Natura Impact Statement for the Hand-Harvesting of Ascophyllum Nodosum in Mulroy Bay Candidate Special Area of Conservation, Co

Natura Impact Statement For the Hand-Harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum in Mulroy Bay candidate Special Area of Conservation, Co. Donegal

Produced by

AQUAFACT International Services Ltd

On behalf of

Oilean Glas Teo.

Issued 09 September 2013

AQUAFACT INTERNATIONAL SERVICES ltd 12 KILKERRIN park TUAM rd GALWAY city www.aquafact.ie [email protected] tel +353 (0) 91 756812 fax +353 (0) 91 756888 Table of Contents

1. Introduction 1

1.1. Requirement for an Article 6 Assessment ...... 1 1.2. The Aim of this Report ...... 1 1.3. Background ...... 2

2. Appropriate Assessment Process 3

2.1. Introduction ...... 3 2.2. Stages ...... 4 2.2.1. Stage 1. Screening for Appropriate Assessment ...... 5 2.2.2. Stage 2. Appropriate Assessment ...... 5 2.2.3. Stage 3. Alternative Solutions ...... 6 2.2.4. Stage 4. Imperative Reasons of Overriding Public Interest (IROPI)/Derogation ...... 6

3. Description of Proposed Activity 6

4. Screening for Appropriate Assessment 10

5. Natura 2000 Sites 20

5.1. Designated Sites of Relevance in the Harvesting Area ...... 20 5.2. Characteristics of the Designated Sites ...... 22 5.2.1. Mulroy Bay SAC (IE002159) ...... 22 5.2.2. Lough Swilly cSAC (IE002287) ...... 24 5.2.3. Leannan River cSAC (IE002176) ...... 27 5.2.4. Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park IE002047 ...... 29 5.2.5. Sheephaven cSAC (IE001190) ...... 32 5.2.6. Horn Head and Rinclevan cSAC IE000147 ...... 35 5.2.7. Lough Swilly SPA (IE004075) ...... 37 5.2.8. Lough Fern SPA (IE004060) ...... 39 5.2.9. Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA (IE004039) ...... 41 5.2.10. Greer’s Isle SPA (IE004082) ...... 42 5.2.11. Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA IE004194 ...... 43 5.3. Conservation Objectives ...... 45

6. Description of the Receiving Environment 57

6.1. Environmental Survey ...... 57 6.1.1. Aims ...... 57 6.1.2. Methods and Materials ...... 58 6.1.3. Results ...... 60 7. Assessment of the Likely Effects 67

7.1. Impacts on Mulroy Bay cSAC (Site Code: IE002159) ...... 67 7.2. Impacts on Lough Swilly cSAC (Site Code: IE002287) ...... 67 7.3. Impacts on Leannan River cSAC (Site Code: IE002176) ...... 68 7.4. Impacts on Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park cSAC (Site Code: IE002047) ...... 68 7.5. Impacts on Sheephaven cSAC (Site Code: IE001190) ...... 68 7.6. Impacts on Horn Head and Rinclevan cSAC (Site Code: IE000147) ...... 68 7.7. Impacts on Lough Swilly SPA (Site Code: IE004075) ...... 69 7.8. Impacts on Lough Fern SPA (Site Code: IE004060) ...... 69 7.9. Impacts on Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA (Site Code: IE004039) ...... 69 7.10. Impacts on Greers Isle (Site Code: IE004082) ...... 70 7.11. Impacts on Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA (Site Code: IE004194) ...... 70 7.12. In Combination Effects ...... 70

8. Mitigation Measures 70

9. Residual Impact 71

10. Conclusion 71

11. References 72

List of Figures Figure 2.1: Stages in the AA process (Source: DEHLG, 2009)...... 5 Figure 3.1: Location of the harvestable area within Mulroy Bay...... 8 Figure 3.2: Ascophyllum nodosum dominated rocky intertidal zone and harvested A. nodosum (cailleadh in Donegal Irish) bundled in nets...... 9 Figure 4.1: Location of the cSACs within 15km of the harvesting area...... 11 Figure 4.2: Location of the SPAs within 15km of the harvesting area...... 12 Figure 5.1: Location of the relevant cSACs in the vicinity of the harvesting area...... 21 Figure 5.2: Location of the relevant SPAs in the vicinity of the harvesting area...... 21 Figure 6.1: Survey locations within Mulroy Bay...... 59 Figure 6.2: Examples of the quadrats examined...... 60 Figure 6.3: Harvestable area within Mulroy Bay...... 66

List of Tables

Table 4.1: Natura 2000 sites, Qualifying Interests, Potential Impacts and Screening Assessment...... 13 Table 5.1: Natura 2000 sites of relevance with distances to the seaweed harvesting area...... 20 Table 5.2: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form ...... 22 Table 5.3: Mammals listed on Annex II of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form ...... 23 Table 5.4: Regularly occuring migratory birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC – from the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form...... 23 Table 5.5: Other species of importance – from the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form ...... 23 Table 5.6: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form ...... 25 Table 5.7: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 25 Table 5.8: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 25 Table 5.9: Mammals listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 26 Table 5.10: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna ...... 26 Table 5.11: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form ...... 28 Table 5.12: Mammals listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 28 Table 5.13: Fish listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 28 Table 5.14 Invertebrates listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 28 5.15 Plants listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 28 Table 5.16: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna ...... 29 Table 5.17: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form ...... 30 Table 5.18: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 30 Table 5.19: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 31 Table 5.20: Mammals listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 31 Table 5.21: FISHES listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 31 Table 5.22: Invertebrates listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 31 Table 5.23: Plants listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 31 Table 5.24: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna ...... 31 Table 5.25: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form ...... 33 Table 5.26: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 34 Table 5.27: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 34 Table 5.28: Plants listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 34 Table 5.29: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna ...... 34 Table 5.30: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form ...... 35 Table 5.31: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form ...... 36 Table 5.32: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 36 Table 5.33: Mammals listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 37 Table 5.34: Invertebrates listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC ...... 37 Table 5.35: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna ...... 37 Table 5.36: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 38 Table 5.37: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 38 Table 5.38: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna ...... 39 Table 5.39: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 40 Table 5.40: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 40 Table 5.41: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna ...... 40 Table 5.42: BIRDS listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 42 Table 5.43: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 42 Table 5.44: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna ...... 42 Table 5.45: Birds listed on Annex I of the Council Directive 79/409/EEC listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form43 Table 5.46: Regularly occurring migratory birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC – from the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form...... 43 Table 5.47: Other species of importance – from the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form ...... 43 Table 5.48: BIRDS listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 44 Table 5.49: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC ...... 45 Table 6.1: Data obtained from each quadrat surveyed...... 61

List of Appendices Appendix 1 Site Synopses Natura Impact Statement for the Proposed Harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum Oilean Glas Teo. in Mulroy Bay cSAC, Co. Donegal 09 September 2013

1. Introduction

1.1. Requirement for an Article 6 Assessment

Oilean Glas Teo (OGT) is applying to the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government for a Foreshore Licence for the hand-harvesting of the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum from the intertidal shoreline in Mulroy Bay, County Donegal. Mulroy Bay is a candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC; Site Code IE002159) and the area of harvesting also being close to a number of other Natura 2000 sites (see Table 5.1), it is regarded as necessary that the proposal should have due regard to Article 6 (3) of the EU Habitats Directive1 which states:

Article 6 (3): Any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the [Natura 2000] site but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subject to appropriate assessment of its implications for the [Natura 2000] site in view of the [Natura 2000] site’s conservation objectives.

This is transposed into national legislation by Regulation 31 of the European Communities (Natural Habitats) Regulations 1997.

1.2. The Aim of this Report

This Natura Impact Statement (NIS) has been prepared in accordance with the current guidance (DEHLG, 2009, Revised February 2010) and provides an assessment of the ecological impacts of the proposed seaweed harvesting operation. EPA Advice Notes on Current Practice (CAAS, 2003); EPA ‘Guidelines on the Information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements’ (CAAS, 2002); and the Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management’s Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment (IEEM, 2006).

The NIS provides the information required in order to establish whether or not the seaweed harvesting is likely to have a significant impact on the surrounding Natura 2000 sites in the context of their conservation objectives and specifically on the habitats and species for which the site has been designated.

1 Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora to beneficial consequences of primary importance for the environment or, further to an opinion from the Commission, to other imperative reasons of overriding public interest.

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By taking the ecological impact assessment in a step by step manner in relation to the habitats and species of the Natura 2000 sites, together with their conservation objectives, this report seeks to inform the screening process required as the first stage of the process pursuant to Article 6.3 of the EU Habitats Directive and also to provide full and detailed information as required for the second stage, that of Appropriate Assessment, should the competent authority decide that such an assessment is required.

The report is laid out as follows: Section 2 outlines the Appropriate Assessment procedure. Section 3 provides a description of the seaweed harvesting process, Section 4 is the Screening Assessment, Section 5 details the ecological characteristics of the Natura 2000 site and Section 6 details the baseline ecological environment. This is followed by an Assessment of the Likely Effects, Mitigation and Residual impacts in Sections 7, 8 and 9 respectively. Section 10 is the conclusion.

1.3. Background

There is a tradition of hand-harvesting of seaweeds in Donegal. This has expanded into commercial exploitation of the abundant seaweed resources of the area. One of the biggest and longest running companies was Arramara Teo which opened a factory in Meenmore, near Dungloe in Co. Donegal in 1947. This factory processed Ascophyllum nodosum, extracting alginates and manufacturing growth stimulants and feed supplements for use in agriculture and horticulture. The seaweed was all harvested by hand using traditional sickles or knives, forks, ropes and nets at low tide. The weed would be cut down, leaving about a hand’s length behind to ensure re-growth, then bound with nets and ropes and left at low shore. High tide would float the bundle which could be approximately one tone in weight, thus facilitating easier transportation to a suitable pier for collection by lorry. A report by White & Costelloe (1999) states that there were no accurate figures for the numbers of cutters but estimates the figure for Co. Donegal to be approximately 90 full-time and 250 part-time at the time. The factory in Donegal closed down in 2001. Arramara Teo still runs a seaweed processing factory in Kilkieran, Co. Galway.

OGT is seeking to continue this tradition by applying for a Foreshore Licence from the Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government to hand-harvest naturally occurring Ascophyllum nodosum from the intertidal shoreline of Mulroy Bay cSAC. This NIS focuses on the impacts that this seaweed harvesting will have on the qualifying interests of the Natura 2000 sites in and around the harvesting area.

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2. Appropriate Assessment Process

2.1. Introduction

There is a requirement, under Article 6(3) of the EU Habitats Directive (Directive 92/43/EEC), to carry out an Appropriate Assessment. The first step of the Appropriate Assessment process is to establish whether, in relation to a particular plan or project, Appropriate Assessment is required. Article 6(3) states:

‘Any plan or project not directly connected with or necessary to the management of the site but likely to have a significant effect thereon, either individually or in combination with other plans or projects, shall be subject to appropriate assessment of its implications for the site in view of the site’s conservation objectives. In the light of the conclusions of the assessment of the implications for the site and subject to the provisions of paragraph 4, the competent national authorities shall agree to the plan or project only after having ascertained that it will not adversely affect the integrity of the site concerned and, if appropriate, after having obtained the opinion of the general public.’

If the Appropriate Assessment determines that a plan of project may adversely affect the integrity of a Natura 2000 site, then Article 6 (4) may come into play. Article 6 (4) states that:

‘If, in spite of a negative assessment of the implications for the [Natura 2000] site and in the absence of alternative solutions, a plan or project must nevertheless be carried out for imperative reasons of overriding public interest, including those of a social or economic nature, Member States shall take all compensatory measures necessary to ensure that the overall coherence of Natura 2000 is protected. It shall inform the Commission of the compensatory measures adopted’.

This NIS has been prepared in accordance with the following guidance documents:

• Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland - Guidance for Planning Authorities (DEHLG 2009, Revised February 2010)

• EU Guidance document on Article 6(4) of the 'Habitats Directive' 92/43/EEC (EC, 2007); • Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites. Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC (EC, 2002); and

• Managing Natura 2000 Sites: The provisions of Article 6 of the ‘Habitats’ Directive 92/43/EEC (EC,

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2000).

Should a decision be reached to the effect that it cannot be said with sufficient certainty that the proposed activity will not have any significant effect on the Natura 2000 sites, then, as is stated above, it is necessary and appropriate to carry out an appropriate assessment of the implications of the activity for the sites in view of their conservation objectives.

The guidance for Appropriate Assessment (DEHLG, 2009, revised February 2010) states:

“AA is an impact assessment process that fits within the decision-making framework and tests of Articles 6(3) and 6(4) and, for the purposes of this guidance, it comprises two main elements. Firstly a Natura Impact Statement – i.e. a statement of the likely and possible impacts of the plan or project on a Natura 2000 site (abbreviated in the following guidance to “NIS”) must be prepared. This comprises a comprehensive ecological impact assessment of a plan or project; it examines the direct and indirect impacts that the plan or project might have on its own or in combination with other plans and projects, on one or more Natura 2000 sites in view of the sites’ conservation objectives. Secondly, the competent authority carries out the AA, based on the NIS and any other information it may consider necessary. The AA process encompasses all of the processes covered by Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive, i.e. the screening process, the NIS, the AA by the competent authority, and the record of decisions made by the competent authority at each stage of the process, up to the point at which Article 6(4) may come into play following a determination that a plan or project may adversely affect the integrity of a Natura 2000 site”.

It is the responsibility of the competent authority, in this instance the Department of the Environment, Community and local Government, to make a decision as to whether or not the seaweed harvesting (both alone and in combination with two other proposed farms) should be permitted, taking into consideration any potential impact upon the Natura 2000 sites in question.

2.2. Stages

It is stated within the EU guidelines that “where, without any detailed assessment at the screening stage, it can be assumed (because of the size or scale of the project or the characteristics of the Natura 2000 site) that significant effects are likely, it will be sufficient to move directly to the appropriate assessment (Stage Two) rather than complete the screening assessments explained below.”

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The Commission’s methodological guidance (EC, 2002) promotes a four-stage process to complete the AA, and outlines the issues and tests at each stage. An important aspect of the process is that the outcome at each successive stage determines whether a further stage in the process is required.

The four stages are summarised diagrammatically in Figure 2.1 below.

Figure 2.1: Stages in the AA process (Source: DEHLG, 2009).

2.2.1. Stage 1. Screening for Appropriate Assessment

Screening is the process that addresses and records the reasoning and conclusions in relation to the first two tests of Article 6(3): i. whether a plan or project is directly connected to or necessary for the management of the site, and ii. whether a plan or project, alone or in combination with other plans and projects, is likely to have significant effects on a Natura 2000 site in view of its conservation objectives. If the effects are deemed to be significant, potentially significant, or uncertain, or if the screening process becomes overly complicated, then the process must proceed to Stage 2 (AA). Screening should be undertaken without the inclusion of mitigation, unless potential impacts clearly can be avoided through the modification or redesign of the plan or project, in which case the screening process is repeated on the altered plan. The greatest level of evidence and justification is needed in circumstances where the process ends at the screening stage on grounds of no impact.

2.2.2. Stage 2. Appropriate Assessment

This stage considers whether the plan or project, alone or in combination with other projects or plans, will have an adverse effect on the integrity of a Natura 2000 site, and includes any mitigation measures necessary to avoid, reduce or offset negative effects. The proponent of the plan or project will be required to submit a Natura Impact Statement, i.e. the report of a targeted professional scientific examination of the plan or project and the relevant Natura 2000 sites, to identify and characterise any possible implications for the site in view of the site’s conservation objectives, taking account of in combination effects. This should provide information to enable the competent authority to carry out the appropriate assessment. If the assessment is negative, i.e. adverse effects on the integrity of a site cannot be excluded, then the process must proceed to Stage 4, or the plan or project should be abandoned. The AA is carried out by the

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competent authority, and is supported by the NIS.

2.2.3. Stage 3. Alternative Solutions

This stage examines any alternative solutions or options that could enable the plan or project to proceed without adverse effects on the integrity of a Natura 2000 site. The process must return to Stage 2 as alternatives will require appropriate assessment in order to proceed. Demonstrating that all reasonable alternatives have been considered and assessed, and that the least damaging option has been selected, is necessary to progress to Stage 4.

2.2.4. Stage 4. Imperative Reasons of Overriding Public Interest (IROPI)/Derogation

Stage 4 is the main derogation process of Article 6(4) which examines whether there are imperative reasons of overriding public interest (IROPI) for allowing a plan or project that will have adverse effects on the integrity of a Natura 2000 site to proceed in cases where it has been established that no less damaging alternative solution exists.

The extra protection measures for Annex I priority habitats come into effect when making the IROPI case2. Compensatory measures must be proposed and assessed. The Commission must be informed of the compensatory measures. Compensatory measures must be practical, implementable, likely to succeed, proportionate and enforceable, and they must be approved by the Minister.

3. Description of Proposed Activity

Ascophyllum nodosum is a perennial brown intertidal seaweed A. nodosum, which occurs on mid to low intertidal rocky shores at a variety of exposures, except those most exposed to wave action (see Figure 3.2). It is considered the dominant seaweed species on most of the Irish intertidal coastline. An Ascophyllum bed is dominated by Ascophyllum clumps, or the zone on the shore that is recognised by the biomass of Ascophyllum (Kelly et al., 2001). Typically, 8-15cm of growth is produced annually and the sections of shoots between successive vesicles or internodes generally record annual growth increments (Kelly et al., 2001). Ascophyllum regenerates both sexually and asexually. To regenerate sexually, gametes are released in spring into the water column from the conceptacles on the surface of club shaped lateral swellings called receptacles. However, the constant production of shoots form the base of the plant (by asexual

2 IROPI reasons that may be raised for sites hosting priority habitats are those relating to human health, public safety or beneficial consequences of primary importance to the environment. In the case of other IROPI, the opinion of the Commission is necessary and should be included in the AA 6 JN1211

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regeneration) is clearly more important in maintaining the population of Ascophyllum than the re-growth from fertilised eggs (Stengel & Dring, 1997). Guiry (1997) has reported that if lengths of 10-20cm of A. nodosum are left uncut the plants can recover and re-harvest s possible in 3-6 years.

OGT is planning to harvest up to 2,000t wet weight of Ascophyllum nodosum per annum for processing in its plant at Kilcar, Co. Donegal which produces fertilisers and feeds for animals. This will be collected from the harvestable area within Rutland Island and Sound cSAC (see Figure 3.1). Guiry and Morrison (2013) note that between 8,000 – 28,000t of A. nodosum were harvested annually in Ireland between 1964 and 2013. They go on to note that estimate for the national biomass of this alga vary from 159,000t (+45,000) by Cullinane (1984) down to 75,000t by Hession et al. (1998). They comment that the large difference in estimates relates to different assessment methods employed but go on to state that “there are sufficient unharvested areas to

satisfy any requirement for conservation”.

The seaweed will be harvested by hand in the tradition manner. This involves using local cutters each working within a specific area. The seaweed will be cut at low tide using a knife, leaving approximately 15- 20cm attached to the substrate to ensure re-growth of the plant. The seaweed will then be gathered using a fork into bundles (called cailleadh/callaí in Donegal Irish)of approximately 1t, which are bound by nets (see Figure 3.2) and ropes and left on the intertidal shoreline. These bundles float at high water and are towed by small boat to a suitable pier for collection by a lorry with a crane that lifts the cailleadh off the sea bed and onto the lorry.

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Figure 3.1: Location of the harvestable area within Mulroy Bay.

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Figure 3.2: Ascophyllum nodosum dominated rocky intertidal zone and harvested A. nodosum (cailleadh in Donegal Irish) bundled in nets.

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4. Screening for Appropriate Assessment

This screening stage serves to identify only those Natura 2000 sites in the vicinity of the seaweed harvesting areas that have qualifying interests which may be impacted upon by the proposed activity. Figures 4.1 and 4.2 show the cSACs and SPAs within 15km of the harvesting area respectively and Table 4.1 details the qualifying interests of each of the Natura 2000 sites, the potential impact (if any) upon them and the screening assessment for each qualifying interest. Those sites or individual qualifying interests that are screened out at this stage (primarily as a result of being too great a distance away and having different habitat requirements) are not assessed further in this Natura Impact Statement. Those sites / qualifying interests that are screened in for further Appropriate Assessment are highlighted in the Table 4.1.

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Figure 4.1: Location of the cSACs within 15km of the harvesting area.

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Figure 4.2: Location of the SPAs within 15km of the harvesting area.

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Table 4.1: Natura 2000 sites, Qualifying Interests, Potential Impacts and Screening Assessment.

Natura 2000 Site Site Qualifying Interests Potential Impacts Screening Code Assessment Mulroy Bay SAC IE002159 1160 Large shallow inlet and bay Potential Interaction Screened In for AA 1170 Reefs Potential Interaction Screened In for AA 1355 Otter Lutra lutra Potential Interaction Screened In for AA Kindrum Lough IE001151 1833 Slender naiad (Najas flexilis) [1833] None-due to habitat Screened out SAC 3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains None-due to habitat Screened out (Littorelletalia uniflorae) Ballyhoorisky IE001975 1014 Narrow-mouthed Whorl Snail Vertigo angustior None-due to habitat Screened out Point to Fanad 1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks None-due to distance and Screened out habitat Head SAC 1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts None-due to habitat Screened out 1833 Slender naiad (Najas flexilis) None-due to habitat Screened out 3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains None-due to habitat Screened out (Littorelletalia uniflorae) 3140 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp. None-due to habitat Screened out Lough Nagreany IE000164 1833 Slender naiad (Najas flexilis) None-due to habitat Screened out Dunes SAC 2110 Embryonic shifting dunes None-due to habitat Screened out 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) None-due to habitat Screened out 2140 Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrum None-due to habitat Screened out 2150 Atlantic decalcified fixed dunes (Calluno-Ulicetea) None-due to habitat Screened out 2170 Dunes with Salix repens ssp.argentea (Salix arenariae) None-due to habitat Screened out North Inishowen IE002012 1014 Narrow-mouthed Whorl Snail (Vertigo angustior) None-not intertidal Screened out Coast cSAC 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater None-due to distance Screened out at low tide 1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks None-due to distance Screened out 1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 1355 Otter (Lutra lutra) None-due to distance Screened out 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation None – due to distance Screened out

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Natura 2000 Site Site Qualifying Interests Potential Impacts Screening Code Assessment ("grey dunes") and habitat 21A0 Machair None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 4030 European dry heaths None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 2190 Humid dune slacks None – due to distance Screened out and habitat Lough Swilly IE002287 1130 Estuaries None – due to distance Screened out and habitat SAC 1150 Coastal lagoons None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 1320 Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 1355 Otter (Lutra lutra) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA 91A0 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in British Isles None-due to habitat Screened out Leannan River IE002176 1029 Freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat SAC 1106 Salmon (Salmo salar) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 1355 Otter (Lutra lutra) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA 1833 Slender naiad (Najas flexilis) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains None – due to distance Screened out (Littorelletalia uniflorae) and habitat Ballyarr Wood SAC IE000116 91A0 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in British Isles None – due to distance Screened out and habitat Cloghernagore IE002047 1029 Freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat Bog and 1106 Salmon (Salmo salar) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat

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Natura 2000 Site Site Qualifying Interests Potential Impacts Screening Code Assessment Glenveagh 1355 Otter (Lutra lutra) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA National Park 1421 Killarney fern (Trichomanes speciosum) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat SAC 3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains None – due to distance Screened out (Littorelletalia uniflorae) and habitat 3260 Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and None – due to distance Screened out Callitricho-Batrachion vegetation and habitat 4010 Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 4030 European dry heaths None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 6410 Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clavey-silt-laden soils (Molinion None – due to distance Screened out caeruleae) and habitat 7130 Blanket bog (*active only) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 7150 Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 91A0 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in British Isles None – due to distance Screened out and habitat Muckish IE001179 3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains None – due to distance Screened out (Littorelletalia uniflorae) and habitat Mountain SAC 4010 Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 4030 European dry heaths None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 7130 Blanket bog (*active only) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 8110 Siliceous scree of the montane to snow levels (Androsacetalia alpinae and None – due to distance Screened out

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Natura 2000 Site Site Qualifying Interests Potential Impacts Screening Code Assessment Galeopsietalia ladani) and habitat 8220 Siliceous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation None – due to distance Screened out and habitat Sheephaven IE001190 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide Potential Interaction Screened in for AA SAC 1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) None-due to habitat Screened out 1395 Petalwort (Petalophyllum ralfsii) None-due to habitat Screened out 1410 Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) None-due to habitat Screened out 2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) None-due to habitat Screened out 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) None-due to habitat Screened out 21A0 Machair None-due to habitat Screened out 91A0 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in British Isles None-due to habitat Screened out Tranarossan and IE000194 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide None-due to distance Screened out Melmore Lough 1210 Annual vegetation of drift lines None-due to habitat Screened out SAC 1220 Perennial vegetation of stony banks None-due to distance Screened out 1230 Vegetated sea cliffs of the Atlantic and Baltic coasts None-due to habitat Screened out 1395 Petalwort (Petalophyllum ralfsii) None-due to habitat Screened out 2110 Embryonic shifting dunes None-due to habitat Screened out 2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) None-due to habitat Screened out 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) None-due to habitat Screened out 2140 Decalcified fixed dunes with Empetrum nigrum None-due to habitat Screened out 2170 Dunes with Salix repens ssp.argentea (Salix arenariae) None-due to habitat Screened out 21A0 Machair None-due to habitat Screened out 2140 Hard oligo-mesotrophic waters with benthic vegetation of Chara spp. None-due to habitat Screened out 4030 European dry heaths None-due to habitat Screened out 4060 Alpine and Boreal heaths None-due to habitat Screened out Horn Head and IE000147 1013 Geyer’s whorl snail Vertigo geyeri None – due to distance Screened out and habitat Rinclevan SAC 1364 Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA 1395 Petalwort (Petalophyllum ralfsii) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 1833 Slender naiad (Najas flexilis) None – due to distance Screened out

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Natura 2000 Site Site Qualifying Interests Potential Impacts Screening Code Assessment and habitat 2110 Embryonic shifting dunes None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 2120 Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (white dunes) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 2130 Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (grey dunes) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 2170 Dunes with Salix repens ssp.argentea (Salix arenariae) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 2190 Humid dune slacks None – due to distance Screened out and habitat 21A0 Machairs None – due to distance Screened out and habitat Sessiagh Lough IE000185 1833 Slender naiad (Najas flexilis) None – due to distance Screened out and habitat SAC 3110 Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains None – due to distance Screened out (Littorelletalia uniflorae) and habitat Lough Swilly IE004075 A005 Great Crested Grebe (Podiceps cristatus) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA SPA A028 Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A038 Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A043 Greylag Goose (Anser anser) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A048 Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A050 Wigeon (Anas penelope) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A052 Teal (Anas crecca) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A053 Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A056 Shoveler (Anas clypeata) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A062 Scaup (Aythya marila) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA

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Natura 2000 Site Site Qualifying Interests Potential Impacts Screening Code Assessment A067 Goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A069 Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A125 Coot (Fulica atra) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A130 Oystercatcher (Haematopus ostralegus) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A143 Knot (Calidris canutus) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A149 Dunlin (Calidris alpina) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A160 Curlew (Numenius arquata) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A162 Redshank (Tringa totanus) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A164 Greenshank (Tringa nebularia) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A179 Black-headed Gull (Larus ridibundus) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A182 Common Gull (Larus canus) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A191 Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A193 Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A395 Greenland White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons flavirostris) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A999 Wetlands & Waterbirds Potential Interaction Screened in for AA Lough Fern SPA IE004060 A059 Pochard (Aythya ferina) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A999 Wetlands & Waterbirds Potential Interaction Screened in for AA Derryveagh and IE004039 A001 Red-throated Diver (Gavia stellata) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA Glendowan A098 Merlin (Falco columbarius) None-due to habitat Screened out Mountains SPA A103 Peregrine (Falco peregrinus) None-due to habitat Screened out A140 Golden Plover (Pluvialis apricaria) Potential Interaction Screened In for AA A466 Dunlin (Calidris alpine schinzii) Potential Interaction Screened In for AA Greers Isle SPA IE 004082 A179 Black-headed Gull (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA

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Natura 2000 Site Site Qualifying Interests Potential Impacts Screening Code Assessment A182 Common Gull (Larus canus) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A191 Sandwich Tern (Sterna sandvicensis) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA Horn Head to Fanad IE004194 A009 Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) None –due to habitat Screened out Head SPA A017 Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA A018 Shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) None – due to habitat Screened out A103 Peregrine (Falco peregrinus) None – due to habitat Screened out A188 Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) None – due to habitat Screened in for AA A199 Guillemot (Uria aalge) None – due to habitat Screened in for AA A200 Razorbill (Alca torda) None – due to habitat Screened in for AA A346 Chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) [A346] None – due to habitat Screened in for AA A395 Greenland White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons flavirostris) None – due to habitat Screened in for AA A396 Barnacle Goose (Branta leucopsis) Potential Interaction Screened in for AA Fanad Head SPA IE004148 A122 Corncrake (Crex crex) None-due to habitat Screened Out

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Natura Impact Statement for the Proposed Harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum Oilean Glas Teo. in Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal September 2013

5. Natura 2000 Sites

5.1. Designated Sites of Relevance in the Harvesting Area

Following the Screening Stage, the designated Natura 2000 sites of relevance to the proposed seaweed harvesting activities are the Mulroy Bay cSAC (IE002159), Sheephaven cSAC (IE001190) and Greers Isle SPA (IE004082) which occur within Mulroy Bay where harvesting will, Lough Swilly cSAC (IE002287), Leannan River cSAC (IE002176), Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park cSAC (IE002047), Horn Head and Rinclevan SAC (IE000147), Lough Swilly SPA (IE004075), Lough Fern SPA (IE004060), Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA (IE004039) and Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA (IE004194).

Table 5.1 lists these Natura 2000 sites and their distances from the seaweed harvesting area. Figure 5.1 and 5.2 show their locations in relation to harvesting area.

Table 5.1: Natura 2000 sites of relevance with distances to the seaweed harvesting area.

Site Name Site Code Minimum Distance from Harvesting Area Mulroy Bay cSAC IE002159 0m within Lough Swilly cSAC IE002287 c. 6.6 southeast Leannan River cSAC IE002176 c. 3.6km south Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh IE002047 c. 6.7km west National Park cSAC Sheephaven cSAC IE001190 0km within Horn Head and Rinclevan SAC IE000147 c. 7.4km west Lough Swilly SPA IE004075 c. 6.2km southeast Lough Fern SPA IE004060 c. 3.9km south Derryveagh and Glendowan IE004039 c. 7.5km west Mountains SPA Greers Isle SPA IE004082 0km within Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA IE004194 c. 2.6km northwest

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Natura Impact Statement for the Proposed Harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum Oilean Glas Teo. in Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal September 2013

Figure 5.1: Location of the relevant cSACs in the vicinity of the harvesting area.

Figure 5.2: Location of the relevant SPAs in the vicinity of the harvesting area.

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Natura Impact Statement for the Proposed Harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum Oilean Glas Teo. in Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal September 2013

5.2. Characteristics of the Designated Sites

5.2.1. Mulroy Bay SAC (IE002159)

Mulroy Bay is a sheltered, narrow inlet located on the north coast of Co. Donegal. It opens to the Atlantic on the north cost of Co. Donegal. It has three significant narrows where the current is very strong. The Moross peninsula separates North Water from Broad Water. Bedrock is principally metamorphic quartzite, limestone, schist and gneiss, with intrusive granite at the mouth.

Mulroy Bay contains two habitats listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive – reefs and large shallow inlets and bays. The site contains a good range of different sediment types which includes coarse sand, the free-living red calcareous algae called maerl, a variety of exposed and sheltered reefs with strong to weak currents. Extremely sheltered reefs subject to weak currents are rare in Ireland. The variety of different habitats within the site is reflected in the high number of communities found in the bay and the high species diversity.

Rare species found in Mulroy Bay include Couches goby (Gobius couchi), the file shell (Limaria hians), the anthozoan Paraerythropodium coralloides and the hydroid Halecium muricatum. Species with a very restricted distribution or which are close to the limits of their distribution are the red alga Dudresnay verticillata and the tectibranch Haminoea navicula. A large population of the scallop Pectin maximus occurs in Mulroy Bay and is now commercially managed. Much of the shores of Mulroy Bay are a mixture of boulder, cobbles and gravel which support a community characterised largely by Ascophyllum nodosum typical of these conditions.

Otter, a species listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive, is present in Mulroy. The bay also supports significant numbers of wintering birds, with Mute Swan present in nationally important numbers and several species recorded in regionally important numbers (Brent Goose, Shelduck, Wigeon, Teal, Red-breasted Merganser, Oystercatcher and Dunlin) (NPWS, 2001b).

The relevant ecological information in the Standard Data Form for Mulroy Bay SAC IE002159 is summarised in Tables 5.2 to 5.5 (NPWS, 2001). A site synopsis for this cSAC can be found in Appendix 1.

Table 5.2: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Qualifying Habitat Code % Cover

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Qualifying Habitat Code % Cover Large shallow inlets and bays 1160 90 Reefs 1170 5

Table 5.3: Mammals listed on Annex II of the Council Directive 92/43/EEC listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Species Name Common Name Code Lutra lutra Otter 1355

Table 5.4: Regularly occuring migratory birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC – from the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Species Name Common Name Code Branta bernicla Brent Goose A046 Tadorna tadorna Shelduck A048 Anas penelope Eurasian Widgeon A050 Anas crecca Eurasian Teal A052 Mergus merganser Common Merganser A070 Haematopus ostralegus Eurasian Oystercatcher A130 Calidris alpina Dunlin A149

Table 5.5: Other species of importance – from the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Species Name Common Name Group Cygnus olor Mute Swan Bird Gobius couchi Couch’s Goby Fish Stellatta grubii Sponge Invertebrate Dercitus bucklandii Sponge Invertebrate Raspailia aculeata Sponge Invertebrate Halecium muricatum Hydrozoan Invertebrate Parerythropodium coralloides Pink Sea Fingers Invertebrate Sarcodictyon roseum Soft Coral Invertebrate Haminoea navicula Bubble Shell Invertebrate

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Species Name Common Name Group Aeolidiella alderi Nudibranch Invertebrate Limaria hians Gaping File Shell Invertebrate Paracentrotus lividus Purple Sea Urchin Invertebrate Lithothamnion corallioides Maerl Invertebrate Lithothamnion glaciale Maerl Invertebrate Odonthalia dentata Red Seaweed Plant Drachiella spectabilis Red Seaweed Plant Zostera marina Seagrass Plant

5.2.2. Lough Swilly cSAC (IE002287)

This large site, situated in the northern part of Co. Donegal, comprises the inner part of Lough Swilly. It extends from below Letterkenny to just north of Buncrana. Lough Swilly is a long sea-lough, cutting through a variety of metamorphic rocks on the west side of Inishowen. The site is estuarine in character, with shallow water and intertidal sand and mud flats being the dominant habitats.

The main rivers flowing into the site are the Swilly, Lennan and Crana. At low tide, extensive sand and mud flats are exposed, especially at the mouths of the Swilly and Lennan rivers. Bivalves and polychaete worms are well represented in the macro-invertebrate fauna, with species such as Cockles (Cerastoderma edule), Mussels (Mytilus edulis), Baltic Tellin (Macoma balthica), Ragworm (Nereis diversicolor) and Sand Mason (Lanice conchilega) being common. Cord-grass (Spartina anglica) is well established on parts of the intertidal flats. The shoreline above the flats varies from bedrock shore to shingle or cobbles, and here is found a scattering of salt tolerant plants such as Scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis), Sea Milkwort (Glaux maritima) and Red Fescue (Festuca rubra).

Salt marshes are well represented in the inner sheltered areas of the site, with good examples in the Ramelton area. The marshes are the Atlantic salt meadow type, and are characterised by such species as Thrift (Armeria maritima), Sea Milkwort (Glaux maritima), Sea Aster (Aster tripolium), Sea Arrowgrass (Triglochin maritima) and Red Fescue (Festuca rubra). Lakes which are lagoonal in character occur at Inch and Blanket Nook. Inch Lough is a good example of a large, shallow lagoon with very low salinity in most of the lagoon.

This site is of conservation importance as it contains good examples of at least four habitats listed on Annex I

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of the EU Habitats Directive (estuaries, lagoons, Atlantic salt meadows, old oak woods) and supports a population of Otter (NPWS, 2003b).

The relevant ecological information in the Standard Data Form for the Lough Swilly cSAC IE002287 is summarised in Tables 5.6 to 5.10 (NPWS, 2000). A site synopsis for this cSAC can be found in Appendix 1.

Table 5.6: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Qualifying Habitat Code % Cover Estuaries 1130 60 Coastal Lagoons 1150 2 Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae) 1320 1 Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles 91A0 1 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) 1330 1

Table 5.7: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name code Gavia immer Great Northern Diver A003 Podiceps auritus Horned Grebe A007 Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan A038 Pluvialis apricaria Golden Plover A140 Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit A157 Anser albifrons flavirostris Greenland White-fronted Goose A395

Table 5.8: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name code Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe A005 Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant A017 Anser anser Greylag Goose A043 Branta bernicla Brent goose A046 Tadorna tadorna Shelduck A048 Anas penelope Wigeon A050 Anas crecca Teal A052

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Species Name Common Name code Anas platyrhynchos Mallard A053 Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler A056 Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck A061 Aythya marila Greater Scaup A062 Bucephala clangula Common Goldeneye A067 Mergus merganser Common Merganser A070 Fulica atra Coot A125 Haematopus ostralegus Oystercatcher A130 Pluvialis squatarola Black-bellied Plover A141 Charadrius hiaticula Common Ringed Plover A137 Vanellus vanellus Northern Lapwing A142 Calidris canutus Red Knot A143 Calidris alpina Dunlin A149 Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit A156 Numenius arquata Curlew A160 Tringa totanus Redshank A162 Tringa nebularia Greenshank A164 Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone A169

Table 5.9: Mammals listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

Species Name Common Name code Lutra lutra Otter 1355

Table 5.10: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna

Species Name Common Name Group Lepus timidus hibernicus Irish Hare Mammal Mustela erminea Stoat Mammal Ncytalus leisleri Lesser Noctule Bat Mammal Rana temporaria Frog Amphibian Lecerta vivipara Lizard Reptile

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Species Name Common Name Group Salmo trutta Brown Trout Fish Cygnus olor Mute Swan Bird Ardea cinerea Grey Heron Bird Chara canescens Green Alga Plant Chaetomorpha linum Green Alga Plant Ruppia maritima Tassel pondweed Plant Lekanesphaera hookeri Ispod Invertebrate Palaemonetes varians Shrimp Invertebrate Sigara stagnalis Water Boatman Invertebrate Sigara concinna Water Boatman Invertebrate Conopeum seurati Bryozoan Invertebrate Cordylophora caspia Hydroid Invertebrate Jaera ischiosetosa Isopod Invertebrate Jaera nordmanni Isopod Invertebrate Neomysis Shrimp Invertebrate

5.2.3. Leannan River cSAC (IE002176)

The Leannan River rises in northwest Donegal and flows into the sea at Ramelton, Lough Swilly. It is c .46 km long and includes the following lakes: Fern, Gartan and Akibbon. The main tributaries within the site are the lower Glashagh and Lurgy. The entire catchment is just under 300 km2 (NPWS, 2006b). The site is a candidate SAC selected for lowland oligotrophic lakes, a habitat listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is also selected for the following species listed on Annex II of the same directive - Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Atlantic Salmon, Otter and the plant, Slender Naiad.

Water quality of the river was good but there have been some impacts on Q values due to a land fill site. The river banks are more or less continuously fringed by deciduous woodland. The adjacent habitat is mainly wet grassland which has been improved to varying degrees for grazing. There are a number of weirs c. 5 km upstream of Ramelton.

Gartan Lough and Lough Akibbon are excellent examples of lowland oligotrophic lakes, a habitat listed in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. Both are medium sized lakes and plant species include Shoreweed

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(Litorella uniflora), Quillwort (Isoetes lacustris), Water Lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna), Bulbous Rush (Juncus bulbosus), Bog Pondweed (Potamogeton polygonifolius) and the scarce Pillwort (Pilularia globulifera). Of particular note is the presence of Slender Naiad (Najas flexilis) in Akibbon, as this species is listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive. The other large lake in the site, Lough Fern, is a mesotrophic-eutrophic system.

A principal interest of this site lies in the presence of a population of Freshwater Pearl-mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera), a species listed on Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive and also protected under the Wildlife Act 1976. A survey in 1995 estimated the population within the site at about 1,000 individuals, ranging in age from comparatively young (< 5 years) to elderly (80+ years).

The site is also selected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), a species listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive. Otter (Lutra lutra) also occur in the river.

The relevant ecological information in the Standard Data Form for the Leannan River cSAC IE002176 is summarised in Tables 5.11 to 5.16 (NPWS, 1997a). A site synopsis for this cSAC can be found in Appendix 1.

Table 5.11: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Qualifying Habitat Code % Cover Oligotrophic lakes 3110 20

Table 5.12: Mammals listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

Species Name Common Name code Lutra lutra Otter 1355

Table 5.13: Fish listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

Species Name Common Name code Salmo salar Atlantic Salmon 1106

Table 5.14 Invertebrates listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Margaritifera margaritifera Pearl Mussel 1029

5.15 Plants listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

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Species Name Common Name Code Najas flexilis Slender Naiad 1833

Table 5.16: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna

Species Name Common Name Group Carum verticillatum Whorled Caraway Plant Trollius europaeus Globe Flower Plant Pilularia globulifera Pillwort Plant Prunus padus Bird Cherry Plant Omalotheca sylvatica Woodland Arctic Cudweed Plant Pseudorchis albida Bog Orchid Plant Salvelinus alpinus Arctic Char Fish Nyctalus leisleri Leisler's Bat Mammal

5.2.4. Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park IE002047

The site is a candidate SAC selected for blanket bog, a priority habitat on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is also selected as a candidate SAC for lowland oligotrophic lakes, floating river vegetation, alpine heath, dry heath, wet heath, Molinia meadows, old Oak woodlands, Rhynchosporion, all habitats listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is also selected for the following species listed on Annex II of the same directive – Killarney Fern, Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Atlantic Salmon and Otter.

Bird Life is well represented with several Red Data Book species, listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, breeding within the area, namely: Red-throated Diver, Golden Plover, Merlin and Peregrine. A small flock of Greenland White-fronted Geese, also listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive, feed on some of the bogs in winter. The Red Data Book species, Goosander and Wood Warbler, both breed on the site. Generally, the woodlands are favoured by Siskin,

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The site is of high scientific and conservation value, particularly for the large areas of excellent, little- damaged blanket bog it contains. It also includes good quality examples of seminatural deciduous woodland, heath, oligotrophic lakes and inland cliffs. The importance of the site is increased by the presence of a wide range of plant and animal species, including many rare or threatened Red Data Book species, and several that are listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive or Annex I of the EU Birds Directive.

The relevant ecological information in the Standard Data Form for the Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park IE002047 is summarised in Tables 5.17 to 5.24 (NPWS, 1997b). A site synopsis for this cSAC can be found in Appendix 1.

Table 5.17: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Qualifying Habitat Code % Cover

Blanket bogs 7130 57

Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix 4010 10

Alpine and Boreal heaths 4060 6

Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains 3110 4 (Littorelletalia uniflorae)

Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion 7150 1

Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles 91A0 1

Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey‐silt‐laden soils 6410 1 (Molinion caeruleae)

European dry heaths 4030 1

Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion 3260 1 fluitantis and Callitricho‐Batrachion vegetation

Table 5.18: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code

Gavia stellata Red Throated Diver A001 Falco columbarius Merlin A098

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Species Name Common Name Code

Falco peregrinus Peregrine A103 Pluvialis apricaria Golden Plover A140 Anser albifrons flavirostris Greenland White Fronted Goose A395

Table 5.19: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Phoenicurus phoenicurus Redstart A274 Turdus torquatus Ring Ouzel A282 Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood Warbler A314

Table 5.20: Mammals listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Lutra lutra Otter 1364

Table 5.21: FISHES listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Salmo salar Atlantic Salmon 1190

Table 5.22: Invertebrates listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Margaritifera margaritifera Freshwater Pearl Mussel 1029

Table 5.23: Plants listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Trichomanes speciosum Killarney Fern 1421

Table 5.24: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna

Species Name Common Name Group

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Species Name Common Name Group Lagopus lagopus Grouse Bird Lepus timidus hibernicus Irish Hare Mammal Meles meles Badger Mammal Rana temporaria Frog Amphibian Lacerta vivipara Lizard Reptile Salvelinus alpinus Artic charr Fish Hypoderma diana Warble Fly Invertebrate Cephenomyia auribarbis Deer Botfly Invertebrate Omalotheca sylvatica Woodland Artic Cudweed Plant Pseudorchis albida Small White Orchid Plant Prunus padus Bird Cherry Plant Saussurea alpina Alpine Saw-wort Plant Saxifraga oppositifolia Purple Saxifrage Plant Chaenotheca brachypoda Needle Lichen Plant Rinodina orculariopsis Lichen Plant Carum verticillatum Whorled Caraway Plant Rana temporaria Common Frog Amphibian Lepus timidus hibernicus Mountain Hare Mammal Meles meles Badger Mammal Lagopus lagopus Red Grouse Bird

5.2.5. Sheephaven cSAC (IE001190)

Sheephaven Bay is a north-facing bay, situated north of Creeslough on the north-west coast of Co. Donegal. The site occupies the entire inner part of the bay, and includes the intertidal area at Carrickgart. The bedrock geology of the site is quite varied, with schist (at least two types), quartzite and metadolerite present. The site receives the flows of a number of rivers, notably the Lackagh River, the Duntally River, the Faymore River and the Carrownamaddy River. The site contains a diversity of habitats ranging from mudflats, salt marshes and sand dunes to lakes, rivers, heath, scrub and woodland.

Extensive areas of intertidal sands and muds occur at The Back Strand, Ards Strand, Doo Castle Strand and at

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Carrickgart. Marble Hill Strand is a north-east-facing beach on the west side of the bay. The sediment here is fine well-sorted sand, and the communities present are representative of shores moderately exposed to wave action to sheltered from wave action. The rare hermit crab Diogenes pugilator is present at its most northerly record station in Ireland.

Large areas of sand dune occur at Rosapenna and at Marble Hill. A relatively small area of sand dune machair occurs on flat to gently undulating ground, behind the dune system, to the north-west of Carrigart village. An extensive area of salt marsh occurs at Back Strand, with further areas at Ards strand and to the west of Carrigart village. The site includes several areas of woodland such as Creeslough and Ards Forest Park, the latter which supports two rare species of Myxomycete fungus Cribraria rufa and Stemonitopsis hyperopta.

The intertidal mud and sand flats support moderate numbers of waterfowl in autumn and winter. These include Shelduck (75), Wigeon (414), Teal (129), Mallard (117), Oystercatcher (155), Ringed Plover (48), Dunlin (107) and Curlew (86) (data from 1984/85-86/87 period). The site is sometimes used by the population of Barnacle Geese which is nowadays is centered at the New Lake at Dunfanaghy. This flock numbers up to 300 (NPWS, 2001c). Barnacle Goose is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. Other Annex I species associated with the site are Chough (2 possible breeding pairs), Peregrine (occasional visitor) and Common Tern. Terns have not been recorded breeding in recent years though suitable habitat exists. Part of the site is a Wildfowl Sanctuary.

The site is of particular conservation significance for the presence of good examples of several habitats listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive and for the important bird populations it supports. The relevant ecological information in the Standard Data Form for Sheephaven cSAC IE001190 is summarised in Tables 5.25 to 5.29 (NPWS, 1999a). A site synopsis for this cSAC can be found in Appendix 1.

Table 5.25: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Qualifying Habitat Code % Cover

Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide 1140 45

* Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation ("grey dunes") 2130 15

Machair 21A0 3

Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles 91A0 1

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Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae) 1330 1

Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) 1410 1

Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila 2120 1 arenaria (`white dunes`)

Table 5.26: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code

Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose A045

Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Red-billed Chough A346

Table 5.27: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name code Tadorna tadorna Shelduck A048 Anas penelope Wigeon A050 Anas crecca Teal A052 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard A053 Haematopus ostralegus Oystercatcher A130 Charadrius hiaticula Common Ringed Plover A137 Calidris alpina Dunlin A149 Numenius arquata Curlew A160 Tringa nebularia Greenshank A164 Vanellus vanellus Lapwing A142 Branta bernicla Brent Goose A046

Table 5.28: Plants listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Petalophyllum ralfsii Petalwort 1395

Table 5.29: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna

Species Name Common Name Group

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Species Name Common Name Group Lepus timidus hibernicus Irish Hare Mammal Meles meles Badger Mammal Rana temporaria Frog Amphibian Diogenes pugilator Hermit Crab Invertebrate

5.2.6. Horn Head and Rinclevan cSAC IE000147

This area is situated to the west of Dunfanaghy Co.Donegal. The bedrock is characterised by quartzite with smaller amounts of schist and dolerite. Large expanses of sand are present in the south-western and eastern sections of the site, while peaty soils and occasional rock outcrops of rock, characterise the northern portion.

The site comprises a complex of coastal habitats of which open marine areas, sea-cliff, sand dunes, blanket bog and heath occupy the largest areas. Other habitats include intertidal sand and mud flats, wet grassland and improved grassland. The main land uses within the site are agriculture and recreational activities.

The cliffs at Horn Head are of high importance for seabirds, supporting an internationally important population of Alca torda, and nationally important populations of Fulmarus glacilis, Rissa tridactyla and Uria aalge. The Annex I Bird Directive species Falco peregrinus and Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax breed within the site. Wintering populations of Cygnus cygnus, Anser albifrons flavirostris and Branta leucopsis occur, the latter two being of national importance, along with a variety of other waterfowl species. Breeding waders are also found, notably Calidris alpina, a Red Data Book species (NPWS, 2003c).

The relevant ecological information in the Standard Data Form for Horn Head and Rinclevan cSAC IE000147 is summarised in Tables 5.30 to 5.35 (NPWS, 1999b). A site synopsis for this cSAC can be found in Appendix 1.

Table 5.30: Relevant Annex I habitats listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Qualifying Habitat Code % Cover Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous 2130 12 vegetation ("grey dunes") Shifting dunes along the shoreline with 2120 2 Ammophila arenaria ("white dunes")

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Qualifying Habitat Code % Cover Dunes with Salix repens ssp. argentea (Salix 2170 1 arenariae) Machair 21A0 1 Humid dune slacks 2190 1 Embryonic shifting dunes 2110 1

Table 5.31: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Species Name Common Name Code Anser albifrons Greenland White Fronted A395 flBranta i tleucopsis i Barnacle Goose A396 Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan A038 Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon A103 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Chough A346

Table 5.32: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Common Name Code Fulmarus glacialis Fulmar A009 Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant A017 Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake A188 Uria aalge Common Murre A199 Alca torda Razorbill A200 Fratercula arctica Puffin A204 Haematopus ostralegus Eurasian Oystercatcher A130 Vanellis vanellus Lapwing A142 Branta bernicla Barnacle Goose A046 Calidris alpina Dunlin A149 Numenius arquata Eurasian Curlew A160 Tringa totanus Redshank A162 Anas penelope Eurasian Wigeon A050 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard A053 Fulica atra Coot A125 Aythya ferina Common Pochard A059 Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck A061

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Species Common Name Code Charadrius hiaticula Common Ringed Plover A137

Table 5.33: Mammals listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Halichoerus grypus Grey seal 1364

Table 5.34: Invertebrates listed on Annex II of Council directive 92/43/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code 1013 Vertigo geyeri Geyer’s Whorl Snail 1013

Table 5.35: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna

Species Name Common Name Group Ligusticum scoticum Scots Lovage Plant Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag Bird Lagopus lagopus Grouse Bird Cygnus olor Mute Swan Bird Cepphus grylle Black Guillemot Bird Rana temporaria Frog Amphibian Lepus timidus Irish Hare Mammal

5.2.7. Lough Swilly SPA (IE004075)

Lough Swilly is an important site for waterfowl in autumn and winter. The shallow waters provide suitable habitat for grebes and diving duck, while the intertidal flats are used by an excellent diversity of wildfowl and waders. At high tide, the duck and wader species roost on the salt marshes and shorelines, with some species moving to the adjacent pasture and arable fields. In the three winters 1994/95 to 1996/97, 16 species occurred in nationally important numbers as follows (figures are average maximum counts for the 3 winters): Great Crested Grebe (274), Shelduck (646), Wigeon (1,673), Teal (1,381), Mallard (1,155), Shoveler (58), Scaup (143), Goldeneye (169), Red-breasted Merganser (103), Coot (335), Oystercatcher (1,459), Knot (327), Dunlin (7,995), Curlew (1,716), Redshank (1,080) and Greenshank (30) (NPWS, 2010a).

Other species which occur in regionally or locally important numbers, and at times may exceed the threshold

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for national importance, include Brent Goose, Pochard, Tufted Duck, Lapwing, Ringed Plover, Grey Plover, Bar-tailed Godwit and Turnstone. The site is also an important area for the Great Northern Diver and the rare Slavonian Grebe.

The adjacent pasture and arable polders at Inch, Big Isle and Blanket Nook support internationally important populations of Whooper Swans, Greenland White-fronted Geese and Greylag Geese. Inch Lough is an important roosting area for these birds and at times they utilise other parts of Lough Swilly for roosting.

The site is of high ornithological importance for wintering waterfowl, with 16 species occurring regularly in numbers of national importance, plus three species occurring within the site and on adjacent polders in numbers of international importance. The relevant ecological information in the Standard Data Form for the Lough Swilly SPA IE004075 is summarised in Tables 5.36 to 5.38 (NPWS, 2004). A site synopsis for this cSAC can be found in Appendix 1.

Table 5.36: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name code Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan A038 Pluvialis apricaria European Golden Plover A140 Limosa lapponica Bar-tailed Godwit A157 Anser albifrons flavirostris Greenland White-fronted Goose A395

Table 5.37: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Podiceps cristatus Great Crested Grebe A005 Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant A017 Anser anser Greylag Goose A043 Branta bernicla Brent goose A046 Tadorna tadorna Shelduck A048 Anas penelope Wigeon A050 Anas crecca Teal A052 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard A053 Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler A056

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Species Name Common Name Code Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck A061 Aythya marila Greater Scaup A062 Bucephala clangula Common Goldeneye A067 Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser A069 Haematopus ostralegus Oystercatcher A130 Larus ridibundus Black-headed Gull A179 Charadrius hiaticula Common Ringed Plover A137 Larus canus Common Gull A182 Vanellus vanellus Northern Lapwing A142 Calidris canutus Red Knot A143 Calidris alpina Dunlin A149 Limosa limosa Black-tailed Godwit A156 Numenius arquata Curlew A160 Tringa totanus Redshank A162 Tringa nebularia Greenshank A164 Arenaria interpres Ruddy Turnstone A169

Table 5.38: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna

Species Name Common Name Group

Ardea cinerea Grey Heron Bird Larus argentatus Herring Gull Bird Cygnus olor Mute Swan Bird Tachybaptus ruficollis Little Grebe Bird Lepus timidus hibernicus Irish Hare Mammal

5.2.8. Lough Fern SPA (IE004060)

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(Littorella uniflora), Lesser Spearwort (Ranunculus flammula) and Water Forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpiodes). The swamp vegetation is mainly comprised of Common Reed (Phragmites australis), Canary Reed-grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and Bulrush (Typha latifolia).

Lough Fern is of ornithological importance for wintering waterfowl and particularly diving duck. While bird counts at the site extend back to the 1970s, these have been irregular and there have been few in recent years. Based on information from the 1990s, it seems that Pochard has a population of national importance (average of 671 individuals), with good numbers also of Tufted Duck (average of 213). Other species that occur include Goldeneye (9), Coot (48), Whooper Swan (20-30), and small numbers of dabbling ducks such as Wigeon and Mallard (NPWS, 2005) . Little Grebe and Water Rail are resident species. It appears that numbers of the main species fluctuate widely, suggesting that the lake may be an important temporary refuge when birds are displaced from other sites.

Lough Fern is of ornithological importance as it supports a nationally important population of Pochard. The occurrence of Whooper Swan, albeit in small numbers, is of note as this species is listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. The protected, Red Data Book plant species Globeflower (Trollius europaeus) occurs on shores within the site.

The relevant ecological information in the Standard Data Form for Lough Fern SPA IE004060 is summarised in Tables 5.39 to 5.41 (NPWS, 2004a). A site synopsis for this cSAC can be found in Appendix 1.

Table 5.39: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan A038

Table 5.40: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Aythya ferina Common Pochard A059 Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck A061 Bucephala clangula Common Goldeneye A067

Table 5.41: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna

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Species Name Common Name Group Trollius europaeus Globeflower Plant

5.2.9. Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA (IE004039)

Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA is an extensive upland site in north-west Co. Donegal, comprising Glenveagh National Park, a substantial part of the Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains and a number of the surrounding lakes. The solid geology is predominantly quartzite. The substrate over much of site is peat, with blanket bog and heath comprising the principal habitats.

The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Red-throated Diver, Merlin, Peregrine, Golden Plover and Dunlin. This site is one of only a few locations where Red-throated Diver breed in Ireland and the birds also use a number of lakes within the site for feeding. A survey in 2010 recorded 6 pairs at the site. The extensive bog and heath habitats provide excellent foraging habitat for both Peregrine (5-6 pairs in 2002) and Merlin (estimated 6-11 pairs). Peregrine nest on the crags and cliffs, whilst Merlin nest in the heather or in old crows’ nests in trees. The site is very important for breeding Golden Plover and Dunlin (subsp. schinzii) with 18 and 5 pairs respectively recorded in 2002 (NPWS, 2010b).

Red Grouse is also widespread on the bogs and Ring Ouzel, a rare species of the uplands, breeds sparingly, with at least 2 pairs recorded in a 2002 survey. Several pairs of Whinchat, a scarce Irish species, breed within the site. Goosander is also a regular visitor to the lakes, though breeding within the site has not been proved. Snowy Owl has also attempted to breed within the site - a clutch of eggs was laid but these did not hatch. Wood Warbler is present annually, with perhaps three pairs occurring. Redstart has bred on at least one occasion but there have been few sightings in recent years and it is not known if breeding occurs regularly. Glenveagh National Park is the central location for the Golden Eagle re-introduction programme, which commenced in 2000. With time, this species may become successfully re-established as a breeding species in Ireland.

The site is of high ornithological importance with nationally important breeding populations of five species. Of particular note is that five of the species that occur regularly are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive, i.e. Red-throated Diver, Peregrine, Merlin, Golden Plover and Dunlin (subsp. schinzii).

The relevant ecological information in the Standard Data Form for Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains

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SPA IE004039 is summarised in Tables 5.42 to 5.44 (NPWS, 2004b). A site synopsis for this cSAC can be found in Appendix 1.

Table 5.42: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name Gavia Stellata Red-throated Diver Falco Peregrinus Peregrine Falco Columbarius Merlin 8 Pluvialis apricaria European Golden plover 0

Table 5.43: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name code Phoenicurus phoenicurus Redstart A274 Phylloscopus sibilatrix Wood Warbler A314 Turdus torguatus Ring Ouzel A282 Saxicola rubetra Whinchat A275 Sylvia atricapilla Blackcap A311

Table 5.44: Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna

Species Name Common Name Group Chaenotheca brachypoda Lichen Plant Rinodina orculariopsis Lichen Plant Lagopus lagopus Red Grouse Bird Meles meles Badger Mammal Lepus timidus hibernicus Irish Hare Mammal Lacerta vivipara Lizard Reptile Rana temporaria Frog Amphibian Salvelinus alpinus Arctic Char Fish Hypoderma diana Cattle Grub Invertebrate Cephenemyia aurbibarbis Crane Fly Invertebrate Mergus merganser Common Merganser Bird

5.2.10. Greer’s Isle SPA (IE004082)

This is a small island in western part of Mulroy Bay. The island is c. 500m from the mainland. This was

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formerly the most important site for Sterna sandvicensis in the region but the colony deserted in the 1990s. It has been re-occupied in recent years and the population is again of national importance. Also small numbers of Sterna hirundo and S. paradisaea are present. Terns breed amongst a colony of Chroicocephalus ridibundus which is of national importance (NPWS, 2006d).

The relevant ecological information in the Standard Data Form for the Greers Isle SPA IE004082 is summarised in Tables 5.45 to 5.47 (NPWS, 2003). A site synopsis for this cSAC can be found in Appendix 1.

Table 5.45: Birds listed on Annex I of the Council Directive 79/409/EEC listed on the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Species Common Name Code Sterna sandvicensis Sandwich Tern A191 Sterna hirundo Common Tern A193 Sterna paradisaea Arctic Tern A194

Table 5.46: Regularly occurring migratory birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC – from the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Species Common Name Code Larus canus Common Gull A182 Larus ridibundus Black-headed Gull A179

Table 5.47: Other species of importance – from the Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Species Name Common Name Group Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck Bird Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser Bird

5.2.11. Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA IE004194

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from the cliff base is included to provide areas for foraging and socialising activities for breeding seabirds.

The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Chough, Peregrine, Fulmar, Cormorant, Shag, Kittiwake, Guillemot, Razorbill, Greenland White-fronted Goose and Barnacle Goose. The site is also of special conservation interest for holding an assemblage of over 20,000 breeding seabirds. The E.U. Birds Directive pays particular attention to wetlands, and as these form part of this SPA, the site and its associated waterbirds are of special conservation interest for Wetland & Waterbirds.

The site holds an important population of breeding Chough, a Red Data Book species that is listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive; 22 breeding pairs were recorded from the site in the 1992 survey and 32 in the 2002/03 survey. The sea cliffs on the site provide breeding and roosting sites for the birds whilst the land adjacent to the cliff tops provides feeding habitat. A number of areas slightly further from the coast are used for feeding or flocking, e.g. at Black Burrow near Dooros Point and at Melmore Lough on the Tranarossan Peninsula. The site also holds a large Peregrine population (7 pairs in 2002); this species is listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive.

The site is also used by a large assemblage and wide variety of nesting seabirds, the cliffs around Horn Head being of particular importance. The site supports nationally important populations of Fulmar (1,974 pairs), Cormorant (79 pairs), Shag (110 pairs), Kittiwake (3,853 pairs), Guillemot (4,387 pairs), Razorbill (4,515 pairs) and Black Guillemot (204 individuals), as well as smaller populations of Puffin (189 pairs), Herring Gull (21 pairs), Great Black-backed Gull (5 pairs) and Common Gull (2 pairs) – all seabird data from 1999 (NPWS, 2006a).

The relevant ecological information in the Standard Data Form for the Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA IE004194 is summarised in Tables 5.48 to 5.49 (NPWS, 2009). A site synopsis for this cSAC can be found in Appendix 1.

Table 5.48: Birds listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan A038 Branta Leucopsis Barnacle Goose A045 Falco pergrinus Peregrine A103

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Species Name Common Name Code Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax Chough A346 Anser albifrons flavirostris Greenland White Fronted Goose A395

Table 5.49: Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not listed on Annex I of Council directive 79/409/EEC

Species Name Common Name Code Vanellus Vanellus Northern Lapwing A142 Gallinago gallinago Snipe A153 Calidris alpina Dunlin A149 Actitis hypoleucos Common Sandpiper A168 Fulmarus glacialis Fulmar A009 Phalacrocorax carbo Cormorant A017 Phalacrocorax aristotelis Shag A018 Anas crecca Teal A052 Anas platyrhynchos Mallard A053 Aythya ferina Common Pochard A059 Aythya fuligula Tufted Duck A061 Fulica atra Coot A125 Larus argentatus Herring Gull A184 Rissa tridactyla Black-legged Kittiwake A188 Uria aagle Common Murre A199 Alca torda Razorbill A200 Fratercula arctica Puffin A204

5.3. Conservation Objectives

The overall aim of the Habitats Directive is to maintain or restore the favourable conservation status of habitats and species of community interest. These habitats and species are listed in the Habitats and Birds Directives and Special Areas of Conservation and Special Protection Areas are designated to afford protection to the most vulnerable of them. These two designations are collectively known as the Natura 2000 network.

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European and national legislation places a collective obligation on Ireland and its citizens to maintain habitats and species in the Natura 2000 network at favourable conservation condition. The Government and its agencies are responsible for the implementation and enforcement of regulations that will ensure the ecological integrity of these sites.

The maintenance of habitats and species within Natura 2000 sites at favourable conservation condition will contribute to the overall maintenance of favourable conservation status of those habitats and species at a national level.

Favourable conservation status of a habitat is achieved when:

• its natural range, and area it covers within that range, is stable or increasing, and • the specific structure and functions which are necessary for its long‐term maintenance exist and are likely to continue to exist for the foreseeable future, and

• the conservation status of its typical species is favourable.

The favourable conservation status of a species is achieved when:

• population dynamics data on the species concerned indicate that it is maintaining itself on a long-term basis as a viable component of its natural habitat, and

• the natural range of the species is neither being reduced or likely to be reduced for the foreseeable future, and

• there is, and will probably continue to be, a sufficiently large habitat to maintain its populations on a long‐term basis.

* denotes priority habitats.

The conservation objectives of Mulroy Bay SAC IE002159 are outlined below (NPWS, 2012).

Objective: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Large shallow inlets and bays in Mulroy Bay SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Habitat area: The permanent habitat area is stable or increasing, subject to natural processes. • Community extent: Maintain the extent of the Zostera‐dominated community complex; maërl dominated community; and Limaria hians associated community, subject to natural processes.

• Community structure: Zostera density: Conserve the high quality of the Zostera‐dominated community, subject to natural processes.

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• Community structure: Conserve the high quality of the maërl‐dominated community, subject to natural processes.

• Community structure: Limaria hians density. Conserve the high quality of the Limaria hians associated community, subject to natural processes.

• Community distribution: Conserve the following community types in a natural condition: Sand dominated by Nephtys cirrosa and Bathyporeia sp. community complex; Gravel to mixed sediment with nematodes community complex; Gravelly sand with bivalves, polychaetes and nemerteans community complex; Laminaria‐dominated community complex and Reef community complex.

Objective: To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Reefs in Mulroy Bay SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Distribution: The distribution of reefs is stable or increasing, subject to natural processes. • Habitat area: The permanent area is stable or increasing, subject to natural processes. • Community structure: Conserve the following community types in a natural condition: Laminaria dominated community complex; and Reef community complex.

Objective: To restore the favourable conservation condition of Otter in Mulroy Bay SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Distribution: No significant decline. • Extent of terrestrial habitat: No significant decline. Area mapped and calculated as 32.4ha above high water mark (HWM); 0.9ha along river banks.

• Extent of marine habitat: No significant decline. Area mapped and calculated as 800.2ha. • Extent of freshwater (river) habitat: No significant decline. Length mapped and calculated as 0.5km. • Couching sites and holts: No significant decline. • Fish biomass available: No significant decline • Barriers to connectivity: No significant increase.

The conservation objectives of Lough Swilly SAC IE002287 are outlined below (NPWS, 2011a).

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Estuaries in Lough Swilly SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Habitat area: The permanent habitat area is stable or increasing, subject to natural processes.

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• Community distribution: The following communities should be conserved in a natural condition: Fine sand community complex; Intertidal mixed sediment with polychaetes; Subtidal mixed sediment with polychaetes and bivalves; Muddy fine sand with Thyasira flexuosa; Mud community complex and Ostrea edulis dominated community.

To restore the favourable conservation condition of Lagoons in Lough Swilly SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Habitat area: Area stable, subject to slight natural variation. Favourable reference area 206ha‐ Inch Lough 176ha; Blanket Nook 30ha.

• Salinity regime: Maintain median annual salinity within natural ranges: Inch 0.1 ‐ 3.0psu; Blanket Nook 10 ‐ 20psu.

• Hydrological regime: Maintain current annual water level fluctuations and minima. • Barrier: Maintain permeability, including appropriate management of sluices. • Water quality (chlorophyll a): Reduce annual median chlorophyll a to less than 2.5μg/L at Inch; less than 5μg/L at Blanket Nook.

• Water quality (Molybdate Reactive Phosphorus (MRP)): Reduce annual median MRP to less than 0.01mg/L at Inch; less than 0.02mg/L at Blanket Nook.

• Water quality (Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen (DIN)): Reduce annual median DIN to less than 0.15mg/L at Inch; less than 0.4mg/L at Blanket Nook.

• Depth of macrophyte Colonization: Increase colonisation to maximum depth of both lagoons. • Typical plant species: Maintain number and extent of listed lagoonal specialists, subject to natural variation

• Typical invertebrate species: Number Maintain listed lagoon specialists, subject to natural variation • Negative indicator species: Number and % cover Negative indicator species absent or under control.

To restore the favourable conservation condition of Atlantic salt meadows in Lough Swilly SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Habitat area: Area stable or increasing, subject to natural processes, including erosion and succession. For sub‐sites mapped: Fahan ‐ 7.29ha, Green Hill ‐ 2.02ha, Lower Lough Swilly ‐ 8.44ha, Rathmelton ‐ 10.01ha, Ray ‐0.05ha.

• Habitat distribution: No decline, subject to natural processes. • Physical structure (sediment supply): Maintain/restore natural circulation of sediments and organic matter, without any physical obstructions.

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• Physical structure (creeks and pans): Occurrence Maintain/restore creek and pan structure, subject to natural processes, including erosion and succession.

• Physical structure (flooding regime): Maintain natural tidal regime . • Vegetation structure: Maintain range of saltmarsh habitat zonations including transitional zones, subject to natural processes including erosion and succession.

• Vegetation Structure (vegetation height): Maintain structural variation within sward. • Vegetation structure (vegetation cover): Maintain more than 90% of area outside creeks vegetated. • Vegetation composition (typical species and sub‐communities): Maintain range of subcommunities with characteristic species listed in Saltmarsh Monitoring Project (McCorry & Ryle, 2009).

• Vegetation composition (negative indicator species ‐ Spartina anglica): No significant expansion of Spartina. No new sites for this species and an annual spread of less than 1% where it is already known to occur.

To restore the favourable conservation condition of Otter in Lough Swilly SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Distribution: No significant decline • Extent of terrestrial habitat: No significant decline. Area mapped and calculated as 95.7ha above high water mark (HWM); 44.0ha along river banks/ around pools

• Extent of marine habitat: No significant decline. Area mapped and calculated as 839.5ha • Extent of freshwater (river) habitat: No significant decline. Length mapped and calculated as 15.5km • Extent of freshwater (lake/lagoon) habitat: No significant decline. Area mapped and calculated as 83.7ha

• Couching sites and holts: No significant decline • Fish biomass available: No significant decline • Barriers to connectivity: No significant increase

To restore the favourable conservation condition of Old oak woodland with Ilex and Blechnum in Lough Swilly SAC, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Habitat area: Area stable or increasing, subject to natural processes, at least 58.68ha for sub‐sites surveyed Rathmullen wood ‐26.00ha; Salt Pans wood ‐13.47ha; Ballynarry wood ‐15.61ha; Carrow Cashelwood ‐ 3.60ha.

• Habitat distribution: No decline. • Woodland size: Large woods at least 25ha in size and “small” woods at least 3ha in size

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• Woodland structure (cover and height): Diverse structure with a relatively closed canopy containing mature trees; subcanopy layer with semimature trees and shrubs; and well‐developed herb layer

• Woodland structure (community diversity and extent): Maintain diversity and extentof community types, including oak‐ash; alder‐ash in seepage areas and alongside streams; oak‐birch; willow‐alder‐ash

• Woodland structure (natural Regeneration): Seedlings, saplings and pole age‐classes occur in adequate proportions to ensure survival of woodland canopy

• Woodland structure (dead Wood): At least 30m³/ha of fallen timber greater than 10cm diameter; 30 snags/ha; both categories should include stems greater than 40cm diameter

• Woodland structure (veteran trees): No decline • Vegetation composition (native tree cover): No decline. Native tree cover not less than 95% • Vegetation composition (typical species): A variety of typical native species present, depending on woodland type, including oak (Quercus petraea) and birch (Betula pubescens)

• Vegetation composition (negative indicator Species): Negative indicator species, particularly non‐native invasive species, absent or under control

The conservation objectives of Leannan River SAC IE002176 are outlined below (NPWS, 2011b).

Objective: To maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the Annex I habitat(s) and/or the Annex II species for which the SAC has been selected:

• Margaritifera margaritifera • Salmo salar (only in fresh water) • Lutra lutra • Najas flexilis • Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae)

The conservation objectives of Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park SAC IE002047 are outlined below (NPWS, 2011c).

Objective: To maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the Annex I habitat(s) and/or the Annex II species for which the SAC has been selected:

• Margaritifera margaritifera

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• Salmo salar (only in fresh water) • Lutra lutra • Trichomanes speciosum • Oligotrophic waters containing very few minerals of sandy plains (Littorelletalia uniflorae) • Water courses of plain to montane levels with the Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho‐Batrachion vegetation

• Northern Atlantic wet heaths with Erica tetralix • European dry heaths • Alpine and Boreal heaths • Molinia meadows on calcareous, peaty or clayey‐silt‐laden soils (Molinion caeruleae) • Blanket bogs (* if active only) • Depressions on peat substrates of the Rhynchosporion • Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isle

The conservation objectives of Sheephaven SAC IE001190 are outlined below (NPWS, 2011d).

Objective: To maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the Annex Ihabitat(s) and/or the Annex II species for which the SAC has been selected:

• Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide • Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco‐Puccinellietalia maritimae) • Petalophyllum ralfsii • Mediterranean salt meadows (Juncetalia maritimi) • Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria ("white dunes") • Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation ("grey dunes") • Machairs (* in Ireland) • Old sessile oak woods with Ilex and Blechnum in the British Isles

The conservation objectives of Horn Head and Rinclevan SAC IE000147 are outlined below (NPWS, 2011e).

• Vertigo geyeri • Halichoerus grypus • Petalophyllum ralfsii • Najas flexilis • Embryonic shifting dunes

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• Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria ("white dunes") • Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation ("grey dunes") • Dunes with Salix repens ssp.argentea (Salix arenariae) • Humid dune slacks • Machairs (* in Ireland)

The conservation objectives of Lough Swilly SPA IE004075 are outlined below (NPWS, 2011a).

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Great Crested Grebe in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Population trend: Long term population trend stable or increasing • Distribution: No significant decrease in the numbers or range of areas used by waterbird species, other than that occurring from natural patterns of variation

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Grey Heron in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Whooper Swan in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Greylag Goose in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Population trend: Long term population trendstable or increasing • Distribution: No significant decrease in the numbers or range of areas used by waterbird species, other than that occurring from natural patterns of variation

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Shelduck in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

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To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Wigeon in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Teal in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Mallard in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Shoveler in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Scaup in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

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To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Goldeneye in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Red‐breasted Merganser in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Coot in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Knot in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Dunlin in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Curlew in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Population trend: Long term population trend stable or increasing • Distribution: No significant decrease in the numbers or range of areas used by waterbird species, other

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than that occurring from natural patterns of variation

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Redshank in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Greenshank in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Black‐headed Gull in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Breeding population abundance (apparently occupied nests (AONs)): No significant decline • Productivity rate (fledged young per breeding pair): No significant decline Measure based on standard gull survey

• Distribution (breeding colonies): No significant decline

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Common Gull in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Sandwich Tern in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

• Breeding population abundance: apparently occupied nests (AONs): No significant decline • Productivity rate (fledged young per breeding pair): No significant decline • Distribution (breeding colonies): No significant decline

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Common Tern in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by

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the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of Greenland White‐fronted Goose in Lough Swilly SPA, which is defined by the following list of attributes and targets:

To maintain the favourable conservation condition of the wetland habitat in Lough Swilly SPA as a resource for the regularly‐occurring migratory waterbirds that utilise it. This is defined by the following attributes and targets:

• Habitat area: The permanent area occupied by the wetland habitat is stable and not significantly less than the areas of 4,162, 2,419, 201 and 317 hectares for subtidal, intertidal, supratidal and lagoon (and associated) habitats respectively, other than that occurring from natural patterns of variation.

The conservation objectives of Lough Fern SPA IE004060 are outlined below (NPWS, 2011f).

Objective: To maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the bird species listed as Special Conservation Interests for this SPA:

• Aythya ferina [wintering] • Wetlands

The conservation objectives of Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA IE004039 are outlined below (NPWS, 2011g).

Objective: To maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the bird species listed as Special Conservation Interests for this SPA:

• Gavia arctica [breeding ] • Falco columbarius [breeding ] • Falco peregrinus [breeding ] • Pluvialis apricaria [breeding ]

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• Calidris alpina schinzii [breeding ]

The conservation objectives of Greers Isle SPA IE004082 are outlined below (NPWS, 2011h).

Objective: To maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the bird species listed as Special Conservation Interests for this SPA:

• Chroicocephalus ridibundus [breeding ] • Larus canus [breeding ] • Sterna sandvicensis [breeding ]

The conservation objectives Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA IE004194 are outlined below (NPWS, 2011i).

Objective: To maintain or restore the favourable conservation condition of the bird species listed as Special Conservation Interests for this SPA:

• Fulmarus glacialis [breeding ] • Phalacrocorax carbo [breeding ] • Phalacrocorax aristotelis [breeding ] • Falco peregrinus [breeding ] • Rissa tridactyla [breeding ] • Uria aalge [breeding ] • Alca torda [breeding ] • Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax [breeding ] • Anser albifrons flavirostris [wintering] • Branta leucopsis [wintering]

6. Description of the Receiving Environment

6.1. Environmental Survey

6.1.1. Aims

The aims of the survey were:

• To map the harvestable areas of Ascophyllum nodosum within Rutland Island and Sound cSAC;

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• To measure the biomass of A. nodosum within Rutland Island and Sound cSAC; • To note any other flora and fauna in the area; and • To determine the effect harvesting would have on the Rutland Island and Sound in terms of its conservation objectives.

6.1.2. Methods and Materials

Fieldwork was carried out on the 24th July 2013 by qualified AQUAFACT personnel. The weather was overcast and calm with some sunny spells. Surveying was done approximately three hours before low tide to three hours after low tide on each day.

Mapping the harvestable areas of A. nodosum was carried out by marking the areas of presence and absence on pre-printed and laminated aerial photographs using an indelible marker.

To get an estimate of the biomass of A. nodosum within the cSAC, the amount of the seaweed per 0.25m2 quadrat was weighed. The quadrat was randomly thrown within the mid to low intertidal zone i.e. the zone within which A. nodosum occurs. The location of the quadrat was recorded along with the substrate type and the length of the A. nodosum bed running down the shore. Next, A. nodosum within the quadrat was cut leaving approximately 20cm behind attached to substrate. Only plants that originated within the quadrat were cut (i.e. holdfasts within the quadrat). If any fronds from plants outside the quadrat were present these were moved aside. Conversely, if fronds from the plants which originated inside the quadrat were outside, these were included. The seaweed was then weighed to the nearest 0.5kg. Other species of seaweed such as Fucus vesiculosus were not cut or weighed. The seaweed Polysiphonia spp. which is epiphytic upon A. nodosum was included in the measurements. A total of 52 quadrats were taken. Figure 6.1 shows the survey locations and Figure 6.2 shows some examples of the quadrats examined.

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Figure 6.1: Survey locations within Mulroy Bay.

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Figure 6.2: Examples of the quadrats examined.

6.1.3. Results

Table 6.1 shows the data obtained from each quadrat.

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Table 6.1: Data obtained from each quadrat surveyed.

Location Co-ordinates Location Wet wt. Substrate Bed length Other Seaweeds No. (kg/0.25m2) (horizontal) (m) 1 55.121793 Wood Quarter 4 bedrock 10 Fucus vesiculosus -7.70283 Wood Quarter 3.5 bedrock 10 F. vesiculosus Wood Quarter 4.5 bedrock 10 F. vesiculosus 2 55.148364 Cranford 2.5 Gravel/stones 10 F. vesiculosus -7.696025 Cranford 2 Gravel/stones 10 F. vesiculosus 3 55.171545 Narrows 5 Compact stones 10 F. vesiculosus -7.721881 Narrows 5.5 stones 15 F. vesiculosus 4 55.181071 Mack's point 4 stones 10 F. vesiculosus -7.743741 Mack's point 5 stones 10 F. vesiculosus 5 55.187319 Ferry point 3 stones 12 F. vesiculosus -7.759427 Ferry point 4 stones 10 F. vesiculosus Ferry point 3.5 stones 10 F. vesiculosus 6 55.203792 Leat mor 2.5 stones 15 F. vesiculosus -7.779769 Leat mor 3 stones 15 F. vesiculosus Leat mor 2 stones 15 F. vesiculosus

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Location Co-ordinates Location Wet wt. Substrate Bed length Other Seaweeds No. (kg/0.25m2) (horizontal) (m) 7 55.199042 Tully bay 5.5 stones 20 F. vesiculosus -7.74571 Tully bay 4 stones 20 F. vesiculosus Tully bay 5 stones 25 F. vesiculosus 8 55.194835 BallyHeerin 3.5 stones 15 F. vesiculosus -7.720626 BallyHeerin 5 stones 15 F. vesiculosus 9 55.229854 Bullock Bay 3.5 stones 15 F. vesiculosus -7.709897 Bullock Bay 4 stones 15 F. vesiculosus Bullock Bay 4 stones 10 F. vesiculosus 10 55.210331 Lagmore 5.5 stones 15 F. vesiculosus -7.699147 Lagmore 5 stones 15 F. vesiculosus Lagmore 4 stones 10 F. vesiculosus 11 55.195399 Castle Head 4 stones 10 F. vesiculosus -7.715683 Castle Head 3 stones 10 F. vesiculosus Castle Head 4 stones 10 F. vesiculosus 12 55.177481 Keadew Bay 1 stones 10 F. vesiculosus -7.680849 Keadew Bay 2 stones 10 F. vesiculosus Keadew Bay 1 stones 10 F. vesiculosus 13 55.196023 Moross 3 stones 10 F. vesiculosus

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Location Co-ordinates Location Wet wt. Substrate Bed length Other Seaweeds No. (kg/0.25m2) (horizontal) (m) -7.714382 Moross 4 stones 10 F. vesiculosus Moross 3 stones 10 F. vesiculosus 14 55.150504 Ballymagowan 6 stones 15 F. vesiculosus -7.668934 Ballymagowan 7.5 stones 15 F. vesiculosus Ballymagowan 6 stones 15 F. vesiculosus 15 55.144408 Carrowkeel 4 stones 10 F. vesiculosus -7.668597 Carrowkeel 3 stones 10 F. vesiculosus 16 55.115077 Rough Island 3 stones 10 F. vesiculosus -7.688461 Rough Island 4 stones 10 F. vesiculosus Rough Island 4 stones 10 F. vesiculosus 17 55.105429 Millford Port 3 stones 10 F. vesiculosus -7.687951 Millford Port 3 stones 10 F. vesiculosus 18 55.188383 Island Roy 3 Stone on mud 10 epiphytic F.vesiculosus Epiphytic F.vesiculosus -7.798033 Island Roy 2.5 Stone on mud (pebble) 10 on Ascophylum. 19 55.197817 Pier of Downies 11.5 Stones on mud 30 25% F.vesiculosus -7.813133 Pier of Downies 4.5 Stones on mud 30 epiphytic F.vesiculosus 20 55.179233 Tully bay 0 Stones on mud/gravel 30 F. vesiculosus

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Location Co-ordinates Location Wet wt. Substrate Bed length Other Seaweeds No. (kg/0.25m2) (horizontal) (m) -7.728333 Tully bay 5.5 Stones on mud/gravel 30 F. vesiculosus Tully bay 0.5 Stones on mud/gravel 30 F. vesiculosus

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Natura Impact Statement for the Proposed Harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum Oilean Glas Teo. in Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal September 2013

There is 90.06km of harvestable coastline in Mulroy Bay cSAC. The green line in Figure 6.3 shows the harvestable area of A.nodosum. Some areas to the south and northwest of the bay were not included in the harvestable area. The total wet weight of A. nodosum from the 52 quadrates examined was 199kg giving a mean of 3.8kg/0.25m2 which gives 15.2kg/m2. A 14.4m band width was used and the length of suitable coastline is 90.06km. This gives a total biomass of A. nodosum of 19,712t for the area. OGT intends to harvest 2,000t annually which is 10.15% of the total available biomass.

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Figure 6.3: Harvestable area within Mulroy Bay.

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7. Assessment of the Likely Effects

The harvesting activity will result in the:

• Trampling of flora and fauna during weed cutting process; • Uncovering of previously hidden fauna e.g. winkles, crabs, fish thereby making them available as prey items;

• Uncovering of sediment and subsequent desiccation by sunlight thereby impacting infauna; • Reduction in “dampening effect” of weed thereby increasing sediment erosion; • Disturbance by cutters and boats to birds, seals and otters; • Removal of biomass that would have previously been taken up naturally by ecosystem;

7.1. Impacts on Mulroy Bay cSAC (Site Code: IE002159)

As no harvesting will take place in the subtidal habitat i.e. large shallow inlet and bay, this ecosystem will not be impacted by the proposed activity.

As the Ascophyllum grows on rocky intertidal reefs, some level of disturbance will occur due to the harvesting activity. Ascophyllum, which is not a qualifying interest, will be removed permanently from the site and other reef species will be trampled during the cutting process and become more exposed to predators and desiccation. However, given the low rate of harvesting (10% approximately), the sustainable approach to the harvesting activity and the traditional method of harvesting by one or two people within an area, disturbance and trampling levels will be low and no deleterious effects will be experienced by the reefs.

Otter occur within the cSAC and hence feed and may breed in the area. The disturbance caused by one or two people hand-cutting on the shoreline within a certain area within Mulroy Bay will be low. Any disturbance by the movement of the boat will likewise be low. The removal of seaweed will expose previously hidden sources of food and may have a positive impact on the otter. Harvesting ca 10% of Ascophyllum in an area will leave sufficient refugia as not to negatively affect the population of prey items of the otter such as shore crabs. Therefore the harvesting of A.nodosum within the area will not have a significant negative effect upon otters within the cSAC.

7.2. Impacts on Lough Swilly cSAC (Site Code: IE002287)

Otter is the only qualifying interest of Lough Swilly cSAC which will be potentially impacted by the harvesting

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of A.nodosum in Mulroy Bay. However, this activity will not have a significant negative effect on the otter due to reasons outlined in the previous section (Section 7.1).

7.3. Impacts on Leannan River cSAC (Site Code: IE002176)

Otters will not be significantly negatively affected by the seaweed harvesting in Mulroy bay. Please refer to Section 7.1.

7.4. Impacts on Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park cSAC (Site Code: IE002047)

Impacts on otters from the proposed harvesting are discussed in Section 7.1.

7.5. Impacts on Sheephaven cSAC (Site Code: IE001190)

A.nodosum attaches to stones and rock. Therefore areas of mudflats and sandflats which do not possess large quantities of suitable hard substrate will not be harvested. Other areas within Mulroy Bay of stones/rocks on mud/sand which have large quantities of A.nodosum will be harvested. However, again due to the traditional method of harvesting by one or two people within an area, disturbance and trampling levels will be low. Cutting of the seaweed approximately 20cm above the base will avoid removal and disturbance of hard substrate such as stones/rocks and will allow regrowth of the seaweed. Thus, mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide will not be significantly negatively affected by the proposed harvesting.

7.6. Impacts on Horn Head and Rinclevan cSAC (Site Code: IE000147)

The grey seals in this cSAC, although 7.4km from the harvest site, have the potential to forage there. If present, the seals will be disturbed by the boat movements to and from the harvesting sites and if hauled out they may be disturbed by the presence of the cutter in the intertidal zone. As the harvesting activity will be performed by one or two people on a certain area of the shore, the impact on seals is minimal. In addition, boats frequently use the Mulroy Bay for transport, fishing and recreational activity. The addition of an extra boat will have insignificant impact on seals.

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7.7. Impacts on Lough Swilly SPA (Site Code: IE004075)

Common tern, Sandwich tern, Great Crested grebe, Whooper swan, Red-breasted merganser and Coot do not feed on the exposed intertidal zone and therefore will not be significantly impacted by the harvesting activity.

Greylag Geese feed on the roots of rushes and sedges in estuaries and cereal stubble and grassland in their wintering areas. Greenland White-fronted geese graze on a range of plant material including roots and tubers and forage over peat bogs, dune grassland, and occasionally salt marsh, with the use of agricultural grassland increasing in recent years. Therefore these species are will not be significantly negatively affected by the seaweed harvesting.

Oystercatcher, Shelduck, Wigeon, Teal, Mallard, Shoveler, Scaup, Goldeneye, Grey heron, Knot, Dunlin, Curlew, Redshank, Greenshank, Black-headed gull, Common gull feed on the intertidal zone and therefore have the potential to be disturbed by harvesters on the shoreline. However, the impact of one or two individuals on the shoreline, cutting by hand will be low, especially considering that the harvesting area is c.6.2km from Lough Swilly SPA. The boat will only collect the seaweed when the tide is in, when the birds would not be feeding. Therefore, the harvesting of seaweed in Mulroy Bay will not have a significant negative effect on the qualifying interests of this site.

7.8. Impacts on Lough Fern SPA (Site Code: IE004060)

Pochard do feed in the intertidal zone so some disturbance is possible. However, due to the low level of activity involved in traditionally harvesting the seaweed, the disturbance level will be low and will not have a significant negative effect on this species. Wetlands and waterbirds will likewise not be affected by the activity due to distance from the harvesting site and habitat.

7.9. Impacts on Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA (Site Code: IE004039)

Red-throated diver does not feed in the intertidal zone and therefore will not be affected by the proposed activity. Golden plover and Dunlin do feed in the intertidal zone; however, the impact of one or two individuals on the shoreline, cutting by hand will be low, especially considering that the harvesting area is c.7.5km from Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA. The boat will collect the seaweed when the tide is in and the birds would not be feeding. Therefore, the harvesting of seaweed in Mulroy Bay will not have a

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significant negative effect on the qualifying interests of this site.

7.10. Impacts on Greers Isle (Site Code: IE004082)

Sandwich tern feed in the intertidal zone when covered by sea water at High Tide. As cutting can only occur between an ebbing half tide and back up to half rising tide, these species will not be able to feed when cutting is going on.

Black-headed and Common gulls do feed on the exposed intertidal zone and may potentially be disturbed by the activity. However, due to harvesting being carried out by one or two people and by hand, the level of disturbance will be low and will not have a significant negative effect on these bird species.

7.11. Impacts on Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA (Site Code: IE004194)

Razorbill, Guillemot, Kittiwake, Chough and Cormorant do not feed on exposed intertidal zones and hence will not be significantly impacted by the proposed harvesting in Mulroy Bay. Cormorants do use intertidal rocks as perches and some disturbance may occur. However, the level caused by one boat and one or two people hand cutting will be low and will not cause a significant negative effect.

Greenland White-fronted geese forage over peat bogs, dune grassland, and occasionally salt marsh and agricultural grassland. Therefore, these species are will not be significantly negatively affected by the seaweed harvesting.

Barnacle geese graze on grass on off shore islands and do not occur in areas of intertidal reef, therefore will not be impacted by cutters who are working on the shoreline.

7.12. In Combination Effects

No existing or proposed activities occur in the area that would result in in combination effects.

8. Mitigation Measures

OGT has prepared a sustainable harvesting plan for the annual harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum in Mulroy and this will act as a mitigation measure to ensure the conservation status of the cSAC is safeguarded.

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9. Residual Impact

The annual cutting of c. 2,000t of A. nodosum will have the residual impact of removal of approximately 10.15% of the total biomass of this alga. Boaden & Dring (1980) comment that Ascophyllum harvesting as a significant and persistent effect on shore ecology; however, Kelly et al. (2001) found no discernible effects over an 18 month period on shore diversity either after mechanical or hand harvesting of the alga in both Clew Bay and Connemara. They did note that Fuscus vesiculosus increased at both sites. Site rotation will ensure that the plants have the possibility to re-grow prior to future harvesting four years later. Given the total biomass of A. nodosum in Mulroy Bay, it is not considered that this residual impact will have any significant negative impact on the functioning of the cSAC.

10. Conclusion

None of the qualifying interests, habitat functioning or conservation objectives of Mulroy Bay cSAC (IE002159), Sheephaven cSAC (IE001190) and Greers Isle SPA (IE004082) (within which the harvesting will occur) or Lough Swilly cSAC (IE002287), Leannan River cSAC (IE002176), Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park cSAC (IE002047), Horn Head and Rinclevan SAC (IE000147), Lough Swilly SPA (IE004075), Lough Fern SPA (IE004060), Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA (IE004039) and Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA (IE004194) will be significantly negatively impacted by the proposed seaweed harvesting operation in Mulroy Bay.

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11. References

Boaden, P. & M. Dring. 1980. A quantitative evaluation of the effect of Ascophyllum harvesting on the littoral ecosystem. Helegolander wissenshaftlikke Meeresunterschungen, 33: 700 – 710. CAAS. 2002. Guidelines on the Information to be contained in Environmental Impact Statements. Prepared on behalf of Environmental Protection Agency. CAAS. 2003. Advice Notes on Current Practice (in the preparation of Environmental Impact Statements). . Prepared on behalf of Environmental Protection Agency. Cullinane, J. 1984. A quantitative survey of the harvestable intertidal seaweed on the west coast of Ireland. Hydrobiologia, 116/117 : 338 – 341. DEHLG. 2009. Appropriate Assessment of Plans and Projects in Ireland - Guidance for Planning Authorities (Revised February 2010). European Commission. 2000. Managing Natura 2000 Sites: The provisions of Article 6 of the ‘Habitats’ Directive 92/43/EEC. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. European Commission. 2002. Assessment of plans and projects significantly affecting Natura 2000 sites. Methodological guidance on the provisions of Article 6(3) and (4) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. European Commission. 2007. EU Guidance document on Article 6(4) of the 'Habitats Directive' 92/43/EEC. Clarification of the concepts of: alternative solutions, imperative reasons of overriding public interest, compensatory measures, overall coherence, opinion of the Commission. Guiry, M.D. 1997. Went Memorial Lecture 1996. Occasional Papers in Irish Science and Technology 14. Guiry, M. and Morrison, L. 2013. The sustainable harvesting of Acophyllum nodosum (Fucaceae, Phaeophyceae) in Ireland with notes on the collection and use of some other brown algae. Journal of Applied Phycology. In press IEEM. 2006. Guidelines for Ecological Impact Assessment in the United Kingdom. Institute of Ecology and Environmental Management. Kelly, L., Collier, L., Costello, M.J., Diver, M., McGarvey, S., Kraan, S., Morrissey, J., & M.D. Guiry. 2001. Impact assessment of hand and mechanical harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum on regeneration and biodiversity. Marine Resource Series No. 19. Marine Fisheries Services Division, Marine Institute. pp. 51. MERC. 2008. Surveys of sensitive sublittoral benthic communities in Mullet/Blacksod Bay Complex SAC, Rutland Island and Sound SAC, Mulroy Bay SAC. NPWS. 1997a. Leannan River cSAC Standard Data Form. Site Code: IE002176. NPWS. 1997b. Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park cSAC Standard Data Form. Site Code:

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IE002047. NPWS. 1999a. Sheephaven cSAC Standard Data Form. Site Code: IE001190. NPWS. 1999b. Horn Head and Rinclevan cSAC Standard Data Form. Site Code: IE000147. NPWS. 2000. Lough Swilly cSAC Standard Data Form. Site Code: IE002287. NPWS. 2001. Mulroy Bay cSAC Standard Data Form. Site Code: IE002159. NPWS. 2001b. Mulroy Bay cSAC Site Synopsis. Site Code: IE002159. NPWS. 2001c. Sheephaven cSAC Site Synopsis. Site Code: IE001190. NPWS. 2003. Greer Isle SPA Standard Data Form. Site Code: IE004082. NPWS. 2003b. Lough Swilly cSAC Site Synopsis. Site Code: IE002287. NPWS. 2003c. Horn Head and Rinclevan cSAC Site Synopsis. Site Code: IE000147. NPWS. 2004. Lough Swilly SPA Standard Data Form. Site Code: IE004075. NPWS. 2004a. Lough Fern SPA Standard Data Form. Site Code: IE004060. NPWS. 2004b. Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA Standard Data Form. Site Code: IE004039. NPWS. 2005. Lough Fern SPA Site Synopsis. Site Code: IE004060. NPWS. 2006a. Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA Site Synopsis. Site Code: IE004194. NPWS. 2006b. Leannan River cSAC Site Synopsis. Site Code: IE002176. NPWS. 2006c. Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park cSAC Site Synopsis. Site Code: IE002047. NPWS. 2006d. Greer Isle SPA Site Synopsis. Site Code: IE004082. NPWS. 2009. Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA Standard Data Form. Site Code: IE004194. NPWS. 2010a. Lough Swilly SPA Site Synopsis. Site Code: IE004075. NPWS. 2010b. Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA Site Synopsis. Site Code: IE004039. NPWS (2011a) Conservation Objectives: Lough Swilly SAC 002287 and Lough Swilly SPA 004075. Version 1.0. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2011b) Conservation objectives for Leannan River SAC [002176]. Generic Version 3.0. Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2011c) Conservation objectives for Cloghernagore Bog and Glenveagh National Park SAC [002047]. Generic Version 3.0. Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2011d) Conservation objectives for Sheephaven SAC [001190]. Generic Version 3.0. Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2011e) Conservation objectives for Horn Head and Rinclevan SAC [000147]. Generic Version 3.0. Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2011f) Conservation objectives for Lough Fern SPA [004060]. Generic Version 4.0. Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2011g) Conservation objectives for Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA [004039]. Generic

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Version 4.0. Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2011h) Conservation objectives for Greers Isle SPA [004082]. Generic Version 4.0. Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2011i) Conservation objectives for Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA [004194]. Generic Version 4.0. Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht. NPWS (2012) Conservation Objectives: Mulroy Bay SAC 002159. Version 1.0. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. Stengel, D.B. & M.J. Dring. 1997. Morphology and in situ growth rates of plants of Ascophyllum nodosum (Phaeophyta) from different shore levels and responses of plants to vertical transplantation. European Journal of Phycology 32: 193-202. White, F. & Costelloe, J. 1999. A socio-economic evaluation of the impact of the aquaculture industry in Counties Donegal, Galway, Kerry and Cork.

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SITE SYNOPSIS SITE NAME: MULROY BAY SITE CODE: 002159

Mulroy Bay is an extremely sheltered, narrow inlet situated on the north coast of Co. Donegal. The bay is a glacial fiard and the most convoluted of the marine inlets in north-west Ireland. It has three significant narrows where the current is very strong. The Moross peninsula, which separates the North Water from the Broad Water, is a large glacial drumlin. Bedrock is principally metamorphic quartzite, limestone, schist and gneiss, with intrusive granite at the mouth.

Mulroy Bay displays excellent examples of two habitats listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive – reefs and large shallow inlets and bays. The site contains a good range of different sediment types which includes coarse sand, the free-living red calcareous algae called maerl (also known as ‘coral’) and a variety of exposed and sheltered reefs with strong to weak currents. Extremely sheltered reefs subject to weak currents, as found in Mulroy Bay, are rare in Ireland. The variety of different habitats within the site is reflected in the high number of communities found in the bay and the high species diversity. Rare species found in Mulroy Bay include Couches goby (Gobius couchi), the file shell (Limaria hians), the anthozoan Paraerythropodium coralloides and the hydorid Halecium muricatum. Species with a very restricted distribution or which are close to the limits of their distribution are the red alga Dudresnay verticillata and the bubble shell (Haminoea navicula). A large population of the scallop Pectin maximus occur in Mulroy Bay and is now commercially managed.

Much of the shores of Mulroy Bay are a mixture of boulder, cobbles and gravel which support a community characterised largely by Ascophyllum nodosum typical of these conditions. Tide-swept coarse gravel and boulders occurs at headlands within the bay and in channels leading into small loughs off the bay e.g. Back Lough and Wee Sea. These areas support fucoid dominated communities with a high species diversity (up to 88 species at one site) of largely faunal species representative for the habitat. Rare species are also present, namely the chiton Leptochiton scabridus, the file shell Lamaria hians and the sea slug Aeolidiella alderi which is close to the northern limits of its distribution. It is unusual to find these species, the sponge Stelletta grubii and the bivalves Venus verrucosa and Venerupis senegalensis on the shore. The small star fish Asterina phyllactica occurs at these sites and appears to be close to the limits of its northern distribution.

The shallow water reefs exposed to wave action are rugged bedrock with gullies characterised by the kelp

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Laminaria hyperborea and Halidrys siliquosa with foliose red algae, including Drachiella spectabilis (close to northern limits of its distribution) on the upwards facing slopes and by the jewel anemones on the steeply sloping and vertical faces. Both communities are representative for these habitats. The northern hydroid Abietinaria filicula occurs here, the southern limit of its distribution being the

Kerry Head Shoal, Co. Clare. In the tide-swept areas cobbles and boulders support the brown seaweed Halidrys siliquosa with mixed kelp forests of Laminaria hyperborea with the sponge Esperiopsis fucorum. This community has a variety of sponges, hydroids and red algae that varies from site to site showing the range of representative examples of this community. In the more sheltered areas with less current the kelp forests of Laminaria saccharina occur and have a greater variety of sponges and solitary sea squirts with some variation from site to site. This community is considered to be uncommon. The red alga Dudresnaya verticillata occurs in a number of kelp communities and close to the northern limits of its distribution. The very rare Couches goby occurs in kelp forests in both North Water and Broad Water; the only other known locations for this fish are Lough Hyne, Co. Cork and Cornwall, UK.

On exposed very steep bedrock at depths of 8 – 24 m animal-dominated communities occur. In areas subject to strong tidal streams (e.g. the first narrows) a community dominated by the bryozoan Flustra foliacea, hydroids and sponges is present. The scarce northern hydroid Halecium muricatum is found here. The sheltered bedrock cliffs in North Water and Broad Water provide a rare habitat with the uncommon sponges Dercitus bucklandi and Stelletta grubii in abundance at both sites. An undescribed Polymastia species of sponge was typical of these communities. The cliff in Broad Water supported a community of Ascidella aspersa and, under the overhangs, a population of the anthozoan Parerythropodium coralloides which in Ireland has only been recorded in four locations and is also rare in Britain. This community is more characteristic of more open waters.

The sediment communities within the bay vary from coarse sand to very sheltered soft mud with a range of current strengths. In the outer part of the bay coarse sand with the burrowing sea urchin Echinocardium cordatum is found. With increasing shelter the sand is characterised by a number of bivalves, most notable Spisula elliptica and the burrowing sea urchin Echinocardium cordatum. Clean mobile sand with the red algae Polyides rotundatus occurs where the current increases approaching the first narrows. The burrowing sea cucumber Neopentadactyla mixta is found in beds of live maerl and maerl gravel. Within the shelter of the Moross channel there are extensive beds of the file shell Limaria hians on gravels and they have constructed nests.

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Sitting on top of the Limaria nests is a bed of the brittlestar Ophiothrix fragilis and at the southern end of the channel the brittlestar Ophiocomina nigra is also common. This is the only known area in Ireland for beds of Limaria hians.

Within the shelter of Broad Water the seabed is generally mud, but boulders andgravel may be present. The community may be characterised by the solitary sea squirt Ascidella aspersa, the sea cucumbers Thyone fucus and Leptopentacta elongata, the southern anemone Anthopleura balli and the turret shell Turitella communis. Anthopleura balli was common in Mulroy Bay in a range of habitats and is close tothe northern limits of its distribution here. Where boulders are present in shallow water a variety of red algae may be found. The eel grass Zostera marina occurs in the Wee Sea and in inner Mulroy Bay there is a dense stand with the normally burrowing sea cucumber Leptosynapta inhaerns abundant on the blades of the grass. In the same area, but slightly deeper in muddy sediment, a rare community characterised by the very small sea cucumber Ocnus plancki is present.

The otter, a species listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive, frequents the site. The Bay also supports significant numbers of wintering birds, with Mute Swan present in nationally important numbers and several species recorded in regionally important numbers (Brent Goose, Shelduck, Wigeon, Teal, Red-breasted Merganser, Oystercatcher and Dunlin).

Aquaculture, scallop dredging and seaweed harvesting occur within the site and may pose a threat to the ecological value of the area.

Mulroy Bay displays excellent examples of two habitats listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive – reefs and large shallow inlets and bays. The ornithological interest and the presence of a population of the Annex II species otter adds further to the importance of the site.

04.09.2001

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SITE SYNOPSIS SITE NAME: LOUGH SWILLY SITE CODE: 002287

This large site, situated in the northern part of Co. Donegal, comprises the inner part of Lough Swilly. It extends from below Letterkenny to just north of Buncrana. Lough Swilly is a long sea- lough, cutting through a variety of metamorphic rocks on the west side of Inishowen.

The site is estuarine in character, with shallow water and intertidal sand and mud flats being the dominant habitats. The main rivers flowing into the site are the Swilly, Lennan and Crana. At low tide, extensive sand and mud flats are exposed, especially at the mouths of the Swilly and Lennan rivers. Bivalves and polychaete worms are well represented in the macro-invertebrate fauna, with species such as Cockles (Cerastoderma edule), Mussels (Mytilus edulis), Baltic Tellin (Macoma balthica), Ragworm (Nereis diversicolor) and Sand Mason (Lanice conchilega) being common. Cord-grass (Spartina anglica) is well established on parts of the intertidal flats. The shoreline above the flats varies from bedrock shore to shingle or cobbles, and here is found a scattering of salt tolerant plants such as Scurvygrass (Cochlearia officinalis), Sea Milkwort (Glaux maritima) and Red Fescue (Festuca rubra).

Lakes which are lagoonal in character occur at Inch and Blanket Nook. Inch Lough is a good example of a large, shallow lagoon with very low salinity in most of the lagoon. Less information is available for Blanket Nook but it is of a higher salinity and adds to the richness of the habitat within the site as a whole. The vegetation in Inch is diverse and typically lagoonal, with well developed charophyte communities, including a large population of Chara canescens (a Red Data Book species). It also supports Horned Pondweed (Zannichellia palustris) and a mixed Pondweed/Tassleweed Community (Potamogeton pectinatus/Ruppia maritima). The green alga Chaetomorpha linum occurs at Blanket Nook. The aquatic fauna at Inch is rich and diverse and includes a range of lagoonal specialists and species that are apparently rare. These include Lekanesphaera hookeri, Palaemonetes varians, Conopeum seurati, Sigara stagnalis, S. concinna, Jaera nordmanni, Neomysis integer and Cordyllophora caspia. Less information is available on the aquatic fauna at Blanket Nook, though several lagoonal specialists have been recorded, including Jaera ischiosetosa, which appears to be a rare species in Ireland. Inch Lough is regarded as of significant

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conservation value for ectonal Coleoptera, with several species indicative of well-developed shoreline habitats including two that are apparently rare: Bembidion bipunctatum, a halotolerant shore species, and Bembidion aeneum, a stenotopic halobiont species. Although artificial in origin, the lagoon

habitat in this site is one of the largest and best examples of a shallow, low salinity lagoon habitat in the country.

Two woodlands occur adjacent to the north-western shore of Lough Swilly. These are Rathmullen and Carradoan Woods, the former being a Nature Reserve. They are dominated by Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea) and Birch (Betula pubescens), but many other species are present including exotics such as Beech (Fagus sylvatica). Alder (Alnus glutinosa) and Willows (Salix spp.) occur in the wetter parts. An area of wet heath, dominated by Ling (Calluna vulgaris), occurs on the hill above Carradoran Wood. These woodlands display a generally intact structure and support a range of breeding birds, including Woodcock.

A further area of woodland, scrub and heath occurs above the north-east shore at Crockacashel and at Porthaw. Oak/Hazel (Corylus avellana) scrub is frequent, and there is a well developed ground flora with species such as Wood-sorrel (Oxalis acetosella), Herb Robert (Geranium robertianum), Lady’s fern (Athyrium filix-femina) and Broad Buckler Fern (Dryopteris dilatata). The heath vegetation includes Ling (Calluna vulgaris), Common Gorse (Ulex europaeus), Wood Sage (Teucrium scorodonia) and Tormentil (Potentilla erecta). In the wetter areas, Purple Moor-grass (Molinia caerulea) and Cross-leaved Heath (Erica tetralix) occur.

The site supports a population of Otter, a species listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive.

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Turnstone. The site is also an important area for the Great Northern Diver and the rare Slavonian Grebe.

This site is of conservation importance as it contains good examples of at least four habitats listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive (estuaries, lagoons, Atlantic salt meadows, old oak woods) and supports a population of Otter. In addition, it is of high ornithological importance for wintering waterfowl, with 16 species occurring

regularly in numbers of national importance, plus 3 species occurring within the site and on adjacent polders in numbers of international importance.

14.03.2003

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SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: LEANNAN RIVER SITE CODE: 002176

Situated in north Donegal, this site comprises the River Leannan and its main tributaries and lakes including Loughs Fern, Gartan and Akibbon. The river from source to sea measures 46km and drains a catchment area of 282 km2. The Bullaba River drains off the Glendowan Mountains and flows into Lough Gartan. The Leannan River flows from Lough Gartan in a north-easterly direction, passes through Lough Fern, and then onwards in an easterly direction through the town of Rathmelton and into Lough Swilly. The main tributaries within the site are the lower Glashagh and Lurgy.

The site is a candidate SAC selected for lowland oligotrophic lakes, a habitat listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. The site is also selected for the following species listed on Annex II of the same directive - Freshwater Pearl Mussel, Atlantic Salmon, Otter and the plant, Slender Naiad.

The river has good water quality and its banks are fringed more or less continuously by deciduous woodland. The adjacent habitat is mainly wet grassland which has been improved to varying degrees for grazing. There is also a good scattering of woodland, mostly deciduous, in the area.

Gartan Lough and Lough Akibbon are excellent examples of lowland oligotrophic lakes of sandy plains, a habitat listed in Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive. Both are medium sized lakes and have vegetation that includes Shoreweed (Litorella uniflora), Quillwort (Isoetes lacustris), Water Lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna), Bulbous Rush (Juncus bulbosus), Bog Pondweed (Potamogeton polygonifolius) and the scarce Pillwort (Pilularia globulifera). Of particular note is the presence of Slender Naaid (Najas flexilis) in Akibbon, as this species is listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive. The other large lake in the site, Lough Fern, is a mesotrophic-eutrophic system.

The site is also selected Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), a species listed in Annex II of the Habitats Directive.

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The Lennan is a good spring and grilse salmon river with extensive spawning habitats and good water quality.

Lough Gartan has a population of Arctic Char (Salvelinus alpinus), a species listed in the Red Data Book. The site has a population of Leisler’s Bat (Nyctalus leisleri) (67 individuals in July 1993), a further Red Data Book species.

A range of Red Data Book plant species occur within site, with Globeflower (Trollius europaeus), Bird Cherry (Prunus padus), Heath Cudweed (Omalotheca sylvatica), Small-white Orchid (Pseudochis albida) and Pillwort.

The very rare Red-throated Diver breeds within the site. This species is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive.

The section of river within the site appears to have escaped recent pearl fishing but the area below the site has recently been fished out. Pearl fishing remains a threat to all sections of this river. A main threat to the quality of the site is intensification of agriculture in the surrounding areas which could lead to eutrophication of the lake and river waters. Lake acidification is also a potential threat. Reduction in water quality, lake acidification and introduction of alien fish species are all threats to the population of Salvelinus alpinus in Lough Gartan. The population of breeding Red- throated Diver is vulnerable to disturbance from activities such as boating and angling.

This site is of high conservation importance, due to the presence of the Annex I habitat oligotrophic lakes of sandy plains, as well as the Annex II species Pearl Mussel, Atlantic Salmon and Slender Naiad. A range of Red Data Book plant and animal species also occur.

6.10.2006

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SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: CLOGHERNAGORE BOG AND GLENVEAGH NATIONAL PARK

SITE CODE: 002047

This is an exceptionally large inland site located in the centre of north-west Donegal. It includes a rich diversity of habitats and landscape features, including mountains, exposed rock and scree, blanket bogs, dry, wet and alpine heath, upland grassland, wet grassland, rivers, lakes, scrub and woodland. The Gweebarra fault bisects the area forming a long valley, orientated north-east/ south-west, in which Lough Barra and Lough Veagh (Beagh) are situated. The area is generally mountainous, taking in most of the Derryveagh and Glendowan ranges and including the two highest mountains in Donegal, Errigal (751 m) and Slieve Snaght (678 m). Towards the centre-west of the site are the fine ice-carved cliffs of the Poisoned Glen and Bingorms, which contrast dramatically with the gently undulating expanses of blanket bog in the south- west and north-east corners of the site.

The underlying rock is predominantly granite, with a few intrusive dykes. However, around Errigal the geology is more complex with bands of schists, quartzite, granodiorite and limestone occurring.

Atlantic blanket bog is the dominant habitat of interest, with much of it being relatively unspoilt. Indeed, the area around Cloghernagore constitutes the most extensive blanket bog system remaining in the north- west of Ireland. Overall, there are excellent examples of several types of blanket bog including, Highland Bog (Cashelnagor and Dunlewy Far), Lowland Bog (Cloghernagore and Glenveagh Bridge), Domed Valley Bog (Derrybeg and Calabber Valley), Headwater Bog (Crockastoller and Carrickatimpan Mountain) and blanket bog apparently in the early stages of formation (Attinadague).

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The blanket bog vegetation is relatively uniform and typically dominated by Purple Moor-Grass (Molinia caerulea), Heather (Calluna vulgaris), Black Bog-Rush (Schoenus nigricans), Deergrass (Scirpus cespitosus) and Common Cottongrass (Eriophorum angustifolium), with areas of Bog Myrtle (Myrica gale) occurring.

Some well-developed blanket bog features are found: pool systems are typically colonised by Bog Moss (Sphagnum) species (S. auriculatum and S. cuspidatum),

Lesser Bladderwort (Utricularia minor), Bogbean (Menyanthes trifoliata) and sedges (Carex panicea, C. limosa), with Great Sundew (Drosera anglica) occurring around the margins; hummocks of Sphagnum species (S. capillifolium, S. imbricatum and S. papillosum) and other mosses (Leucobryum glaucum, Racomitrium lanuginosum); flushed areas with Sphagnum species (S. auriculatum var. inundatum and S. magellanicum), Common Reed (Phragmites australis), rushes (Juncus acutiflorus and J. effusus) or sedges (Carex echinata, C. rostrata and C. demissa); quaking flats of mosses (Campylopus atrovirens, C. brevipilus, Pleurozia purpurea and Sphagnum spp.) with sedges (e.g. Carex lasiocarpa); shallow, infilling lakes with associated Sphagnum scraws and sedge swards. The vegetation described for the pool areas and wet quaking flats is representative of Rhynchosporion vegetation.

A number of scarce or only locally-occurring vascular plant species have been recorded from bogs on the site. These include a hybrid Sundew, Drosera anglica x D. rotundifolia (Drosera x obovata), Whorled Caraway (Carum verticillatum), Bearberry (Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi), Cranberry (Vaccinium oxycoccos) and, in a gorge, Cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea). Lower plants of note include several mosses (Sphagnum fuscum, S. contortum, S. recurvum var. tenue, S. molle, Calliergon stramineum and Polytrichum longisetum) and lichens (Cladonia parasitica, C. gracilis, C. bellidiflora, C. cervicornis subsp. verticillata, C. digitata, Peltigera hymenea, Sphaerophorus fragilis, Usnea fragilescens and Umbilicaria polyrrhiza).

The site includes many rivers and streams, containing, or fringed by plants such as Water Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile), Lesser Spearwort (Ranunculus flammula), Pondweeds (Potamogeton natans, P. polygonifolius), sedges (Carex spp.) and rushes (Juncus spp). By one river the locally-occurring, Lemon- scented Fern (Oreopteris limbosperma), is found. Sometimes the streams cut gorges, where fragments of deciduous woodland remain. These are characterised by Aspen (Populus tremula), Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia), Oak (Quercus petraea and Q. robur) and Willow (Salix spp.).

An area of semi-natural deciduous woodland occurs on the steeply sloping eastern side of Glenveagh. The

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dominant trees are Sessile Oak (Quercus petraea), Birch (Betula pubescens) and Rowan, with Hazel (Corylus avellana) occurring frequently. Holly (Ilex aquifolium) occurs in the understorey. Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) has invaded much of the woodland and adjacent hillsides. Other species present include Yew (Taxus baccata), Juniper (Juniperus communis) and, near Lough Veagh, the scarce, Rock Whitebeam (Sorbus rupicola). Within the woodland the lower plant community is well-developed with liverworts, including Frullania tamarisci, growing on the tree trunks. This is replaced as an epiphyte in damper areas by Wilson's Filmy-fern (Hymenophyllum wilsonii). Of particular note, is the presence of the scarcer, Tonbridge Filmy-fern (H. tunbrigense). The woodlands are also notable for the presence of two rare species of Myxomycete fungus, namely Licea gloeoderma and Physarum vernum, the former in its only known Irish site.

There are several large lakes on the site, including Lough Barra, Lough Veagh and Lough Altan. Aquatic plant species found include Water Lobelia (Lobelia dortmanna), Shoreweed (Littorella uniflora) and Bulbous Rush (Juncus bulbosus). Lough Veagh also contains two Quillworts (Isoetes lacustris and I. echinospora), the

latter of which is a locally-occurring species. Some of the smaller lakes also contain the scarce, Pipewort (Eriocaulon aquaticum).

Many scarce plants have been recorded from cliffs and gullies, mainly around Slieve Snaght and the Poisoned Glen. These include Brittle Bladder-fern (Cystopteris fragilis), Alpine Clubmoss (Diphasiastrum alpinum), Stiff Sedge (Carex bigelowii), Mountain Sorrel (Oxyria digyna) and Irish Spurge (Euphorbia hyberna).

Purple Saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia) and Alpine Saw-wort (Saussurea alpina) have also been recorded from this area, along with a more recent sighting of Killarney Fern (Trichomanes speciosum). Both of these are rare species which are listed in the Irish Red Data Book, the latter also being legally protected (Flora Protection Order, 1987) and listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive.

Within the whole site, three other rare Red Data Book plants have been recorded, namely: Bird Cherry (Prunus padus), Small-White Orchid (Pseudorchis albida) and Heath Cudweed (Omalotheca sylvatica). The two last-named are legally protected (Flora Protection Order, 1987).

The area is of considerable zoological value. Mammal interest includes the largest herd of Red Deer in

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Ireland, along with Badgers, Otters, Irish Hares and Stoats.

Lough Veagh contains Arctic Charr, an indigenous fish that was once widespread but is now rare in most places. It is listed as vulnerable in the Irish Red Data Book. The Owencarrow and Lackagh River systems support a good population of Atlantic Salmon, a species listed on Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive. Brown Trout also occur. Common Lizard has been recorded from the site. The site supports populations of Freshwater Pearl-mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera), a rare species that is both legally protected in Ireland and listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive.

One of the major land uses is conservation management. The site contains the whole of the Glenveagh National Park along with two Statutory Nature Reserves, Lough Barra Bog and Meenachullion Bog.

Grazing by sheep and deer is common and in a few places the bogs have suffered from overgrazing and poaching. Grazing has also prevented woodland regeneration. Annual deer culls take place to control numbers and the main herd is kept within the confines of the National Park by a 45 km deer fence.

Invasion by Rhododendron has been a particular problem within the Park, where it has choked areas of woodland and covered adjacent hillsides. A removal programme is currently in progress and the threat from this species has been considerably reduced.

Peat-cutting, both by hand and machine, has caused damage to some bogs in the site. Turbary and afforestation are the main threats to this habitat, with erosion and burning also having an impact.

The site is of great scientific and conservation value, particularly for the large areas of excellent, little- damaged blanket bog it contains, including the largest intact area of blanket bog in north-west Ireland. It also includes good quality examples of semi- natural deciduous woodland, heath, oligotrophic lakes and inland cliffs. The importance of the site is increased by the presence of a wide range of plant and animal

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species, including many rare or threatened Red Data Book species, and several that are listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive or Annex I of the EU Birds Directive.

6.10.2006

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SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: SHEEPHAVEN SITE CODE: 001190

Extensive areas of intertidal sands and muds occur at The Back Strand, Ards Strand, Doo Castle Strand and at Carrickgart. Marble Hill Strand is a north-east-facing beach on the west side of the bay. The sediment here is fine well-sorted sand, and the communities present are representative of shores moderately exposed to wave action to sheltered from wave action. The rare hermit crab Diogenes pugilator is present at its most northerly record station in Ireland.

Large areas of sand dune occur at Rosapenna and at Marble Hill. The fore-dunes are dominated by Marram (Ammophila arenaria), with abundant Red Fescue (Festuca rubra) and herbs such as Dove's-foot Crane's- bill (Geranium molle) and Clovers (Trifolium spp.) occurring on the fixed dunes behind. Some areas of sand dune at Rosapenna have been damaged through agricultural improvement; golf course development has also had an impact on the site.

A relatively small area of sand dune machair occurs on flat to gently undulating ground, behind the dune system, to the north-west of Carrigart village. Typical species such as Red Fescue, Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata), Bird’s-foot Trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and Daisy (Bellis perennis) are present. The machair displays an interesting gradation to salt marsh vegetation.

An extensive area of salt marsh occurs at Back Strand, with further areas at Ards strand and to the west of Carrigart village. A variety of sedge (Carex) and Rush (Juncus) species occur, including Distant Sedge (Carex distans) and Sea Rush (Juncus maritimus), along with Thrift (Armeria maritima) and Sea Aster (Aster tripolium).

The site includes several areas of woodland: Creeslough Wood consists of a range of deciduous trees, such

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as Oak (Quercus sp.), Holly (Ilex aquifolium) and Hazel (Corylus avellana), but mostly comprise Downy Birch (Betula pubescens). Ards Forest Park includes areas of deciduous woodland and conifer plantation. Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) is widespread in parts of the wood. Two rare species of Myxomycete fungus have been recorded from Ards, namely Cribraria rufa and Stemonitopsis hyperopta.

The intertidal mud and sand flats support moderate numbers of waterfowl in autumn and winter. These include Shelduck (75), Wigeon (414), Teal (129), Mallard (117), Oystercatcher (155), Ringed Plover (48), Dunlin (107) and Curlew (86) (data from 1984/85-86/87 period). The site is sometimes used by the population of Barnacle Geese which is nowadays centered at the New Lake at Dunfanaghy. This flock numbers up to 300. Barnacle Goose is listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. Other Annex I species associated with the site are Chough (2 possible breeding pairs), Peregrine (occasional visitor) and Common Tern. Terns have not been recorded breeding in recent years though suitable habitat exists. Part of the site is a Wildfowl Sanctuary.

8.11.2001

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SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME : HORN HEAD AND RINCLEVAN SITE CODE : 000147

Horn Head extends northwards into the Atlantic Ocean from Dunfanaghy, County Donegal. This site also extends westwards, reaching just beyond Dooros Point. It is a diverse coastal site containing a wide range of habitats from high rocky quartzite cliffs in the north to mud flats, sand flats, dunes and a brackish lake in the south.

On the rocky sea-cliffs (maximum height 207 m), exposure is a limiting factor to plant growth, but where soil has built up, maritime plants such as Thrift (Armeria maritima), Sea Campion (Silene maritima) and Rock Samphire (Crithmum maritimum) occur. Two rare bryophytes (Acrobolbus wilsonii and Geocalyx graveolens) have been recorded from Horn Head Cliffs, as have two species of flowering plant listed in the Irish Red Data Book, Corn Cockle (Agrostemma githago) and Scot's Lovage (Ligusticum scoticum). Inland from the cliffs are hills supporting heathy vegetation dominated by Ling Heather (Calluna vulgaris).

In the south-western part of the site is a dune system which is impressive in terms of its size, range of dune types and its relatively undisturbed nature. Of particular note is the area of fixed dunes, a priority habitat listed on Annex I of the EU Habitats Directive, to the north-east of Dunfanaghy village and to the north-east of Trawmore, especially at Lurgabrack. The dominant vascular plant species are Red Fescue (Festuca rubra), Marram (Ammophila arenaria) and Lady’s Bedstraw (Galium verum) accompanied by such species as Red Clover (Trifolium repens), Common Bird’s-foot- trefoil (Lotus corniculatus) and Sand Pansy (Viola tricolour curtisii). Lesser Meadow-rue (Thalictrum minus), a nationally scarce plant species, has been confirmed from areas of fixed dune at Lurgabrack recently. The bryophyte component of the vegetation is very well developed with such species as Tortula ruraliformis, Pleurozium schreberi and Homalothecium lutescens being particularly abundant. In addition to the commoner mosses, a number of rarer bryophytes have also been recorded from fixed dunes around Dunfanaghy. These include Thuidium abietinum, Bryum marratii and Distichum inclinatum. Other dune types which occur are marram dunes, embryonic dunes and dune slacks. These dune slacks are characterised by the presence of Creeping Willow (Salix repens). A small area of machair is located in Murroe townland in the south-western corner of the site. Here the machair grassland occurs as a number of sloping surfaces with high dunes to the north-west and extensive dune slack to the north-east. The quality of the machair appears to be rather low.

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Port Lough, a meso/oligotrophic lake of good water quality, has a diverse flora and supports an important population of Slender Naiad (Najas flexilis). This species is listed on Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive and is also legally protected under the Flora (Protection) Order, 1999. A main feature of this site is the colony of breeding seabirds on the cliffs of Horn Head. Species present include Razorbill (<6,000 individuals), Guillemot (<5,000 individuals), Kittiwake (<4,500 pairs), Fulmar (1,000 pairs), Shag (200 pairs), Puffin (100 pairs), Black Guillemot (25 pairs), Cormorant (20 pairs). All figures date from before 1989.

A few pairs each of Chough (6) and Peregrine Falcon (3) breed here. These are both listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. The Red Grouse, a species undergoing some decline in Ireland, breeds on the heather- covered hills inland from the cliffs. Several species of wader breed in the site, notably Lapwing (11 pairs) and Dunlin (6 pairs).

During winter, a flock of Greenland White-fronted Geese (average peak 160, 1992/93 - 1996/97) frequent the New Lake area in the south of the site. A nationally important population of Barnacle Geese winter at the site, though they also use other traditional sites in the region. In recent winters, numbers have varied between 250 and 300 birds. Along with the geese species there is a small but regular wintering flock of Whooper Swans. The mean peak for the five winters up to 1996/97 was 38. All three of these species are listed on Annex I of the EU Birds Directive. At least eight other species of waterfowl have been recorded including Pochard (237), Wigeon (119) and Tufted Duck (29). All figures are average peaks 1984/85 - 1986/87.

A small- to medium-sized population (20-30 individuals) of Grey Seal occurs at Horn Head. This species is listed on Annex II of the E.U. Habitats Directive.

Relative inaccessibility gives a degree of protection to the cliffs and the breeding seabirds, but an increase in tourist activity on the cliffs or offshore fishing could pose a threat to the colony. Parts of the dune areas have undergone a little modification through agricultural usage.

This scenic site contains a good range of coastal habitats, including the priority habitat fixed dune, which are of considerable conservation value. The size of the seabird colony makes this a site of international importance. This was reflected in the designation in 1988 of a Refuge for Fauna at Horn Head. The New Lake is managed as a Wildlife Sanctuary by the Wildlife Service, which contributes to the protection of the

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important populations of waterfowl in the site.

7.8.2003

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SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: LOUGH SWILLY SPA SITE CODE: 004075

Lough Swilly is a long sea inlet cut through a variety of metamorphic rocks, situated on the west side of the Inishowen Peninsula in north Co. Donegal. The SPA comprises the inner part of Lough Swilly from just east of Letterkenny northwards to Killygarvan (c. 2 km north of Rathmullan) on the west side and to c. 2 km south of Buncrana on the east side; it includes the adjacent Inch Lough. Also forming part of the site is a series of improved pasture and arable fields on the south side of Lough Swilly between Farsetmore and Inch Levels – these are of importance to geese and swans. It includes sections of the estuaries of the River Swilly, the River Leannan and the Isle Burn and the predominant habitat is a series of extensive sand and mud flats which are exposed at low tide - both estuaries and sand/mud flats are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Habitats Directive. Other habitats represented in the site are salt marshes, lagoons (at Inch Lough and Blanket Nook), rivers and streams, sand and shingle beaches, lowland wet and dry grasslands, drainage ditches, reedbeds and scrub. Inch Lough, whilst artificial in origin, is one of the largest and best examples of a shallow, low salinity lagoon in the country; it supports what is probably the largest population in the country of the Red-listed charophyte Chara canescens. A small sandy island, used by nesting terns, swans and gulls, occurs in the southern part of the lagoon.

The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Great Crested Grebe, Grey Heron, Whooper Swan, Greenland White-fronted Goose, Greylag Goose, Shelduck, Wigeon, Teal, Mallard, Shoveler, Scaup, Goldeneye, Red-breasted Merganser, Coot, Oystercatcher, Knot, Dunlin, Curlew, Redshank, Greenshank, Black-headed Gull, Common Gull, Sandwich Tern and Common Tern. The site is also of special conservation interest for holding an assemblage of over 20,000 wintering waterbirds. The E.U. Birds Directive pays particular attention to wetlands and, as these form part of this SPA, the site and its associated waterbirds are of special conservation interest for Wetland & Waterbirds.

The site supports an excellent diversity of waterfowl species in autumn and winter as well as breeding terns, gulls and ducks. The shallow waters provide suitable habitat for grebes and diving duck, while the intertidal flats are used by an abundance of wildfowl and waders. At high tide, the duck and wader species roost on the salt marshes and shorelines, with some species moving to the adjacent pasture and arable

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fields. The combination within this site of extensive feeding areas and safe resting and roosting sites makes this one of the most important wetlands in the north-west of the country for wintering waterfowl.

Lough Swilly SPA supports internationally important numbers of Whooper Swan (1,673 - mean peak for the five winters 1995/96-1999/2000), Greenland White-fronted

Goose (847 for the Lough Swilly flock - mean peak for the five winters 1994/95- 1998/99) and Greylag Goose (1,218 - mean peak for the five winters 1995/96- 1999/2000). The main areas of the site used by these species are at Big Isle, Farsetmore, Blanket Nook, Ballylawn and Inch Levels. The flock sizes for Whooper Swan and Greylag Goose are the highest in the country. Considerably higher numbers of Whooper Swan (peak of 1,946) have been recorded, especially early in the season, as this is the area where the swans make their Irish landfall in autumn on their return from breeding grounds in Iceland. Both Greenland White-fronted Goose and Whooper Swan are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive.

The site includes nationally important populations of 18 wintering waterbird species as follows (all figures are mean peaks for the five winters 1995/96-1999/00): Great Crested Grebe (284), Grey Heron (57), Shelduck (772), Wigeon (1,580), Teal (1,581), Mallard (1,169), Shoveler (60), Scaup (103), Goldeneye (170), Red-breasted Merganser (127), Coot (514), Oystercatcher (1,595), Knot (303), Dunlin (7,285), Curlew (1,720), Redshank (1,404), Greenshank (48) and Common Gull (1,523). Other species which occur include Light-bellied Brent Goose (152), Pochard (102), Golden Plover (749), Lapwing (1,408), Ringed Plover (81), Grey Plover (15), Bar- tailed Godwit (139) and Turnstone (73). The site is an important area for Great Northern Diver (19) and the rare Slavonian Grebe (11). The rare winter visitor, Pink- footed Goose, also occurs (15). Nationally important numbers of Mute Swan (265) also use the site.

The small island in Inch Lough supports the largest tern colony in the north-west, with nationally important populations of Sandwich Tern (258 pairs in 2001) and Common Tern (89 pairs in 2001) occurring. These two species are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. There is also a nationally important colony of Black- headed Gull (800 pairs in 2001), which represents one of the largest populations in the country.

Several species of duck breed on Inch Lough, most notably Tufted Duck, with an estimate of between 100 and 200 pairs occurring in 1997. Mute Swan breeds in important numbers and a concentration of 50 pairs

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on the small island in Inch Lough is most unusual as this species seldom nests in colonies. Whooper Swan, a very rare breeding species in Ireland, has been recorded nesting at Inch Lough. Lapwing breeds in regionally important numbers either on wet grass fields within the levels or around the edge of the lagoon. Coot also breed (estimate of 50 pairs in the 1990s).

Lough Swilly SPA is of major ornithological importance for wintering waterbirds, with three species occurring in numbers of international importance and 18 occurring regularly in numbers of national importance. The site is regularly used by more than 20,000 waterfowl and as such is of international importance. Additionally, it holds nationally important breeding populations of three species, i.e. Sandwich Tern, Common Tern and Black-headed Gull. The site is used by a good range of species that are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive.

29.4.2010

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SITE NAME: LOUGH FERN SPA SITE CODE: 004060

Lough Fern is a relatively small lake with a maximum length of 2.5 km. The lake lies on the Leannan River and is underlain by metamorphic rocks (schist, gneiss and quartzite). It is a shallow system, with a maximum depth of 2.5 m. The water is soft though it is not markedly coloured; the lake is classified as mesotrophic. The shoreline is often stony though swamp vegetation is found both in the northern and southern parts. The stony shores have Shoreweed (Littorella uniflora), Lesser Spearwort (Ranunculus flammula) and Water Forget-me-not (Myosotis scorpiodes). The swamp vegetation is mainly comprised of Common Reed (Phragmites australis), Canary Reed-grass (Phalaris arundinacea) and Bulrush (Typha latifolia). There are two small islands in the lake, both of which are covered with deciduous woodland.

Lough Fern is of ornithological importance for wintering waterfowl and particularly diving duck. Whilst bird counts at the site extend back to the 1970s, these have been irregular and there have been few in recent years. Based on information from the 1990s, it seems that Pochard has a population of national importance (average of 671 individuals), with good numbers also of Tufted Duck (average of 213). Other species that occur include Goldeneye (9), Coot (48), Whooper Swan (20-30), and small numbers of dabbling ducks such as Wigeon and Mallard. Little Grebe and Water Rail are resident species. It appears that numbers of the main species fluctuate widely, suggesting that the lake may be an important temporary refuge when birds are displaced from other sites.

The protected, Red Data Book plant species Globeflower (Trollius europaeus) occurs on shores within the site.

The main threat to the site is of water pollution due to agricultural intensification and/or afforestation in the catchment. An increase in the trophic status of the lake could have adverse impacts on the wintering bird populations. Improvement of the marginal habitats above the lakeshore could affect some of the bird species that use these areas for feeding.

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13.4.2005

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SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: DERRYVEAGH AND GLENDOWAN MOUNTAINS SPA SITE CODE: 004039

Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains SPA is an extensive upland site in north-west Co. Donegal, comprising Glenveagh National Park, a substantial part of the Derryveagh and Glendowan Mountains and a number of the surrounding lakes. Much of the site is over 300 m above sea level, rising to a peak of 652 m at Dooish. The solid geology is predominantly quartzite. The substrate over much of site is peat, with blanket bog and heath comprising the principal habitats.

This site is one of only a few locations where Red-throated Diver breed in Ireland and the birds also use a number of lakes within the site for feeding. A survey in 2010 recorded 6 pairs at the site. The extensive bog and heath habitats provide excellent foraging habitat for both Peregrine (5-6 pairs in 2002) and Merlin (estimated 6-11 pairs). Peregrine nest on the crags and cliffs, whilst Merlin nest in the heather or in old crows’ nests in trees. The site is very important for breeding Golden Plover and Dunlin (subsp. schinzii) with 18 and 5 pairs respectively recorded in 2002.

Glenveagh National Park is the central location for the Golden Eagle re-introduction programme, which commenced in 2000. With time, this species may become successfully re-established as a breeding species in Ireland.

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Natura Impact Statement for the Proposed Harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum Oilean Glas Teo. in Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal September 2013 The site is of high ornithological importance with nationally important breeding populations of five species. Of particular note is that five of the species that occur regularly are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive, i.e. Red-throated Diver, Peregrine, Merlin, Golden Plover and Dunlin (subsp. schinzii).

13.10.2010

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SITE SYNOPSIS

SITE NAME: GREERS ISLE SPA SITE CODE: 004082

Greers Isle SPA is a very small island in the enclosed and highly sheltered marine waters of Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal. The island is approximately 500 m from the mainland. The underlying bedrock is probably part of a metadolerite intrusion. The surrounding water to a distance of 200 m is included in the site

The site is a Special Protection Area (SPA) under the E.U. Birds Directive, of special conservation interest for the following species: Sandwich Tern, Black-headed Gull and Common Gull.

The site is of ornithological importance for breeding terns and gulls. In 1984, Greers Isle had 180 pairs of Sandwich Tern and 20 pairs of Arctic Tern. The birds then deserted the site and none were present when the island was censused as part of the 1995 national tern survey. Since then, Greers Isle has been re-occupied – in 2002 there were 63 pairs of Sandwich Tern in three sub-colonies and a total of 23 young were reared. This population subsequently increased to 217 pairs in 2004. Also present was a mixed Common Tern/Arctic Tern colony of 27 pairs, which produced 66 eggs. The Sandwich Tern colony is of national importance. All tern species are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive.

The site also supports nationally important colonies of Common Gull (30 pairs in 2002) and Black-headed Gull (c. 200 pairs in 2002). Several pairs each of Tufted Duck and Red-breasted Merganser breed at the site.

The proximity to the shore makes the island vulnerable to predation by Mink and this may have been the cause for the earlier desertion of the site by the terns. Some construction work on the island is being undertaken to make it more suitable for Sandwich Terns.

27.7.2006

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SITE NAME: HORN HEAD TO FANAD HEAD SPA SITE CODE: 004194

The Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA comprises a number of separate sections of the north Co. Donegal coastline stretching some 70 km eastwards from Dooros Point, south-west of Horn Head to just south of Saldanha Head, south of Fanad Head. The site includes the high coast areas and sea cliffs, the land adjacent to the cliff edge (inland for 300 m) and the sand dunes and lake at Dunfanaghy/Rinclevan. The high water mark forms the seaward boundary, except at Horn Head where the adjacent sea area to a distance of 500 m from the cliff base is included to provide areas for foraging and socialising activities for breeding seabirds. Sea cliffs are present along virtually all the site. Almost all are greater than 10 m in height. They are often over 30 m and rise impressively to over 200 m in a few places. The geology consists of both metamorphic and igneous intrusive rocks. The metamorphic rocks are quartzites and schists. The igneous rocks are silica-rich granites and more the basic dolerites and granodiorites. A small low-lying peninsula of metamorphic limestone occurs at Cloonmass Point and Isle just north of the Ards peninsula.

Large areas of habitat included in the site are semi-natural, often on unenclosed land, but there is some improved and semi-improved agricultural land also. Apart from the ubiquitous and well-developed vegetated sea cliff and cliff top habitat, the semi-natural habitats present include fixed dunes, Marram (Ammophila arenaria) dunes, dune heath, dune slacks, machair, dry heath, wet grassland, improved and semi-improved grassland, and lakes.

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Natura Impact Statement for the Proposed Harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum Oilean Glas Teo. in Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal September 2013 flocking, e.g. at Black Burrow near Dooros Point and at Melmore Lough on the Tranarossan Peninsula. The site also holds a large Peregrine population (7 pairs in 2002); this species is listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive.

New Lake/Rinclevan and the dunes to the west (west-south-west of Dunfanaghy) supports nationally important Greenland White-fronted Goose (196) and Barnacle Goose (160) populations - all figures are average peaks for the 5 seasons 1995/96-1999/00. The Greenland White-fronted Goose flock has increased in size since the 1980s. These are considered to be the birds that formerly frequented blanket bog sites in vicinity of the Calabber River valley. High within-winter count variability suggests that there are hitherto unlocated feeding sites in the region. The Barnacle Goose flock is part of an internationally important population that also uses the islands of Inishbofin and Inishdooey. The geese feed on the dune grassland and on intensive grassland. Whooper Swan (30) also occurs regularly, along with a range of other waterfowl species, notably Pochard (234) which are well suited to the shallow lake waters. Other species present include Teal (108), Mallard (87), Tufted Duck (87), Goldeneye (11), Mute Swan (63) and Coot (52).

In summer, the site supports a good diversity of breeding waders. A survey in 1996 recorded the following: Lapwing (11 pairs), Dunlin (6 pairs), Snipe (1 pair), Redshank (2 pairs), Oystercatcher (1 pair) and Common Sandpiper (2 pairs).

The Horn Head to Fanad Head SPA is of high importance for Chough and Peregrine, both species that are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. It also supports an internationally important assemblage of breeding seabirds, that includes nationally important populations of seven species, i.e. Fulmar, Cormorant, Shag, Kittiwake, Guillemot, Razorbill and Black Guillemot. The Greenland White-fronted Goose and Barnacle Goose populations are also of national imporance. Both of these species, as well as Whooper Swan, are listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive. A good diversity of other wildfowl species occurs, notably Pochard. The diversity of

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Natura Impact Statement for the Proposed Harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum Oilean Glas Teo. in Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal September 2013 breeding waders is also of importance, especially Dunlin, a localised species in Ireland and also one that is listed on Annex I of the E.U. Birds Directive, and Lapwing, a declining and Red listed species.

13.11.2

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Natura Impact Statement for the Proposed Harvesting of Ascophyllum nodosum Oilean Glas Teo. in Mulroy Bay, Co. Donegal September 2013

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