USOO765731 OB2

(12) United States Patent (10) Patent No.: US 7,657,310 B2 Buras (45) Date of Patent: Feb. 2, 2010

(54) TREATMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE 4,867,164 A 9, 1989 Zabara ENDOCRINE DISORDERS BY VAGUS NERVE 4.909,263 A 3/1990 Norris ...... 6O7/39 STMULATION 4,920,979 A 5, 1990 Bullara 5,025,807 A 6, 1991 Zabara (75) Inventor: William R. Buras, Friendswood, TX 5,074,868 A 12/1991 Kuzmak (US) 5,154,172 A 10/1992 Terry, Jr. et al. 5,179,950 A 1/1993 Stanislaw (73) Assignee: Cyberonics, Inc., Houston, TX (US) 5, 186,170 A 2f1993 Varrichio et al. (*) Notice: Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this 5,188,104 A 2f1993 Wernicke et al. patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 17 days. (21) Appl. No.: 11/340,309 (Continued) (22) Filed FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS 22) Filed: Jan. 26, 2006 9 EP 1145736 10, 2001 (65) Prior Publication Data US 2007/O173891 A1 Jul. 26, 2007 (51) Int. Cl (Continued) A61N L/00 (2006.01) OTHER PUBLICATIONS (52) U.S. Cl...... 6O7/2 (58) Field of Classification Search ...... o, PCT US2007.000342 search Report (Aug. 30, 2007). 607/3, 45, 116, 118, 39, 46 (Continued) See application file for complete search history. Primaryy Examiner—George9. Manuel (56) References Cited (74) Attorney, Agent, or Firm—Williams, Morgan & U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Amerson P.C.; Timothy L. Scott 3,796,221 A 3/1974 Hagfors (57) ABSTRACT 4,305.402 A 12/1981 Katims 4.338,945 A 7, 1982 Kosugi et al. 4.424,812 A 1, 1984 Lesnick I disclose a method of treating a reproductive endocrine dis 4,431,000 A 2f1984 Butler et al. order in a patient, including coupling at least one electrode to 4.459,989 A 7, 1984 Borkan at least one portion of a cranial nerve of the patient; and 4,503,863. A 3, 1985 Katims applying an electrical signal to said cranial nerve using said 4,541,432 A 9/1985 Molina-Negro et al. 4,573,481 A 3, 1986 Bullara electrode to treat said reproductive endocrine disorder. 4,590,946 A 5, 1986 Loeb Among the reproductive endocrine disorders which may be 4,592,339 A 6, 1986 Kuzmak et al. treated by the method are gonadal dysgenesis, hypogo 4,612,934. A 9, 1986 Borkan nadism, hypergonadism, delayed , amenorrhea, infer 4,702.254 A 10, 1987 Zabara tility, premature menopause, and polycystic . 4,793,353 A 12/1988 Borkan 4,865,048 A 9, 1989 Eckerson 22 Claims, 11 Drawing Sheets

42

25 Nase NEURONS ---

00

IMPANTAB MCADWIC 155 (e.g., NEUROSTIMULATOR)

CONTROLLER The mair trunk or a branch of the right and/or left vagus nerve

COMMUNICATION INTERFACE

US 7,657,310 B2 Page 2

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Bachman, D.S. et al.; “Effects Of Vagal Volleys And Serotonin On Smith, D.C., et al.; “Electrical Stimulation of the Vagus Nerve Units Of Cingulate Cortex in Monkeys.” Brain Research, vol. 130 Enhances Cognitive and Motor Recovery Following Moderate Fluid (1977), pp. 253-269. Percussion Injury in the Rat” Journal of Neurotrauma, vol. 22, No. Clark, K.B., et al., “Enhanced RecognitionMemory Following Vagus 12, (2005) pp. 1485-1502. Nerve Stimulation in Human Subjects.” NatureNeuroscience, vol. 2, Tubbs, R.S., et al.: “Left-Sided Vagus Nerve Stimulation Decreases No. 1, (Jan. 1999) pp. 93-98. Intracranial Pressure Without Resultant Bradycardia in the Pig. A Klapper, M.D., et al., “VNS Therapy Shows Potential Benefit in Potential Therapeutic Modality for Humans' Child's Nervous Sys Patients with Migraine and Chronic Daily Headache After 3 to 6 tem. Original Paper; Springer-Verlag 2004. Months of Treatment (Preliminary Results)' 45th Annual Scientific Zabara, J.; “Neuroinhibition in the Regulation of Emesis” Mecha Meeting of the American Headache Society (Jun. 2003). nisms and Control of Emesis, vol. 223, (1992) pp. 285-295. Ritter, S., et al.; “Participation of Vagal Sensory Neurons in Putative Zabara, J.; “Neuroinhibition of Xylaine Induced Emesis' Pharma Satiety Signals from the Upper Gastroinstestinal Tract” cology & Toxicology, vol. 63 (1988) pp. 70-74. Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, Ch. 10 Zabara, J., et al.; “15.11 Reciprocal Inhibition in Vomiting” The (1992); pp. 222-248. Physiologist, vol. 28, No. 4 (1985) p. 275. Rogers, R.C., et al.; "Central Regulation of Brainstem Gastric Vago Zabara, J., et al.; “Neuroinhibition in the Regulation of Emesis' Vagal Control Circuits' Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdomi Space Life Sciences, vol. 3 (1972) pp. 282-292. nal Vagal Afferents, Ch. 5 (1992); pp. 100-134. * cited by examiner

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US 7,657,310 B2 1. 2 TREATMENT OF REPRODUCTIVE These increases may be important in initiating pubic and ENDOCRINE DISORDERS BY VAGUS NERVE axillary hair growth (adrenarche) and other pubertal events. STMULATION The mechanisms initiating puberty are not entirely clear. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Central influences may inhibit the pulsatile release of GnRH during childhood, then initiate its release to induce puberty 1. Field of the Invention early in . Impairment of these mechanisms may The present invention relates generally to methods and result in . apparatus for treating disorders by cranial nerve stimulation. Variations in hormonal levels are also involved in the men More particularly, it concerns methods and apparatus for 10 strual cycle. The follicular (preovulatory) phase of the men treating reproductive endocrine disorders by vagus nerve strual cycle extends from the first day of menses to the day stimulation. before the preovulatory LH surge. During the first half of this 2. Description of Related Art phase, FSH secretion is increased slightly, stimulating growth The human nervous system (HNS) includes the brain and of a cohort of 3 to 30 follicles that have been recruited for the spinal cord, collectively known as the central nervous 15 system (CNS). The central nervous system comprises nerve accelerated growth during the last days of the preceding fibers. The network of nerves in the remaining portions of the cycle. As FSH levels decline, one of the recruited follicles is human body forms the peripheral nervous system (PNS). selected for ovulation; it matures, and the others undergo Some peripheral nerves, known as cranial nerves, connect atresia. Circulating LH levels rise slowly, beginning 1 to 2 directly to the brain to control various brain functions, such as days after the increase in FSH. and progesterone vision, eye movement, hearing, facial movement, and feeling. secretion by the ovaries is relatively constant and remains low Another system of peripheral nerves, known as the autonomic early in this phase. nervous system (ANS), controls blood vessel diameter, intes tinal movements, and actions of many internal organs. Auto About 7 to 8 days before the LH surge, ovarian secretion of nomic functions include blood pressure, body temperature, 25 estrogen, particularly of estradiol, by the selected follicle heartbeat and essentially all the unconscious activities that increases slowly at first, then accelerates, generally peaking occur without Voluntary control. on the day before the LHSurge. The rise in estrogen is accom Like the rest of the human nervous system, nerve signals panied by a slow but steady increase in LH and a decrease in travel up and down the peripheral nerves, which link the brain FSH levels. LH and FSH levels may diverge because FSH to the rest of the human body. Nerves are typically composed 30 secretion is preferentially inhibited by (compared of many individual nerve fibers, which may be of several with LH secretion) and is specifically inhibited by inhibin. different types. Some (but not all) nerve fibers in the brain and the peripheral nerves are sheathed in a covering called Just before the LH Surge, progesterone levels also begin to myelin, which insulates electrical pulses traveling along the increase significantly. nerves. A nerve bundle may comprise up to 100,000 or more 35 In the ovulatory phase, a series of complex endocrine individual nerve fibers of different types, including larger events culminates in the LHSurge—the massive preovulatory diameter A and B fibers which comprise a myelin sheath and release of LH by the . The LH surge results in C fibers which have a much smaller diameter and are unmy part from positive estrogen feedback. A Smaller increase in elinated. Different types of nerve fibers, among other things, FSH secretion occurs simultaneously, but its significance is comprise different sizes, conduction Velocities, stimulation 40 not understood. As LH levels increase, estradiol levels thresholds, and myelination status (i.e., myelinated or unmy decrease, but progesterone levels continue to increase. The elinated). Normal reproductive function depends on complex hor LH surge typically lasts 36 to 48 hr and consists of multiple monal communication between the endocrine system and large bursts of LH released in pulses. The LH surge, which target organs whose functions are regulated by the endocrine 45 results in complete maturation of the follicle, is necessary for system. Normal function is essential to sexual development at ovulation—release of the ovum from the mature graafian puberty and to the cyclic processes of ovulation and men follicle which usually occurs 16 to 32 hr after onset of the struation. Surge. The mechanism of ovulation is unclear. The secretes a small peptide, During the menstrual cycle, the pulsatile secretion of LH releasing hormone (GnRH), also known as luteinizing hor 50 mone-releasing hormone, which regulates release of the and FSH is determined by the pulsatile secretion of GnRH. (LH) and follicle-stimu The frequency and amplitude of the LH and FSH pulses are lating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland. LH modulated by ovarian hormones and vary throughout the and FSH promote maturation of gametes and stimulate secre menstrual cycle. No separate releasing hormone for FSH has tion of sex hormones such as estrogen and from 55 been identified. Evidence Suggests that the same cells some the . Estrogen and progesterone stimulate various times contain LH and FSH, so differential release of LH and organs of the reproductive system (e.g., breasts, uterus, and FSH must result from interactions of various factors (e.g., vagina) and exert negative and positive feedback effects on GnRH, estradiol, inhibin). Also, the disparate half-lives of LH the CNS-hypothalamic-pituitary unit, inhibiting and stimu (20 to 30 min) and FSH (2 to 3 hr) affect circulating levels. lating gonadotropin secretion. 60 Virtually all hormones are released in short bursts or pulses Impairment of normal hormonal activity at various stages at intervals of 1 to 3 hr. of the menstrual cycle can result in amenorrhea or infertility, LH and FSH are elevated at birth but fall to low levels among other ailments. Chronic impairment of normal hor within a few months and remain low throughout the prepu monal activity can result in premature menopause. bertal years, with FSH generally slightly higher than LH. The 65 Changes in levels of reproductive hormones can also lead adrenal androgens dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and to disorders after a person's reproductive years have ended. DHEA sulfate begin to increase several years before puberty. Reduction in estrogen levels in postmenopausal women can US 7,657,310 B2 3 4 lead to osteoporosis, a weakening of the bones that can lead to location at particular times by the neurostimulator of FIG. 2, a greater incidence of fracture and Subsequent decrease in in accordance with one illustrative embodiment of the present quality of life. invention; FIGS. 4A, 4B, and 4C illustrate exemplary waveforms for SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION generating the electrical signals for stimulating the vagus nerve for treating a reproductive endocrine disorder, accord In one embodiment, the present invention relates to a ing to one illustrative embodiment of the present invention; method of treating a patient having a reproductive endocrine FIG. 5 illustrates a stylized block diagram depiction of the disorder including coupling at least one electrode to at least implantable medical device for treating a reproductive endo one vagus nerve of the patient and applying an electrical 10 crine disorder, in accordance with one illustrative embodi signal to the vagus nerve using the electrode to treat the ment of the present invention; reproductive endocrine disorder. FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart depiction of a method for In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a treating a reproductive endocrine disorder, in accordance method of treating a patient having a reproductive endocrine with illustrative embodiment of the present invention; disorder including coupling at least one electrode to at least 15 FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart depiction of an alternative one vagus nerve of the patient, providing a programmable method for treating a reproductive endocrine disorder, in electrical signal generator coupled to the electrode, generat accordance with an alternative illustrative embodiment of the ing an electrical signal with the electrical signal generator, present invention; and applying the electrical signal to the electrode to treat the FIG. 8 depicts a more detailed flowchart depiction of the reproductive endocrine disorder. step of performing a detection process of FIG. 7, in accor In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a dance with an illustrative embodiment of the present inven computer readable program storage device encoded with tion; and instructions that, when executed by a computer, perform a FIG. 9 depicts a more detailed flowchart depiction of the method including generating an electrical signal and provid steps of determining a particular type of stimulation based 25 upon data relating to a reproductive endocrine disorder ing the electrical signal to a vagus nerve of the patient by described in FIG. 7, in accordance with an illustrative using an electrode to treat a reproductive endocrine disorder. embodiment of the present invention. In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a While the invention is susceptible to various modifications reproductive endocrine disorder treatment system including and alternative forms, specific embodiments thereof have at least one electrode coupled to at least one vagus nerve of a 30 been shown by way of example in the drawings and are herein patient and an implantable device operatively coupled to the described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the electrode and comprising an electrical signal generator description herein of specific embodiments is not intended to capable of applying an electrical signal to the vagus nerve limit the invention to the particular forms disclosed, but on the using the electrode to treat the reproductive endocrine disor contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equiva der. 35 lents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE The invention may be understood by reference to the fol EMBODIMENTS lowing description taken in conjunction with the accompany 40 ing drawings, in which like reference numerals identify like Illustrative embodiments of the invention are described elements, and in which: herein. In the interest of clarity, not all features of an actual FIG. 1 is a stylized schematic representation of an implant implementation are described in this specification. In the able medical device that stimulates a cranial nerve for treating development of any such actual embodiment, numerous a patient with a reproductive endocrine disorder, according to 45 implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve one illustrative embodiment of the present invention; the design-specific goals, which will vary from one imple FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of a neurostimulator mentation to another. It will be appreciated that such a devel implanted into a patient’s body for stimulating the vagus opment effort, while possibly complex and time-consuming, nerve of the patient, with an external programming user inter would nevertheless be a routine undertaking for persons of 50 ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of this disclosure. face, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of the Certain terms are used throughout the following descrip present invention; tion and claims refer to particular system components. As one FIG.3A illustrates an exemplary electrical signal of a firing skilled in the art will appreciate, components may be referred neuron as a graph of Voltage at a given location at particular to by different names. This document does not intend to times during firing by the neurostimulator of FIG. 2, when 55 distinguish between components that differ in name but not applying an electrical signal to the autonomic nerves, in function. In the following discussion and in the claims, the accordance with one illustrative embodiment of the present terms “include” and “including are used in an open-ended invention; fashion, and thus should be interpreted to mean “including, FIG. 3B illustrates an exemplary electrical signal response but not limited to.” Also, the term “couple' or “couples’ is of a firing neuron as a graph of Voltage at a given location at 60 intended to mean either a direct or an indirect electrical con particular times during firing by the neurostimulator of FIG. nection. For example, if a first device couples to a second 2, when applying a sub-threshold depolarizing pulse and device, that connection may be through a direct electrical additional stimulus to the vagus nerve, inaccordance with one connection or through an indirect electrical connection via illustrative embodiment of the present invention; other devices, biological tissues, or magnetic fields. “Direct FIG.3C illustrates an exemplary stimulus including a sub 65 contact.” “direct attachment or providing a “direct cou threshold depolarizing pulse and additional stimulus to the pling indicates that a Surface of a first element contacts the vagus nerve for firing a neuron as a graph of voltage at a given Surface of a second element with no Substantial attenuating US 7,657,310 B2 5 6 medium therebetween. The presence of Substances, such as 5,188,104: 5,263.480; 6,587,719; 6,609,025; 5,335,657; bodily fluids, that do not substantially attenuate electrical 6,622,041; 5,916,239; 5,707,400; 5,231,988; and 5,330,515, connections does not vitiate direct contact. “Transcutaneous each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. contact” or variations thereof indicates that a surface of a first Despite the recognition that cranial nervestimulation may be element contacts the skin of a patient and does not directly an appropriate treatment for the foregoing conditions, the fact contact the surface of a second element on the other side of the that detailed neural pathways for many (if not all) cranial skin of the patient. The word 'or' is used in the inclusive nerves remain relatively unknown makes predictions of effi sense (i.e., “and/or”) unless a specific use to the contrary is cacy for any given disorder difficult. Even if such pathways explicitly stated. were known, moreover, the precise stimulation parameters Embodiments of the present invention provide for the treat 10 that would energize particular pathways that affect the par ment of reproductive endocrine disorder(s) by stimulation of ticular disorder likewise are difficult to predict. Accordingly, cranial nerves, such as the vagus nerves, trigeminal nerves, cranial nervestimulation, and particularly vagus nervestimu accessory nerves, or hypoglossal nerves. Some embodiments lation, has notheretofore been deemed appropriate for use in of the present invention provide for an electrical stimulation treating reproductive endocrine disorders. of a portion of a cranial nerve to treat a reproductive endocrine 15 In one embodiment of the present invention, methods, disorder. Reproductive endocrine disorders may be treated apparatus, and systems stimulate an autonomic nerve, such as using the electrical stimulation provided by an implantable a cranial nerve, e.g., a vagus nerve, using an electrical signal medical device (IMD). In certain alternative embodiments, to treat a reproductive endocrine disorder. “Electrical signal one or more components of the system may be external to the on the nerve refers to electrical activity (i.e., a pulsed or patient’s body. Such alternative systems include partially non-pulsed electrical current) that is applied to the nerve from implanted Systems having an implantable electrode to which a source external to the nerve, e.g., an implanted neurostimu an external signal generator is coupled by radio frequency lator. In general, the term "electrical signal' thus refers to an (RF) coupling, as well as fully external systems in which the exogenous electrical signal generated by the implanted medi electrode and signal generator are both located outside the cal device and applied to a nerve, in contrast to native elec body of the patient, providing transcutaneous stimulation of a 25 trical activity comprising afferent and efferent action poten target cranial nerve. tials, hyperpolarizations, and Sub-threshold depolarizations The human reproductive endocrine system refers to that that are generated by the patient’s body. Disclosed herein is a part of the human endocrine system primarily involved in the method for treating a reproductive endocrine disorder using development and function of the gonadal organs. In one stimulation of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X). A generally embodiment, reproductive endocrine disorders refers to dis 30 suitable form of neurostimulator for use in the method and orders that result from deranged or absent gonadal and/or apparatus of the present invention is disclosed, for example, pituitary hormonal signaling. Examples of disorders that may in U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,172, assigned to the same assignee as result from deranged or absent signaling are disorders in the present application. A commercially available neuro growth and structural integrity of the reproductive organs, stimulator system referred to as a VNS TherapyTM Pulse disorders in sexual gamete production, disorders in sexual 35 Generator is available from Cyberonics, Inc., Houston, Tex., differentiation, disorders in patterns of sexual behavior, and the assignee of the present application. Certain parameters of disorders in reproductive function (ovulation, spermatogen the electrical signal generated by the neurostimulator are esis, pregnancy, lactaction, etc). Reproductive endocrine dis programmable. Such as by means of an external programmer orders may also include disorders and/or derangements of in a manner conventional for implantable electrical medical bodily systems not directly related to reproductive develop 40 devices. ment and functioning, but which are influenced by hormones Embodiments of the present invention provide for an elec and related biochemical factors that are directly related to the trical stimulation of a portion of an autonomic nerve to treat a aforementioned reproductive functions. Examples of these reproductive endocrine disorder. A portion of a cranial nerve other influences are the effects of hormones (androgens, (e.g., a vagus nerve) may be stimulated to affect reproductive estrogens and progestogens) and gonadotropins on muscu 45 endocrine disorders. Stimulation of a portion of the vagus loskeletal development and maintenance, skin development nerve may be used to modify various reproductive endocrine and maintenance, cognition, mood, memory and behavior, disorders. The vagus nerve is a parasympathetic nerve. In and other functions indirectly related to reproduction. other embodiments of the invention, an electrical signal may Accordingly, specific reproductive endocrine disorders be applied to a sympathetic nerve, or both a parasympathetic may include, without limitation, gonadal dysgenesis, 50 and a sympathetic nerve. Additionally, the electrical signal , hypergonadism, delayed puberty, amenor may be sued as to induce afferent, efferent or afferent-efferent rhea, infertility, premature menopause, or polycystic ovarian combination action potentials in the target nerve?s) to treat syndrome, osteoporosis, hirsutism, and sarcopenia. Some reproductive endocrine disorders. The electrical signal may embodiments of the present invention provide for monitoring also be such as to block electrical activity on the nerve. In still a feedback or biofeedback from a patient oran external source 55 other embodiments, the electrical signal may comprise a plu in response to a sensory signal. Based upon the feedback or rality of signals, some of which block electrical activity on the biofeedback, an adjustment to Subsequent stimulation may be nerve and some of which induce afferent and/or efferent performed. action potentials on the nerve, in order to treat reproductive Cranial nervestimulation has been used to treat a number endocrine disorders. of nervous system disorders, including epilepsy and other 60 In one embodiment, the present invention may comprise a movement disorders, depression and other neuropsychiatric medical system comprising an electrical pulse generator or disorders, dementia, coma, migraine headache, obesity, eat stimulator to provide an electrical signal to treat a reproduc ing disorders, sleep disorders, cardiac disorders (such as con tive endocrine disorder. Systems of the present invention may gestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation), hypertension, non comprise an implantable pulse generator coupled to an reproductive endocrine disorders (such as diabetes and 65 implanted electrode, an external pulse generator coupled to hypoglycemia), and pain, among others. See, e.g., U.S. Pats. external electrodes placed on the skin of the patient to trans Nos. 4,867,164:5,299,569; 5,269,303: 5,571,150: 5,215,086: cutaneously stimulate a cranial nerve, or partially implantable US 7,657,310 B2 7 8 system in which the electrical pulse generator is external to originates from the brainstem of the brain 125. The left and the patient’s body and is coupled via RF or wireless link to an right vagus nerves emerge from the corresponding side of the implanted electrode coupled to the cranial nerve. brainstem. The vagus nerves pass through the foramina of the Turning now to FIG. 1, an implantable medical device skull to parts of the head, neck and trunk. Left and right vagus (IMD) 100 is provided for stimulating a nerve, such as an nerves include both sensory and motor nerve fibers. The cell autonomic nerve 105, to treat a reproductive endocrine dis bodies of vagal sensory nerve fibers are located outside the order using neurostimulation, according to one illustrative brain 125 in ganglia groups, and the cell bodies of vagal motor embodiment of the present invention. The term “autonomic nerve fibers are attached to neurons 142 located within the nerve' refers to any portion of the main trunk or any branch of brain 125. The vagus nerve is a parasympathetic nerve, part of a sympathetic or parasympathetic nerve, including specifi 10 the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Somatic nerve fibers of cally one or more cranial nerves including cranial nerve the cranial nerves are involved in conscious activities and fibers, a left cranial nerve and a right cranial nerve, or any connect the CNS to the skin and skeletal muscles. Autonomic portion of the nervous system that is related to regulating the nerve fibers of these nerves are involved in unconscious viscera of the human body. The IMD 100 may deliver an activities and connect the CNS to the visceral organs such as electrical signal 115 to a vagus nerve 120 (a particular 15 the heart, lungs, stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, and intes embodiment of the autonomic nerve 105) that travels to the tines. Accordingly, to provide vagus nerve stimulation, an brain 125 of a patient. The vagus nerve 120 provides an electrical signal may be applied to the patient’s vagus nerve electrical signal 115 to an area of the brain 125that directly or unilaterally or bilaterally, i.e., to one or both of the left or right indirectly affects or regulates the reproductive endocrine sys vagus nerve. For example, coupling the electrodes 140(1-n) tem of a patient. More generally, autonomic nerve 105 may be comprises coupling an electrode to at least one cranial nerve a nerve branch that is associated with the parasympathetic selected from the group consisting of the left vagus nerve and control or the sympathetic control of a reproductive endocrine the right vagus nerve. The term "coupling may include function. actual fixation, proximate location, and the like. The elec The IMD 100 may apply neurostimulation by delivering trodes 140(1-n) may be coupled to a branch of the vagus nerve the electrical signal 115 to the vagus nerve 120 via a lead 135 25 of the patient. The vagus nerve 120 may be selected from the coupled to one or more electrodes 140 (1-n). For example, the group consisting of the main trunk of the right or left vagus IMD 100 may stimulate an autonomic nerve 105 by applying W. the electrical signal 115 to the vagus nerve 120, e.g., to the Applying the electrical signal 115 to a selected autonomic main trunk of the right or left vagi, using the electrode(s) nerve 105 may comprise generating a response selected from 140(1-n). The IMD 100 may also stimulate a portion of the 30 the group consisting of an afferent action potential, an effer brain 125 directly innervated by the autonomic nerve 105 or ent action potential, an afferent hyperpolarization, an efferent indirectly innervated by the autonomic nerve 105. Such por hyperpolarization, an afferent sub-threshold depolarization, tions of the brain may include the hypothalamus, among and an efferent sub-threshold depolarization. The IMD 100 others. may generate an efferent action potential for treating a repro Consistent with one embodiment of the present invention, 35 ductive endocrine disorder. the IMD 100 may be a neurostimulator device capable of The IMD 100 may comprise an electrical signal generator treating a disease, disorder or condition relating to the repro 150 and a controller 155 operatively coupled thereto to gen ductive endocrine functions of a patient by providing electri erate the electrical signal 115 for causing the nerve stimula cal neurostimulation therapy to a patient. In order to accom tion. The stimulus generator 150 may generate the electrical plish this task, the IMD 100 may be implanted in the patient 40 signal 115. The controller 155 may be adapted to apply the at a suitable location. The IMD 100 may apply the electrical electrical signal 115 to the autonomic nerve 105 to provide signal 115, which may comprise a pulsed electrical signal, to electrical neurostimulation therapy to the patient for treating the autonomic nerve 105. The IMD 100 may generate the a reproductive endocrine disorder. The controller 155 may electrical signal 115 defined by one or more characteristics. direct the stimulus generator 150 to generate the electrical These characteristics may be compared to one or more cor 45 signal 115 to stimulate the vagus nerve 120. responding values within a predetermined range. The IMD To generate the electrical signal 115, the IMD 100 may 100 may apply the electrical signal 115 to a vagus nerve 120 further include a power supply, such as a battery 160, a or a nerve fascicle within the autonomic nerve 105. By apply memory 165, and a communication interface 170. More spe ing the electrical signal 115 to an autonomic nerve 105 such cifically, the battery 160 may comprise a power-source bat as a vagus nerve 120, the IMD 100 may treat a reproductive 50 tery that may be rechargeable. The battery 160 provides endocrine disorder in a patient. power for the operation of the IMD 100, including electronic Implantable medical devices 100 that may be used in the operations and the stimulation function. The battery 160, in present invention include any of a variety of electrical stimu one embodiment, may be a lithium/thionyl chloride cellor, in lation devices, such as a neurostimulator capable of stimulat another embodiment, a lithium/carbon monofluoride cell. ing a neural structure in a patient, especially for stimulating a 55 The memory 165, in one embodiment, is capable of storing patient's autonomic nerve. Such as a vagus nerve 120. The various data, Such as operation parameter data, status data, IMD 100 is capable of delivering a controlled current stimu and the like, as well as program code. The communication lation signal. Although the IMD 100 is described in terms of interface 170 is capable of providing transmission and recep autonomic nerve stimulation, and particularly vagus nerve tion of electronic signals to and from an external unit, for stimulation, a person of ordinary skill in the art would recog 60 example, by telemetry or wireless telecommunication. The nize that the present invention is not so limited. For example, external unit may be a device that is capable of programming the IMD 100 may be applied to the stimulation of other the IMD 100. autonomic nerves, sympathetic or parasympathetic, afferent The IMD 100, which may be a single device or a plurality or efferent, or other neural tissue. Such as one or more brain of devices, is implanted and electrically coupled to the lead(s) structures of the patient. 65 135, which are in turn coupled to the electrode(s) 140 In the generally accepted clinical labeling of cranial implanted on the left or right vagus nerve, for example. In one nerves, the tenth cranial nerve is the vagus nerve, which embodiment, the electrode(s) 140 (1-n) may include a set of US 7,657,310 B2 10 stimulating electrode(s) (i.e., electrodes to deliver the electri electrical signal 115 to the autonomic nerve 105 is performed cal signal to the nerve) separate from a set of sensing elec during a first treatment period, and may further include the trode(s). In another embodiment, the same electrode may be step of applying a second electrical signal to the cranial nerve deployed to stimulate and to sense. A particular type or a using the electrode 140 during a second treatment period. In combination of electrodes may be selected as desired for a a further embodiment, the method may include detecting a given application. For example, an electrode Suitable for cou symptom of the reproductive endocrine disorder, wherein the pling to a vagus nerve 120 may be used. The electrodes 140 second treatment period is initiated upon the detection of the may comprise a bipolar stimulating electrode pair. Those symptom. The patient may benefit by receiving a first elec skilled in the art having the benefit of the present invention trical signal during a first, acute treatment period and a second will appreciate that many electrode designs could be used in 10 electrical signal during a second, chronic treatment period. the present invention. Three or more treatment periods may be used, if deemed Using the electrode(s) 140(1-n), the stimulus generator desirable by a medical practitioner. In an alternative embodi 150 may apply a predetermined electrical signal 115 to the ment, a plurality of different electrical signals, each having at selected autonomic nerve 105 to provide therapeutic neuro least one parameter defining the signal that is different from stimulation for the patient with a reproductive endocrine dis 15 the other signals, may be applied to the nerve during a single order. Where the selected autonomic nerve 105 comprises the treatment period. This may include alternating between two, vagus nerve, the electrode(s) 140(1-n) may comprise at least three, or more electrical signals. one nerve electrode for implantation on the patients vagus In one embodiment, one or more treatment regimens may nerve for direct stimulation thereof. Alternatively, a nerve be used in Synchrony with an endogenous endocrine cycle of electrode may be implanted on or placed proximate to a the patient. branch of the patients vagus nerve for direct stimulation Turning now to FIG. 2, a particular embodiment of the thereof. IMD 100 shown in FIG.1, in accordance with one illustrative A particular embodiment of the IMD 100 may be a pro embodiment of the present invention is provided. As shown grammable electrical signal generator. Such a programmable therein, an electrode assembly 225, which may comprise a electrical signal generator may be capable of programmably 25 plurality of electrodes such as electrodes 226, 228, may be defining the electrical signal 115. By providing an electrical coupled to the vagus nerve 235 in accordance with an illus signal 115 defined by at least one parameter selected from the trative embodiment of the present invention. The lead 135 is group consisting of a current magnitude, a pulse frequency, coupled to the electrode assembly 225 and secured, while and a pulse width, the IMD 100 may treat a reproductive retaining the ability to flex with movement of the chest and endocrine disorder. The IMD 100 may detect a symptom of 30 neck. The lead 135 may be secured by a suture connection to the reproductive endocrine disorder. In response to detecting nearby tissue. The electrode assembly 225 may deliver the the symptom, the IMD 100 may initiate applying the electri electrical signal 115 to the autonomic nerve 105 to cause cal signal 115 to the nerve 105. For example, a sensor may be desired nerve stimulation for treating a reproductive endo used to detect the symptom of a reproductive endocrine dis crine disorder. Using the electrode(s) 226, 228, the selected order. To treat the reproductive endocrine disorder, the IMD 35 cranial nerve Such as vagus nerve 235, may be stimulated 100 may apply the electrical signal 115 during a first treat within a patient’s body 200. ment period and further apply a second electrical signal to the Although FIG. 2 illustrates a system for stimulating the left autonomic nerve 105 using the electrode 140 during a second vagus nerve 235 in the neck (cervical) area, those skilled in treatment period. the art having the benefit of the present disclosure will under In one embodiment, the method may further include 40 stand the electrical signal 115 for nerve stimulation may be detecting a symptom of the reproductive endocrine disorder, applied to the right cervical vagus nerve in addition to, or wherein the applying the electrical signal 115 to the auto instead of, the left vagus nerve, or to other locations of the left nomic nerve 105 is initiated in response to the detecting of the or right vagi, including near-diaphragmatic or Sub-diaphrag symptom. In a further embodiment, the detecting the Symp matic locations of the left or right vagus nerves. More gener tom may be performed by the patient. This may involve a 45 ally, the electrical signal 115 may be applied to any autonomic Subjective observation that the patient is experiencing a nerve 105 and remain within the scope of the present inven symptom of the reproductive endocrine disorder or is in or tion. In one embodiment, lead 135 and electrode 225 assem entering a portion of his/her reproductive hormone cycle blies substantially as discussed above may be coupled to the wherein symptoms of the reproductive endocrine disorder are same or a different electrical signal generator. frequent, severe, or both. For example, in one embodiment, a 50 An external programming user interface 202 may be used female patient may observe the onset of menses. Alterna by a health care professional or caregiver for a particular tively, or in addition, the symptom may be detected by per patient to either initially program or to later reprogram the forming a reproductive endocrine disorder test on the patient. IMD 100, such as a neurostimulator 205. The neurostimulator Physiological responses can be detected by measuring hor 205 may include the electrical signal generator 150, which monal levels in bodily fluids, such as by extracting a blood 55 may be programmable. To enable physician-programming of sample from the patient, performing diagnostic test(s) the electrical and timing parameters of a sequence of electri thereon, and programming the IMD 100 in light of the results cal impulses, an external programming system 210 may of the test(s); or using an implantable sensor to perform include a processor-based computing device, such as a com diagnostic test(s) on blood in vivo and programming the IMD puter, personal digital assistant (PDA) device, or other Suit 100 in light of the results of the test(s); among other tech 60 able computing device. niques. Sensors can be implanted internally or may be located Using the external programming user interface 202, a user externally on the skin of the patient. of the external programming system 210 may program the The method may be performed under a single treatment neurostimulator 205. Communications between the neuro regimen or under multiple treatment regimens. “Treatment stimulator 205 and the external programming system 210 regimen herein may refer to a parameter of the electrical 65 may be accomplished using any of a variety of conventional signal 115, duration for applying the signal, or a duty cycle of techniques known in the art. The neurostimulator 205 may the signal, among others. In one embodiment, applying the include a transceiver (such as a coil) that permits signals to be US 7,657,310 B2 11 12 communicated wirelessly between the external programming The electrode(s) 140(1-n), as shown in FIG.1 may be used user interface 202. Such as a wand, and the neurostimulator in some embodiments of the invention to trigger administra 2O5. tion of the electrical stimulation therapy to the vagus nerve The neurostimulator 205 having a case 215 with an elec 235 via electrode assembly 225. Use of such sensed body trically conducting connector on header 220 may be signals to trigger or initiate stimulation therapy is hereinafter implanted in the patient’s chest in a pocket or cavity formed referred to as “active.” “triggered,” or “feedback” modes of by the implanting Surgeon just below the skin, much as a administration. Other embodiments of the present invention pacemaker pulse generator would be implanted, for example. utilize a continuous, periodic or intermittent stimulus signal. A stimulating nerve electrode assembly 225, preferably com These signals may be applied to the vagus nerve (each of prising an electrode pair, is conductively connected to the 10 which constitutes a form of continual application of the sig distal end of an insulated electrically conductive lead assem nal) according to a programmed on/off duty cycle. Sensors bly 135, which preferably comprises a pair of lead wires and need not be used to trigger therapy delivery. This type of is attached at its proximal end to the connector on the case delivery may be referred to as a “passive' or “prophylactic' 215. The electrode assembly 225 is surgically coupled to a therapy mode. Both active and passive electrical biasing sig vagus nerve 235 in the patient’s neck. The electrode assembly 15 nals may be combined or delivered by a single neurostimu 225 preferably comprises a bipolar stimulating electrode pair lator according to the present invention. 226, 228, such as the electrode pair described in U.S. Pat. No. The electrical signal generator 150 may be programmed 4,573,481 issued Mar. 4, 1986 to Bullara, which is hereby using programming software of the type copyrighted by the incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. One exem assignee of the instant application with the Register of Copy plary electrode assembly is available from Cyberonics, Inc., rights, Library of Congress, or other suitable software based Houston, Tex. as the model 302 electrode assembly. Persons on the description herein. A programming wand (not shown) of skill in the art will appreciate that many electrode designs may be used to facilitate radio frequency (RF) communica could be used in the present invention. The two electrodes tion between the external programming user interface 202 226, 228 are preferably wrapped about the vagus nerve, and and the electrical signal generator 150. The wand and soft the electrode assembly 225 secured to the nerve 235 by a 25 ware permit noninvasive communication with the electrical spiral anchoring tether 230 such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. signal generator 150 after the neurostimulator 205 is No. 4,979,511 issued Dec. 25, 1990 to Reese S. Terry, Jr. and implanted. The wand may be powered by internal batteries, assigned to the same assignee as the instant application. and provided with a “power on light to indicate sufficient power for communication. Another indicator light may be In one embodiment, the open helical design of the elec 30 provided to show that data transmission is occurring between trode assembly 225 (described in detail in the above-cited the wand and the neurostimulator 205. Bullara patent), which is self-sizing and flexible, minimizes The neurostimulator 205 may provide vagus nerve stimu mechanical trauma to the nerve and allows body fluid inter lation therapy upon a vagus nerve 235 or to any portion of the change with the nerve. The electrode assembly 225 conforms autonomic nervous system. The neurostimulator 205 may be to the shape of the nerve, providing a low stimulation thresh 35 activated manually or automatically to deliver the electrical old by allowing a large stimulation contact area. Structurally, bias signal to the selected cranial nerve via the electrode(s) the electrode assembly 225 comprises two electrode ribbons 226, 228. The neurostimulator 205 may be programmed to (not shown), of a conductive material Such as platinum, iri deliver the electrical signal 115 continuously, periodically or dium, platinum-iridium alloys, or oxides of the foregoing. intermittently when activated. The electrode ribbons are individually bonded to an inside 40 The “operatively coupled' feature may include actual con Surface of an elastomeric body portion of two spiral elec tact of the electrode to portions of the nerves described above. trodes, which may comprise two spiral loops of a three-loop The term “operatively coupled may also include sufficient helical assembly. proximity of the placement of the electrodes to the nerve In one embodiment, the lead assembly 230 may comprise portions, such that an electrical signal sent to the electrode is two distinct lead wires or a coaxial cable whose two conduc 45 capable of stimulating various portions of the vagus nerve tive elements are respectively coupled to one of the conduc described herein. tive electrode ribbons. One suitable method of coupling the In one embodiment, electrical signal 115 may be applied so lead wires or cable to the electrodes comprises a spacer as to generate efferent action potentials, i.e., signals traveling assembly such as that depicted in U.S. Pat. No. 5,531,778 on a nerve in a direction away from the central nervous issued Jul. 2, 1996, to Steven Maschino, et al. and assigned to 50 system. Thus, the electrical signal 115 may be employed the same Assignee as the instant application, although other using the IMD 100, such that afferent fibers are not stimu known coupling techniques may be used. The elastomeric lated, or efferent fibers are stimulated. Additionally, the elec body portion of each loop is preferably composed of silicone trical signal 115 may be applied to provide a “blocking of rubber, and the third loop acts as the anchoring tether for the action potentials traveling along the nerve 105. By providing electrode assembly 225. 55 an electrical signal for efferent stimulation or for blocking, an In one embodiment, the electrode(s) 140 (1-n) of IMD 100 appreciable interruption of afferent signals sent to the brain (FIG.1) may sense or detect any target symptom parameter in via the vagus nerve may be achieved. the patient’s body 200. For example, an electrode 140 Further, the electrical signal 115 may be applied so as to coupled to the patient’s vagus nerve may detect a factor induce afferent action potentials in an autonomic nerve 105. associated with a reproductive endocrine disorder. The elec 60 This may be done while also inducing efferent action poten trode(s) 140 (1-n) may sense or detect a reproductive endo tials, or while blocking efferent action potentials on the nerve. crine disorder condition. For example, a sensor or any other Various reproductive endocrine disorders may be treated by element capable of providing a sensing signal representative performing afferent stimulation of the vagus nerve. Efferent of a patient’s body parameter associated with activity of the blocking may be realized by enhancing the hyperpolarization reproductive endocrine functions may be deployed. In 65 of a stimulation signal, as described below. Embodiments of another embodiment, the IMD 100 can comprise a dedicated the present invention may employ the IMD 100 to perform sensor, such as sensor 1142 (FIG. 2). stimulation in combination with signal blocking, in order to US 7,657,310 B2 13 14 treat reproductive endocrine disorders. Using the stimulation depicts a graph of Voltage at a given location at particular from the IMD 100, parasympathetic nerve portions may be times by the neurostimulator of FIG. 2. inhibited such that blocking of stimulation is achieved, The neurostimulator may apply the stimulus Voltage of wherein the various portions of the parasympathetic nerve FIG. 3C to the autonomic nerve 105, which may include may also be stimulated so as to induce afferent and/or efferent afferent fibers, efferent fibers, or both. This stimulus voltage action potentials on the nerve and thereby affect a reproduc may cause the response voltage shown in FIG. 3B. Afferent tive endocrine mechanism in the patients’ body. In this way, fibers transmit information to the brain from the extremities; afferent and/or efferent stimulation may be performed by the efferent fibers transmit information from the brain to the IMD 100 to treat various reproductive endocrine disorders. extremities. The vagus nerve 235 may include both afferent The electrical stimulation treatment described herein may 10 and efferent fibers, and the neurostimulator 205 may be used be used to treat reproductive endocrine disorders separately, to stimulate either or both. or in combination with another type of treatment. For The autonomic nerve 105 may include fibers that transmit example, electrical stimulation treatment may be applied in information in the sympathetic nervous system, the parasym combination with a chemical agent, such as various drugs, to pathetic nervous system, or both. Inducing an action potential treat various disorders relating to the reproductive endocrine 15 in the sympathetic nervous system may yield a result similar system. Therefore, various drugs may be taken by a patient, to that produced by blocking an action potential in the para wherein the effects of these drugs may be enhanced by addi sympathetic nervous system and vice versa. tionally providing electrical stimulation to various portions of Referring back to FIG. 2, the neurostimulator 205 may the nerves described herein to treat reproductive endocrine generate the electrical signal 115 according to one or more disorders. Accordingly, systems of the present invention may programmed parameters for stimulation of the vagus nerve comprise a drug delivery device to deliver one or more of 235. In one embodiment, the stimulation parameter may be follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone selected from the group consisting of a current magnitude, a (LH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a luteinizing pulse frequency, a pulse width, on-time, and off-time. An hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist, an estrogen, an exemplary table of ranges for each of these stimulation anti-androgen, selective estrogen reuptake modulators, hor 25 parameters is provided in Table 1. The stimulation parameter mone replacement therapy drug, oxytocin, and a steroid. Fur may be of any Suitable waveform; exemplary waveforms in ther, the electrical stimulation may be performed in combi accordance with one embodiment of the present invention are nation with treatment(s) relating to a biological agent, such as shown in FIGS. 4A-4C. Specifically, the exemplary wave hormones. Therefore, hormone therapy may be enhanced by forms illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4C depict the generation of the the application of the stimulation provided by the IMD 100. 30 electrical signal 115 that may be defined by a factor related to The electrical stimulation treatment may also be performed in the serum level of at least one reproductive hormone, and a combination with other types of treatment, such as magnetic condition relating to at least one of gonadal dysgenesis, stimulation treatment or biological treatments. Combining hypogonadism, hypergonadism, delayed puberty, amenor the electrical stimulation with the chemical, magnetic, or rhea, infertility, premature menopause, and polycystic ova biological treatments, side effects associated with certain 35 rian disease, among other reproductive endocrine disorders, drugs or biological agents may be reduced. relative to a value within a defined range. FIG. 3A provides a stylized depiction of an exemplary According to one illustrative embodiment of the present electrical signal of a firing neuron as a graph of Voltage at a invention, various electrical signal patterns may be employed given location at particular times during firing, in accordance by the neurostimulator 205. These electrical signals may with one embodiment of the present invention. A typical 40 include a plurality of types of pulses, e.g., pulses with varying neuron has a resting membrane potential of about -70 mV. amplitudes, polarity, frequency, etc. For example, the exem maintained by transmembrane ion channel proteins. When a plary waveform 4A depicts that the electrical signal 115 may portion of the neuron reaches a firing threshold of about -55 be defined by fixed amplitude, constant polarity, pulse width, mV, the ion channel proteins in the locality allow the rapid and pulse period. The exemplary waveform 4B depicts that ingress of extracellular sodium ions, which depolarizes the 45 the electrical signal 115 may be defined by a variable ampli membrane to about +30 mV. The wave of depolarization then tude, constant polarity, pulse width, and pulse period. The propagates along the neuron. After depolarization at a given exemplary waveform 4C depicts that the electrical signal 115 location, potassium ion channels open to allow intracellular may be defined by a fixed amplitude pulse with a relatively potassium ions to exit the cell, lowering the membrane poten slowly discharging current magnitude, constant polarity, tial to about -80 mV (hyperpolarization). About 1 msec is 50 required for transmembrane proteins to return sodium and pulse width, and pulse period. Other types of signals may also potassium ions to their starting intra- and extracellular con be used, such as sinusoidal waveforms, etc. The electrical centrations and allow a Subsequent action potential to occur. signal may be controlled current signals. The present invention may raise or lower the resting mem TABLE 1 brane potential, thus making the reaching of the firing thresh 55 old more or less likely and Subsequently increasing or PARAMETER RANGE decreasing the rate of fire of any particular neuron. Output current 0.1-6.0 mA Referring to FIG. 3B, an exemplary electrical signal Pulse width 10-1500 usec response is illustrated of a firing neuron as a graph of Voltage Frequency O.S-2SOO Hz at a given location at particular times during firing by the 60 On-time 1 sec and greater neurostimulator of FIG. 2, in accordance with one illustrative Off-time O Sec and greater embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 3C, Frequency Sweep 10-100 Hz an exemplary stimulus including a sub-threshold depolariz Random Frequency 10-100 Hz ing pulse and additional stimulus to the cranial nerve 105, Such as the vagus nerve 235, may be applied for firing a 65 On-time and off-time parameters may be used to define an neuron, in accordance with one illustrative embodiment of intermittent pattern in which a repeating series of signals may the present invention. The stimulus illustrated in FIG. 3C be generated for stimulating the nerve 105 during the on-time. US 7,657,310 B2 15 16 Such a sequence may be referred to as a “pulse burst.” This grammed off-times and on-times, the stimulation may be sequence may be followed by a period in which no signals are referred to as passive, inactive, or non-feedback stimulation. generated. During this period, the nerve is allowed to recover In contrast, stimulation may be triggered by one or more from the stimulation during the pulse burst. The on/off duty feedback loops according to changes in the body or mind of cycle of these alternating periods of stimulation and idle the patient. This stimulation may be referred to as active or periods may have a ratio in which the off-time may be set to feedback-loop stimulation. In one embodiment, feedback Zero, providing continuous stimulation. Alternatively, the idle loop stimulation may be manually-triggered stimulation, in time may be as long as one day or more, in which case the which the patient manually causes the activation of a pulse stimulation is provided once per day or at even longer inter burst outside of the programmed on-time/off-time cycle. The vals. Typically, however, the ratio of “off-time' to “on-time” 10 patient may manually activate the neurostimulator 205 to may range from about 0.5 to about 10 min. stimulate the autonomic nerve 105 to treat an acute episode of In one embodiment, the width of each signal may be set to a reproductive endocrine disorder. Such as may occur at a a value not greater than about 1 misec, such as about 250-500 specific time in one of his/her reproductive endocrine cycles. usec, and the signal repetition frequency may be programmed The patient may also be permitted to alter the intensity of the to be in a range of about 20-2500 Hz. A non-uniform fre 15 signals applied to the autonomic nerve within limits estab quency may also be used. Frequency may be altered during a lished by the physician. For example, the patient may be pulse burst by either a frequency Sweep from a low frequency permitted to alter the signal frequency, current, duty cycle, or to a high frequency, or vice versa. Alternatively, the timing a combination thereof. In at least some embodiments, the between adjacent individual signals within a burst may be neurostimulator 205 may be programmed to generate the randomly changed such that two adjacent signals may be stimulus for a relatively long period of time in response to generated at any frequency within a range of frequencies. manual activation. In one embodiment, the present invention may include Patient activation of a neurostimulator 205 may involve use coupling of at least one electrode to each of two or more of an external control magnet for operating a reed Switch in an cranial nerves. (In this context, two or more cranial nerves implanted device, for example. Certain other techniques of mean two or more nerves having different names or numerical 25 manual and automatic activation of implantable medical designations, and do not refer to the left and right versions of devices are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,304.206 to Baker, Jr., a particular nerve). In one embodiment, at least one electrode et al., assigned to the same assignee as the present application 140 may be coupled to each of the vagus nerve 235 or a branch (“the 206 patent”). According to the 206 patent, means for of the vagus nerve. The electrode 140 may be operatively manually activating or deactivating the electrical signal gen coupled to the main trunk of the right vagus nerve or the main 30 erator 150 may include a sensor such as piezoelectric element trunk of the left vagus nerve. The term “operatively coupled mounted to the inner Surface of the generator case and may include directly or indirectly coupling. Each of the adapted to detect light taps by the patient on the implant site. nerves in this embodiment or others involving two or more One or more taps applied in fast sequence to the skin above cranial nerves may be stimulated according to particular acti the location of the electrical signal generator 150 in the vation modalities that may be independent between the two 35 patient’s body 200 may be programmed into the implanted WS. medical device 100 as a signal for activation of the electrical Another activation modality for stimulation is to program signal generator 150. Two taps spaced apart by a slightly the output of the neurostimulator 205 to the maximum ampli longer duration of time may be programmed into the IMD 100 tude which the patient may tolerate. The stimulation may be to indicate a desire to deactivate the electrical signal generator cycled on and off for a predetermined period of time followed 40 150, for example. The patient may be given limited control by a relatively long interval without stimulation. Where the over operation of the device to an extent which may be deter cranial nervestimulation system is completely external to the mined by the program dictated or entered by the attending patient’s body, higher current amplitudes may be needed to physician. The patient may also activate the neurostimulator overcome the attenuation resulting from the absence of direct 205 using other suitable techniques or apparatus. contact with the vagus nerve 235 and the additional imped 45 In some embodiments, feedback stimulation systems other ance of the skin of the patient. Although external systems than manually-initiated Stimulation may be used in the typically require greater power consumption than implant present invention. An autonomic nerve stimulation system able ones, they have an advantage in that their batteries may provided by embodiments of the present invention may be replaced without Surgery. include a sensing lead coupled at its proximal end to a header Other types of indirect stimulations may be performed in 50 along with a stimulation lead and electrode assemblies. A conjunction with embodiments of the invention. In one sensor may be coupled to the distal end of the sensing lead. embodiment, the invention includes providing noninvasive The sensor may include a temperature sensor, a hormone transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to the brain 125 of level sensor, a heart parameter sensor, a brain parametersen the patient along with the IMD 100 of the present information Sor, or a sensor for another body parameter. The sensor may to treat the reproductive endocrine disorder. TMS systems 55 also include a nerve sensor for sensing activity on a nerve, include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,769,778; 6,132, Such as a cranial nerve. Such as the vagus nerve 235. 361; and 6,425,852. Where TMS is used, it may be used in In one embodiment, the sensor may sense a body parameter conjunction with cranial nerve stimulation as an adjunctive that corresponds to a symptom of a reproductive endocrine therapy. In one embodiment, both TMS and direct cranial disorder. If the sensor is to be used to detect a symptom of the nervestimulation may be performed to treat the reproductive 60 reproductive endocrine disorder, a signal analysis circuit may endocrine disorder. Other types of stimulation, such as be incorporated into the neurostimulator 205 for processing chemical stimulation to treat reproductive endocrine disor and analyzing signals from the sensor. Upon detection of the ders may be performed in combination with the IMD 100. symptom of the reproductive endocrine disorder, the pro Returning to Systems for providing autonomic nerve cessed digital signal may be Supplied to a microprocessor in stimulation, such as that shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, stimulation 65 the neurostimulator 205 to trigger application of the electrical may be provided in at least two different modalities. Where signal 115 to the autonomic nerve 105. In another embodi cranial nerve stimulation is provided based solely on pro ment, the detection of a symptom of interest may trigger a US 7,657,310 B2 17 18 stimulation program including different stimulation param data (e.g., internal data, external data instructions, Software eters from a passive stimulation program. This may entail codes, status data, diagnostic data, etc.) may be stored. The providing a higher current stimulation signal or providing a memory 617 may comprise random access memory (RAM) higher ratio of on-time to off-time. dynamic random access memory (DRAM), electrically eras In response to the afferent action potentials, the detection 5 able programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash communicator may detect an indication of change in the memory, etc. symptom characteristic. The detection communicator may The IMD 100 may also comprise a stimulation unit 620. provide feedback for the indication of change in the symptom The stimulation unit 620 is capable of generating and deliv characteristic to modulate the electrical signal 115. In ering stimulation signals to one or more electrodes via leads. response to providing feedback for the indication, the elec 10 A number of leads 122, 134, 137 may be coupled to the IMD trical signal generator 150 may adjust the afferent action 100. Therapy may be delivered to the leads 122 by the stimu potentials to enhance efficacy of a drug in the patient. lation unit 620 based upon instructions from the controller The neurostimulator 205 may use the memory 165 to store 610. The stimulation unit 620 may comprise various circuitry, disorder data and a routine to analyze this data. The disorder Such as stimulation signal generators, impedance control cir data may include sensed body parameters or signals indica 15 cuitry to control the impedance “seen” by the leads, and other tive of the sensed parameters. The routine may comprise circuitry that receives instructions relating to the type of Software or firmware instructions to analyze the sensed hor stimulation to be performed. The stimulation unit 620 is monal activity for determining whether electrical neuro capable of delivering a controlled current stimulation signal stimulation would be desirable. If the routine determines that over the leads 122. electrical neurostimulation is desired, then the neurostimula The IMD 100 may also comprise a power supply 630. The tor 205 may provide an appropriate electrical signal to a power Supply 630 may comprise a battery, Voltage regulators, neural structure, such as the vagus nerve 235. capacitors, etc., to provide powerfor the operation of the IMD In another embodiment, the sensor may detect at least one 100, including delivering the stimulation signal. The power parameter indicative of at least one characteristic of at least supply 630 comprises a power-source battery that in some one endogenous endocrine cycle of the patient, such as one or 25 embodiments may be rechargeable. In other embodiments, a more of the period or the amplitude of an endocrine cycle non-rechargeable battery may be used. The power supply 630 associated with the reproductive endocrine disorder. In provides power for the operation of the IMD 100, including response to such data, the IMD 100 may modify the electrical electronic operations and the stimulation function. The power signal in response to detecting said period or said amplitude. supply 630 may comprise a lithium/thionyl chloride cell or a In certain embodiments, the IMD 100 may comprise a 30 lithium/carbon monofluoride cell. Other battery types known neurostimulator 205 having a case 215 as a main body in in the art of implantable medical devices may also be used. which the electronics described in FIGS. 1-2 may beenclosed The IMD 100 also comprises a communication unit 660 and hermetically sealed. Coupled to the main body may be the capable of facilitating communications between the IMD 100 header 220 designed with terminal connectors for connecting and various devices. In particular, the communication unit to a proximal end of the electrically conductive lead(s) 135. 35 660 is capable of providing transmission and reception of The main body may comprise a titanium shell, and the header electronic signals to and from an external unit 670. The exter may comprise a clear acrylic or other hard, biocompatible nal unit 670 may be a device that is capable of programming polymer Such as polycarbonate, or any material that may be various modules and stimulation parameters of the IMD 100. implantable into a human body. The lead(s) 135 projecting In one embodiment, the external unit 670 is a computer sys from the electrically conductive lead assembly 230 of the 40 tem that is capable of executing a data-acquisition program. header may be coupled at a distal end to electrodes 140(1-n). The external unit 670 may be controlled by a healthcare The electrodes 140(1-n) may be coupled to neural structure provider, such as a physician, atabase station in, for example, such as the vagus nerve 235, using a variety of methods for a doctors office. The external unit 670 may be a computer, operatively coupling the lead(s) 135 to the tissue of the vagus preferably a handheld computer or PDA, but may alterna nerve 235. Therefore, the current flow may take place from 45 tively comprise any other device that is capable of electronic one terminal of the lead 135 to an electrode such as electrode communications and programming. The external unit 670 226 (FIG. 2) through the tissue proximal to the vagus nerve may download various parameters and program Software into 235, to a second electrode such as electrode 228 and a second the IMD 100 for programming the operation of the implant terminal of the lead 135. able device. The external unit 670 may also receive and Turning now to FIG. 5, a block diagram depiction of the 50 upload various status conditions and other data from the IMD IMD 100, in accordance with an illustrative embodiment of 100. The communication unit 660 may be hardware, soft the present invention is provided. The IMD 100 may com ware, firmware, or any combination thereof. Communica prise a controller 610 capable of controlling various aspects tions between the external unit 670 and the communication of the operation of the IMD 100. The controller 610 is capable unit 660 may occur via a wireless or other type of communi of receiving internal data or external data and generating and 55 cation, illustrated generally by line 675 in FIG. 5. delivering a stimulation signal to target tissues of the patients The IMD 100 also comprises a detection unit 695 that is body. For example, the controller 610 may receive manual capable of detecting various conditions or characteristics of instructions from an operator externally, or may perform the reproductive endocrine function(s) of a patient. For stimulation based on internal calculations and programming. example, the detection unit 695 may comprise hardware, The controller 610 is capable of affecting substantially all 60 Software, or firmware that are capable of determining data functions of the IMD 100. relating to a reproductive endocrine disorder. The detection The controller 610 may comprise various components, unit 695 may comprise means for deciphering data from such as a processor 615, a memory 617, etc. The processor various sensors that are capable of measuring factors related 615 may comprise one or more microcontrollers, micropro to the reproductive endocrine disorder. Based upon the data cessors, etc., that are capable of performing various execu 65 deciphered by the detection unit 695, the IMD 100 may tions of software components. The memory 617 may com deliver stimulation to a portion of the autonomous nerve to prise various memory portions where a number of types of affect the reproductive endocrine function(s) of the patient. In US 7,657,310 B2 19 20 one embodiment, the detection unit 695 may be capable of The IMD 100 may then generate a controlled electrical detecting a feedback response from the patient. The feedback signal, based upon one or more characteristic relating to the response may include a magnetic signal input, a tap input, a reproductive endocrine disorder(s) of the patient (block 730). wireless data input to the IMD 100, etc. The feedback may be This may include a predetermined electrical signal that is indicative of a pain and/or noxious threshold, wherein the preprogrammed based upon a particular condition of a threshold may be the limit of tolerance of discomfort for a patient. For example, a physician may pre-program the type particular patient. The pain or discomfort may relate to Vari of stimulation to provide (e.g., efferent, afferent, or afferent ous symptoms of an endocrine disorder Such as, without efferent combination stimulation) in order to treat the patient limitation, gonadal dysgenesis, hypogonadism, hypergo based upon the type of reproductive endocrine disorder of the nadism, delayed puberty, amenorrhea, infertility, premature 10 patient. The type of simulation may be based on various menopause, or polycystic ovarian syndrome, osteoporosis, physical characteristics of the patient, as well as on the type hirsutism, and sarcopenia. and severity of the disorder. The IMD 100 may then generate a signal. Such as a controlled-current pulse signal, to affect the The IMD 100 may also comprise a stimulation target unit operation of one or more portions of the reproductive endo 690 that is capable of directing a stimulation signal to one or 15 crine system of a patient. more electrodes that is operationally coupled to various por In another embodiment, application of the stimulation sig tions of the autonomic nerves. The stimulation target unit 690 nal may be designed to promote a blocking effect relating to may direct a stimulation signal to the left vagus main trunk, a signal that is being sent from the brain to the various por the right vagus main trunk, or a branch of the left or right tions of the reproductive endocrine system to treat the repro vagus nerve. In this way, the stimulation target unit is capable ductive endocrine disorder. This may be accomplished by of targeting a predetermined portion of the vagus nerve. delivering a particular type of controlled electrical signal, Therefore, based upon a particular type of data detected by Such as a controlled current signal to the autonomic nerve. In the detection unit 695, the stimulation target unit 690 may yet another embodiment, afferent fibers may also be stimu perform an afferent, an efferent, or an afferent-efferent com lated in combination with an efferent blocking to treat a bination stimulation to treat a reproductive endocrine disor 25 reproductive endocrine disorder. der. Therefore, upon an onset of a reproductive endocrine Additional functions, such as a detection process, may be disorder, the IMD 100 may select various portions of the alternatively employed with the embodiment of the present autonomous nerve described herein to stimulate to perform invention. The detection process may be employed Such that an efferent, an afferent, or an afferent-efferent combination an external detection or an internal detection of a bodily stimulation in order to alleviate the reproductive endocrine 30 function may be used to adjust the operation of the IMD 100. disorder. Further, the stimulation target unit 690 may be Turning now to FIG. 7, a block diagram depiction of a capable of directing the IMD 200 to deliver a sensory stimu method in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the lus signal to the patient. The sensory stimulus signal may present invention is illustrated. The IMD 100 may perform a include a pain stimulus, a noxious stimulus, temperature database detection process (block 810). The detection process stimulus, and/or any type of sensory stimulus. 35 may encompass detecting a variety of types of characteristics One or more blocks illustrated in the block diagram of IMD of reproductive endocrine activity, external input from the 100 in FIG.5 may comprise hardware units, software units, patient, etc. A more detailed depiction of the steps for per firmware units or any combination thereof. Additionally, one forming the detection process is provided in FIG. 8, and or more blocks illustrated in FIG. 5 may be combined with accompanying description below. Upon performing the other blocks, which may represent circuit hardware units, 40 detection process, the IMD 100 may determine whether a Software algorithms, etc. Additionally, any number of the detected symptom of a reproductive endocrine disorder is circuitry or software units associated with the various blocks Sufficiently severe to treat based upon the measurements per illustrated in FIG. 5 may be combined into a programmable formed during the detection process (block 820). For device. Such as a field programmable gate array, an ASIC example, a blood hormone level may be examined to deter device, etc. 45 mine whether it is greater than or less than a predetermined Turning now to FIG. 6, a flowchart depiction of a method range of values where intervention by the IMD 100 is desir for treating a reproductive endocrine disorder, in accordance able. Upon a determination that the disorder is insufficient to with one illustrative embodiment of the present invention is treat by the IMD 100, the detection process is continued provided. An electrode may be coupled to a portion of an (block 830). autonomous nerve to perform a stimulation function or a 50 Upon a determination that the disorder is sufficient to treat blocking function to treat a reproductive endocrine disorder. using the IMD 100, a determination as to the type of stimu In one embodiment, one or more electrodes may be posi lation based upon data relating to the disorder is made (block tioned in electrical contact or proximate to a portion of the 840). The type of stimulation may be determined in a variety autonomic nerve to deliver a stimulation signal to the portion of manners, such as performing a look-up in a look-up table of the autonomic nerve (block 710). A determination may be 55 that may be stored in the memory 617. Alternatively, the type made as to whether a treatment for motion sickness should be of stimulation may be determined by an input from an exter provided (block 720). In one embodiment, this determination nal source, such as the external unit 670 or an input from the may include receiving an external input (e.g., a magnetic patient. Further, determination of the type of stimulation may input, a tap input, a wireless communications input, etc.) also include determining the location as to where the stimu indicative of a request for treatment. In another embodiment, 60 lation is to be delivered. Accordingly, the selection of particu an automated sensing of an indication of motion sickness may lar electrodes, which may be used to deliver the stimulation be performed, prompting the determination to provide treat signal, is made. A more detailed description of the determi ment. In yet another embodiment, an external input may nation of the type of stimulation signal is provided in FIG.9 trigger a detection algorithm to sense an indication of motion and accompanying description below. sickness, prompting a determination to provide treatment. 65 Upon determining the type of stimulation to be delivered, The electrodes may be operatively coupled to at least one of the IMD 100 performs the stimulation by delivering the elec main trunk of the right or left vagus nerve. trical signal to one or more selected electrodes (block 850). US 7,657,310 B2 21 22 Upon delivery of the stimulation, the IMD 100 may monitor, detected, the appropriate treatment may be to perform a para store, or compute the results of the stimulation (block 860). sympathetic blocking signal in combination with a sympa For example, based upon the calculation, a determination thetic non-blocking signal. Other combinations relating to may be made that adjustment(s) to the type of signal to be Table 2 may be implemented for various types of treatments. delivered for stimulation, may be performed. Further, the Various combinations of matrix, Such as the matrix illustrated calculations may reflect the need to deliver additional stimu in Table 2 may be stored in the memory for retrieval by the lation. Additionally, data relating to the results of stimulation IMD 100. may be stored in memory 617 for later extraction or further Additionally, external devices may perform Such calcula analysis. Also, in one embodiment, real time or near real time tion and communicate the results or accompanying instruc communications may be provided to communicate the stimu 10 tions to the IMD 100. The IMD 100 may also determine the lation result or the stimulation log to an external unit 670. specific batch of the nerve to stimulate (block 1030). For Turning now to FIG. 8, a more detailed block diagram example, for a particular type of stimulation to be performed, depiction of the step of performing the detection process of the decision may be made to stimulate the main trunk of the block 810 in FIG. 7 is illustrated. The system 100 may moni right or left vagus nerve or a branch thereof. The IMD 100 tor one or more vital signs relating to the reproductive endo 15 may also indicate the type of treatment to be delivered. For crine functions of the patient (block 910). For example, blood example, an electrical treatment alone or in combination with levels of at least one hormone, external input from the patient, another type of treatment may be provided based upon the etc., may be detected. This detection may be made by sensors quantifiable parameter(s) that are detected (block 1040). For residing inside the human body, which may be operatively example, a determination may be made that an electrical coupled to the IMD 100. In another embodiment, these fac signal by itself is to be delivered. Alternatively, based upon a tors may be performed by external means and may be pro particular type of disorder, a determination may be made that vided to the IMD 100 an external device via the communica an electrical signal, in combination with a magnetic signal, tion system 660. Such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) may be Upon acquisition of various vital signs, a comparison may delivered. Stimulation can be induced by light such as from a be performed comparing the data relating to the vital signs to 25 laser. predetermined, stored data (block 920). For example, the In addition to electrical or magnetic stimulation, a deter hormone level(s) may be compared to various predetermined mination may be made whether to deliver a chemical, bio thresholds to determine whether aggressive action would be logical, or other type of treatment(s) in combination with the needed, or simply further monitoring would be sufficient. electrical stimulation provided by the IMD 100. In one Based upon the comparison of the collected data with theo 30 example, electrical stimulation may be used to enhance the retical, stored thresholds, the IMD 100 may determine effectiveness of a chemical agent, Such as hormone-replace whether a disorder exists (block 930). For example, various ment drug. Therefore, various drugs or other compounds may Vital signs may be acquired in order to determine whether be delivered in combination with an electrical stimulation or afferent or efferent fibers are to be stimulated. Based upon the a magnetic stimulation. Based upon the type of stimulation to 35 be performed, the IMD 100 delivers the stimulation to treat determination described in FIG. 8, the IMD 100 may continue various reproductive endocrine disorders. to determine whether the disorder is sufficiently significant to Using embodiments of the present invention, various types perform treatment, as described in FIG. 7. of stimulation may be performed to treat reproductive endo Turning now to FIG.9, a more detailed flowchart depiction crine disorders, such as gonadal dysgenesis, hypogonadism, of the step of determining the type of stimulation indicated in 40 hypergonadism, delayed puberty, amenorrhea, infertility, block 840 of FIG. 7 is illustrated. The IMD 100 may deter premature menopause, and polycystic ovarian disease. The mine a quantifiable parameter of a reproductive endocrine autonomic stimulation of embodiments of the present inven disorder (block 1010). These quantifiable parameters, for tion may include stimulation of the portions of a vagus nerve example, may include a frequency of occurrence of various or sympathetic nerves. Embodiments of the present invention symptoms of a reproductive endocrine disorder, among oth 45 provide for performing preprogrammed delivery of Stimula ers. Based upon these quantifiable parameters, a determina tion or performing real time decision-making to deliver con tion may be made whether a parasympathetic or a sympa trolled stimulation. For example, various detections of thetic response? stimulation is appropriate (block 1020). For parameters, such as factors relating to a reproductive endo example, as illustrated in Table 2, a matrix may be used to determine whether a parasympathetic or a sympathetic crine disorder, may be used to determine whether a stimula 50 tion is needed or the type of stimulation that is to be delivered. response for stimulation is appropriate. This determination Parasympathetic, sympathetic, blocking, non-blocking, may be overlaid by the decision regarding whether an effer afferent, or efferent delivery of stimulation may be performed ent, an afferent, or an efferent-afferent combination stimula to treat various reproductive endocrine disorders. tion should be performed. All of the methods and apparatus disclosed and claimed 55 herein may be made and executed without undue experimen TABLE 2 tation in light of the present disclosure. While the methods EFFERENT and apparatus of this invention have been described in terms EFFERENT AFFERENT AFFERENT of particular embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill PARASYMPATHETIC Yes No No in the art that variations may be applied to the methods and 60 apparatus and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the SYMPATHETIC Yes Yes Yes method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended The example illustrated in Table 2 shows that an efferent, claims. It should be especially apparent that the principles of parasympathetic stimulation may be provided in combination the invention may be applied to selected cranial nerves other with a sympathetic, efferent-afferent combination stimula 65 than the vagus nerve to achieve particular results. tion for a particular treatment. A determination may be made The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustra that for a particular type of quantifiable parameter that is tive only, as the invention may be modified and practiced in US 7,657,310 B2 23 24 different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in ing of an implantable medical device, an external medical the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Further device, and a partially implantable medical device. more, no limitations are intended to the details of construction 12. A method of treating a reproductive endocrine disorder or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims in a patient, comprising: below. It is therefore evident that the particular embodiments coupling at least one electrode to at least a portion of a disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such cranial nerve of the patient, wherein said cranial nerve is variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the Selected from the group consisting of a vagus nerve, a invention. Accordingly, the protection sought herein is as set trigeminal nerve, an accessory nerve, or a hypoglossal forth in the claims below. nerve; What is claimed is: 10 receiving a signal indicative of a symptom of the reproduc 1. A method of treating a reproductive disorder in a patient, tive endocrine disorder; and comprising: applying an electrical signal to said cranial nerve using said coupling at least one electrode to at least one portion of a electrode to treat said reproductive endocrine disorder in cranial nerve of the patient, wherein said cranial nerve is response to receiving said signal indicative of said Selected from the group consisting of a vagus nerve, a 15 symptom, wherein applying said electrical signal com trigeminal nerve, an accessory nerve, or a hypoglossal prises applying said electrical signal in Synchronization nerve; and with at least one endogenous endocrine cycle. applying an electrical signal to said cranial nerve using said 13. The method of claim 12, wherein applying the electri electrode to treat said reproductive disorder, wherein cal signal comprises applying said signal to the cranial nerve treating said reproductive disorder comprises treating a using said at least one electrode during a first treatment disorder selected from the group consisting of infertility period, and said method further comprises applying a second and amenorrhea. electrical signal to the cranial nerve using said at least one 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the cranial nerve is a electrode during a second treatment period, to treat the repro vagus nerve. ductive endocrine disorder. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein treating said reproduc 25 14. The method of claim 12, wherein treating said repro tive disorder comprises treating a disorder selected from the ductive endocrine disorder comprises treating a disorder group consisting of gonadal dysgenesis, hypogonadism, selected from the group consisting of gonadal dysgenesis, hypergonadism, delayed puberty, amenorrhea, infertility, hypogonadism, hypergonadism, delayed puberty, amenor premature menopause, polycystic ovarian syndrome, rhea, infertility, premature menopause, and polycystic ova osteoporosis, hirsutism, and sarcopenia. 30 rian disease. 4. The method of claim 1, wherein applying said electrical 15. The method of claim 12, further comprising: signal comprises applying said electrical signal in Synchro providing a drug delivery device in fluid communication nization with a normal endogenous endocrine cycle. with the bloodstream of the patient; and 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising detecting a releasing from said drug delivery device a drug capable of symptom of the reproductive disorder, and wherein applying 35 treating said reproductive endocrine disorder in the electrical signal is initiated in response to detecting said response to receiving said signal indicative of said symptom. symptom. 6. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the electrical 16. The method of claim 15, wherein releasing a drug signal comprises applying said signal to the cranial nerve comprises releasing a drug selected from the group consisting using said at least one electrode during a first treatment 40 of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone period, and said method further comprises applying a second (LH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), a luteinizing electrical signal to the cranial nerve using said at least one hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) agonist, an estrogen, an electrode during a second treatment period, to treat the repro anti-androgen, selective estrogen reuptake modulators, a hor ductive disorder. mone replacement therapy drug, oxytocin, and a steroid. 7. The method of claim 1, wherein applying the electrical 45 17. The method of claim 15, wherein treating said repro signal comprises blocking one of afferent and efferent action ductive endocrine disorder comprises treating a disorder potentials on the cranial nerve. selected from the group consisting of gonadal dysgenesis, 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising the steps of: hypogonadism, hypergonadism, delayed puberty, amenor providing a programmable electrical signal generator; rhea, infertility, premature menopause, and polycystic ova coupling said signal generator to said at least one electrode: 50 rian disease. generating an electrical signal with the electrical signal 18. The method of claim 15, further comprising: generator, and applying a first signal to said drug delivery device to release applying the electrical signal to the electrode. said drug during a first time period; 9. The method of claim 8, further comprising programming receiving a second indication of a symptom of the repro the electrical signal generator to define the electrical signal by 55 ductive endocrine disorder subsequent to delivery of at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of a said drug; current magnitude, a pulse frequency, a pulse width, an on applying said electrical signal to said portion of said cranial time and an off-time, wherein said at least one parameter is nerve during a second time period in response to said selected to treat the reproductive disorder. receiving said second indication of a symptom of the 10. The method of claim 9, further comprising detecting 60 reproductive endocrine disorder. one or more of the period or the amplitude of an endocrine 19. An implantable medical device system, comprising: cycle associated with the reproductive endocrine disorder, an electrode adapted to be coupled to a cranial nerve of a and wherein the parameter of the electrical signal is modified patient, wherein said cranial nerve is selected from the in response to detecting said period or said amplitude. group consisting of a vagus nerve, a trigeminal nerve, an 11. The method of claim 1, wherein applying an electrical 65 accessory nerve, or a hypoglossal nerve, and signal to said cranial nerve comprises applying an electrical an implantable medical device for treating at least one signal from a medical device selected from the group consist reproductive disorder in a patient, comprising a control US 7,657,310 B2 25 26 ler for providing an electrical signal to the electrode, to treating said reproductive endocrine disorder, wherein treat said reproductive disorder, wherein treating said treating said reproductive disorder comprises treating a reproductive disorder comprises treating a disorder disorder selected from the group consisting of gonadal Selected from the group consisting of and amenorrhea. dysgenesis, hypogonadism, hypergonadism, delayed 20. The implantable medical device of claim 19, further puberty, amenorrhea, infertility, premature menopause, comprising: polycystic ovarian syndrome, osteoporosis, hirsutism, a sensor for sensing a symptom of the reproductive disor and sarcopenia. der; and 22. A method of treating a reproductive disorder in a wherein said controller receives a sensor signal from said patient, comprising: sensor indicative of said symptom, and provides said coupling at least one electrode to at least one portion of a electrical signal to said electrode in response to receiv cranial nerve of the patient, wherein said cranial nerve is ing said sensor signal. Selected from the group consisting of a vagus nerve, a 21. An implantable medical device system, comprising: trigeminal nerve, an accessory nerve, or a hypoglossal an electrode adapted to be coupled to a cranial nerve of a nerve; and patient, wherein said cranial nerve is selected from the applying an electrical signal to said cranial nerve using said group consisting of a vagus nerve, a trigeminal nerve, an electrode to treat said reproductive disorder, wherein accessory nerve, or a hypoglossal nerve, and said electrical signal is applied in Synchronization with an implantable medical device for treating at least one said at least one endogenous endocrine cycle. reproductive disorder in a patient, comprising a control ler for providing an electrical signal to the electrode for k k k k k UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION

PATENT NO. : 7,657,310 B2 Page 1 of 1 APPLICATION NO. : 1 1/340309 DATED : February 2, 2010 INVENTOR(S) : William R. Buras It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent and that said Letters Patent is hereby corrected as shown below:

On the Title Page:

The first or sole Notice should read --

Subject to any disclaimer, the term of this patent is extended or adjusted under 35 U.S.C. 154(b) by 47 days.

Signed and Sealed this Thirtieth Day of November, 2010

David J. Kappos Director of the United States Patent and Trademark Office