The Legacy of Einstein's Eclipse, Gravitational Lensing
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Intentos Argentinos Para Probar La Teor´Ia De La Relatividad
Asociaci´on Argentina de Astronom´ıa BAAA, Vol. 50, 2007 G. Dubner, M. Rovira, A. Piatti & F. A. Bareilles, eds. PRESENTACION´ ORAL Intentos argentinos para probar la Teor´ıa de la Relatividad Santiago Paolantonio1 & Edgardo R. Minitti2 (1) Museo Astron´omico Sarmiento-Gould, Observatorio Astron´omico, Universidad Nacional de C´ordoba, Argentina (2) Observatorio Astron´omico, Universidad Nacional de C´ordoba, Argentina Abstract. Astrophysics research at the Argentinean National Observa- tory (Cordoba) began during the period when Dr. Charles Perrine was its Director (1909-1936). In 1911 Perrine was invited by Dr. Freundlich (Berlin Observatory) to carry out observations in Brazil during the solar eclipse that would take place on October 10, 1912, with the aim of verify- ing Einstein’s theory of relativity. With numerous instruments specially designed and constructed in Cordoba, the expedition took place. How- ever, an inopportune rain made fail all the project. Poor weather condi- tions made also fail two new attempts, one in Teodesy (Ukraine; August 21, 1914), and the other in Tucacas (Venezuela; February 3, 1916). Suc- cessful observations and verification of Einstein’s predictions finally took place in 1919, during an eclipse observed in Brazil. The Argentinean Observatory was unfortunately absent in such opportunity. Resumen. Durante la direcci´on del Dr. Charles Perrine (1909-1936) se inician en el Observatorio Nacional Argentino los trabajos relacionados con la Astrof´ısica. En 1911, Perrine es contactado por el Dr. Freundlich del Observatorio de Berl´ın, quien le propone realizar observaciones para verificar la Teor´ıa de la Relatividad en el eclipse del 10 de octubre de 1912 que ocurrir´ıa en Brasil. -
The Gravitational Lens Effect of Galaxies and Black Holes
.f .(-L THE GRAVITATIONAL LENS EFFECT of GALAXIES and BLACK HOLES by Igor Bray, B.Sc. (Hons.) A thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Department of lr{athematical Physics The University of Adelaide South Australia January 1986 Awo.c(sd rt,zb to rny wife Ann CONTENTS STATEMENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS lt ABSTRACT lll PART I Spheroidal Gravitational Lenses I Introduction 1.1 Spherical gravitational lenses I 1.2 Spheroidal gravitational lenses 12 2 Derivationof I("o). ......16 3 Numerical Investigation 3.1 Evaluations oI l(zs) 27 3.2 Numericaltechniques 38 3.3 Numerical results 4L PART II Kerr Black llole As A Gravitational Lens 4 Introduction 4.1 Geodesics in the Kerr space-time 60 4.2 The equations of motion 64 5 Solving the Equations of Motion 5.1 Solution for 0 in the case m - a'= 0 68 5.2 Solution for / in the case m: a = O 76 5.3 Relating À and 7 to the position of the ìmage .. .. .82 5.4 Solution for 0 ... 89 5.5 Solution for / 104 5.6 Solution for ú. .. ..109 5.7 Quality of the approximations 115 6 Numerical investigation . .. ... tt7 References 122 STATEMENT This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any degree, and to the best of my knowledge and belief, contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text. The author consents to the thesis being made available for photocopying and loan if applicable if accepted for the award of the degree. -
No Sign of Gravitational Lensing in the Cosmic Microwave Background
Perspectives No sign of gravitational lensing in the ., WFPC2, HST, NASA ., WFPC2, HST, cosmic microwave et al background Ron Samec ravitational lensing is a Ggravitational-optical effect whereby a background object like a distant quasar is magnified, distorted Andrew Fruchter (STScI) Image by and brightened by a foreground galaxy. It is alleged that the cluster of galaxies Abell 2218, distorts and magnifies It is one of the consequences of general light from galaxies behind it. relativity and is so well understood that fectly smooth black body spectrum of sioned by Hoyle and Wickramasinghe it now appears in standard optics text 5,6 books. Objects that are too far to be 2.725 K with very tiny fluctuations in and by Hartnett. They showed that seen are ‘focused’ by an intervening the pattern on the 70 μK level. These a homogeneous cloud mixture of car- concentration of matter and bought ‘bumps’ or patterns in the CMB are bon/silicate dust and iron or carbon into view to the earth based astronomer. supposedly the ‘seeds’ from which whiskers could produce such a back- One of the most interesting photos of the galaxies formed. Why is it so ground radiation. If the CMB is not the effects of gravitational lensing smooth? Alan Guth ‘solved’ this puz- of cosmological origin, all the ad hoc ideas that have been added to support is shown in the HST image of Abell zle by postulating that the universe was the big bang theory (like inflation) 2218 by Andrew Fruchter1 (Space originally a very tiny entity in thermal fall apart. -
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244 Trimble, JAAVSO Volume 43, 2015 As International as They Would Let Us Be Virginia Trimble Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-4575; [email protected] Received July 15, 2015; accepted August 28, 2015 Abstract Astronomy has always crossed borders, continents, and oceans. AAVSO itself has roughly half its membership residing outside the USA. In this excessively long paper, I look briefly at ancient and medieval beginnings and more extensively at the 18th and 19th centuries, plunge into the tragedies associated with World War I, and then try to say something relatively cheerful about subsequent events. Most of the people mentioned here you will have heard of before (Eratosthenes, Copernicus, Kepler, Olbers, Lockyer, Eddington…), others, just as important, perhaps not (von Zach, Gould, Argelander, Freundlich…). Division into heroes and villains is neither necessary nor possible, though some of the stories are tragic. In the end, all one can really say about astronomers’ efforts to keep open channels of communication that others wanted to choke off is, “the best we can do is the best we can do.” 1. Introduction astronomy (though some of the practitioners were actually Christian and Jewish) coincided with the largest extents of Astronomy has always been among the most international of regions governed by caliphates and other Moslem empire-like sciences. Some of the reasons are obvious. You cannot observe structures. In addition, Arabic astronomy also drew on earlier the whole sky continuously from any one place. Attempts to Greek, Persian, and Indian writings. measure geocentric parallax and to observe solar eclipses have In contrast, the Europe of the 16th century, across which required going to the ends (or anyhow the middles) of the earth. -
Einstein, Eddington, and the Eclipse: Travel Impressions
EINSTEIN, EDDINGTON, AND THE ECLIPSE: TRAVEL IMPRESSIONS ESSAY 195 INTRODUCTION The total solar eclipse that occurred on 29 May 1919—perhaps considered the most famous solar eclipse ever—was exceptional for a variety of scientific, political, social, and even religious reasons. At just over five minutes of totality (more precisely, 302 seconds), it was a long eclipse. Behind the sun appeared the Taurus constellation, which included the Hyades, the brightest star cluster in the ecliptic. The preparations of the British teams that observed it, and which are the subject of this essay, took place in the middle of the Great War, during a period of international instability. The observation locations selected by these specialists were in the tropics, in distant regions unknown to most astronomers, and thus required extensive preparations. These places included the city of Sobral, in the north-eastern state of Ceará in Brazil, and the equatorial island of Príncipe, then part of the Portuguese empire, and today part of the Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe. Located in the Gulf of Guinea on the West African coast, Príncipe was then known as one of the world’s largest cocoa producers, and was under international suspicion for practicing slave labour. Additionally, among the teams of expeditionary astronomers from various countries—including the United Kingdom, the United States, and Brazil—there was not just one, but two British teams. This was an uncommon choice given the material, as well as the scientific and financial effort involved, accentuated by the unfavourable context of the war. The expedition that observed at Príncipe included Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882– 1944), the astrophysicist and young director of the Cambridge Observatory, as well as the clockmaker and calculator Edwin Turner Cottingham (1869–1940); the expedition that visited Brazil included Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin (1865–1939), and Charles Rundle Davidson (1875–1970), both experienced astronomers at the Greenwich Observatory (see pp. -
GMRT 610 Mhz Observations of Galaxy Clusters in the ACT Equatorial Sample
MNRAS 000,1{26 (2018) Preprint 20 March 2019 Compiled using MNRAS LATEX style file v3.0 GMRT 610 MHz observations of galaxy clusters in the ACT equatorial sample Kenda Knowles,1? Andrew J. Baker,2 J. Richard Bond,3 Patricio A. Gallardo,4 Neeraj Gupta,5 Matt Hilton,1 John P. Hughes,2 Huib Intema,6 Carlos H. L´opez- Caraballo,7;8 Kavilan Moodley,1 Benjamin L. Schmitt,9 Jonathan Sievers,10 Crist´obal Sif´on,4;11 Edward Wollack,12 1Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Mathematics, Statistics & Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 3690, South Africa 2Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 136 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8019, USA 3Canadian Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics, 60 St. George Street, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3H8, Canada 4Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA 5IUCAA, Post Bag 4, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India 6Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, NL2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands 7Instituto de Astrof´ısica and Centro de Astro-Ingenier´ıa, Facultad de F´ısica, Pontificia Universidad Cat´olica de Chile, Av. Vicu~na Mackenna 4860, 7820436 Macul, Santiago, Chile 8Departamento de Matem´aticas, Universidad de La Serena, Av. Juan Cisternas 1200, La Serena, Chile 9Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, 209 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA 10Astrophysics & Cosmology Research Unit, School of Chemistry & Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 3690, South Africa 11Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Peyton Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA 12NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, 8800 Greenbelt Rd, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA Accepted XXX. -
Gravitational Lensing in a Black-Bounce Traversable Wormhole
Gravitational lensing in black-bounce spacetimes J. R. Nascimento,1, ∗ A. Yu. Petrov,1, y P. J. Porf´ırio,1, z and A. R. Soares1, x 1Departamento de F´ısica, Universidade Federal da Para´ıba, Caixa Postal 5008, 58051-970, Jo~aoPessoa, Para´ıba, Brazil In this work, we calculate the deflection angle of light in a spacetime that interpolates between regular black holes and traversable wormholes, depending on the free parameter of the metric. Afterwards, this angular deflection is substituted into the lens equations which allows to obtain physically measurable results, such as the position of the relativistic images and the magnifications. I. INTRODUCTION The angular deflection of light when passing through a gravitational field was one of the first predictions of the General Relativity (GR). Its confirmation played a role of a milestone for GR being one of the most important tests for it [1,2]. Then, gravitational lenses have become an important research tool in astrophysics and cosmology [3,4], allowing studies of the distribution of structures [5,6], dark matter [7] and some other topics [8{15]. Like as in the works cited earlier, the prediction made by Einstein was developed in the weak field approximation, that is, when the light ray passes at very large distance from the source which generates the gravitational lens. Under the phenomenological point of view, the recent discovery of gravitational waves by the LIGO-Virgo collaboration [16{18] opened up a new route of research, that is, to explore new cosmological observations by probing the Universe with gravitational waves, in particular, studying effects of gravitational lensing in the weak field approximation (see e.g. -
16Th HEAD Meeting Session Table of Contents
16th HEAD Meeting Sun Valley, Idaho – August, 2017 Meeting Abstracts Session Table of Contents 99 – Public Talk - Revealing the Hidden, High Energy Sun, 204 – Mid-Career Prize Talk - X-ray Winds from Black Rachel Osten Holes, Jon Miller 100 – Solar/Stellar Compact I 205 – ISM & Galaxies 101 – AGN in Dwarf Galaxies 206 – First Results from NICER: X-ray Astrophysics from 102 – High-Energy and Multiwavelength Polarimetry: the International Space Station Current Status and New Frontiers 300 – Black Holes Across the Mass Spectrum 103 – Missions & Instruments Poster Session 301 – The Future of Spectral-Timing of Compact Objects 104 – First Results from NICER: X-ray Astrophysics from 302 – Synergies with the Millihertz Gravitational Wave the International Space Station Poster Session Universe 105 – Galaxy Clusters and Cosmology Poster Session 303 – Dissertation Prize Talk - Stellar Death by Black 106 – AGN Poster Session Hole: How Tidal Disruption Events Unveil the High 107 – ISM & Galaxies Poster Session Energy Universe, Eric Coughlin 108 – Stellar Compact Poster Session 304 – Missions & Instruments 109 – Black Holes, Neutron Stars and ULX Sources Poster 305 – SNR/GRB/Gravitational Waves Session 306 – Cosmic Ray Feedback: From Supernova Remnants 110 – Supernovae and Particle Acceleration Poster Session to Galaxy Clusters 111 – Electromagnetic & Gravitational Transients Poster 307 – Diagnosing Astrophysics of Collisional Plasmas - A Session Joint HEAD/LAD Session 112 – Physics of Hot Plasmas Poster Session 400 – Solar/Stellar Compact II 113 -
Where Are the Missing Baryons in Clusters?
1 Where Are the Missing Baryons in Clusters? Bilhuda Rasheed Adviser: Dr. Neta Bahcall Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts Department of Astrophysical Sciences Princeton University May 2010 I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. I authorize Princeton University to lend this thesis to other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. Bilhuda Rasheed I further authorize Princeton University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research. Bilhuda Rasheed Abstract We address previous claims that the baryon fraction in clusters is significantly below the cosmic value of the baryon fraction as determined from WMAP 7-year results. We use X-ray and SZ observations to determine the slope of the gas density profile to R200. This is shallower than the slope of total mass density (NFW) profile. We use the gas density slope to extrapolate the X-ray observations of gas fraction at R500 to the virial radius (R100). The gas fraction increases beyond R500 for all cluster masses. We add the stellar fraction as determined from COSMOS and 2MASS samples, with ICL contributing 10% to the stellar fraction. For massive clusters 14 (M500 ∼ 7 × 10 M ), the baryon fraction reaches the cosmic baryon fraction at Rvir± 20%. Poorer clusters and groups typically reach 75–85% of the cosmic baryon fraction at the virial radius. We compare these results with simulations which take into account gravitational shock-heating, star formation, heating from SNe and AGN, and energy transfer from dark matter. -
Hubble Sees Light Bending Around Nearby Star : Nature News
NATURE | NEWS Hubble sees light bending around nearby star Rare astronomical observation shows effects of relativity. Alexandra Witze 07 June 2017 STSI Stein 2051 B is a white-dwarf star in the constellation Camelopardalis. The Hubble Space Telescope has spotted light bending because of the gravity of a nearby white dwarf star — the first time astronomers have seen this type of distortion around a star other than the Sun. The finding once again confirms Einstein’s general theory of relativity. A team led by Kailash Sahu, an astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, Maryland, watched the position of a distant star jiggle slightly, as its light bent around a white dwarf in the line of sight of observers on Earth. The amount of distortion allowed the researchers to directly calculate the white dwarf’s mass — 67% that of the Sun. “It’s a very difficult observation with a really nice result,” says Pier-Emmanuel Tremblay, an astrophysicist at the University of Warwick in Coventry, UK, who was not involved in the discovery. The findings were published in Science 1 and presented at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society in Austin, Texas, on 7 June. White dwarfs are the remains of stars that have finished burning their nuclear fuel. The Sun will eventually become one. Sahu’s team studied a white dwarf known as Stein 2051 B, in the constellation Camelopardalis. At 5 parsecs (17 light years) from Earth, it is the sixth-nearest white dwarf. Because it is so close, it appears to move quickly across the sky compared with more-distant stars. -
Smart Optics for ESA Space Science Missions
Smart Optics for ESA Space Science Missions • Gaia, JWST, Darwin • Scientific objectives • Payload description • Optical technology developments Dr. Ph. Gondoin (ESA) ESA’s IR and visible astronomy missions DARWIN GAIA Herschel Planck Eddington JWST 1 GAIA Science Objectives Understanding the structure and evolution of the Galaxy, i.e.: – census of the content of a large part of the Galaxy – quantification of the present spatial structure from distance (3-D map) – knowledge of the 3-D space motions Æ Complementary astrometry, photometry and radial velocities: – Astrometry: distance and tranverse kinematics – Photometry: extinction, intrinsic luminosity, abundances, ages, – Radial velocities: 3-D kinematics, gravitational forces, mass distribution, stellar orbits GAIA (compared with Hipparcos) Hipparcos GAIA Magnitude limit 12 20-21 mag Completeness 7.3 – 9.0 ~20 mag Bright limit ~0 ~3-7 mag Number of objects 120 000 26 million to V = 15 250 million to V = 18 1000 million to V = 20 Effective distance limit 1 kpc 1 Mpc Quasars None ~5 ×105 Galaxies None 106 - 107 Accuracy ~1 milliarcsec 4 µarcsec at V = 10 10 µarcsec at V = 15 200 µarcsec at V = 20 Broad band 2-colour (B and V) 4-colour to V = 20 Mediumphotometry band None 11-colour to V = 20 Radialphotometry velocity None 1-10 km/s to V = 16-17 Observing programme Pre-selected On-board and unbiased 2 PayloadGAIA payload • 2 astrometric telescopes: • Separated by 106o • SiC mirrors (1.4 m × 0.5 m) • Large focal plane (TDI operating CCDs) • 1 additional telescope equipped with: • Medium-band photometer • Radial-velocity spectrometer Optical technology for GAIA • CCD’s and focal plane technology: (ASTRIUM.GB+E2V under ESA TRP contract) – Astrometry: 3 side buttable, small pixel (9 µm), high perf. -
Francis Gladheim Pease Papers: Finding Aid
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8988d3d No online items Francis Gladheim Pease Papers: Finding Aid Finding aid prepared by Brooke M. Black, September 11, 2012. The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2129 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org © 2012 The Huntington Library. All rights reserved. Francis Gladheim Pease Papers: mssPease papers 1 Finding Aid Overview of the Collection Title: Francis Gladheim Pease Papers Dates (inclusive): 1850-1937 Bulk dates: 1905-1937 Collection Number: mssPease papers Creator: Pease, F. G. (Francis Gladheim), 1881- Extent: Approximately 4,250 items in 18 boxes Repository: The Huntington Library, Art Collections, and Botanical Gardens. Manuscripts Department 1151 Oxford Road San Marino, California 91108 Phone: (626) 405-2129 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.huntington.org Abstract: This collection consists of the research papers of American astronomer Francis Pease (1881-1938), one of the original staff members of the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory. Language: English. Access Open to qualified researchers by prior application through the Reader Services Department. For more information, contact Reader Services. Publication Rights The Huntington Library does not require that researchers request permission to quote from or publish images of this material, nor does it charge fees for such activities. The responsibility for identifying the copyright holder, if there is one, and obtaining necessary permissions rests with the researcher. Preferred Citation [Identification of item]. Francis Gladheim Pease Papers, The Huntington Library, San Marino, California. Provenance Deposit, Observatories of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Collection , 1988.