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Sustainability of Sugarcane Bagasse Briquettes and Charcoal Value

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Sustainability of Sugarcane Bagasse Briquettes and Charcoal Value Sustainability of Sugarcane Bagasse Briquettes and Charcoal Value Chains in Kenya: Sustainability of Sugarcane Bagasse Briquettes and Charcoal Value Chains in Kenya: Results and recommendations from implementation of the Global Bioenergy Partnership Indicators SUMMARY SUSTAINABILITY OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE BRIQUETTES AND CHARCOAL VALUE CHAINS IN KENYA Results and recommendations from implementation of the Global Bioenergy Partnership Indicators TECHNICAL REPORT Supported by: 1 based on a decision of the German Bundestag SUSTAINABILITY OF SUGARCANE BAGASSE BRIQUETTES AND CHARCOAL VALUE CHAINS IN KENYA Results and recommendations from implementation of the Global Bioenergy Partnership Indicators TECHNICAL REPORT Copyright © United Nations Environment Programme, 2019 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. The United Nations Environment Programme would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations Environment Programme concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the United Nations Environment Programme, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of tables ........................................................................................................................................................... vi List of figures ....................................................................................................................................................... viii List of maps ............................................................................................................................................................ ix Authors ................................................................................................................................................................... x Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................... xi Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................. xii Abbreviations and acronyms ................................................................................................................................ xiii 1 Implementation of the GBEP Sustainability Indicators for bioenergy in Kenya ........................ 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Implementation of the GBEP indicators in different countries ...................................................................... 5 1.3 Application of GBEP indicators in Kenya ........................................................................................................ 6 1.4 Outcome ......................................................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 References ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 2 Country context and energy overview .................................................................................... 8 2.1 Overview of Kenya ......................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Forestry .......................................................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Food security ................................................................................................................................................ 10 2.4 Energy sector ................................................................................................................................................ 11 2.5 Policy framework ......................................................................................................................................... 15 2.6 References .................................................................................................................................................... 15 3 Description of the selected bioenergy pathways .................................................................... 17 3.1 Use of sugarcane bagasse briquettes in the tea industry ............................................................................ 17 3.2 Household use of charcoal produced on woodlands and farmlands ........................................................... 21 3.3 References .................................................................................................................................................... 28 4 Results of the GBEP sustainability indicators for bagasse briquettes and charcoal in Kenya ... 30 4.1 Indicator 1. Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions ......................................................................................... 30 4.2 Indicator 2. Soil quality ................................................................................................................................. 34 4.3 Indicator 3. Harvest levels of wood resources ............................................................................................. 42 4.4 Indicator 4. Emissions of non-greenhouse gas air pollutants, including air toxics ....................................... 48 4.5 Indicator 5. Water use and efficiency .......................................................................................................... 55 4.6 Indicator 6. Water quality ............................................................................................................................ 59 4.7 Indicator 7. Biological diversity in the landscape ......................................................................................... 62 4.8 Indicator 8. Land use and land-use change related to bioenergy feedstock production ............................. 67 4.9 Indicator 9. Allocation and tenure of land for bioenergy production .......................................................... 72 4.10 Indicator 10. Price and supply of a national food basket ............................................................................. 75 4.11 Indicator 11. Change in income ................................................................................................................... 81 4.12 Indicator 12. Jobs in bioenergy sector ......................................................................................................... 88 4.13 Indicator 13. Change in average unpaid time spent by women and children collecting biomass ............... 95 4.14 Indicator 14. Bioenergy used to expand access to modern energy services ............................................... 99 4.15 Indicator 15. Change in mortality and burden of disease attributable to indoor smoke from solid fuel use .............................................................................................................................................. 101 4.16 Indicator 16. Incidence of occupational injury, illness and fatalities ......................................................... 106 4.17 Indicator 17. Productivity ........................................................................................................................... 109 4.18 Indicator 18. Net energy balance ............................................................................................................... 114 4.19 Indicator 19. Gross value added ................................................................................................................. 120 4.20 Indicator 20. Change in consumption of traditional use of biomass ......................................................... 126 4.21 Indicator 21. Training and re-qualification of the workforce ..................................................................... 131 4.22 Indicator 22: Energy diversity .................................................................................................................... 134 4.23 Indicator 23. Infrastructure and logistics for distribution of bioenergy ..................................................... 136 4.24 Indicator 24. Capacity and flexibility of use of bioenergy .......................................................................... 145 iv 5 Conclusions and recommendations ..................................................................................... 149 5.1 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................................................
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