Mehta Hiren R Et Al. IRJP 2011, 2 (12), 132-138
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Mehta Hiren R et al. IRJP 2011, 2 (12), 132-138 INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY ISSN 2230 – 8407 Available online www.irjponline.com Review Article NEW INSIGHTS INTO MOLECULAR TARGETS FOR DEPRESSION Mehta Hiren R1*, Prakash B. Thakkar2, Vishal R. Vekariya3, Indermeet Singh Anand4 1Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad, India 2Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana-384001, Gujarat, India 3National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati-781032, Assam, India 4 Professor and HOD of Pharmacology, Shri Sarvajanik Pharmacy College, Mehsana - 384001, Gujarat, India Article Received on: 19/10/11 Revised on: 20/11/11 Approved for publication: 17/12/11 *E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Major depressive disorder is a heritable neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by relatively subtle cellular and molecular alterations localized to a complex network of neural substrates. Various forms of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are currently the most commonly used antidepressant treatments. Despite adequate care with currently available treatments, up to 70% of depressed patients have residual symptoms, and, even with more aggressive therapies, 20% or more may show only a limited response. The need for newer compounds to treat depression is still an ever growing concern due to the enormous societal and famifications of depression. This review covers all the monoaminergic (SSRI/5-HT1A antagonists, SSRI/5-HT2C antagonists, SSRI/alpha-2 adrenergic antagonists, triple reuptake inhibitors, dopamine agonists, targeting GABA) and beyond monoaminergic strategies including corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)-1 receptor antagonists, Inhibition of glucocorticoid function, substance P (Nk-1) antagonists, MCH1 receptor antagonists, Gal3 receptor antagonists, arginine vasopressin as the potential novel targets for depression.. However, To be the most successful novel target it shouldn’t only demonstrate preclinical antidepressant like effects, but also target the unmet clinical needs and lead to long-term disease modification. KEY WORDS: Depression, Antidepressant, GABA, Monoamine, Molecular target, Corticotropin-releasing factor INTRODUCTION (noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors) and SNRIs (serotonin and Depression is one of the top ten causes of morbidity and mortality, noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors). However, as these newer afflicting up to 20% of the world's population1,2. In addition to its medications have the same mechanism of action as the older social toll, the economic burden of depression contributes tricyclics, their intrinsic efficacy and range of patients for whom approximately $44 billion in lost productivity annually in the United treatment is successful remain the same. The older monoamine States3. The symptoms of depression are chronic, recurring, and life oxidase inhibitors, which reduce the enzymatic breakdown of threatening2. Despite adequate care with currently available serotonin and noradrenaline, are also still used today with great treatments, up to 70% of depressed patients have residual symptoms, success. Although today’s treatments for depression are generally and, even with more aggressive therapies, 20% or more may show safe and effective, they are far from ideal. Therefore there is still a only a limited response4,5. Rather than being the exception, recurrent great need for faster acting, safer and more effective treatments for episodes are the rule, and there are few evidence-based approaches depression11. to help clinicians maintain a patient’s antidepressant response. The Search For Novel Antidepressants Persistent depression is associated with an increase in substance and Various forms of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and alcohol abuse, an increased risk for suicide and for cardiovascular electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) are currently the most commonly disease. Thus, improved treatments for depression are urgently used antidepressant treatments. Serendipitous discoveries and/or a needed6. limited understanding of the neurobiology of depression which Current Antidepressant Treatments largely focused on the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems led Despite the relative lack of knowledge of the aetiology and to the development of many of these treatments. As knowledge of pathophysiology of depression, there are good treatments for it, with the neuroscience of depression advances, a number of novel targets most patients showing significant improvement with optimal for antidepressant treatment are being uncovered and actively treatment. Mild depression responds to different forms of investigated. Generally, these treatments fall into three major psychotherapy. Mild and more severe forms of depression respond categories: first, medications that optimize the modulation of to a host of antidepressant medications, with a combination of monoaminergic neurotransmitters; second, medications that target medication and psychotherapy providing optimal treatment. monoamine neurotransmitter and neuromodulatory systems; and Electroconvulsive therapy (shock treatment) is one of most effective third, devices that produce focal electrical brain stimulation targeting treatments for depression, but is usually reserved for the more brain regions implicated in the pathophysiology of depression6. In severely ill due to the availability of numerous pharmacotherapies. this review, we discuss these treatments and highlight those that hold The utility of other so-called somatic therapies is under the most promise. investigation. Almost all of the available medications for depression Monoaminergic Strategies are based on chance discoveries that were made more than half a The monoamine hypothesis of depression postulates that the century ago. Most of today’s medications are based on the tricyclic etiology and pathogenesis of depression arises from central antidepressants, which are believed to act by inhibiting the plasma deficiencies in serotonin, norepinephrine, and/or dopamine. membrane transporters for serotonin and/or noradrenaline7,8. Current Correspondingly, current pharmacotherapies have been developed in pharmacological antidepressant treatments improve depressive an effort to amend these alterations in monoaminergic systems (e.g., symptoms through complex mechanisms that are themselves SSRIs, SNRIs). Regardless of their mechanism of action, however, a incompletely understood9. The need for newer compounds to treat drawback of all marketed antidepressants is the 3- to 5-week delay depression is an ever growing concern due to the enormous societal necessary to achieve therapeutic efficacy. This lag time is thought to and famifications of depression10. These older medications provided reflect the time required for desensitization of the receptors a template for the development of newer classes of antidepressant, regulating monoamine release (e.g., 5-HT1A, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT1A including the SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), NRIs and α2 adrenergic receptors). To potentially accelerate the onset of INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHARMACY, 2(12), 2011 Mehta Hiren R et al. IRJP 2011, 2 (12), 132-138 antidepressant action as well as limit unwanted side effects current depression. However, a strategy that targets noradrenergic drug development strategies are focusing on designing new autoreceptors may have merit in augmenting the neurochemical antidepressants with dual and/or triple modes of action. These effects of conventional antidepressants. Several classes of approaches, along with examples of preclinical and clinical studies, antidepressants, particularly norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors such will be highlighted in the following sections. as reboxetine (Edronax) and the SNRIs, acutely elevate extracellular SSRI/5-HT1A antagonists levels of norepinephrine. The release of norepinephrine can activate The delayed clinical efficacy of SSRIs is believed to result, to a presynaptic alpha-2 adrenergic autoreceptors located on both large extent, from the indirect activation of somatodendritic 5-HT1A norepinephrine and dopamine cells causing blunted noradrenergic autoreceptors. A profound body of preclinical literature indicates and dopaminergic responses, respectively. Thus, antidepressants, that acute SSRI treatment increases serotonin levels in various brain when given in combination with agents that “turn off ” alpha-2 regions including the dorsal raphe nuclei. This elevation in serotonin autoreceptors, can potentially elevate levels of all three engages inhibitory 5-HT1A autoreceptors residing in the dorsal raphe monoamines. Neurochemical validation of this hypothesis comes to inhibit 5-HT cell firing and dampen subsequent 5-HT release in from microdialysis studies showing that alpha-2 adrenergic terminal serotonergic brain regions12. However, following long-term antagonists markedly potentiate the ability of antidepressants to SSRI treatment (14–21 d) 5-HT1A autoreceptors desensitize resulting increase extracellular levels of norepinephrine, serotonin, and in more pronounced elevations in serotonin levels compared to acute dopamine, depending on the brain region examined23. Although treatment13,14. These data suggest that a strategy combining SSRIs there are essentially no published data showing that this particular with 5-HT1A receptor antagonists would produce robust and more combination strategy is efficacious in preclinical behavioral models rapid increases in central serotonin levels and likely yield an of depression, the