DOCSLIB.ORG

X-Machines for Agent-Based Modeling FLAME Perspectives CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCE SERIES

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
X-Machines for Agent-Based Modeling FLAME Perspectives CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCE SERIES X-Machines for Agent-Based Modeling FLAME Perspectives CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC COMPUTER and INFORMATION SCIENCE SERIES Series Editor: Sartaj Sahni PUBLISHED TITLES ADVERSARIAL REASONING: COMPUTATIONAL APPROACHES TO READING THE OPPONENT’S MIND Alexander Kott and William M. McEneaney COMPUTER-AIDED GRAPHING AND SIMULATION TOOLS FOR AUTOCAD USERS P. A. Simionescu DELAUNAY MESH GENERATION Siu-Wing Cheng, Tamal Krishna Dey, and Jonathan Richard Shewchuk DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS, SECOND EDITION S. Sitharama Iyengar and Richard R. Brooks DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS: AN ALGORITHMIC APPROACH, SECOND EDITION Sukumar Ghosh ENERGY-AWARE MEMORY MANAGEMENT FOR EMBEDDED MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS: A COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN APPROACH Florin Balasa and Dhiraj K. Pradhan ENERGY EFFICIENT HARDWARE-SOFTWARE CO-SYNTHESIS USING RECONFIGURABLE HARDWARE Jingzhao Ou and Viktor K. Prasanna FROM ACTION SYSTEMS TO DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS: THE REFINEMENT APPROACH Luigia Petre and Emil Sekerinski FUNDAMENTALS OF NATURAL COMPUTING: BASIC CONCEPTS, ALGORITHMS, AND APPLICATIONS Leandro Nunes de Castro HANDBOOK OF ALGORITHMS FOR WIRELESS NETWORKING AND MOBILE COMPUTING Azzedine Boukerche HANDBOOK OF APPROXIMATION ALGORITHMS AND METAHEURISTICS Teofilo F. Gonzalez HANDBOOK OF BIOINSPIRED ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS Stephan Olariu and Albert Y. Zomaya HANDBOOK OF COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY Srinivas Aluru HANDBOOK OF DATA STRUCTURES AND APPLICATIONS Dinesh P. Mehta and Sartaj Sahni PUBLISHED TITLES CONTINUED HANDBOOK OF DYNAMIC SYSTEM MODELING Paul A. Fishwick HANDBOOK OF ENERGY-AWARE AND GREEN COMPUTING Ishfaq Ahmad and Sanjay Ranka HANDBOOK OF GRAPH THEORY, COMBINATORIAL OPTIMIZATION, AND ALGORITHMS Krishnaiyan “KT” Thulasiraman, Subramanian Arumugam, Andreas Brandstädt, and Takao Nishizeki HANDBOOK OF PARALLEL COMPUTING: MODELS, ALGORITHMS AND APPLICATIONS Sanguthevar Rajasekaran and John Reif HANDBOOK OF REAL-TIME AND EMBEDDED SYSTEMS Insup Lee, Joseph Y-T. Leung, and Sang H. Son HANDBOOK OF SCHEDULING: ALGORITHMS, MODELS, AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS Joseph Y.-T. Leung HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING IN REMOTE SENSING Antonio J. Plaza and Chein-I Chang HUMAN ACTIVITY RECOGNITION: USING WEARABLE SENSORS AND SMARTPHONES Miguel A. Labrador and Oscar D. Lara Yejas IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF WIRELESS LANs: A PRACTICAL GUIDE Nurul Sarkar INTEGRATION OF SERVICES INTO WORKFLOW APPLICATIONS Paweł Czarnul INTRODUCTION TO NETWORK SECURITY Douglas Jacobson LOCATION-BASED INFORMATION SYSTEMS: DEVELOPING REAL-TIME TRACKING APPLICATIONS Miguel A. Labrador, Alfredo J. Pérez, and Pedro M. Wightman METHODS IN ALGORITHMIC ANALYSIS Vladimir A. Dobrushkin MULTICORE COMPUTING: ALGORITHMS, ARCHITECTURES, AND APPLICATIONS Sanguthevar Rajasekaran, Lance Fiondella, Mohamed Ahmed, and Reda A. Ammar PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF QUEUING AND COMPUTER NETWORKS G. R. Dattatreya THE PRACTICAL HANDBOOK OF INTERNET COMPUTING Munindar P. Singh SCALABLE AND SECURE INTERNET SERVICES AND ARCHITECTURE Cheng-Zhong Xu PUBLISHED TITLES CONTINUED SOFTWARE APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT: A VISUAL C++®, MFC, AND STL TUTORIAL Bud Fox, Zhang Wenzu, and Tan May Ling SPECULATIVE EXECUTION IN HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTER ARCHITECTURES David Kaeli and Pen-Chung Yew TRUSTWORTHY CYBER-PHYSICAL SYSTEMS ENGINEERING Alexander Romanovsky and Fuyuki Ishikawa VEHICULAR NETWORKS: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE Stephan Olariu and Michele C. Weigle X-Machines for Agent-Based Modeling: FLAME Perspectives Mariam Kiran X-Machines for Agent-Based Modeling FLAME Perspectives Mariam Kiran CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Printed on acid-free paper Version Date: 20170722 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-2385-5 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com To my family, FLAME contributors and its users. Contents Foreword xiii Preface xvii List of Figures xix List of Tables xxv FLAME Contributors xxvii 1 Setting the Stage: Complex Systems, Emergence and Evolution 1 1.1 ComplexandAdaptiveSystems . 3 1.2 WhatIsChaos? ......................... 4 1.3 ConstructingArtificialSystems . 5 1.4 ImportanceofEmergence . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 1.5 DynamicSystems ........................ 6 1.6 IsThereEvolutionatWork? .................. 7 1.6.1 Adaptation ........................ 8 1.7 Distributing Intelligence? . 9 1.8 Modeling and Simulation . 10 1.8.1 ResearchExamples.................... 12 2 Artificial Agents 17 2.1 IntelligentAgents ........................ 18 2.1.1 “CanMachinesThink?” . 19 2.2 Engineering Self-Organizing Systems . 21 2.2.1 BringintheAgents ................... 22 2.2.2 Characteristics of Agent-Based Models . 23 2.3 Agent-BasedModelingFrameworks . 33 2.4 AdaptiveAgentDesign ..................... 37 2.5 MathematicalFoundations . 38 2.6 ObjectsorAgents? ....................... 39 2.7 InfluenceofOtherResearchAreasonABM . 40 ix x Contents 3 DesigningX-AgentsUsingFLAME 43 3.1 FLAMEandItsX-MachineMethodology . 44 3.1.1 Transition Functions . 47 3.1.2 MemoryandStates ................... 47 3.2 Using Agile Methods to Design Agents . 48 3.2.1 ExtensiontoExtremeProgramming . 51 3.3 Overview:FLAMEVersion1.0 . 51 3.4 Libmboard(FLAMEmessageboardlibrary) . 54 3.4.1 Compiling and Installing Libmboard . 55 3.4.2 FLAME’s Synchronization Points . 57 3.5 FLAME’s Missing Functionality . 58 4 Getting Started with FLAME 61 4.1 SettingUpFLAME ....................... 62 4.1.1 MinGW.......................... 63 4.1.2 GDBGNUDebugger .................. 63 4.1.3 Dotty as an Extra Installation . 64 4.2 MessagingLibrary:Libmboard . 64 4.3 HowtoRunaModel? ...................... 65 4.4 Implementation Details . 65 4.5 UsingGrids ........................... 68 4.6 Integrating with More Libraries . 69 4.7 Writing a Model - Fox and Rabbit Predator Model . 71 4.7.1 Adding Complexity to Models . 72 4.7.2 XML Model Description File . 72 4.7.3 CFunction ........................ 76 4.7.4 Additional Files . 81 4.7.5 0.xml File . 83 4.8 EnhancingtheEnvironment . 84 4.8.1 ConstantVariables.................... 84 4.8.2 Time Rules . 84 5 Agents in Social Science 87 5.1 SugarscapeModel ........................ 92 5.1.1 EvolutionfromBottom-Up . 93 5.1.2 Distribution of Wealth . 94 5.1.3 LocationIsImportant!. 95 5.1.4 FindAgentsaroundMe . 104 5.1.5 Handle Multiple ‘Eaten’ Requests . 105 5.1.6 Change Starting Conditions . 105 5.2 ModelingSocialNetworks . 107 5.2.1 SetUpaRecurringFunction . 112 Contents xi 5.2.2 Assigning Conditions with Functions . 113 5.2.3 Using Dynamic Arrays and Data Structures . 113 5.2.4 CreatingLocalDynamicArrays. 114 5.3 Modeling Pedestrians in Crowds . 114 5.3.1 Calculate Movement toward Other Agents . 116 5.3.2 Entering and Exiting Agents . 118 6 AgentsinEconomicMarketsandGames 121 6.1 Perfect Rationality versus Bounded Rationality . 125 6.2 Modeling Multiple Shopper Behaviors . 126 6.3 LearningFirmsinaCournotModel . 129 6.3.1 Genetic Programming with Agents . 143 6.3.2 Filtering Messages in Advance . 150 6.3.3 ComparingTwoDataStructures . 151 6.4 A Virtual Mall Model: Labor and Goods Market Combined . 152 6.5 ProgrammingGames ...................... 159 6.5.1 Nash Equilibrium . 160 6.5.2 EvolutionaryGameTheory . 161 6.5.3 Evolutionary Stable State . 162 6.5.4 Game Theory versus Evolutionary Game Theory . 162 6.5.5 ContinuousStrategies . 163 6.5.6 Red Queen and Equilibrium . 163 6.6 Learning in an Iterated Prisoner’s Dilemma Game . 164 6.7 Multi-AgentSystemsandGames . 173 7 Agents in Biology 175 7.1 ExampleModels ......................... 176 7.1.1 Molecular Systems Models . 176 7.1.2 TissueandOrganModels . 179 7.1.3 Ecological Models . 182 7.1.4 Industrial Applications of Agent-Based Modeling with FLAME.......................... 183 7.2 Modeling Epithelial Tissue . 184 7.2.1 Merging with Other Toolkits . 185 7.3 Modeling Drosophila Embryo Development . 187 7.3.1 Stochastic Modeling . 188 7.3.2 ConvertingtoanAgent-BasedModel . 188 7.3.3 Find Optimum Model Settings
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GNU/Linux AI & Alife HOWTO
    GNU/Linux AI & Alife HOWTO GNU/Linux AI & Alife HOWTO Table of Contents GNU/Linux AI & Alife HOWTO......................................................................................................................1 by John Eikenberry..................................................................................................................................1 1. Introduction..........................................................................................................................................1 2. Symbolic Systems (GOFAI)................................................................................................................1 3. Connectionism.....................................................................................................................................1 4. Evolutionary Computing......................................................................................................................1 5. Alife & Complex Systems...................................................................................................................1 6. Agents & Robotics...............................................................................................................................1 7. Statistical & Machine Learning...........................................................................................................2 8. Missing & Dead...................................................................................................................................2 1. Introduction.........................................................................................................................................2
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution of Lisp
    1 The Evolution of Lisp Guy L. Steele Jr. Richard P. Gabriel Thinking Machines Corporation Lucid, Inc. 245 First Street 707 Laurel Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142 Menlo Park, California 94025 Phone: (617) 234-2860 Phone: (415) 329-8400 FAX: (617) 243-4444 FAX: (415) 329-8480 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Lisp is the world’s greatest programming language—or so its proponents think. The structure of Lisp makes it easy to extend the language or even to implement entirely new dialects without starting from scratch. Overall, the evolution of Lisp has been guided more by institutional rivalry, one-upsmanship, and the glee born of technical cleverness that is characteristic of the “hacker culture” than by sober assessments of technical requirements. Nevertheless this process has eventually produced both an industrial- strength programming language, messy but powerful, and a technically pure dialect, small but powerful, that is suitable for use by programming-language theoreticians. We pick up where McCarthy’s paper in the first HOPL conference left off. We trace the development chronologically from the era of the PDP-6, through the heyday of Interlisp and MacLisp, past the ascension and decline of special purpose Lisp machines, to the present era of standardization activities. We then examine the technical evolution of a few representative language features, including both some notable successes and some notable failures, that illuminate design issues that distinguish Lisp from other programming languages. We also discuss the use of Lisp as a laboratory for designing other programming languages. We conclude with some reflections on the forces that have driven the evolution of Lisp.
    [Show full text]
  • Ofthe European Communities
    ISSN 0378-6978 Official Journal L 81 Volume 27 of the European Communities 24 March 1984 English edition Legislation Contents I Acts whose publication is obligatory II Acts whose publication is not obligatory Council 84/ 157/EEC : * Council Decision of 28 February 1984 adopting the 1984 work programme for a European programme for research and development in information technologies (ESPRIT) 2 Acts whose titles are printed in light type are those relating to day-to-day management of agricultural matters, and are generally valid for a limited period . The titles of all other Acts are printed in bold type and preceded by an asterisk . 24 . 3 . 84 Official Journal of the European Communities No L81 / 1 II (Acts whose publication is not obligatory) COUNCIL COUNCIL DECISION of 28 February 1984 adopting the 1984 work programme for a European programme for research and development in information technologies (ESPRIT) (84/ 157/EEC) THE COUNCIL OF THE EUROPEAN HAS DECIDED AS FOLLOWS : COMMUNITIES, Having regard to the Treaty establishing the Article 1 European Economic Community, J The ESPRIT work programme as set out in the Having regard to Council Decision 84/ 130/EEC of Annex is hereby adopted for 1984 . 28 February 1984 concerning a European pro­ gramme for research and development in informa­ tion technologies ( ESPRIT) ('), and in particular Article 2 Article 3 (2) thereof, This Decision shall take effect on the day of its Having regard to the draft work programme submit­ publication in the Official Journal of the European ted by the Commission , Communities . Whereas, at talks organized by the Commission ser­ vices , industry and the academic world have given Done at Brussels , 28 February 1984 .
    [Show full text]
  • The Design of Objectclass, a Seamless Object-Oriented
    ~,3 HEWLETT ~~ PACKARD The Design ofObjectClass, A Seamless Object-Oriented Extension of Pop11 Stephen F. Knight Intelligent Networked Computing Laboratory HP Laboratories Bristol HPL-93-98 November, 1993 object-oriented, The ObjectClass library adds object-oriented multi-methods, programming into Pop11. In contrast to similar Popll previous work, its main goal is to integrate the procedural and object-oriented paradigms in the most natural and fluent way. The article describes the problems encountered and the solutions adopted in the ObjectClass work with those of other hybridization efforts such as C++ and the Common Lisp Object System CLOS. InternalTo be published Accessionin the Dateproceedings Only of ExpertSystems 93, December, 1993. © Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1993 1 Seamless Integration 1.1 Object Oriented Programming The consensus notion of object-oriented programming is not specifically addressed in this article. It is apparent that the term "object-oriented" is both informal and open to many interpretations by different authors. A useful discussion of this topic may be found in the appendix of [Booch91]. Here, the term object-oriented is taken to mean two things. Firstly, that datatypes are hierarchical; possibly involving complex, tangled hierarchies. Secondly, that some pro­ cedures, called generic procedures, are written in separate units, called methods. The method units are distinguished by the types of formal parameters they handle. The generic procedure is a fusion of these methods to form a single entry point. The terminology adopted is that of the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) because that system has a sufficiently rich vocabulary to discuss the other approaches. In this terminology, classes are datatypes which can be combined through inheritance; methods are individual code units; generic procedures are the entry point of a collection of identically named methods; and slots are what are commonly called instance variables or fields.
    [Show full text]
  • Ginger Documentation Release 1.0
    Ginger Documentation Release 1.0 sfkl / gjh Nov 03, 2017 Contents 1 Contents 3 2 Help Topics 27 3 Common Syntax 53 4 Design Rationales 55 5 The Ginger Toolchain 83 6 Low-Level Implementation 99 7 Release Notes 101 8 Indices and tables 115 Bibliography 117 i ii Ginger Documentation, Release 1.0 This documentation is still very much work in progress The aim of the Ginger Project is to create a modern programming language and its ecosystem of libraries, documen- tation and supporting tools. The Ginger language draws heavily on the multi-language Poplog environment. Contents 1 Ginger Documentation, Release 1.0 2 Contents CHAPTER 1 Contents 1.1 Overview of Ginger Author Stephen Leach Email [email protected] 1.1.1 Background Ginger is our next evolution of the Spice project. Ginger itself is a intended to be a rigorous but friendly programming language and supporting toolset. It includes a syntax-neutral programming language, a virtual machine implemented in C++ that is designed to support the family of Spice language efficiently, and a collection of supporting tools. Spice has many features that are challenging to support efficiently in existing virtual machines: pervasive multiple values, multiple-dispatch, multiple-inheritance, auto-loading and auto-conversion, dynamic virtual machines, implicit forcing and last but not least fully dynamic typing. The virtual machine is a re-engineering of a prototype interpreter that I wrote on holiday while I was experimenting with GCC’s support for FORTH-like threaded interpreters. But the toolset is designed so that writing alternative VM implementations is quite straightforward - and we hope to exploit that to enable embedding Ginger into lots of other systems.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolved Quantum Mechanical Construction Kits?
    (CHANGING DRAFT: Stored copies may be out of date.) Evolved Quantum Mechanical Construction Kits for Life? (Possible roles in evolution of minds and mathematical abilities.) The Turing-inspired Meta-Morphogenesis (M-M) project asks: How can a cloud of dust give birth to a planet full of living things as diverse as life on Earth? Part of the answer: By producing layers of new derived construction kits based on the fundamental construction kit: Physics/Chemistry. (Including quantum mechanisms.) Aaron Sloman School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham. This paper is part of a steadily expanding exploration of types of construction kit produced and used in evolution, begun here: http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/construction-kits.html Additional topics are included or linked at the main M-M web page: http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/meta-morphogenesis.html JUMP TO TABLE OF CONTENTS Begun: 21 May 2015 (Based partly on earlier documents on the Meta-Morphogenesis project web site. ) Last updated: 4 Nov 2018 24 May 2015: extended and reorganised. 16 Nov 2015 (Schrödinger’s role.) 21 May 2015: removed from the longer construction-kit document. This paper is http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/quantum-evolution.html NOTE: some of the methodology being developed here is presented in a separate document on "Explanations of possibilities", defending Chapter 2 of The Computer Revolution in Philosophy (1978) against criticisms made by reviewers: http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/research/projects/cogaff/misc/explaining-possibility.html
    [Show full text]
  • Integrating Prolog Into the Poplog Environment
    INTEGRATING PROLOG INTO THE POPLOG ENVIRONMENT Chris Mellish and Steve Hardy* Cognitive Studies Programme, University of Sussex, Falmer, BRIGHTON, UK. ABSTRACT Although Prolog undoubtedly has its good "syntactic sugar" has been provided in POP-11 to points, there are some tasks (such as writing a make it easy to create closures; an expression screen editor or network interface controller) for such as: which it is not the language of choice. The most natural computational concepts [2] for these tasks are hard to reconcile with Prolog's declarative doubled 3 %) nature. Just as there is a need for even the most committed Prolog programmer to use "conventional" evaluates to a closure which when later invoked languages for some tasks, so too is there a need calls the procedure DOUBLE with argument 3. for "logic" oriented components in conventional applications programs, such as CAD systems [73 and relational databases [5]. At Sussex, the problems II BACKTRACKING AND CONTINUATION PASSING of integrating logic with procedural programming are being addressed by two projects. One of these In this section, we illustrate, using [43 involves a distributed ring of processors examples written in POP-11, how backtracking communicating by message passing. The other programs are implemented in POPLOG using a project is the POPLOG system, a mixed language AI technique called continuation passing. Although programming environment which runs on conventional examples are shown in POP-11 for clarity, in hardware. This paper describes the way in which we practice Prolog programs are compiled directly to have integrated Prolog into POPLOG. POPLOG virtual machine code. Continuation passing is a technique in which I THE POPLOG ENVIRONMENT procedures are given an additional argument, called a continuation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Copyright Law of the United States (Title 17, U.S
    NOTICE WARNING CONCERNING COPYRIGHT RESTRICTIONS: The copyright law of the United States (title 17, U.S. Code) governs the making of photocopies or other reproductions of copyrighted material. Any copying of this document without permission of its author may be prohibited by law. THE POPLOG PROGRAMMING SYSTEM Steven Hardy November 1982 Cognitive Studies Research Paper Serial no: CSRP 003 Th University of Sussex Cognitive Studies Programme School of Social Sciences Falmer Brighton BN1 9QN ,1 ? ABSTRACT This chapter describes a typical Artificial Intelligence (AI) programming system and shows how it differs from conventional programming systems. The particular system described is P0PL06. It incorporates a powerful screen editor, a PROLOG compiler and a POP-11 compiler. POP-11 is a dialect of POP-2 which has been extensively developed at Sussex University. Other dialects of POP-2 exist, notably GLUE and WonderPOP, but all share the important features of the original which is described in CBURSTALL 713. It is assumed that the reader is familiar with a range of conventional programming languages, such as PASCAL and BASIC. It is shown that AI programming systems, and in particular POPLOG, are used because of advantages independent of AI itself. In fact, POPLOG could usefully be employed for any application where program development costs are significant. 1) INTRODUCTION Artificial Intelligence (AI) research involves, among other things, making computers do tasks that are easy for people but hard for computers - such as understanding English or interpreting pictures. Since this is difficult, AI researchers use programming systems which facilitate the development of programs and are prepared to sacrifice some run-time efficiency to pay for this.
    [Show full text]
  • A Development Environment for Large Natural Language Grammars
    A Development Environment for Large Natural Language Grammars John Carroll, Ted Briscoe (jac / ejb @cl.cam.ac.uk) Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge Pembroke Street, Cambridge, CB2 3QG, UK Claire Grover ([email protected]) Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh 2 Buccleuch Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9LW, UK July 1991 The Grammar Development Environment (GDE) is a powerful software tool de- signed to help a linguist or grammarian experiment with and develop large Natu- ral Language grammars. (However, it is also being used to help teach students on courses in Linguistics and Computational Linguistics). This report describes the grammatical formalism employed by the GDE, and contains detailed instructions on how to use the system1. The GDE is implemented in Common Lisp; the source code is available as part of the ‘Alvey Natural Language Tools’ from the University of Edinburgh Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute. 1This report supersedes University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory Technical Report no. 127 which describes a previous version of the GDE. 1 Contents 1 Introduction 5 1.1 An Example GDE Session . 6 1.2 Background . 9 2 The Metagrammatical Formalism 10 2.1 Feature Declarations . 11 2.2 Set Declarations . 12 2.3 Alias Declarations . 12 2.4 Category Declarations . 13 2.5 Extension Declarations . 14 2.6 Top Declarations . 14 2.7 Immediate Dominance Rule Declarations . 15 2.8 Phrase Structure Rules . 17 2.9 Propagation Rule Declarations . 17 2.10 Default Rule Declarations . 18 2.11 Metarule Declarations . 19 2.12 Linear Precedence Rule Declarations . 22 2.13 Word Declarations . 22 2.14 Rule Patterns and Grammatical Categories .
    [Show full text]
  • Topics in Programming Languages, a Philosophical Analysis Through the Case of Prolog
    i Topics in Programming Languages, a Philosophical Analysis through the case of Prolog Luís Homem Universidad de Salamanca Facultad de Filosofia A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor en Lógica y Filosofía de la Ciencia Salamanca 2018 ii This thesis is dedicated to family and friends iii Acknowledgements I am very grateful for having had the opportunity to attend classes with all the Epimenides Program Professors: Dr.o Alejandro Sobrino, Dr.o Alfredo Burrieza, Dr.o Ángel Nepomuceno, Dr.a Concepción Martínez, Dr.o Enrique Alonso, Dr.o Huberto Marraud, Dr.a María Manzano, Dr.o José Miguel Sagüillo, and Dr.o Juan Luis Barba. I would like to extend my sincere thanks and congratulations to the Academic Com- mission of the Program. A very special gratitude goes to Dr.a María Manzano-Arjona for her patience with the troubles of a candidate with- out a scholarship, or any funding for the work, and also to Dr.o Fer- nando Soler-Toscano, for his quick and sharp amendments, corrections and suggestions. Lastly, I cannot but offer my heartfelt thanks to all the members and collaborators of the Center for Philosophy of Sciences of the University of Lisbon (CFCUL), specially Dr.a Olga Pombo, who invited me to be an integrated member in 2011. iv Abstract Programming Languages seldom find proper anchorage in philosophy of logic, language and science. What is more, philosophy of language seems to be restricted to natural languages and linguistics, and even philosophy of logic is rarely framed into programming language topics. Natural languages history is intrinsically acoustics-to-visual, phonetics- to-writing, whereas computing programming languages, under man– machine interaction, aspire to visual-to-acoustics, writing-to-phonetics instead, namely through natural language processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Predicate Dispatching in the Common Lisp Object System by Aaron Mark Ucko S.B
    Predicate Dispatching in the Common Lisp Object System by Aaron Mark Ucko S.B. in Theoretical Mathematics, S.B. in Computer Science, both from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2000) Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering at the MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY June 2001 © Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2001. All rights reserved. Author................................................................ Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science May 11, 2001 Certified by. Howard E. Shrobe Principal Research Scientist Thesis Supervisor Accepted by . Arthur C. Smith Chairman, Department Committee on Graduate Students 2 Predicate Dispatching in the Common Lisp Object System by Aaron Mark Ucko Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science on May 11, 2001, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Engineering in Computer Science and Engineering Abstract I have added support for predicate dispatching, a powerful generalization of other dis- patching mechanisms, to the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS). To demonstrate its utility, I used predicate dispatching to enhance Weyl, a computer algebra system which doubles as a CLOS library. My result is Dispatching-Enhanced Weyl (DEW), a computer algebra system that I have demonstrated to be well suited for both users and programmers. Thesis Supervisor: Howard E. Shrobe Title: Principal Research Scientist 3 Acknowledgments I would like to thank the MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory for funding my studies and making this work possible. I would also like to thank Gregory Sullivan and Jonathan Bachrach for helping Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • BETWEEN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Toward Solutions to Problems of Diversity
    BETWEEN PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Toward Solutions to Problems of Diversity A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Computer Science in the University of Canterbury by Robert Lewis Biddle University of Canterbury 1987 PHYSICAL SCIENCES LIBRARY THESIS Preface I began this project with a great deal of idealism, having decided that there wa~ a topic in Computer Science that interested me enough to spend considerable time in research. This topic, programming language diversity, has served me well- perhaps too well for the scope of the project. The aspects that interest me most have lead me away from programming languages, to the contexts of wider language and art. In those contexts, the problems of programming language diversity do not admit any straightforward solution, perhaps not any solution at all. This does not displease me, and I look forward to exploring this subject in general, free from concern with "solution". In practical computer programming, however, there do remain problems of incompatibility in the diversity of programming languages. Accordingly, I have studied the practical methods that have addressed these problems, and concluded that while most methods are successful in limited ways, there is a more general approach suggested. This new approach, "interprogramming", is a collaboration between programming languages, relying on operating systems support. I have described how this collaboration could work, and investigated its possibilities and implications with several programming languages and operating systems. I think it's a good idea: not startlingly dramatic, but a helpful integration of techniques from several areas. I end the project with idealism still, but weary.
    [Show full text]