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RURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING, LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE DOI: 10.22616/rrd.24.2018.029

PHYTOREMEDIATION AS TOOL FOR PREVENTION OF CONTAMINANT FLOW TO HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Kristine Valujeva1, Juris Burlakovs2, Inga Grinfelde1, Jovita Pilecka1, Yahya Jani2, William Hogland2 1Latvia University of Life Science and Technologies, Latvia 2Linnaeus University, Sweden [email protected]

Abstract Management of remediation projects in contaminated sites has become an increasingly global challenge and nowadays takes intensive international environmentally sound cooperation intended to relieve negative consequences of landscape . This paper aims to deal with the approach for protection of environment and preventing the streaming of contaminant flows to hydrological systems. Phytoremediation is a cost-effective environmentally friendly clean-up technology, which uses and in for and treatment. Phytoremediation is enhancing degradation of organic and improving stabilization of inorganic contaminants where plants can be used to treat soil and water polluted with hydrocarbons, chlorinated substances, , metals, explosives, radionuclides as well as to reduce the excess of . Selection of species for this type of treatment processes is based on evapotranspiration potential and ability to bioaccumulate contaminants. The project entitled “Phytoremediation Park for treatment and recreation at glassworks contaminated sites” (PHYTECO) aimed at cross-sector international partnership. The challenge of project was to develop remediation strategy where negative consequences from centuries long anthropogenic influence are turned to be something positive – development of the recreation park from the glass dump. Here designers, scientists, local volunteers, international students would join ideas and common work for the boost of innovation and sustainable thinking. New “Knowledge in Inter Baltic Partnership Exchange for Future Regional Circular Economy Cooperation” (PECEC) project is sequential continuation. Key words: contaminated sites, heavy metals, oil products, phytostabilization, remediation.

Introduction system (rhizosphere) as soil and is clean-up, mitigation, correction, treatment agents. Plants and microbial communities abatement, minimizing, elimination, control are degrading organic pollution and enhancing and containment or prevention of a release of stabilization of inorganic contaminants by contamination thereby protecting human health and hyperaccumulation and removal of substances when environment (9VAC20-160-10, Definitions, 1997). yielding out during the process. Target contaminants Clean-up technologies improve environmental quality are hydrocarbons, pesticides, chlorinated substances, and remove historically and actually contaminated explosives and their components, heavy metals, sites to minimize loss of land as a resource and treat radionuclides and excess nutrients. species groundwater problem by preventing contaminant are selected regarding geographical objectives, flows to hydrologic systems (Directive 2008/1/EC, evapotranspiration potential, growth rates, growth 2008). Low energy and resource use, low waste characteristics and potential. For production, minimized footprint and innovations are the extraction of metallic elements from the recommended characteristics for feasible remediation most common processes used are phytoextraction and technologies (Schrenk et al., 2007). The decision on phytostabilization (Chaudhry et al., 2008), but for choice of remediation technologies should take in organic contaminants – phytodegradation. Process of account: phytoextraction means accumulation of contaminants a) Short-term and/or long-term effectiveness; from the soil by plants (Wang b) Effectiveness of contaminant reduction at the et al., 2013), but phytostabilization is applied site; when contaminants in the soil and groundwater are c) Reduction of contaminant toxicity; immobilized by sorption on or precipitation d) Cost effectiveness of remediation. within the root zone. Remediation technologies can be divided as in situ can directly and indirectly destroy and ex situ technologies; according to the scope of petroleum hydrocarbons by degrading them to other application – vadose and saturated zone technologies; substances such as alcohols, acids, carbon dioxide taking into account the processes used as biological, and water (Eweis et al., 1998). The efficiency of physical separation, chemical, physical-chemical, phytoremediation depends on a choice of plant species thermal, and containment techniques (Prokop, and is able to accumulate metallic elements and Schamann, & Edelgaard, 2000). metalloids such as , , and Phytoremediation itself is a cost-effective and (Bañuelos et al., 1997; Ebbs et al., 1997; Brown using plants and microorganisms associated in et al., 1994).There are some species of trees and

188 RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2018, VOLUME 1 PHYTOREMEDIATION AS TOOL FOR PREVENTION OF CONTAMINANT FLOW TO Kristine Valujeva, Juris Burlakovs, Inga Grinfelde, HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS Jovita Pilecka, Yahya Jani, William Hogland

Figure 1. Project planning stage of the Orrefors Park. Pedestrian pathway planning, plant areas for phytostabilization purposes and recreation. This is a pilot area, a full-scale project includes additional territories. shrubs whose roots are able to extend into the ground Ekman, the production of glass began. Nowadays up to a depth of 18 m or deeper, e.g., Sarcobatus there is only a glass factory that is situated in Kosta vermiculatus and Prosopis juliflora, but these species Boda. The Orrefors glass factory during performance are not present in Europe (Landmeyer, 2012). created a lot of pollution in the surrounding area. Species of (e.g., Salix viminialis) can Dumps emerged all around the village that affected be used for phytoremediation due to their deployed the soil, the water and all the environmental quality root system and ability to grow quickly (Blumberga, (Etzkowitz, 2008; Hogland et al., 2014). The goal Kļaviņš, & Valtere, 2010). Five main processes was to initiate a full-scale glass excavation dominate in phytoremediation: , and design for a phytoremediation recreation glass phytodegradation, phytostabilization, phytoextraction parks and import gathered knowledge. Recreation and phytovolatilization (Salt, Smith, & Raskin, 1998). parks after remediation will create a tourist area at the The aim of research is to explore the phyto- Orrefors glassworks, Sweden. Following excavation remediation approach for protection of environment of the glass landfill site there, the project’s partners and preventing the streaming of contaminant flows to intend to introduce plants capable of drawing heavy hydrological systems. The main tasks of this research metals out of the soil (Hogland et al., 2014). are: firstly, to evaluate effectiveness of short-term and/ The Orrefors Park was designed and planned by or long-term phytoremediation projects; secondly, to collaborating environmental scientists and design evaluate effectiveness of contaminant reduction at professionals and is depicted in Fig. 1. the site; thirdly, to evaluate reduction of contaminant Unlike organic substances, heavy metals toxicity; fourthly, to evaluate cost effectiveness of are essentially non-biodegradable and therefore phytoremediation. accumulate in the environment. The accumulation of heavy metals in soils and waters poses a risk to the Materials and Methods environmental and human health (Pilecka et al., 2017; Case Study in Southern Sweden Ali, Khan, & Sajad, 2015). In our case study, Orrefors is a glasswork situated Cleanup of heavy metal contaminated soils was in a Swedish village in Småland. In 1914, with Johan utmost necessary in order to minimize their impact on

RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2018, VOLUME 1 189 PHYTOREMEDIATION AS TOOL FOR Kristine Valujeva, Juris Burlakovs, Inga Grinfelde, PREVENTION OF CONTAMINANT FLOW TO Jovita Pilecka, Yahya Jani, William Hogland HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS the ecosystems. This is a challenging job with respect The effectiveness of phytoremediaton technology to cost and technical complexity. application to prevent the streaming of contaminant For Orrefors Park project it was decided to apply flows to hydrological systems were evaluated by using phytoremediation technique, which is considered as SWOT analysis with following criteria: a green alternative solution to the problem of heavy a) Short-term and/or long-term effectiveness; metal pollution. b) Effectiveness of contaminant reduction at the Phytoremediation basically referred to the use site; of plants and associated soil microbes to reduce the c) Reduction of contaminant toxicity; concentrations or toxic effects of contaminants in the d) Cost effectiveness of remediation. environments (Ali, Khan, & Sajad, 2015). By phytostabilization certain plants were Results and Discussion used to reduce the mobility and bioavailability of Phytoremediation perspectives in Latvia pollutants in the environment. Plants can immobilize The main concern in Latvia is related to the costs heavy metals in soils through sorption by roots, and legislation, which often contradicts the business precipitation, complexation or metal valence interests. Decision-makers from stakeholders should reduction in rhizosphere. Phytostabilization limits the be strict about the process of preliminary studies as accumulation of heavy metals in biota and minimizes well as allow some flexibility in order to avoid too their leaching into underground waters (Ali, Khan, & high costs and stagnation of the remediation process Sajad, 2015). because of this reason (SUMATECS, 2008). Financial After phytoextraction each plant has to be removed feasibility, market situation, environmental quality from the site that to accumulation of huge demands and recovery of the land resources are also quantities of hazardous biomass, which must be stored among the important factors for decision-making. or disposed appropriately to minimize environmental Phytoremediation techniques are recommended if the risk. The methods of disposal of contaminated contamination level is low or average comparably plants include approved secure , surface to guidelines in most of legislator acts (Ellis & impoundments, deep well injection or Hadley, 2009; SUMATECS, 2008; Burlakovs & (Padmavathiamma & Li, 2007). Vircavs, 2012). The density of contaminated sites Since contamination of soils and waters by toxic with mixt pollution in Latvia is presented in Figure heavy metals is a serious environmental problem, 2. Until current time, no full scale phytoremediation effective remediation methods are necessary. Physical applications have been performed in Latvia; however, and chemical methods for cleanup and restoration several trials were done and some cases are described of heavy metal-contaminated soils have serious in this paper as follows. limitations like high cost, irreversible changes in soil According to Prokop et al. (2000) there was properties, destruction of native soil microflora and developed a conceptual decision scheme for creation of secondary pollution problems (Ali, Khan, remediation of contaminated sites with mixed & Sajad, 2015; Padmavathiamma & Li, 2007). In contamination (see Figure 3). contrast, phytoremediation is a better solution to the The contamination with oil products can be problem (Blaylock & Huang, 2000). stabilised by using five general approaches with

Figure 2. Geographical distribution and density of contaminated sites in Latvia residential areas.

190 RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2018, VOLUME 1 PHYTOREMEDIATION AS TOOL FOR PREVENTION OF CONTAMINANT FLOW TO Kristine Valujeva, Juris Burlakovs, Inga Grinfelde, HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS Jovita Pilecka, Yahya Jani, William Hogland

Investigation of site with oil products contamination

Does concentrations No exceed limits? Land owner Yes

Development of remediation plan Local municipality

Approvement of remediation plan

Planting of remediation field

Environmental board Harvesting

Is it mixed No Yes contamination?

Biomass composting and burning Biomass burnig and ash utilisation

Does concentrations No Yes exceed limits?

Site is clean

Figure 3. Decision scheme for remediation of contaminated sites. plants, such as: alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.), If the concentration of oil products is low and (Salix spp.) and Poplar ( spp.). The aim of this no significant groundwater flow is observed in the approach is to stabilise contaminant in soil and reduce contaminated area, then the contaminated area can be amount of contamination. localized by using plantation. The process of phytoremediation project for In order to facilitate the purification of the area from protection of hydrological systems from oil products pollution with oil products, vertical drainage wells (hydrocarbons) can be performed in different ways with 50 mm in diameter can be installed and periodic (Ali et al., 2013). watering of the plantation performed with drainage of If the pollution concentration of oil products is polluted groundwater in the contaminated area should high or the contamination is at a depth that is not be done (see Figure 6) (Ali et al., 2013). Here engineers accessible to plants, planting can be formed in front of should plan that pollution stays on site and is not the contaminated area (see Figures 4 and 5) in order expanding aerially. In order to prevent contamination to reduce the groundwater flow towards pollution and flow from neighbouring areas, the plantation should prevent the extended leaching from the contaminated cover at least 10% wider area than the contaminated area (Ali et al., 2013). area. Watering will not only provide plants with water

RESEARCH FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT 2018, VOLUME 1 191 InvestigationInvestigation of of site site with with oil oil products products contaminationcontamination

DoesDoes concentrations concentrations NoNo exceedexceed limits? limits? Land owner Land owner YesYes

DevelopmentDevelopment of of remediation remediation plan plan Local municipality Local municipality

ApprovementApprovement of of remediation remediation plan plan

PlantingPlanting of of remediation remediation field field

Environmental board Environmental board HarvestingHarvesting

IsIs it it mixed mixed NoNo YesYes contamination?contamination?

BiomassBiomass composting composting and and burning burning BiomassBiomass burnig burnig and and ash ash utilisation utilisation

DoesDoes concentrations concentrations NoNo YesYes exceedexceed limits? limits?

SiteSite is is clean clean PHYTOREMEDIATION AS TOOL FOR Kristine Valujeva, Juris Burlakovs,FigureFigure 3 .3 Decision.Inga Decision Grinfelde, scheme scheme for for remediation remediationPREVENTION of of contaminated contaminated OF sites.CONTAMINANT sites. FLOW TO Jovita Pilecka, Yahya Jani, William Hogland HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS TheThe contamination contamination with with oil oil products products can can be be stabilised stabilised by by using using five five general general approaches approaches with with plants, plants, such such as: as: alfalfa alfalfa (Medicago(Medicago Sativa Sativa L. L.), ),Willow Willow ( Salix(Salix spp. spp.) )and and Poplar Poplar ( Populus(Populus spp. spp.). ).The The aim aim of of this this approach approach is is to to stabilise stabilise contaminantcontaminant in in soil soil and and reduce reduce amount amount of of contamination. contamination.

FigureFigure 4 .4.4 Landscape. Landscape planning planning with with planting planting for for oil oil FigureFigure 55. .5 Landscape. Landscape planning planning with with planting planting for for pollutionpollution prevention prevention to to hydrological hydrological systems systems.systems. . localizinglocalizing contaminated contaminated areaarea. area. .

FigureFigureFigure 6 . 6. 6Landscape. LandscapeLandscape planning planningplanning for forfor planting plantingplanting in inin areas areasareas FigureFigure 77.. 7Planting. Planting scheme scheme for for isolation isolation of of withwithwith uncertain uncertainuncertain groundwater groundwatergroundwater flow flowflow direction directiondirection combined combinedcombined contaminatedcontaminated site site from from hydrological hydrological influenceinfluence. influence. . withwith watering wateringwith fromwatering from vertical vertical from drainage verticaldrainage wells drainage wells (KA (KA Ø50).Ø50). wells (KAØ50). TheThe process process of of phytoremediation phytoremediation project project for for protection protection of of hydrological hydrological systems systems from from oil oil products products (hydrocarbons) (hydrocarbons) cancanbut be bealso performed performed increase in in thedifferent different amount ways ways of (Alioxygen (Ali et etal inal., 2013) .,the 2013) soil,. . term effectiveness of contaminant reduction on the If Ifcreatingthe the pollution pollution an appropriate concentration concentration microclimate of of oil oil products products for soil is bacteria, ishigh high or or the sitethe contamination contaminationis set by concentration is isat ata deptha depth of that pollution that is isnot not andaccessible accessible the size to to plants,plants,thus acceleratingplanting planting can can purification be be formed formed inof in frontgroundwater front of of the the contaminatedand contaminated soil of contaminatedarea area (see (see Figures Figures area; 4 4b)and andreduction 5) 5) in inorder order of tocontaminant to reduce reduce the the groundwatergroundwaterfrom oil pollution flow flow towards contamination.towards pollution pollution and and prevent prevent the the extended extendedtoxicity leaching leaching depends from from on the thethe contaminated contaminatedcontent of areacontamination area (Ali (Ali et etal al. , ., 2013)2013)If. . the concentration of pollution is high and it and used technology in remediation process; c) cost If Ifisthe thenecessary concentration concentration to isolate of of oil oilthe products products contaminated is islow low and area, and no noa significant treesignificant effectiveness groundwater groundwater of flowremediation flow is isobserved observed depends in inthe theon contaminated thecontaminated size of area,area,plantation then then the thein contaminated thecontaminated direction area of area the can cangroundwater be be localized localized flow by by using inusing plantation.contaminated plantation. area and concentration of pollution. The InIn frontorder order of to the to facilitate pollutedfacilitate thearea the purification mightpurification be planned, of of the the moreoverarea area from from – pollution pollutionlandscape with with of oil todayoil products, products, reflects vertical vertical the drainage drainageway the wells wells society with with has 5050 mm mm in in diameter diameter can can be be installed installed and and periodic periodic watering watering of of the the plantation plantation performed performed with with drainage drainage of of polluted polluted a ditch system in front of tree plantation can be settled. taken care of it. It needs an adequate landscape policy groundwatergroundwater in in th eth contaminatede contaminated area area should should be be done done (see (see Figure Figure 6) 6) (Ali (Ali et etal al., 2013)., 2013). Here. Here engineers engineers should should plan plan With that planned, it will prevent the surface water that establishes general principles, strategies and thatthat pollution pollution stay stays ons on site site and and is isnot not expanding expanding aerially. aerially. In In order order to to prevent prevent contamination contamination flow flow from from neighbo neighbouringuring flow to the contaminated area (see Figure 7). guidelines aimed at the protection, management and areas,areas, the the plantation plantation should should cover cover a t aleast least 10%t 10% wider wider area area than than the the contaminated contaminated area. area. Watering Watering will will not not only only provideprovideThere plants plants are with withmany water water possible but but also also solutionsincrease increase the thatthe amount amountmight of of oxygenplanning oxygen in in ofthe the landscapes. soil, soil, creating creating Moreover, an an appropriate appropriate when contamination microclimate microclimate forforbe soil soilcombined bacteria, bacteria, thus andthus accelerating acceleratingdesigned purificationfor purification each oftype of groundwater groundwater of is threateningand and soil soil from from environment oil oil pollution pollution includingcontamination. contamination. hydrological If Ifcontamination,the the concentration concentration geography, of of pollution pollution climatic is ishigh high andconditions and it itis isnecessary necessary and tosystems, to isolate isolate the the contaminatedphytoremedial contaminated area, actionsarea, a treea treeare plantation theplantation friendliest in inthe the directiondirectionnecessities of of the defined the groundwater groundwater by planners flow flow inand infront frontdecision-makers; of of the the polluted polluted ifarea areaapplicable. might might be beDecision planned planned, systemsmoreover, moreover through – –a ditcha ditch cooperation system system in in frontfronttherefore, of of tree tree plantationit plantationis important can can be tobe settled. plansettled. remedialWith With that that solutions planned, planned, it itwillare will preventto prevent be theused the surface surfacefor choosingwater water flow flow the to to the bestthe contaminated contaminated available areaareaby (seeinviting (see Figure Figure in 7).planning 7). process engineers, decision- treatment of soil and water as well as prevention of ThereTheremakers, are are landscapemany many possible possible architects, solutions solutions chemists that that and might might botanists. be be combined combinedcontaminants and and designed designed mobility for for eachin each water type type basins.of of contamination contamination Latvia is , , geography,geography, climatic climatic conditions conditions and and necessities necessities defined defined by by plannerscharacterized planners and and decision withdecision high-makers- makersdensity; therefor; thereforhydrologicale, e,it itis isimportant network important toto Conclusionsplan plan remedial remedial solutions solutions by by inviting inviting in inplanning planning process processand engineers,one engineers, of first decision aimsdecision of -phytoremediationmakers,-makers, landscape landscape is toarchitects, architects,stabilize chemistschemistsThe and andSWOT botanists. botanists. analysis of the effectiveness of contamination to avoid leaching in groundwater and phytoremediaton technology application to prevent water streams. The most effective plants in Latvia ConclusionsConclusionsthe streaming of contaminant flows to hydrological climate conditions for phytostabilization are alfalfa TheThesystems SWOT SWOT for analysis contaminatedanalysis of of the the effectivenessareas effectiveness of low concentrationsof of phytoremediaton phytoremediaton (Medicago technology technology Sativa application application L.), willow to to prevent ( Salixprevent spp.the the )streaming andstreaming poplar of of contaminantcontaminantof mixed pollution flows flows to to hydrologicalshows: hydrological a) short-term systems systems forand/or for contaminated contaminated long- ( Populusareas areas of of lowspp.). low concentrations concentrations Geographical of of mixdensity mixeded pollution pollutionof pollution show shows: s: a)a) short short-term-term and/or and/or long long-term-term effectiveness effectiveness of of contaminant contaminant reduction reduction on on the the site site is isset set by by concentration concentration of of pollutionpollution and and the the size size of of contaminated contaminated area; area; b) b) reduction reduction of of contaminant contaminant toxicity toxicity depends depends on on the the content content of of contaminationcontamination and and used used technology technology in in remediation remediation process; process; c) c) cost cost effectiveness effectiveness of of remediation remediation depends depends on on the the sizesize192 of of contaminated contaminated area area and and concentration concentration of of pollution pollutionRESEARCH. The. The landscape FOR landscape RURAL of of today DEVELOPMENTtoday reflects reflects the the way 2018,way the theVOLUME society society has 1has takentaken care care of of it. it. It Itneeds needs an an adequate adequate landscape landscape policy policy that that establishes establishes general general principles, principles, strategies strategies and and guidelines guidelines aimedaimed at atthe the protection, protection, management management and and planning planning of of landscapes landscapes. Moreover,. Moreover, when when contamination contamination is isthreatening threatening environmentenvironment including including hydrological hydrological systems, systems, the the phytoremedial phytoremedial actions actions are are the the friendliest friendliest if ifapplicable. applicable. Decision Decision systemssystems through through cooperation cooperation are are to to be be used used for for choosing choosing the the best best available available treatment treatment of of soil soil and and water water as as well well as as preventionprevention of of contaminants contaminants mobility mobility in in water water basins. basins. Latvia Latvia is ischaracterized characterized with with high high density density hydrological hydrological networknetwork an and oned one of of first first aims aims of of phytoremediation phytoremediation is isto to stabilize stabilize contamination contamination to to avoid avoid leaching leaching in in groundwater groundwater andand water water streams. streams. The The most most effective effective plants plants in in Latvia Latvia climate climate conditions conditions for for phytostabilization phytostabilization are are alfalfa alfalfa (Medicago(Medicago Sativa Sativa L. L.), ),w illowwillow ( Salix(Salix spp. spp.) )and and p oplarpoplar ( Populus(Populus spp.). spp.). Geographical Geographical density density of of pollution pollution is is concentratedconcentrated in in large large cities cities and and former former military military areas areas which which may may be be transformed transformed to to greenfields greenfields through through phyto phyto- - revitalization.revitalization. The The harvest harvest utilisation utilisation of of biomass biomass depends depends on on the the type type of of pollution. pollution. The The biomass biomass from from areas areas wi withth oiloil products products contamination contamination can can be be composted composted or or burned. burned. However However, ,the the biomass biomass from from areas areas with with mixed mixed contaminationcontamination (for (for example example, oil, oil products products and and heavy heavy metals) metals) ha has tos to be be dr driedied and and transported transported to to waste waste inci incineration.neration. TheThe PHYTECO PHYTECO project project as as an an example example from from So Southernuthern Sweden Sweden was was the the immaculate immaculate pioneer pioneer example example how how forces forces PHYTOREMEDIATION AS TOOL FOR PREVENTION OF CONTAMINANT FLOW TO Kristine Valujeva, Juris Burlakovs, Inga Grinfelde, HYDROLOGICAL SYSTEMS Jovita Pilecka, Yahya Jani, William Hogland is concentrated in large cities and former military through the creation of Orrefors (Phyto)Park. Last but areas which may be transformed to greenfields not the least aspect is education and environmental through phyto-revitalization. The harvest utilisation awareness that grows through generations,improving of biomass depends on the type of pollution. The personal attitudes of many how to deal with the natural biomass from areas with oil products contamination heritage to their children and grandchildren. can be composted or burned. However, the biomass from areas with mixed contamination (for example, Acknowledgements oil products and heavy metals) has to be dried and This study was supported by the Interreg transported to waste incineration. The PHYTECO Interactive Water Management (IWAMA) project project as an example from Southern Sweden was and Swedish Institute sponsored PECEC initiative. the immaculate pioneer example how forces may Authors acknowledge Interreg South Baltic project be joined to achieve the best available solution for “Reviving Baltic Resilience” on experience and treatment of contamination, thus, avoiding high costs knowledge exchange. and by adding the aesthetic and environmental value

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