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Biosensor Devices: a Review on Their Biological Applications

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Biosensor Devices: a Review on Their Biological Applications Biotechnological Communication Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm. 9(1): 132-137 (2016) Biosensor Devices: A review on their biological applications Sumedha Bobade, D.R. Kalorey, and Shubhangi Warke Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Animal Biotechnology T&RC Nagpur Veterinary College Nagpur ABSTRACT The natural biosensors are chemical sense organs specially designed on the basis of smell and taste likewise. Bio- sensor is a device that detects, transmits and records information regarding physiological or biochemical changes. Basically it is the probe that integrates a biological component with an electronic transducer thereby converting biochemical signals into electrochemical, optical, acoustic and electronic ones. The function of a biosensor depends on specifi city of biological active material and the analyte to be detected such as chemical compound, antigen, microbes, hormones, nucleic acid or any subjective parameter like smell and taste. The biological sensing elements have been used as enzyme, antibody, DNA ,receptor ,organelles and micro-organism as well as animal and plant tissues. Types of biosensor includes immunosensors, microbial biosensors, whole cell based, electrochemical, optical and acoustic biosensors, which have vast applications in biomedical research, healthcare, pharmaceutical, environ- mental monitoring, homemade security and battlefi elds. In this review a summary of relevant aspects concerning biosensor integration in effi cient analytical setups and the latest applications of biosensors in diagnostic applications focusing on detection of molecular biomarkers in real samples is included. An overview of the current state and future trends of biosensors in this fi eld is given. KEY WORDS: AMPEROMETRIC, BIOSENSORS, BIORECEPTORS, CONDUCTOMETRIC, POTENTIOMETRIC, TRANSDUCERS INTRODUCTION technology with immediate on the spot interpretation of result are well suited for this purpose to records informa- In recent years, however intensive research has been tion regarding a physiological or biochemical changes undertaken to decentralize such tests as that they can (D’Souza, 2001). Areas for which biosensors show par- be performed virtually anywhere and under fi eld condi- ticular promise are clinical, diagnostics, food analysis, tion (Griffi ths and Hall, 1993, Fan et al., 2008). Hence bioprocess and environmental monitoring, (Rogers and development of portable, rapid and sensitive biosensor Gerlach 1999). The importance of biosensors results ARTICLE INFORMATION: *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Received 24th Feb, 2016 Accepted after revision 20th March, 2016 BBRC Print ISSN: 0974-6455 Online ISSN: 2321-4007 Thomson Reuters ISI SCI Indexed Journal NAAS Journal Score : 3.48 © A Society of Science and Nature Publication, 2016. All rights reserved. Online Contents Available at: http//www.bbrc.in/ 132 Sumedha, Kalorey, and Shubhangi from their high specifi city and sensitivity which allows many clinical conditions especially diabetes mellitus. the detection of broad spectrum of analysis in complex (Ramasamy et al., 2014). The advent of nanotechnology sample matrices (blood, serum, urine, food), with mini- provides a new perspective for the development of nano- mum sample pretreatment, (Rogers,1995, Rogers and sensors and nanoprobes with nanometer dimensions and Mulchandani,1998). The ability to detect pathogenic and is appropriate for biological and biomolecular measure- physiologically relevant molecules in the body with high ments. Because of the constraints of other approaches, sensitivity and specifi city offers a powerful opportunity such as ultralow detection, large detection range, high in the early diagnosis and treatment of diseases, (Peru- cost, and knowledge complexity, the implementation mal and Hashim, 2014). of effective approaches using carbon-based materials is In past two decades the biological, medical and vet- vital. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with superior electrical erinary fi elds have seen great advances in development performance are essential in designing modern biosen- of biosensors, capable of characterizing and quantify- sors CNT-based biosensors have an economical produc- ing biomolecules, (Dinh and Cullum, 2000). Biosensor tion process, rapid response, high sensitivity, and good is defi ned as a device that uses specifi c biochemical selectivity and are easily available in the market. The reactions mediated by isolated enzymes, immune sys- different methodologies for the transduction of the pro- tem, tissue, organelles or whole cell to detect chemi- duced biological events are considered and the applica- cal compounds usually by electrical, thermal or optical tions to forensic toxicological analysis, classifi ed by the signals (D’Souza, 2001), or simply biosensor is a sensor nature of the target analytes, as well as those related incorporating biological element such as enzymes, anti- with chemical and biological weapons critically com- bodies, receptors, proteins, nucleic acids, cells or tissue mented, (Kiani et al., 2013, Zheng et al., 2013, Yanez- sections as the recognition element coupled to a trans- sedeno et al. 2014). ducer. Leland C. Clark (Jr) 1918-2005 is the father of Biosensors, which have been classifi ed as electrochemi- cal, optical, acoustic and electronic (Ivnitski et al.,1999). BIOSENSOR SYSTEM: PRINCIPLE OF Biosensors represent the end product of a rapidly grow- BIOSENSOR ing fi eld, which combines fundamental, biological, chemical and physical science with engineering and A biosensor in general utilizes a biological recognition computer science to satisfy the need in a broad range element that senses the presence of analyte (The species of application area, (Patel et al., 2010). An important to be detected). A biosensor system can be defi ned as consideration for the development of biosensors is the the combination of different entities such as sampling, adsorption of the biorecognition element to the surface a biosensor, a system for replenishing information and of a substrate, ( Bhakta et al., 2015). a data analysis system to implement a biological model The current review focuses on the biosensors, their which provide information to a human or automated types and some recent developments in the related controller (Dey and Goswami 2011). The choice of bio- fi eld. The fi eld of biosensors has journeyed in leaps and logical material will depend on a number of factors viz bounds and now has become one of the essential states the specifi city, storage, operational and environmental of the art technology in laboratory medicine, especially stability and creates a physical or chemical response that in point of care testing. The idea of biosensors has revo- is converted by a transducer to a signal (Cooper,2004, lutionized the concept of self testing by the patients in Serra, 2010). The details are given in fi gure FIGURE 1: Ideal requirement for biosensor based detection assay Biosensor (Kivirand et al., 2013) BIOSCIENCE BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS OF BIOSENSORS 133 Sumedha, Kalorey, and Shubhangi Accuracy: False positive and false negative result in its environment originally developed for fundamental must be low or preferably zero analysis of factors affecting gene expression. Bioreport- Assay time: Biosensors should produce a real-time ers were early applied for the detection of environmental response especially when perishable foods are being contaminant have since evolved into fi eld as diverse as tested. medical, diagnostics, precision agriculture, food safety Sensitivity: Failure to detect false negative result, assurance, process monitoring control and biomicro- lowers the sensitivity of assay, which cannot be toler- electronic computing, (Ivnitski et al. 1999; Hofmann et ated. Specifi city: The biosensor should easily discrimi- al., 2013, Wang et al., 2013). nate between the target organism or toxin or other organism. Reproducible: Each assay should be highly reproducible and easy to calibrate. Robust: The biosen- sor must be able to resist changes in temperature, pH, ionic strength and be sterilizable. User friendly: The assay should be fully automated and requires minimal operator skills for routine detection. Validation: The biosensor assay should be evacuated against current standard technique. Classifi cation of Biosensors: Biosensors are classifi ed based on two parameters: one based on transduction mechanism and the other based on the bio recognition element. Microbial biosensor: These are analytical device that FIGURE 2: Whole cell sensor (Wang et al., 2013) couples microorganism with a transducer to enable rapid accurate and sensitive detection of target analyte in fi eld as diverse as medicine, environmental monitor- ELECTROCHEMICAL DNA BIOSENSORS ing, defense, food processing and safety. Microorgan- DNA biosensors are constructed by the immobilization ism offer advantages of ability to detect a wide range of of oligonucleotide sequence (Probe) in to a transducer chemical substances, amenability to genetic modifi cation that is able to convert the biological event into measura- and broad operating pH and temperature range, making ble signals (Dominguez and Acros, 2006). Sometimes the them ideal as biological sensing materials. Microorgan- probe can be free in a solution but in all cases the prin- isms have been integrated with a variety of transducers cipal of specifi c hybridization between single stranded such as amperometric, potentiometric, calorimetric, con- (DNA) ssDNA known as the probe and target
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