Sylvia 46 / 2010

On historical records of Turdus pallidus and Turdus obscurus (Aves: Turdidae) from the Czech Republic

O historických nálezech drozdů Turdus pallidus a Turdus obscurus (Aves: Turdidae) v České republice

Jiří Mlíkovský

Department of Zoology, National Museum, Václavské náměstí 68, CZ-115 79 Praha 1; e-mail: [email protected]

Mlíkovský J. 2010: On historical records of Turdus pallidus and Turdus obscurus (Aves: Turdidae) from the Czech Republic. Sylvia 46: 149–156.

Five 19th-century records of Turdus pallidus and Turdus obscurus from the Czech Republic were reported in literature. My revision of the published data, archival documents and museum specimens showed that only two specimens reported by Palliardi (1852), i.e. those collected by Wenzel Koch at Ehmet in westernmost Bohemia, probably during 1845–1851, can be accepted as probable records of Turdus obscurus. All other records (Amerling 1852, Pražák 1893) are invalid for various reasons.

V literatuře je citováno pět historických nálezů drozdů Turdus pallidus a Turdus obscurus z České republiky, všechny z 19. století. Revize publikovaných údajů, archivních dokumentů a muzejních exemplářů ukázala, že za pravděpodobný historický doklad druhu Turdus obscurus z České Republiky lze považovat pouze dva jedince zaznamenané Palliardim (1852), tedy jedince ulove- né Wenzelem Kochem u vsi Ehmet v západních Čechách, pravděpodobně v letech 1845–1851. Ani jeden se však nezachoval a jejich určení nelze ověřit. Oba drozdi zmínění Amerlingem (1852) jako Turdus pallidus jsou dodnes uloženi ve sbírkách Národního muzea v Praze. Jeden je Turdus obscurus neznámého geografického původu, zatímco druhý je hypochromatický Turdus philo­ melos. Pražák (1893) si svůj údajný nález T. obscurus zřejmě vymyslel.

Keywords: Bohemia, Eyebrowed Thrush, faunistics, historical ornithology, 19th century, Pale Thrush

Introduction Europe as vagrants (Hildebrandt 1939, Haffer 1988, Pfeifer et al. 2007). The Pale Thrush Turdus pallidus Gmelin, In Fauna ČSSR – Ptáci (Fauna of 1789 and the Eyebrowed Thrush Turdus Czechoslovakia – Birds), a standard obscurus Gmelin, 1789 breed in Eastern work on the birds of the Czech Republic, Asia and migrate to South-Eastern Asia Hudec (1983: 519–521) listed five 19th- for winter (Clement 2000, Collar 2005). century records of these two species, Both have been recorded in Central all from Bohemia. They included two

149 Mlíkovský J. / Historical records of Siberian thrushes in Bohemia accepted and a rejected record of Turdus westernmost Bohemia (Hudec 1983: 520, obscurus, and two rejected records of Haffer 1988: 940), which is inaccurate. Turdus pallidus. Below I discuss the First, the name was misspelled by validity of these records. No thrushes Palliardi (1852) and all subsequent from the Turdus pallidus / obscurus authors, because the correct name of complex were reported from the Czech the village and the nearby shooting Republic during 1901–1970. Recent ground was Ehmet (e.g. Sommer observation records of Turdus obscurus 1847: 31, Rudolph 1868: 941, Boháč & (after 1970; FK ČSO 2010) were not Salamanczuk 2007). Second, the village, considered in this paper. which was abandoned after World War II, was located at 50.23°N, 12.47°E, i.e. south of the area between Luby and The Records Oloví, and its shooting ground included Palliardi 1852 forests lying eatwards of the village Anton A. Palliardi (1799–1873), a physician of Nový Kostel (former Neukirchen; and ornithologist at Františkovy Lázně 50.21°N, 12.45°E) to the Libocký brook (formerly Franzensbad) listed two birds (former Leibitsch-Bach). collected by Wenzel Koch (1812– 1888), The specimen retained by Koch was a head forester and naturalist at present in his collection at Karlovy Vary Karlovy Vary (formerly Karlsbad), on in late July or August 1886, but the an unknown date in the “Emeth-Revier” collection was already in a declining (“shooting ground Emeth”) (Palliardi state at that time (Talský 1887) and 1852: 39–40). One of these specimens Czynk (1898: 228–229) found it in a very was forwarded to “Fürst Radziwill” in bad state in March 1898. No specimens Berlin, Germany (Palliardi 1852: 40), are known to have survived until now. while Koch retained the other one in his The other Koch’s specimen ended own collection (Palliardi 1852: 40, Talský in the once famous bird collection of 1887: 4). Koch was in a close contact Count Boguslaw Radziwill (1809–1873) with Christoph Fellner von Feldegg in Berlin. After Boguslaw’s death, his (1779–1845), an Austrian soldier and son Ferdinand (1834–1926) moved significant collector of birds, then based the collection to his manor at Antonin at Cheb (formerly Eger). The fact that (Schalow 1919: 452–453), then in Prussia, Koch did not give or sell such a rarity to now in the Greater Poland Province, Feldegg (see below for his collection) Poland (51.52°N, 17.85°E). Hammling indicates that he collected the birds after (1917: 399) found the collection there in Feldegg’s death in 1845. Both Koch’s a bad state on 6 July 1914. I am not aware specimens were thus probably collected of any specimen from this collection that during 1845–1851. Note that Palliardi (in would have survived. Anonymous 1842: 259) did not list this species among the birds of the Karlovy Amerling 1852 Vary region and that Radziwill obtained Karel Slavoj Amerling (1807–1884), his specimen from Koch prior to 13 June a physician and naturalist in Praha 1851 (see Baldamus 1852: 6). (Prag, Prague), listed T[urdus] pallidus The locality “Emeth” was mentioned among the birds of Bohemia, giving the to lie between Luby (former Schönbach, following information: „Veliká vzácnost 50.25°N, 12.40°N) and Oloví (former v Čechách i jinde; 2 exempláry ♂ a ♀ Bleistadt, 50.25°N, 12.55°E) in stojí v českém Museum.“ (“Great rarity in

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Bohemia and elsewhere; two specimens, believed to belong, to the European ♂ and ♀, are mounted in the Bohemian fauna, not that the specimen was Museum.”) (Amerling 1852: 88). What collected in Europe. Palliardi (1852), Amerling (1852) saw in the museum were who knew the Feldegg Collection, did probably two pale-colored thrushes, not list this specimen among Bohemian possessed by the Bohemian Museum records. There is thus no evidence that (now: National Museum; hereafter the specimen originated from Europe, ‘NMP’) in the early 1850s (Frič 1854: 21). and its Bohemian origin is improbable. Both are still present in the NMP. The specimen NMP P6V-001629 is The specimen NMP P6V-001152 is a leucistic Turdus philomelos Brehm, 1831 Turdus obscurus (Frič 1854: 21, 1866: (Frič 1854: 21, 1866: No. 686). This bird is No. 696; see below). Antonín Frič quite similar to proper Turdus obscurus (1832– 1913), then a curator of zoological or Turdus pallidus at first sight and it collections in the NMP, indicated that could have been easily misidentified the latter specimen originated from by Amerling, who probably saw the the collection of Christoph Fellner von specimens in a showcase. Feldegg (1779–1845). This agrees with an entry in the catalogue of the Feldegg Pražák 1893 Collection (Feldegg 1842). Note that Josef Prokop Pražák (1870–1904), Amerling (1851) did not know about a zoologist and journalist from the bird, while he mentioned it one year Hořiněves in Eastern Bohemia, allegedly later (Amerling 1852), which coincides collected “Turdus obscurus” in autumn with the acquisition by NMP of bird 1892 at “Přim unweit Königgrätz” [= specimens from the Feldegg Collection Přím, Eastern Bohemia; 50.17°N, (Frič 1853, Štěpánek 1975). Frič (1854: 21) 16.40°E] (Pražák 1893: 68). Pražák was reported that the bird originated from a notorious swindler, whose faunistic Bohemia (adding an exclamation mark records are useless (Lorenz-Liburnau in parentheses) and this information 1898, Kleinschmidt 1905, Schmuck was apparently added to the bird on 2010, J. Mlíkovský unpub. results). As exhibition, where Amerling (1852: 88) many other specimens, this T. obscurus saw it. However, Frič (1871, 1872) did probably existed only in Pražák’s mind. not mention this record in his later papers on the birds of Bohemia. Alfred Taxonomic identity Hořice (1865–1945), a foremost Czech ornithologist of his time, added on a label glued on the pedestal that the bird Taxonomy of Siberian thrushes of the was probably collected at Karlovy Vary, genus Turdus Linné, 1758 was far from perhaps referring to the region where being understood in the mid 19th century Feldegg lived. However, there is no (Naumann 1850, 1851, 1860, Finsch 1863, evidence that the specimen originated Seebohm 1879), which needs to be taken from Bohemia. Feldegg (1842) divided into account when trying to interpret his catalogue geographically into sub- early bird records (Mlíkovský 2009). The catalogues (‘Catalogues’ in his wording) Asian species currently distinguished of European and non-European birds, as Turdus pallidus Gmelin and Turdus respectively. He listed this specimen obscurus Gmelin were considered in the “European” sub-catalogue. This identical with each other by most authors meant that the species belonged, or was in the mid 19th century and the species

151 Mlíkovský J. / Historical records of Siberian thrushes in Bohemia was called pallidus (e.g. Temminck examined the specimen in a Berlin 1835: 97, Keyserling & Blasius 1840: li, collection in 1821, later assured that the Schinz 1840: 166, Degland 1849: 461) or bird in fact was a pallens of Pallas, without pallens Pallas, 1811 (e.g. Schlegel 1844: xl, seeing it again (Naumann 1851: 3, 1860: Homeyer 1849: 151, Naumann 1860: 289). 287). Brehm (1824: 972) described such Bonaparte (1850a: 66, 148, 1850b: 273) specimen collected in September 1823 and Finsch (1863) established that there at Ahlsdorf, Saxony, as a new species, are two different species, pallidus living Turdus seyfferitzii. The true taxonomic in Eastern Asia east of obscurus (incl. identity of Naumann’s and Fuhlrott’s pallens), and attributed all European specimens remains unclear, because records of pallidus/obscurus to obscurus their whereabouts is unknown. The sensu stricto without examining most of Brehm’s specimen represents a true the specimens. Subsequent authors (e.g. obscurus s. str. (Hartert 1918: 33, LeCroy Frič 1870: 143, 1872: 54, Seebohm 1881: 2005: 47). The confusion was enhanced 273, Dresser 1902: 13–16, Hartert 1910: by describing Turdus pallidus/obscurus 655–656) followed them. Moreover, as bleached-out Redwings (e.g. Gräfe some authors believed that Temminck 1836: 387). (1835: 97) applied pallidus to obscurus Consequently, it is impossible to decide sensu stricto and used pallidus sensu from the mere use of the name pallidus Temminck for obscurus s. str. (see for any bird recorded in Europe, whether Seebohm 1881: 273). Later, some authors the author had in mind pallidus s. str., preferred to treat pallidus and obscurus obscurus s. str. or pale-colored iliacus. as subspecies of a single species, for Similarly, Feldegg (1842) listed Turdus which they used the name pallidus (e.g. obscurus among European birds, but Frič Gladkov 1954: 454, Ivanov 1954: 236). (a hand-written remark in Feldegg 1842) Recent molecular studies confirmed noted that it was Ixos obscurus Temminck, close relationships between pallidus s. 1835, now known as Pycnonotus barbatus str. and obscurus (Pan et al. 2007, Voelker barbatus (Desfontaines, 1789). Having et al. 2007). this in mind, the taxonomic identity of Moreover, hypochromatic (pale historical Czech records of these thrushes brownish-yellowish-whitish) aberrations can be assessed as follows: are known in common European Both Koch’s specimens were first thrushes (see e.g. Rensch 1925 and van published as pallidus by Palliardi (1852: Grouw 2006 for the terminology of 39). Frič (1871: 193, 1872: 54) changed color aberrations in birds). Examples the name to obscurus, without having in the NMP include hypochromatic examined the specimens. Josef Talský (leucistic?) Redwings Turdus iliacus L., (1836–1907), a Moravian ornithologist, 1758 (NMP P6V-001628 and P6V‑014970) saw the specimen in the Koch Collection and a Song Thrush Turdus philomelos at Karlovy Vary in late July or August (NMP P6V‑001629). These aberrantly- 1886 (Talský 1887). He listed the species plumaged birds resemble true T. as “Turdus pallidus Temm.” and added obscurus. Identification of pale-colored pieces of information explicitly adopted thrushes posed great problems to from Palliardi (1852). Koch personally European ornithologists in the early led Talský through his collection (Talský 19th century. Naumann (1822: 279) and 1887: 3), but apparently told him nothing Fuhlrott (1853) described such birds as more. It is unclear whether Talský leucistic Redwings, but Naumann, who revised the specimen or just copied

152 Sylvia 46 / 2010 the label data. The latter possibility is (1852: 88). Frič (1854: 21) re-identified supported by the fact that Talský visited it as obscurus. The specimen is still Karlovy Vary to meet his seriously ill deposited in the NMP (inventory brother Rudolf and visited the Koch number NMP P6V‑001152). I re- Collection only on behalf of Victor von examined it and found that it is indeed Tschusi (1847–1924), a foremost Austrian Turdus obscurus, probably in the first ornithologist, without being in the vein winter plumage. for scientific work (Talský 1887: 3). In sum, Talský confirmed the presence of Patterns of occurrence of Turdus the specimen in the Koch Collection, obscurus/pallidus in Central but not its taxonomic identity. Europe The Koch’s specimen in the Radziwill Historical records of Turdus obscurus/ Collection was seen by members of the pallidus in Central Europe were 5th Meeting of German Ornithologists on summarized by Haffer (1988). Haffer 13 June 1851 (Baldamus 1852: 6), but it (1988) attributed all historical records is unknown whether they restudied the of these thrushes to obscurus s. str., specimen. which might well be correct when we In spite of this, modern authors consider the breeding distribution and adopted Koch’s birds as proven migration patterns of these species (cf. records of Turdus obscurus in western Clement 2000, Collar 2005). However, Bohemia prior to 1852 (e.g. Hudec Haffer (1988) listed the records without 1983: 520, Haffer 1988: 940, Hudec et al. comment (doubting just one). Given 1995: 129). that most of the early specimens have The Feldegg’s specimen was first been lost (the exact number remains published as pallidus by Amerling unknown), he probably included many

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1 number of records / počet záznamů number 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ------1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

decade / dekáda

Fig. 1. Frequency of records (specimens collected or individuals observed) of Turdus pallidus and T. obscurus thrushes in Central Europe during 1801–1980. See text for explanation. Obr. 1. Četnost výskytu (ulovených nebo pozorovaných jedinců) drozdů Turdus pallidus a T. obscurus ve Střední Evropě v letech 1801–1980. Pro vysvětlení viz text.

153 Mlíkovský J. / Historical records of Siberian thrushes in Bohemia records on the bona fide basis. It cannot the records of Turdus obscurus and be excluded that some of these records T. pallidus in Central Europe (see were related to pale-colored Redwings above), I suggest to accept the two or even, though less probably, to pallidus specimens as probable records of s. str., and a revision of these records Turdus obscurus s. str. in the Czech would be welcome. Republic. However, even if Haffer’s (1988) list (2) The Feldegg’s specimen (Amerling includes some incorrect data, the data 1852) has been preserved and it is set as such indicates that thrushes from a representative of Turdus obscurus the Turdus obscurus/pallidus complex s. str., but it is improbable that it was were most frequently recorded in collected in the Czech Republic. Central Europe in the mid 19th century, (3) The Pražák’s specimen probably with a secondary, less pronounced existed only in Pražák’s mind. peak in the years bridging the 19th and (4) Palliardi (1852) and Amerling (1852) 20th centuries (Fig. 1). For the purpose reported on Bohemian records of of this analysis I excluded the record Turdus pallidus, but they used the doubted by Haffer (1988) and I assigned name in a broad sense. No author the records listed as “before a date” to reported on Bohemian records of the current decade if they were said to T. pallidus in the current sense; the had been recorded before years 6–10 entry in Hudec (1983: 521) is thus of each decade, but I assigned them to based on a misunderstanding. the preceding decade if they were said to had been recorded before years 1–5 Acknowledgments of each decade. Three Silesian records were said to have originated from 1865– I thank Peter Adamík (Olomouc), 1878 (Haffer 1988). In absence of more David Heyrovský (Praha), Karel Hudec exact data I assigned half of them to the (Brno) and an anonymous reviewer decade 1861–70 and half to the decade for comments on the manuscript and/ 1871–80. or related discussions. Preparation It is noteworthy that the Koch’s of this manuscript was supported by specimens were recorded during the the following grants of the Ministry peak occurrence of these thrushes in the of Culture of the Czech Republic: MK mid 19th century, which supports their 00002327201 and MK 06P04OMG008. validity.

LITERATURE Conclusions Amerling K. S. 1851: Zvířena česká (Fauna The historical record of Turdus pallidus bohemica). (Pokračování). Posel z Budče and obscurus from the Czech Republic 4: 606–608, 620–621. can be summarized as follows: Amerling K. S. 1852: Fauna čili zvířena česká. (1) Both Koch’s specimens (Palliardi Vol. 1. K. Amerling, Praha. Anonymous (ed) 1842: Guide des étrangers 1852) were collected at the Ehmet à Carlsbad et dans ses environs. Frères village in westernmost Bohemia Franieck, Crarlsbad. prior to 1852, probably during Baldamus E. 1852: Auszug aus dem Protokolle 1845–1851. Both have been lost and der fünften Versammlung deutscher their taxonomic identity remains Ornithologen. Naumannia 2: 1–7. uncertain. However, considering Boháč J. & Salamanczuk R. 2007: Zmizelé

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