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American Museumnovitates AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES Published by Number 1079 THE AMERICAN MUSEum OF NATURAL HISTORY July 17, 1940 New York City A REVISION OF THE FORMS OF STIGMATOMMA PALLIPES BY WM. S. CREIGHTON Although the habits of Stigmatomma the North American representatives. The pallipes have been repeatedly studied range of oregonensis is strictly limited to none of these publications have been of the coastal region of the Pacific Northwest. much service to those who wish to deal Its nearest neighbor from a spatial stand- with the taxonomy of this interesting point appears to be the form described in species. This paper is an attempt to bring this paper as subterranea, which occurs in together and evaluate the scattered taxo- central Kansas. The Kansas variant is nomic publications which deal with S. scarcely less isolated from the eastern pallipes and its variants. Although ref- pallipes whose range does not seem to erences to this insect have repeatedly extend west of Michigan. As I shall show appeared in articles of a descriptive char- in a subsequent paragraph there is some acter there seems to be no adequate de- reason to believe that the ranges of the scription of the typical form. The ease variants are not as widely separated as our with which this insect may be recognized present scattered locality data would and the fact that it is our only species have indicate. Yet it is true that to the present fostered the notion that a thorough de- there are only two forms whose ranges are scription is not necessary. At one time adjacent. The range of the typical pallipes this may have been true, but the subse- borders upon that of the form herein de- quent recognition of several geographical scribed as montigena. Where these two races has made it imperative that the forms come in contact is produced the characteristics of the typical form be more intergrade which Santschi has called the clearly defined. variety wheeleri. Because of this con- The status of the several North American sideration I have treated all the forms of variants of Stigmatomma is by no means S. pallipes as subspecies because I believe easy to determine. Unlike most other that they are geographical races. Ac- ponerines which occur in this country cording to my view the status of this com- Stigmatomma does not increase in abun- plex is as follows: dance as one goes southward. It is difficult 1.-S. pallipes Haldeman (1844) to find in the Gulf States, where other = subsp. arizonensis Wheeler (1915) var. wheeleri Santschi (1913) = hybrid ponerines occur in abundance. It appears pallipes X montigena to be absent in southern Florida and the 2.-Subsp. montigena, new subsp. Brownsville area in Texas. There are no 3.-Subsp. oregonensi8 Wheeler (1915) representatives known from Mexico or 4.-Subsp. subterranea, new subsp. Central America and only a single species, Before passing to the descriptions I wish the Cuban bierigi, from the West Indies. to comment on a peculiarity of the sub- Other New World species of Stigmatomma species subterranea which may lead to an occur in southern Brazil, northern Argen- alteration of our views concerning the tina and northern Chile. The situation is, ecology and distribution of this group of therefore, quite unlike that characteristic forms. It has been generally assumed of most of our ponerines which are properly that pallipes and its variants are limited regarded as northern fringes of Neotropical in their distribution to areas which are groups. This discontinuous distribution, characterized by considerable precipita- which is characteristic of the genus as a tion and heavy cover. The importance of whole, is scarcely less striking in the case of cover has been stressed by Haskins (Jour. 2 AMERICAN MUSEUM NOVITATES [No. 1079 N. Y. Ent. Soc., XXXVI, pp. 179-184, erence for moist, wooded regions. In 1928) who holds that pallipes has lost the preparing this paper I had for study a ability to utilize open fields or glades as series of workers taken by me at Elmo, nesting sites. While this latter view is Kansas, in the summer of 1927. These probably too extreme, it is unquestionably insects, described in the present paper as true that most of the published locality the subspecies subterranea, were living in data for pallipes indicates a strong pref- a small crevice between limestone frag- ments fully three feet below the surface of the ground. The nest was discovered by accident and, since it was laid open with a pick, all passages leading to the surface (provided there were any) had been obliterated before the ants were exposed. As to whether such passages existed is a matter of secondary importance. The significant fact is the presence of a nest of Stigmatomma at the edge of the Kansas 7 prairies. The country in the vicinity of Elmo is a rolling, open area where the only trees are borders of osage orange along the edges of the fields. Cover there is none, as will be fully appreciated by anyone who has worked there under an August sun. Elmo is one of the last places where one would expect to find Stigmatomma if its distribution is dependent on moisture and cover. The conclusion seems inescapable that Stigmatomma can tolerate a much wider range of ecological conditions than 4- has been hitherto supposed. In all prob- ability its range includes much of the United States, but it is only in those por- 8 tions of the range where abundance of cover and moisture prevail that the insect becomes epigaeic and, hence, liable to .5 discovery by collectors. KEY TO THE WORKERS OF THE SUBSPECIES OF S. pallipes 1.-The portion of the inner border of the mandible which bears the double teeth 6 notably convex (Fig. 1) ..............2. The portion of the inner border of the Fig. 1. Mandible of S. !pallipes pallipes. mandible which bears the double 2. teeth Fig. Mandible of'S. pallipes oregonensis. straight or nearly so (Fig. 2) (Coastal area Fig. 3. Edge of clypeus of S. pallipes oreg'or- in the Pacific ernsis. northwest) ............... .....................pallipesoregonensis. Fig. 4. Edge of clypeus of S. pallipes sub- 2.-Funicular joints 2-5 almost twice as broad terranea. as long; (Fig. 8); clypeus usually strongly Fig. 5. Edge of clypeus of S. pallipes palli'pes. projecting; largest workers 5 mm. in Fig. 6. Edge of clypeus of S. pallipe8 monti- -length (mountains of North Carolina at gena. elevations of 3000 ft. or Fig. 7. Antennal funicul'us Of S .pale more).......... ..pa....l.l.i.p.e.s..m.on....tig.en..a... pallipes. Funicular joints 2-5 at most very little Fig. 8. Antennal funicul'us- "f' S. pallipei broader than long and usually longer thari montigena. broad (Fig. 7); clypeus moderately pro- REVISION OF STIGMATOMMA PALLIPES jecting or nearly straight; largest workers occurs between the outermost pair of teeth 6.5 mm. in length ................... 3. 3.-Occiput slightly but distinctly concave; and the powerful terminal tooth. Frontal median teeth of the clypeus smaller and lobes large and prominent, only slightly finer than the flanking tubercles (Fig. 4); divergent behind and enclosing between (central Kansas) .... pallipes subterranea. them a subeircular frontal area. Antennal Occiput flat; the median teeth of the clypeus almost as large as the flanking scapes stout, their tips in repose surpassing tubercles (Fig. 5); (eastern Canada to the a point midway between the antennal Gulf Coast and west to the latitude of insertion and the occipital angle by an Michigan)...... pallipes pallipes. amount equal to the greatest thickness of The foregoing key does not contain the the scape. Funicular joints 2-5 longer forms arizonensis and wheeleri because, as than broad in the large workers; in the noted above, the first of these is a synonym smaller workers these joints may be of the typical pallipes and the second an slightly broader than long. Funicular intergrade between pallipes and the sub- joints 6-10 gradually increasing in width; species montigena. the terminal joint about as long as the two preceding joints taken together. Eyes Stigmatomma pallipes Haldeman small, usually consisting of eight or ten S. pallipes, HALDEMAN, 1844, Proc. Acad. poorly defined facets but in some speci- Nat. Sci. Phila., II, p. 54 (Typhlopone) U.- EMERY, 1895, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., VIII, p. 261, mens there may be as many as twenty U 9 c .-WHEIELER, 1900, Biol. Bull., II, p. 65, facets. Figs. 5, 6, 7, Q 9 d. Thorax seen from above with a strong S. pallipes subsp. arizonensis, WHEELER, 1915, constriction in the region of the mesonotum Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XXXIV, p. 389, U . and the anterior portion of the epinotum. S. serratum, ROGER, 1895, Berl. Ent. Zeitschr., III, p. 251, U . Pronotum oval in outline except for the Atropas binodus, PROVANCHER, 1881, Cana- concave posterior face at the promesonotal dian Nat., XII, p. 207, U. suture. Mesonotum short and strap-like, S. pallipes var. wheeleri, SANTSCHI, 1913, its anterior face usually less curved than Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg., LVII, p. 429, U 9 e the adjacent face of the pronotum but in pallipes X montigena. some specimens the mesonotum may be WORKER.-Length, 4.5 mm.-6.5 mm. bowed forward giving it a roughly chevron- Head, exclusive of the mandibles, sub- shaped appearance. Epinotum subtrape- quadrate and as long as broad. Sides zoidal, the sides sloping outward from the very slightly narrowed at the insertion of impressed mesoepinotal suture to the flat the mandibles, more strongly narrowed declivous face. Thorax seen in profile toward the occipital angles, the latter with only the anterior half of the pronotum well marked.
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