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Western Corn Rootworm and Bt Corn in Iowa Aaron J Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Proceedings of the 25th Annual Integrated Crop Conference Management Conference Dec 4th, 12:00 AM Western corn rootworm and Bt corn in Iowa Aaron J. Gassmann Iowa State University, [email protected] Erin W. Hodgson Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/icm Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Entomology Commons Gassmann, Aaron J. and Hodgson, Erin W., "Western corn rootworm and Bt corn in Iowa" (2013). Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Conference. 12. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/icm/2013/proceedings/12 This Event is brought to you for free and open access by the Conferences and Symposia at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the Integrated Crop Management Conference by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 2013 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University — 63 Western corn rootworm and Bt corn in Iowa Aaron J. Gassmann, assistant professor, Entomology, Iowa State University; Erin W. Hodgson, associate professor, Entomology, Iowa State University Introduction The widespread planting of crops genetically engineered to produce insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) places intense selective pressure on pest populations to evolve resistance. Western corn rootworm (WCR) is a key pest of corn and is managed through planting of Bt corn (Gray et al. 2009). Starting in 2009, western corn rootworm in Iowa has imposed severe injury to Bt corn in the field. Laboratory analysis of field populations collected in 2011 revealed resistance to corn producing Bt toxins Cry3Bb1 and mCry3A, and cross- resistance between these toxins. These cases of resistance highlight the vulnerability of Bt corn to further evolution of resistance by western corn rootworm; and more broadly, point to need to use an integrated approach when managing this pest and to follow resistance management requirements. Methods Fields were sampled in response to notification of rootworm injury to Bt corn. Western corn rootworm constituted the vast majority of adults present in the field. Roots were sampled from fields and the presence of rootworm-active Bt toxin was determined with a gene check (Envirologix, Portland, Maine). Rootworm injury was quantified based on the 0 to 3 node injury scale (Oleson et al. 2005). Plant-based bioassays were conducted following the protocol developed by Gassmann et al. (2011, 2012). Eggs were obtained from western corn rootworm adults that were collected from the same fields where roots were sampled. Eggs were placed in a cold room for at least five months to break diapause. We also evaluated eight control populations, obtained from the United States Department of Agriculture’s North Central Agricultural Research Laboratory (NCARL) in Brookings, South Dakota. All control populations were brought into the laboratory prior to 2003, which is the year that Bt corn was commercialized for management of western corn rootworm. Bioassays used three Bt toxins that target western corn rootworm: Cry3Bb1, Cry34/35Ab1 and mCry3A. For each Bt hybrid, we also measured survival of rootworm on a near isogenic hybrid that lacked a gene for a rootworm-active Bt toxin but otherwise was genetically similar to its respective Bt hybrid. Recently hatched larvae were placed at the base of a corn plant and containers with plants, soil and larvae were held in an incubator for 17 days (24.4°C, 65% RH, 16/8 L/D). After 17 days in an incubator, bioassay cups were removed and placed on a Berlese funnel for four days to extract larvae from the soil. Rootworm survival per bioassay container was calculated as the number of larvae recovered after 17 days divided by the number of larvae initially placed on that plant. Results The number of fields identified with severe injury to Bt corn from western corn rootworm has increased each year since 2009, as has the geographic range in which fields were located (Fig. 1). An average of one node of root injury or greater was used as the threshold for classifying fields as having severe rootworm injury because this level of feeding injury is associated with a 17% reduction in yield (Dun et al. 2010). During 2009 and 2010, all fields with severe injury from western corn rootworm contained Cry3Bb1 corn and were found in six counties (Figs. 1A and 1B). In 2011, fields contained either Cry3Bb1 corn or mCry3A corn and were found in nine counties (Fig. 1C). By 2012, severe injury was observed for Cry3Bb1 corn, mCry3A corn and Cry34/35Ab1 corn, and fields were found in 18 counties, 12 of which had not been identified in previous years (Fig. 1D). The increase in reports of severe injury to Bt corn over time could be due to more fields with Bt-resistant western corn rootworm, greater awareness among farmers of resistance and consequently greater effort in searching, or both. 64 — 2013 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University Fields with western corn rootworm injury to Cry3Bb1 corn and mCry3A corn were associated with resistance to both of these toxins (Fig. 2). For both Cry3Bb1 corn and mCry3A corn, survival of 2011 populations did not differ between Bt corn and non-Bt corn. By contrast, survival of control populations on Cry3Bb1 corn and mCry3A corn was significantly lower than on non-Bt corn (Figs. 2A and 2B). These results demonstrate resistance to mCry3A and Cry3Bb1 in 2011 populations. Discussion Resistance to Bt corn by western corn rootworm is associated with continuous corn production combined with continuous use of Bt traits. In addition to planting non-Bt refuges, better integration of management tactics is essential to delay and mitigate resistance. Rotation of fields from corn to a non-corn crop, such as soybean, breaks the life cycle of western corn rootworm and is a highly effective management approach in Iowa. Additionally, when planting a non-WCR Bt hybrid, soil-applied insecticides may be used to reduce root injury. When planting Bt corn, farmers should consider using a pyramided variety that has multiple Bt toxins targeting western corn rootworm (such as Cry3Bb1 pyramided with Cry34/35Ab1 or mCry3A pyramided with Cry34/35Ab1). Pyramided hybrids will help to delay resistance longer than using corn with only one Bt toxin for rootworm. An example of an integrated approach to managing corn rootworm is a five year rotation: year 1 – soybeans year 2 – non-WCR Bt corn year 3 – non-WCR Bt corn with a soil-applied insecticide year 4 – corn with a pyramid of Bt toxins targeting WCR year 5 – corn with a pyramid of Bt toxins targeting WCR By taking an integrated approach to management and following resistance management requirements by planting a refuge, farmers can preserve both profits and Bt technologies. 2013 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University — 65 A) 2009 B) 2010 C) 2011 D) 2012 Figure 1. Fields with greater than one node of root injury to Bt corn Iowa during in A) 2009, B) 2010, C) 2011 and D) 2012. Sections within a map are individual counties. A number within a county represents a single field with greater than one node of root injury, and the numeric value indicates the type of corn: 1 = Cry3Bb1 corn, 2 = mCry3A corn and 3 = Cry34/35Ab1 corn. In D) 2012, both Cry3Bb1 corn and mCry3A corn had greater than one node of root injury in the same field and this is indicated as 1/2. 66 — 2013 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University Figure 2. Survival of western corn rootworm larvae on A) Cry3Bb1 corn, B) mCry3A corn and C) Cry34/35Ab1 corn. Control populations were never exposed to Bt corn while 2011 populations were collected from fields with greater than one node of root injury to either Cry3Bb1 corn or mCry3A corn. Bar heights represent the average survival among either 2011 populations (N = 9) or control population (N = 8). Error bars are the standard error of the mean. In each figure “Bt absent” represents the non-Bt near isoline of Bt corn. Letters indicate significant pairwise differences among means within each graph. 2013 Integrated Crop Management Conference - Iowa State University — 67 References Dun, Z., P. D. Mitchell, and M. Agosti. 2010. Estimating Diabrotica virgifera virgifera damage functions with field trial data: applying an unbalanced nested error component model. Journal of Applied Entomology 134:409- 419. Gassmann, A. J., J. L. Petzold-Maxwell, R. S. Keweshan, and M. W. Dunbar. 2011. Field-evolved resistance to Bt maize by western corn rootworm. PLoS ONE 6(7):e22629. doi:22610.21371/journal.pone.0022629. Gassmann, A. J., J. L. Petzold-Maxwell, R. S. Keweshan, and M. W. Dunbar. 2012. Western corn rootworm and Bt maize: challenges of pest resistance in the field. GM Crops and Food 3:235-244. Gray, M. E., T. W. Sappington, N. J. Miller, J. Moeser, and M. O. Bohn. 2009. Adaptation and invasiveness of western corn rootworm: intensifying research on a worsening pest. Annual Review of Entomology 54:303-321. Oleson, J. D., Y.-L. Park, T. M. Nowatzki, and J. J. Tollefson. 2005. Node-injury scale to evaluate root injury by corn rootworms (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 98:1-8..
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