyces hygroscopius Streptomyces 1960s , or lower amounts of of amounts lower or , early MG 3 fill Natto varieties Custer 1960s chlorophyll trait development trait Williams deficient a bacterium in the in a bacterium ® Soybean varieties resistant to the herbicide dicamba herbicide to resistant the Soybean varieties 1970s has resulted in hundreds of choices for USA USA for farmers. The in resulted choices hundreds of has produce oil that is lower than normal for polyunsaturated for normal than lower is that oil produce mid MG 3 fill seeds are small, black, hard. and are small, seeds Union are usually are usually small seeded and Soybean introductions were used as parents to develop to develop parents as used were introductions Soybean . 1970s non- of five Tofu fatty acidsfatty Flyer nodulating 1980s polyunsaturated fatty acids acids fatty polyunsaturated is made from coagulated soymilk. It soymilk. coagulated from is made early MG 4 fill fatty acids. About Harper PI 88788 SCN (201 Over 90% of the oi the of Over 90% . Agrobacterium 1980s resistance Both of theseBoth traits allow for the . Bacillus Mustang Peking SCN 1990s resistance mid MG 4 fill Macon PI 437654 8 modern varieties modern ) An e The glyphosate 1990s SCN res. subtilis natto NE3400 l ow linolenic genus. xample of these these of early xample 15% of the fatty acids are the 15% fatty of are 2000s acid fatty acids fatty l early MG 5 color or clear. clear. or color fill derived from soybean soybean derived from no biotech high oleic acid used to make a to used make The glufosinate (low trait germplasm . Natto a sticky has Roundup resis . linoleni Plenish™ (low palmitic) Ready biotech fill fill tance trait RR 2 Yield has little natto post post biotech c) are Many Many LibertyLink have tofu biotech fill fill , , Xtend edamame Edamame soybeans are harvested, usually by hand, before maturity. The seeds are left in the pod and boiled. Edamame varieties are often large seeded with a milder taste than normal soybean varieties. Demonstration of the effects of single genes on plant development and morphology The MU Gene Zou illustrates the effects of 12 single gene traits in a common Clark background. Chlorophyll deficient reduces the production of the green pigment chlorophyll in leaves. Leaves appear yellow or light green. Non-nodulating lines do not develop nitrogen-fixing nodules. Glabrous pubescence results in stems and leaves with no pubescence. Pubescence are hair-like structures that protect soybean plants from feeding of insects with sucking mouth parts. Plants without pubescence often suffer from viruses that are transmitted by these insects. Dense pubescence results in stems and leaves with a greater than normal amounts of pubescence. Soybean growth habit is controlled by two genes. One gene determines if the plant possesses the indeterminate (Dt1Dt1) growth habit (as in Clark) or determinate (dt1dt1) growth habit. A second gene (Dt2) causes plants to have a semideterminate growth habit if combined with Dt1Dt1. Fasciated stem causes stems to be broader than normal with shorter internodes. Five leaflet causes leaves to produce five leaflets instead of the normal three. Seven leaflet causes leaves to produce seven leaflets instead of the normal three. Specific genes are also used to confer resistance to soybean cyst nematode (SCN). Nematodes are small, soil-living, round worms that attack soybean roots. Several genes confer resistance to SCN. These genes interfere with feeding and reproduction of the female nematode. The most common source of SCN resistance comes from the plant introduction, PI88788. The first variety with this source was released in 1978. Nearly 95% of all SCN resistant varieties in the USA have PI88788 as the source of SCN resistance. Another source of resistance that is used in some varieties is Peking. PI437654 is a plant introduction that confers SCN resistance to all known biotypes. It was first used as a parent of the soybean variety ‘Hartwig’. Demonstration of adaptation Although temperature affects soybean growth and development, soybean plants are also quite sensitive to photoperiod. Because of soybean’s sensitivity to photoperiod, soybean varieties are assigned to one of 13 maturity groups. These maturity groups are adapted to relatively narrow bands of latitude. In North America, MG OOO is adapted to southern Canada; whereas, MG 10 (X) is adapted to Mexico and the Caribbean Islands. Maturity Groups adapted to Missouri are 3, 4 and 5. .