Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MANDI KAMAND CAMPUS, MANDI HIMACHAL PRADESH-175005
SPACE TECHNOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY CELL
Annual Report 2019-2020
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi Faculty Advisor
Dr. Arnav Bhavsar School of Computing and Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Kamand, Mandi (Himachal Pradesh) - 175005
Co-ordinators
Abhijeet Manhas B18043 8628963924
Shreya Lanjewar B17142 9834340089
Yash Bansod B18095 9816789676
Important Links
Website: stac.iitmandi.co.in Facebook: facebook.com/stacIITMandi/ Github: github.com/STAC-IITMandi YouTube: youtube.com/channel/UCnmH6Nadt91VEkoeN_lK-rA Instagram: instagram.com/stac_iitmandi/ Twitter: twitter.com/stac_iitmandi Slack: stac-iitmandi.slack.com/
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Activities Organized
Sr. no Event Date 1 Jupiter Opposition 10 June 2019 2 Night Sky Observation 20 August 2019 3 Introduction to Open Source: Git and Github 24 August 2019 4 Guest Lecture by Dr. Hum Chand 31 August 2019 Live screening of ISRO chandrayaan 2 5 landing attempt 7 September 2019 6 Ruminating the God: Group Discussion 13 September 2019 Zenith: talk on Special Relativity By Bhavya 7 Bhatt 15 Sep 2019 8 Zenith: Pandora's Box Astroquiz 15 Sep 2019 9 Zenith: Astro Hack Week 15th to 30th September Zenith: Talk on Life Cycle of Stars Abhijeet 10 Manhas and Naman Tayal 17 Sep 2019 Zenith: How do we look at the Universe ? 11 Without a telescope! by Shreyas Bapat 20 September 2019 12 Zenith : Aurora - Paper Presentation 21 September 2019 Zenith Closing and Gravity (STAC 13 Room)Inauguration 5 October 2019 14 Orionid Meteor Shower 21 October 2019 15 Looking through the Lens 31 October 2019 16 Utkarsh : Curiosity 3 November 2019 17 Utkarsh : What's Up 5 November 2019 Discussion on String Theory by Shikha 18 Suman 6 November 2019 Black Holes and Telescopes by Jainen Tandel 19 and Devansh Kochar 7 November 2019 20 Winter Projects Winter Vacations
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21 Introduction to AstraX’20 18&20 February 2020 22 Solar System and Beyond 27 February 2020 23 Sky Watchers Telescope Training session 10-12 March 2020 Introductory Remote Telescope 24 Astrophotography 21 March - 1 April 2020 25 Quasar Desk AstroQuiz 8 April 2020 26 Kamand Premier League (KPL) - Astrothon 8 April 2020
Jupiter Opposition
We organized a telescope observational session on the night of 10th June 2019 as it was the day when Jupiter can be viewed most clearly from earth. The session was held at OAT(South Campus) and with our 6” telescope, we were able to see Jupiter and it’s four big moons distinctively. Around 20 students were present there to attend the event and we told them about what is opposition, arms of the Milky WayGalaxy and facts about the moons of Jupiter.
Venue: OAT Date: 10th June Time: 11:00 PM
Night Sky Observation
An informal observation event was organised in front of Gravity (STAC Room) as the sky was very clear. There was a huge participation from the First year students. We set up the 6” telescope and observed various objects like the Moon, Saturn etc through the telescope. The students were told about different
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi constellations that could be seen in the sky, even the Milky Way was visible. Approximately 25-30 students were present.
Venue: SAC Terrace Date: 20th August 2019 Time: 10:00 PM
Introduction to Open Source: Git and Github
This session was conducted on 24 August. Students were told to bring their laptops(if they had one). Our club members, Shreyas Bapat and Akshat Malviya took a session. There were more than 40 students. Students were told various basic commands related to github. The main objective of the session was to introduce a tool related to open source and project management.
Venue: A10-1D Date: 24 August,2019 Time: 7 pm
Talk by Dr. Hum Chand
About the speaker: Dr. Hum Chand is a Scientist in Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences(ARIES) , Nainital. His areas of research includes Quasar absorption lines; Variation of fundamental constants using QSOs absorption line; Central Engine and Environments of different types of Active Galactic Nuclei.
He talked about the 3.6 m telescope and synchronisation of the dome. The main topic that he talked about was the active galactic nucleus. This was followed by an informal group discussion after the talk. The talk was attended by around 60-70 students.
Venue: Auditorium Hall-A Date: 31st August, 2019 Time: 4 PM
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi Live Screening of ISRO Chandrayaan 2 Landing attempt
Indian Space Research Organization’s (ISRO) Lander (Vikram) was supposed to land on the South pole of the moon. We had all gathered to experience the event through its live telecast. Many enthusiastic students gathered together to witness the event.
Venue: A13 - 1A Date: 7 September 2019 Time: 10 PM
Ruminating the God: Group Discussion
This was the first Group Discussion of this session. This successful event was mentored by Shivam Choudhary, one of our Fourth Year members. Two groups were divided such that one was in favour of the topic and one against. Almost 20-30 students participated. The discussion ranged from different theories emerging from participants’ imagination.
Venue: ‘Gravity’(STAC Room) SAC Building Date: 13 September Time: 8:30 PM
ZENITH 2019
Zenith is an annual intra-college fest that includes many exciting activities like different talks, competition and a week long exciting Hackathon.
Zenith: Talk on Special Relativity
This session was taken by Bhavya Bhatt, Core Team Member of STAC took a session on Special Relativity. Many students showed interest in the talk. Session started with the basics of physics and then he explained about Space-Time diagrams, geometry and different paradoxes like grandfather paradox
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi and twin-paradox. He also gave a flavor of gravitational wave distortion in space. The students were very curious and interacted by asking some good questions.
Venue: A10 -1D Date: 15th September
Zenith: Pandora’s Box
Pandora’s Box was an Astro-Quiz. This event was coordinated by Anam Siddiqui and Shrinivas Khatavkar. The quiz saw huge participation of students; around 70 students were present at the venue to attend the quiz. The quiz was designed keeping in mind that many of the participants are beginners, questions related to planets of our solar system, some about relativity and few were based on the physics of black holes, stars etc. Winners of Pandora’s Box: Winner - Prajwal Sood 1st Runner Up - Tushar Rao 2nd Runner Up - Shishir Asthana With Special Mention of Yatharth Mogra and Nilaksh Pundir
Venue: A10-1D and A13 1A Date: 15 September, 2019 Time: 6 PM
Zenith: Life Cycle of Stars
This talk was presented by Abhijeet Manhas and Naman Tayal, in which they talked about the life of stars; how they are born, what are the necessary conditions required for the formation of stars, how a star is different from planets, etc. We also explained the H-R diagram which is used to categorize different types of stars based on their temperature and luminosity. This was followed by discussion about the death of
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi stars, supernovae, formation of neutron stars and black holes. Around 30 students gathered at the venue to attend the talk which ended after answering doubts and questions asked by them.
Venue: A10-1D Date: 17 September, 2019 Time: 7 PM
Zenith: How do we look at the Universe? Without Telescope
This talk was presented by Shreyas Bapat in which he discussed logistics of space exploration; why do we need large funds for Space technologies and how they changed our daily lives. He also talked about the Gravitational waves and how LIGO detected waves arising due to the merger of two black holes. He explained the concept on which LIGO works, enabling it to detect disturbances close to ten thousandth part of the diameter of a proton.
Venue: A13-3A Date: 20 September, 2019 Time: 10 PM
Zenith: Aurora
Aurora was a paper presentation event. This event was coordinated by Arshita Kalra and Shikha Suman. In this event participants were supposed to present any scientific paper or topic of their choice in front of judges. This was followed by questions by the judges and audience. Students prepared their presentations very well and the event observed 6 entries. They presented very interesting topics like death of the universe, life on black hole, origin of fundamental forces,etc.
Winner: Devansh Kochar (B19249) Runner-up: Aniruddha Prakash (B19206) With special mentions of Naman Tayal and Janhavi Shedge Special thanks to Akshita Jain and Bhavya Bhatt for judging the event.
Venue: A10-1D Date: 21 September, 2019 Time: 2 PM
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Zenith: Astro-Hack-week
Astro-hack week was a hackathon with Astronomy as the theme. The event was coordinated by Abhijeet Manhas and Yash Bansod. The stage 1 was idea submission in which 8 teams showed up. The teams came up with many interesting and different ideas. After the idea, each of the team was mentored by event coordinators for making design and choosing tech stack for the product. Three teams submitted the final product, 2 from 2nd year and 1 from first year.
Winning team: hfte_ke_coders DIPANSHU VERMA , ARSHITA KALRA , SIDDARTH MITTAL , NISHITA This team created a simulation of gravity on different masses using pygame.
Runner-up team: Phoenix JANHAVI SHEDGE , TANISHA GAUTAM , RIDHI RATAN , BHAVNA KOSTA This team from first year worked on simulating the life cycle of stars using vpython and glowscript.
With special mention of TeamX (SHUBHAM PANDEY, VASU GUPTA, SAKSHAM BARARA). They worked on computer vision to predict the distance of light source based on it’s penumbra and umbra image.
Zenith Closing and Gravity (STAC Room) Inauguration
There was a huge participation of students, especially the first year students. The closing ceremony was held on 5 October 2019. Winners received their certificates from STAC Alumni Chandan Purbia, Indresh Gupta, Mohit Sharma and Abhijeet Sharma. Inauguration of STAC Room (which we call “Gravity”), took place on the same day in the presence of our Alumni.
Orionid Meteor Shower
Orionid Meteor Shower is an annual event that occurs when Earth is passing through the stream of debris left behind by Halley's Comet. Students from all communities of IIT Mandi visited peepul’s point to observe the meteor shower. Participants saw few meteors and other celestial bodies like the moon, Pleiades etc. Few tried astrophotography. Below are some astrophotographs clicked by students.
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Looking Through the Lens
This session was conducted by Shreya and Arshita. They gave a brief introduction to the types of telescopes. Students got to know about the different ways to observe the Universe. After the session, students were shown a telescope and observed celestial bodies through it. Shreyas helped the students with the telescopes.
Venue: A10-1D Date: 31 October 2019 Time: 6 PM
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UTKARSH
STAC organized two events in Utkarsh’19 - Intra College Techfest that saw a decent participation of students.
Curiosity, The Astro-Quiz
Curiosity quiz was conducted on 3rd November 2019. Curiosity dealt with concepts of astronomy, cosmology and astrophysics. The objective of Curiosity was to inculcate curiosity regarding application of science in astronomy. Around 20 students participated in the quiz. The winners of the Astro-Quiz are : Winner : Prajwal Sood First Runner-up : Jainan Tandel Second Runner-up : Ananya Shukla
What’s Up
What’s Up event was organized on 5th November 2019. This event is related to observational astronomy. It comprises three rounds. In the first round, participants were supposed to identify a few objects in the sky. In the second round, they needed to align the object through a telescope. In the last round, students had to answer a few questions related to astronomy. Winners of What’s Up are: Winner : Harnaman Kaur First Runner-up : Lalit Narayan Mudgal Second Runner-up : Prajwal Sood
Discussion on String Theory
This event was taken up by Shikha Suman. To give a basic knowledge and induce curiosity of what String Theory is, the students were shown a Tedx Talk by Physicist Brian Greene, and then Shikha explained the
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi details regarding the theory. Different topics like force particles, concept of gravity etc.were discussed among the students.
Venue: A10-1C Date: 6 November 2019 Time: 10:15 PM
Black Holes and Telescopes
We are proud to say that some first year students (Devansh Kochar and Jainan Tandel) have conducted sessions on Black Holes and Telescopes. The session was very interesting and covered varied topics. There was a huge participation of students. This increased the confidence level in them and they learnt a lot through the session.
Venue: A10 - 1C Date: 7 November 2019 Time: 7:30 PM
Winter Projects
This is a list of projects which have been undertaken by students these winter vacations. All the source code is available on STAC’s github handle. They were also resumed after the end of March.
1. Exoplanet Detection
In this project, students created models to detect exoplanets from datasets available online by using various ML and DL techniques. The project was python-packaged as a library. It currently works only on one type of data and thus needs expansion in its pre-processing sub-module.
2. AstroDocker
AstroDocker aims to dockerize all astronomy-related packages so that they can be easily set up and used in development mode or user mode by just one command. This tool can dockerize packages and software built on different technologies.
3. AstroRes
AstroRes is a project which will ease access to various astronomy dataset resources. A basic web-app was created which shows a link and description for few resources.
4. Star Tracker
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Star Tracker is a device which can point towards any celestial object and track it in the sky with time.
This project consists of two parts. Firstly, students have to work on software finding positions of an object depending upon time, then they have to calibrate motors to point and track that object in the sky too. The software part was completed; students will commence working on hardware as college reopens.
5. 3D Gravity Simulator
Students made an application to simulate the motion of various celestial bodies under gravity in 3 dimensions. In the finished application, users can add bodies of variable sizes and masses and can see their motion from any 3d angle. The image below shows pseudo-simulation of 4 bodies.
6. Starlex
A program which will use stellar physics to simulate the life cycle of stars, given the initial conditions. Users can change the time scale, and mass of stars know which stage of life they will be in a given time. The tool was python packaged and it uses differential equations to solve stellar equations. There are few assumptions, thus future work will be aimed towards generalization.
ASTRAX 2020
Overview The second inter-college Astro-Meet of north India, AstraX’20, was organized from 13th to 15th March 2020 by STAC. The fest witnessed insightful keynote talks, amazing events, a solar
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi astronomy workshop for the participants, and a python workshop for local school students of Mandi. Arshita Kalra and Shikha Suman were the Convenors of AstraX’20.
There was noticeable participation of students from various colleges across India, including IIT Gandhinagar, IISER Bhopal, IISER Mohali, UIET Punjab University, and various other colleges. Marking the commencement of the meet, the opening ceremony was held on the evening of 13th March. Former Director Prof. Timothy A. Gonsalves welcomed the participants and the keynotes on behalf of IIT Mandi. He also talked about the developments in space technology and the growth of the club.
Introduction to AstraX ‘20 To share the excitement of this coming Event with all the students of our college, a session was conducted by Shikha, Convenor for AstraX’20 and other members of the organizing team. This session was conducted twice, once in each of the campuses. Description for all the Keynote Speakers and Events to be conducted. We have motivated the students to attend the events and Guest lectures too.
North Campus: Venue: A10-1C Date: 18 February 2020 Time: 7 PM
South Campus: Venue: A5 Date: 20 February 2020 Time: 9 PM
Keynotes Listed below are the brilliant keynotes of AstraX’20 and the titles of their talks.
1. Prof. Avinash Deshpande - Professor at Raman Research Institute, India. He specialises in Neutron stars, Pulsars & Transients, The Galaxy and Interstellar medium, Instrumentation and Signal processing. He also runs the famous SWAN project. Title Fascinating life-stories of cosmic light-houses
2. Mr. Sanjay Gupta - He is a founder-member of the Aryabhat Foundation, actively involved with students
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi for more than 3 decades. He was designated as Master Resource Person by Dept. of Science and Technology, GOI in 1995. Was a member of NASA's Saturn Observation Campaign for 9 years. Title Importance of Basic Science
3. Dr. Nicholas Murphy (Remote) - Astrophysicist in the Solar & Stellar X-Ray Group at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) and a Lecturer in Harvard University's Department of Astronomy. A Lead Developer of the PlasmaPy Project and affiliated to Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. Title Living in a Plasma Universe
4. Dr. Stuart Mumford (Remote) - A Lead Developer of The SunPy Project and a Python Developer at Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope Data Centre, National Solar Observatory, United States. Title SunPy: Python for Solar Physics
Events Three online and four onsite events were conducted in AstraX’20.
1. Shooting Star (online) Shooting star was the online astrophotography event of Astrax'20. The contest was open for a month and participants could submit at most two entries which were posted on STAC's social media pages. The entries were judged on the technical aspects of photography as well as their popularity on social media. The technical aspects of the photographs were judged by Mr. Alok Mandavgane from Aryabhat Foundation. Amit Kumar Baheti from IIT BHU and Vivek Reddy from Osmania University secured the First and Second place respectively. The event was organised by Madhumita and Amit Chauhan.
2. Estrella (online) This was an online essay/blog writing event in which participants had to submit their essays on the theme of Stars, Solar Physics and Radiophysics, to help provide participants an opportunity to express and explore their views on the theme. The event was judged by Bhavya Bhatt and coordinated by Harnaman Kaur and Yash Bansod. The top three submissions were from Tushika Singh (IIT Mandi), Prajwal Sood (IIT Mandi), and Jainan Tandel (IIT Mandi)
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3. Gordian Knot (online) This event dealt with concepts of astronomy, astrophysics, cosmology and related areas. It was conducted online on the dare2compete platform. 41 students from various colleges registered for the event. There was a round that had 28 questions of various difficulties. Devang (IISER Mohali) and Dhruv Pathak (IISER Mohali) stood at first and second position respectively. The event was coordinated by Shweta Shinde and Ananya Shukla.
4. Enigma (onsite) This was a five-hour hackathon that was conducted in two rounds. In the first round, participants were provided with the detailed problem statement and the required database. In the second round, the qualifying teams went through a question-answer round with the judges. The event was coordinated by Lalit Mudgal and Prajwal Sood and was judged by Dr. Aditya Nigam and Dr. Satyajit Thakor. Teams from IISER Mohali and IIT Mandi secured the first and second place respectively.
5. Mission CanXat (onsite) Mission CanXat was the space-tech oriented event of AstraX wherein the participants were asked to present a working model of a Can-Sat in the form of a presentation. It was later amalgamated with the open-paper presentation event. The participants were judged based on their conceptual understanding of their topic and its presentation, as well as on the clarity and depth to which they were able to communicate the same. Punjab University stood first and IIT Mandi stood second in this event. The event was judged by Prof. Narsa Reddy and was coordinated by Yuvraj Misra and Anuradha.
6. Messier Marathon (onsite) Messier marathon as the name suggests was a marathon to point messier objects. The participating teams had to point maximum messier objects with a telescope within the allotted time. Four teams participated in the event. The event was coordinated by Shreya Lanjewar and Janhavi Shedge. The event was judged by Mr. Vikrant Narang from Space India. IISER Bhopal bagged the first place in this event.
7. Celesta (onsite) Celesta was an all night astrophotography competition. The participation was good and the participants clicked the pictures of various astronomically significant objects. The submissions were judged based on the concept, composition, post-processing, technical excellence and the overall creativity cum uniqueness of the picture. This event was coordinated by Tushar Tyagi and Lasini Vippakayala. The submissions were judged by Chitransh Saxena and Kartiki Gonsalves. The winning team was Pranjal Chaturvedi and Kapish Mittal from UIET, Punjab university.
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi Solar Astronomy Workshop The Aryabhat foundation conducted a Solar Astronomy Workshop in the IIT Mandi campus for the participants of AstraX’20. The workshop included an one hour theory session which provided insights on the basic concepts of Solar Astronomy.
This was followed by a hands-on session which was supervised by Aakash, a student from the Aryabhat Foundation. In this hands-on session, Aakash set up a telescope near the Village Square and demonstrated how Solar Astronomy is practiced. He also told the participants about what things to keep in mind while inspecting the various aspects of the sun through a telescope.
Outreach Program This year in AstraX, two workshops were organised for local school students of IIT Mandi as a part of our outreach program.
1. Introductory Python Workshop The Python Software Foundation (PSF) organized a Python workshop for high school students under the banner of AstraX’20. The workshop was aimed at introducing the importance of python language and astronomy using python. This workshop also concentrated on various other topics like open source and closed source development in Python, its uses in places other than astronomy, and so much more. Bhavya Bhatt, Tanmay Rustagi, Rishi Sharma and Abhijeet Manhas were the mentors from IIT Mandi who conducted the sessions on various topics. These mentors are members of the PSF. They were also featured in the local newspaper for organizing this session.
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2. Workshop by Aryabhat Foundation As a part of Corporate Social Responsibility, AstraX’20 also organized a Basic Astronomy Workshop in collaboration with Aryabhat Foundation for middle school students of nearby schools. We organized film shows and solar astronomy workshops which aimed to promote astronomy education in these students and thus develop an interest in astronomy and astrophysics among them, on a basic level. More than 100 students from different schools of Mandi attended the workshop.
Talk on Hypersonic Vehicles We also conducted a talk on “Introduction to Hypersonic Vehicles” which was handled by Pon Maa Kishan from Chandigarh University who is also the ISRO outreach coordinator and Aishwarya Dhara who is an Aerospace Engineering Professor. The lecture dealt with concepts of Aerospace Engineering and hypersonic vehicles such as RV-W, RV-NW, CAV etc. Students were informed about various aspects of these hypersonic vehicles in detail and how the physical attributes of the atmosphere affect the aircraft vehicle.
Closing Ceremony The closing ceremony was held on the morning of 15th March where the winners of various events were announced. Winning teams received their certificates from Mr. Sanjay Gupta from Aryabhat Foundation and Mr. Vikrant Narang from Space India. All the participants got to
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi interact with the on-site keynotes and participants from various colleges which was a fun and insightful experience for them.
The event was organized diligently, following the COVID-19 protocol issued by the institute administration. All the participants were provided with masks and hand sanitizers. Participants from different colleges were accommodated in separate rooms. During talks, events, and workshops, participants were seated at a distance from each other. Buses were arranged on the morning of 15th March for participants to leave for Mandi Bus Stand after the administration ordered the immediate evacuation of the campus. All the heads, coordinators and team members worked hard for this which was clearly reflected in the execution of the fest. A great thanks to Convenors for their efficient supervision of the team and the efforts that made AstraX possible.
Solar System and Beyond
Earth and other planets along with the sun were formed around 4.5 billion years ago. The Journey of the Solar system is an interesting one. So we conducted a session where students could join us on this journey. There was a good interaction among the students and many brainstorming questions were discussed.
Venue: A10-1C Date: 27 February 2020 Time: 7:30 PM
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi SkyWatchers Telescope Training Sessions
These sessions were organized to help students to know how to set-up and operate telescopes. They were even made aware of appropriate eye-pieces to be used for observing astronomical objects with different magnitudes, type, and angular size. They also got a chance to try out the light pollution filter on the telescope to see how it enhances the object’s view under observation.
Venue: SAC Terrace Date: 10th March to 12th March 2020 Time: 7:00 PM
Introductory Remote Telescope Astrophotography
Post-lockdown, it was not possible to conduct telescope sessions, so we introduced students to Armchair astrophotography or remote telescope observations. Students were allotted targets to be observed using Micro-Observatory NASA service. After requesting for the given target, they downloaded the FITS files and extracted images out of them. Various filters and exposure times were tried out to achieve better image representation of the respective heavenly body. These are some images analyzed by the participants.
Image 1: Helix Nebula under Red filter Image 2: Dumbbell Nebula in VIRIDIS colormap
Venue: Remote Date: 21st March to 1st April 2020
Annual report | STAC | SNTC | IIT Mandi Quasar Desk AstroQuiz
We conducted our first ever online AstroQuiz. The questions were mostly on solar physics, Quasars, planets, stellar evolution and black holes.
First position: Prajwal Sood Second position: Shubrah Gupta, Madhumita, Priya Singh Third Position: Ankit Baluni
Venue: Online Date: 8 April 2020 Time: 7:00 PM
SNTC KPL Astrothon
STAC organized AstroThon in the third edition of the Kamand Premier League. The competition had one astronomy and 5 astrophysics problems that were supposed to be solved using programming. The motive of AstroThon was to introduce students to different aspects of astronomy and how different near to real life problems can be solved with astrophysics python libraries. The questions were on astrometry, relativistic time dilation, Satellite motion, etc.
Venue: Online Date: 8 April 2020 Time: 6PM to 12 midnight
Lastly, we are extremely grateful to our Faculty Advisor, Dr. Arnav Bhavsar for always guiding and motivating us to scale new heights. Looking forward to the club achieving a lot more in the coming year.
Clear Skies! Abhijeet Manhas, Shreya Lanjewar and Yash Bansod
Space Technology and Astronomy Cell Gravity - SAC-001 IIT Mandi (H.P.) India - 175005 [email protected]