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Chapter 2 Economic Model of a Professional Football Club in France
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Stirling Online Research Repository Chapter 2 Economic model of a professional football club in France Nicolas Scelles and Wladimir Andreff The economic model of football clubs is a revenue model but also a cost model in relation to their objective. It can be defined as the search for balance between revenues, costs and objective, and the latter can vary: profit maximization, sporting maximization under strict constraint (“hard” constraint), or “soft” budget constraint (Andreff, 2009). In France, the revenue model of football clubs has evolved with time. This mutation fits in the switch from an SSSL (Spectators-Subventions-Sponsors- Local) model to an MMMMG (Media-Magnats-Merchandising-Markets-Global) model at the European level (Andreff & Staudohar, 2000). Before 1914, sport financing came mainly from practitioners (Bourg et Gouguet, 2001, p. 19). Thereafter, with competitions as spectacle, spectators have become the primary source of revenue, ahead of the subsidies granted by the local authorities and industry patrons. Advertising revenues have gradually become more and more important and, in the 1960s and 1970s, sponsorship increased significantly as firms were seeking more direct identification in terms of audience, image, reputation and sales (Andreff et Staudohar, 2000, p. 259) . In France, during the 1970s, operating revenues of first division football clubs came mainly from the spectators, supplemented by subsidies and sponsorship. The SSSL model was at its peak, with its “L” finding its justification in the fact that the revenues were generated from local or national residents. The 1980s is the starting point of a continuous increase in the share of TV rights income for French clubs. -
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32 Friday TV Listings Friday, October 12, 2018 01:55 The Killing Season 03:00 Tanked 07:20 Bizaardvark 13:20 PJ Masks 10:05 Hollywood Medium With Tyler 02:50 It Takes A Killer 03:50 Bear Grylls Survival School 07:45 K.C. Undercover 13:40 Paprika Henry 03:20 It Takes A Killer 04:15 Bear Grylls Survival School 08:10 Bunk’d 13:50 Paprika 11:00 Hollywood Medium With Tyler 03:45 The First 48 04:40 Weather Gone Viral 08:35 Miraculous Tales Of Lady- 14:00 Claude Henry 04:30 Crimes That Shook Australia 05:30 NASA’s Unexplained Files bug... 14:20 Claude 12:00 E! News Middle East 02:00 The Edge 05:15 Homicide Hunter 06:20 How It’s Made 09:00 Miraculous Tales Of Lady- 14:35 PJ Masks 12:15 Keeping Up With The Kar- 04:15 Dangerous Lessons 06:00 Robbie Coltrane’s Critical Ev- 06:40 How It’s Made bug... 14:40 Trulli Tales dashians 06:00 The Bodyguard idence 07:00 Destroyed In Seconds 09:25 Tangled 14:55 Trulli Tales 13:10 Keeping Up With The Kar- 07:45 The Mask Of Zorro 07:00 It Takes A Killer 07:25 Kids Do The Craziest Things 09:50 Tangled 15:10 Paprika dashians 10:10 The Hollow Point 07:20 The First 48 07:50 Dogs/Cats/Pets 101 10:15 Bizaardvark 15:20 Paprika 14:05 Keeping Up With The Kar- 11:55 The House Sitter 08:05 Cold Case Files 08:40 How It’s Made 10:40 Bizaardvark 15:30 Vampirina dashians 13:30 Deepwater Horizon 08:50 Homicide Hunter 09:05 How It’s Made 11:05 Liv And Maddie 15:50 Vampirina 15:00 E! News Middle East 15:25 Acts Of Vengeance 09:35 Homicide: Hours To Kill 09:30 Tanked 11:30 Liv And Maddie 16:05 Vampirina 15:15 E! News: Daily Pop 17:00 Bushwick 10:30 Robbie Coltrane’s Critical Ev- 10:20 Bear Grylls Survival School 11:55 K.C. -
Russian Billionaire Rybolovlev Sues Sotheby's for $380M in Fraud
AiA Art News-service Russian billionaire Rybolovlev sues Sotheby’s for $380m in fraud damages The mega-collector’s latest lawsuit, filed in New York, escalates his three-year legal feud with Swiss dealer Yves Bouvier MARGARET CARRIGAN 3rd October 2018 20:38 GMT Rybolovlev served Sotheby's with a $380m suit in a New York federal court despite a similar pending case in Geneva Francknataf The ongoing and vitriolic battle between the Russian fertiliser billionaire turned art collector Dmitry Rybolovlev and Yves Bouvier, an entrepreneurial Swiss art dealer and freeport magnate, reached dramatic new heights on Tuesday (2 October) when Rybolovlev filed a $380m lawsuit against Sotheby’s in a Manhattan federal court. The charges are brought by two of Rybolovlev’s companies and claim that the auction house materially assisted what the collector refers to as the “largest art fraud in history”, as first reported by Bloomberg. It is the latest attempt by the Russian oligarch to recoup $1bn from Bouvier after first claiming in 2015 that he was overcharged by the dealer on 38 works of art purchased for a total of $2bn over the course of a decade, among them Leonardo’s Salvator Mundi. Sotheby’s was involved in the sale of 14 of the works in question. According to the court papers, Bouvier “masterminded” the fraud by acquiring the paintings at lower prices than he represented before selling them to Rybolovlev at unduly marked up rates, fraudulently pocketing millions for himself. Sotheby’s, the complaint contends, knowingly and intentionally bolstered the plaintiffs’ “trust and confidence in Bouvier and rendered the whole edifice of fraud plausible and credible” by brokering certain sales and inflated valuations. -
Order Could Pave Way for Russian Billionaire to Launch High Court Case Against Swiss Dealer Yves Bouvier and Sotheby’S ANNY SHAW 9Th January 2018 11:34 GMT
AiA Art News-service New York court grants permission for Rybolovlev to use confidential documents in UK and Switzerland Order could pave way for Russian billionaire to launch High Court case against Swiss dealer Yves Bouvier and Sotheby’s ANNY SHAW 9th January 2018 11:34 GMT Dmitry Rybolovlev Francknataf A New York court has ruled that the Russian mining billionaire Dmitry Rybolovlev can use confidential Sotheby’s documents in an imminent lawsuit in the UK, as well as in ongoing legal proceedings in Switzerland. The order, filed on 22 December, could pave the way for Rybolovlev to launch a fresh case in London’s High Court against the Swiss dealer Yves Bouvier, whom he accuses of defrauding him by $1 billion in the purchase of 38 works of art, including that of the Salvator Mundi by Leonardo da Vinci. The UK lawsuit also threatens to pull in Sotheby’s and Samuel Valette, the auction house’s vice chairman of private sales worldwide, whom Rybolovlev says was partly complicit in the alleged scam. All parties deny any wrongdoing. It is not clear what information is contained in the cache of documents, which Sotheby’s produced in 2016 as part of legal proceedings in Monaco, Singapore and France. No one is at liberty to discuss or disclose them. But court papers refiled on 26 December by David Michael Edwards, Rybolovlev’s lawyer in London, set out how the documents are of “crucial importance” to the proposed UK action. According to Edwards, the documents expose how Valette–and Sotheby’s–were aware that Bouvier was buying works on behalf of a client and that Sotheby’s assisted the Swiss dealer by providing documents that encouraged Rybolovlev to purchase works at “grossly inflated” prices. -
UEFA Financial Fairplay Regulations and European Union Antitrust Law Complications
Emory International Law Review Volume 29 Issue 4 2015 UEFA Financial Fairplay Regulations and European Union Antitrust Law Complications Valerie Kaplan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr Recommended Citation Valerie Kaplan, UEFA Financial Fairplay Regulations and European Union Antitrust Law Complications, 29 Emory Int'l L. Rev. 799 (2015). Available at: https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/eilr/vol29/iss4/4 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Emory Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Emory International Law Review by an authorized editor of Emory Law Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. KAPLAN GALLEYSPROOFS2 3/17/2015 9:57 AM UEFA FINANCIAL FAIRPLAY REGULATIONS AND EUROPEAN UNION ANTITRUST LAW COMPLICATIONS INTRODUCTION European Football1 is not just a sport to the rest of the world. Each match is more than just a game. A match can and has represented old battles that never die completely. The Celtic–Rangers rivalry is more than a cross-town rivalry, but a representation of the unfinished political fight over the Protestant Reformation.2 The Barcelona–Real Madrid rivalry represents a long-running nationalist fight between Castilian and Catalonian Spaniards.3 Celtic’s long running rivalry with Rangers Football Club (FC) is just another part of the centuries-old rivalry between Northern Irish Catholics and Protestants.4 While one’s club is a representation of his or her nation and tribe, it is also a business, as shown by the globalization of the sport.5 And just like any business, occasionally there are financial issues. -
The Player Trading Game 2017
The Player Trading Game 2017 footballbenchmark.com What is KPMG Football Benchmark? Consolidated and verified database of football clubs' financial and operational performance. Business intelligence tool enabling relevant comparisons with competitors. An ever-growing platform that includes data from over 150 European football clubs. A tool offering insights into many aspects of football clubs' operations, including, but not limited to, revenue generators, expense categories, profitability indicators, balance sheet items and stadium statistics. footballbenchmark.com Credits: Paris Saint-Germain FC © 2017 KPMG Advisory Ltd., a Hungarian limited liability company and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. Table of contents Foreword 4 How we calculate player trading balance for the purposes of this report 7 The European Top 20 8 Where are the “big fish”? 13 Basis of preparation and limiting conditions 15 © 2017 KPMG Advisory Ltd., a Hungarian limited liability company and a member firm of the KPMG network of independent member firms affiliated with KPMG International Cooperative (“KPMG International”), a Swiss entity. All rights reserved. 4 The Player Trading Game Foreword Only one year ago, the whole media and fans, it is noticeable that football world was stunned when the ratio between the fee paid for Manchester United FC broke record transfers and the operating the transfer record by signing revenues of the acquiring club has Frenchman Paul Pogba for EUR 105 remained stable at approximately million. Despite being considered 23% in the last 10 years. In view of by many as a disproportionate and that, Neymar’s acquisition by Paris unsustainable trend, this summer Saint-Germain FC (at 42%) could we have witnessed a further pull be considered as an exception, of the financial muscle exercised and more aligned to the ratio at the by clubs. -
Download the Preview
August 5-24, 2014 August 2014 OUR GAME MAGAZINE U-20 Preview Editorial Team COVER Ruth Moore Our Game Magazine is expanding its regular coverage in 2014 to Brandi Ortega highlight the defending world champion US Under-20 team as Chris Meyers the Americans target their fourth title at this age level. Follow the campaign with OGM online at http://u20wwc.ourgamemag.com Contributors Samantha Mewis (writer) Caroline Charruyer (photographer) Subscription Info: SOCIAL [email protected] or http://www.ourgamemag.com/subscribe Connect to OurGameMagazine on your favorite social networks Customer Service: for the latest news and updates from the magazine: Address changes or billing inquiries to [email protected] Advertising Info: [email protected] Reprints and Permissions: [email protected] Letters to the Editor and other submissions: [email protected] Our Game Magazine is published four times a year by Our Game LLC. All content (unless otherwise noted) is Copyright ©2014 Our Game LLC. All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without written permission is prohibited. Contents Coming of Age: My Youth National Team Experience PERSPECTIVE Samantha Mewis As a member of the U.S. 2008 U-17 and 2010 U-20 Women’s World Cup teams, Sam Mewis played alongside her older sister Kristie, making the duo the first pair of sisters to 6 represent the United States at a Women’s World Cup at any level. Mewis writes about the ups and downs of her youth national team experience and how they’ve impacted her relationship with her sister. Contents TOURNAMENT SCHEDULE 4 GROUP OVERVIEWS 11 U.S. -
Chapter 2 Economic Model of a Professional Football Club in France
Chapter 2 Economic model of a professional football club in France Nicolas Scelles and Wladimir Andreff The economic model of football clubs is a revenue model but also a cost model in relation to their objective. It can be defined as the search for balance between revenues, costs and objective, and the latter can vary: profit maximization, sporting maximization under strict constraint (“hard” constraint), or “soft” budget constraint (Andreff, 2009). In France, the revenue model of football clubs has evolved with time. This mutation fits in the switch from an SSSL (Spectators-Subventions-Sponsors- Local) model to an MMMMG (Media-Magnats-Merchandising-Markets-Global) model at the European level (Andreff & Staudohar, 2000). Before 1914, sport financing came mainly from practitioners (Bourg et Gouguet, 2001, p. 19). Thereafter, with competitions as spectacle, spectators have become the primary source of revenue, ahead of the subsidies granted by the local authorities and industry patrons. Advertising revenues have gradually become more and more important and, in the 1960s and 1970s, sponsorship increased significantly as firms were seeking more direct identification in terms of audience, image, reputation and sales (Andreff et Staudohar, 2000, p. 259) . In France, during the 1970s, operating revenues of first division football clubs came mainly from the spectators, supplemented by subsidies and sponsorship. The SSSL model was at its peak, with its “L” finding its justification in the fact that the revenues were generated from local or national residents. The 1980s is the starting point of a continuous increase in the share of TV rights income for French clubs. The major event explaining this rise of TV rights is the emergence of a new television actor in 1984 following the abolition of the ORTF (Office de Radiodiffusion-Télévision Française, French Radio broadcasting-Television Office) public monopoly: Canal Plus. -
Group Matches
FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup Canada 2014 Group C Start list Mexico - Nigeria # 6 06 AUG 2014 20:00 Moncton / Moncton Stadium / CAN Mexico (MEX) Shirt: red/black Shorts: black/red Socks: red Competition statistics # Name ST Pos DOB Club H MP Min GF GA Y 2Y=R R 1 Cecilia SANTIAGO (C) GK 19/10/94 Garzas UAEH (MEX) 174 2 Clarissa ROBLES DF 09/05/94 UC Irvine (USA) 158 3 Estefania FUENTES DF 02/08/94 ITESEM Puebla (MEX) 170 4 Paulina SOLIS DF 13/03/96 Colegio Once (MEX) 177 5 Mariel GUTIERREZ DF 06/08/94 Andrea's Soccer (MEX) 163 6 Karla NIETO MF 09/01/95 CF Galeana Morelos (MEX) 152 7 Tanya SAMARZICH FW 28/12/94 Univ. Southern Calif. (USA) 168 10 Carolina JARAMILLO FW 19/03/94 Sedona FC Strikers (USA) 166 11 Fabiola IBARRA FW 02/02/94 Club Tijuana (MEX) 168 16 Claudia LOPEZ MF 31/01/94 UC Irvine (USA) 160 17 Amanda PEREZ MF 31/07/94 Univ. Washington (USA) 167 Substitutes 8 Nancy ANTONIO MF 02/04/96 Macro Soccer (MEX) 170 9 Luz DUARTE FW 29/08/95 Sedona FC Strikers (USA) 170 12 Emily ALVARADO GK 09/06/98 Texas Rush (USA) 176 13 Rebeca BERNAL DF 31/08/97 ITESM Monterrey (MEX) 168 14 Greta ESPINOZA MF 05/06/95 Sedona FC Strikers (USA) 168 15 Mariana CADENA DF 13/02/95 ITESM Monterrey (MEX) 165 18 Taylor ALVARADO FW 01/03/95 Pepperdine Univ. (USA) 161 19 Jenny CHIU FW 25/09/95 Univ. -
A Freeport Comes to Luxembourg, Or, Why Those Wishing to Hide Assets Purchase Fine Art
arts Article A Freeport Comes to Luxembourg, or, Why Those Wishing to Hide Assets Purchase Fine Art Samuel Weeks College of Humanities and Sciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19144, USA; samuel.weeks@jefferson.edu Received: 4 June 2020; Accepted: 4 August 2020; Published: 9 August 2020 Abstract: This article addresses how global art markets are becoming an outlet of choice for those wishing to hide assets. Recent efforts by the OECD and the U.S. Treasury have made it more difficult for people to avoid taxes by taking money “offshore”. These efforts, however, do not cover physical assets such as fine art. Citing data collected in Luxembourg—a jurisdiction angling to become a worldwide leader in “art finance”—I discuss the characteristics of this emerging system of opaque economic activity. The first of these is a “freeport”, a luxurious and securitized warehouse where investors can store, buy, and sell art tax free with minimal oversight. The second element points to the work of art-finance professionals, who issue loans using fine art as collateral and develop “art funds” linked to the market value of certain artworks. The final elements cover lax scrutiny by enforcement authorities as well as the secrecy techniques typically on offer in offshore centers. Combining these elements in jurisdictions such as Luxembourg can make mobile and secret the vast wealth stored in fine art. I end the article by asking whether artworks linked to freeports and opaque financial products have become the contemporary version of the numbered Swiss bank account or the suitcase full of cash. -
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LIST_1014_COVER_LIS_1006_LISTINGS 9/26/14 2:20 PM Page 1 WWW.WORLDSCREENINGS.COM OCTOBER 2014 MIPCOM EDITION TVLISTINGS THE LEADING SOURCE FOR PROGRAM INFORMATION MIP_APP_2013_Layout 1 9/26/14 3:17 PM Page 1 World Screen App UPDATED FOR MIPCOM For iPhone and iPad DOWNLOAD IT NOW Program Listings | Stand Numbers | Event Schedule | Daily News Photo Blog | Hotel and Restaurant Directories | and more... Sponsored by Brought to you by *LIST_1014_LIS_1006_LISTINGS 9/26/14 3:25 PM Page 3 TV LISTINGS 3 3 In This Issue 41 ENTERTAINMENT 500 West Putnam Ave., 4/Fl. 3 22 Greenwich, CT 06830, U.S.A. 41 Entertainment Imira Entertainment 4K Media IMPS Tel: (1-203) 717-1120 Incendo e-mail: [email protected] 4 INK Global 9 Story Entertainment A+E Networks ITV-Inter Medya website: www.41e.tv ABC Commercial AFL Productions 23 ITV Studios Global Entertainment 4K's Yu-Gi-Oh! ZEXAL 5 Kanal D Alfred Haber Distribution Keshet International all3media international Lightning Entertainment PROGRAM HIGHLIGHTS American Cinema International Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V: Season 1 (Animation, Animasia Studio 24 Lionsgate Entertainment Stand: R7.E59 49x30 min.) Yuya Sakaki’s dream is to become 6 m4e/Telescreen Contact: Allen Bohbot, mng. dir.; Kiersten the greatest “duel-tainer” in history–and he APT Worldwide MarVista Entertainment Armoza Formats MediaBiz Morsanutto, sales & mktg. mgr.; Francisco just might pull it off when he discovers a nev- ARTE France Urena, prod. brand assurance dir. er-before-seen technique that lets him sum- Artear 25 & MediaCorp mon many monsters at once. 7 Mediatoon Distribution Artist View Entertainment Miramax Atlantyca Entertainment Mondo TV S.p.A. -
Futbol Femenil, Un Derecho
Futbol femenil, un derecho. Olga Trujillo El Romance Hace 15 años, la revista Puro Basketball, un proyecto independiente que emprendí para difundir el deporte ráfaga, llegó a su fin. Así que la fuente de basquetbol era mi carta de presentación en el diario deportivo Récord, donde a pesar de que durante la entrevista supieron que había crecido en una casa con seis hermanas que jamás cambiaron las telenovelas por el futbol, aceptaron mi currículo ¡pero para cubrir al Atlante! En aquel entonces, no sabía que el futbol entraría a diario por la recámara, por la sala, por el comedor de la casa como el sol de un mediodía en vacaciones. Mi experiencia con la palabra futbol no tenía una sola letra en mi pasado, quizá algunas pateadas de balón con los primos o en los recreos de la escuela, pero por lo que entendí, faltaban “rostros” de muje- res. Acepté trabajar en el equipo de los reporteros futbólogos, no sin la nostalgia por ceder la disciplina que había practicado tantos años y a la que le quería seguir aportando. Sin embargo, la fuerte atracción de tener una mayor conexión con el deporte que ya trascendió a la categoría idioma, fue irresistible. De ahí nació un romance. Muy pronto el futbol me enseñó a dar respuestas a gente —como dice Juan Villoro en Dios es Redondo— “ilusionada y ávida de saber por qué sus supersticiones, anhelos, deseos de venganza, complejos mayúsculos e intrincadas leyendas”, estaban puestas en un deporte que parecía sólo darse en una cancha. Como basquetbolista, me volví aliada desde la tribuna y el enlace entre el fut- bol y yo partió de la emoción de ver el cuerpo en movimiento y el estremecimiento cuando las miradas registran goles sublimes.