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Journal the New York Botanical Garden VOL. XXXIII DECEMBER, 1932 No. 396 JOURNAL OF THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN CROCUSES AND HOW TO USE THEM ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM INDEX KEWENSIS IN LOOSE-LEAF LEDGER FORM E. D. MERRILL SHOWY-FRUITED NATIVE SHRUBS AND TREES USED FOR WINTER DECORATION EDWARD J. ALEXANDER ASIATIC IMMIGRANTS IN THE BOTANICAL GARDEN-II. JOHN K. SMALL A GLANCE AT CURRENT LITERATURE CAROL H. WOODWARD PUBLIC LECTURES DURING DECEMBER, JANUARY, AND FEBRUARY, 1932-33 NOTES, NEWS, AND COMMENT INDEX TO VOLUME XXXIII PUBLISHED FOR THE GARDEN AT LIME AND GREEN STREETS, LANCASTER, PA. THE SCIENCE PRESS PRINTING COMPANY Entered at the post-office in Lancaster, Pa., as second-class matter. Annual subscription $1.00 Single copies 10 cents Free to members of the Garden THE NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN BOARD OF MANAGERS HENRY W. DE FOREST, President ADOLPH LEWISOHN HENRY DE FOREST BALDWIN, Vice President HENRY LOCKHART, JR. JOHN L. MERRILL, Vice President and Treas. D. T. MACDOUGAL E. D. MERRILL, Secretary KENNETH K. MACKENZIE RAYMOND F. BACON H. DE LA MONTAGNE, JR., CHARLES P. BERKEY Asst. Treas. and Bus. Mgr. MARSTON T. BOGERT J- PIERPONT MORGAN GEORGE S. BREWSTER LEWIS RUTHERFURD MORRIS N. L. BRITTON g- HoBA"T P°RTER NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER «££ *•*£* THOMAS J. DOLEN MRS ARTHUR H SCRIBNER CHILDS FRICK EDMUND W. SINNOTT R. A. HARPER SAM F. TRELEASE CLARENCE LEWIS WILLIAM H. WEBSTER JOSEPH V. MCKEE, Acting Mayor of the City of New York WALTER R. HERRICK, President of the Department of Parks SCIENTIFIC DIRECTORS R. A. HARPER, PH. D., SC. D., Chairman D. T. MACDOUGAL, PH. D., LL. D. RAYMOND F. BACON, PH. D, SC. D HENRY H. RUSBY, M. D., SC. D. CHARLES P. BERKEY, PH. D., SC. D. n T D Tin MARSTON T. BOGERT, SC. D., LL. D. GEORGE J. KYAN, LL. D. NICHOLAS MURRAY BUTLER, PH. D., EDMUND W. SINNOTT, PH. D. LL. D., LITT. D. SAM F. TRELEASE, PH. D. DIRECTOR EMERITUS N. L. BRITTON, PH. D., SC. D., LL. D. GARDEN STAFF E. D. MERRILL, SC. D Director-in-Chief MARSHALL A. HOWE, PH. D., SC. D Assistant Director H. A. GLEASON, PH. D Head Curator JOHN K. SMALL, PH. D., SC. D Chief Research Associate and Curator A. B. STOUT, PH. D Director of the Laboratories FRED J. SEAVER, PH. D., SC. D Curator ARTHUR HOLLICK, PH. D Research Associate in Paleobotany BERNARD 0. DODGE, PH. D Plant Pathologist FORMAN T. MCLEAN, M. F., PH. D Supervisor of Public Education JOHN HENDLEY BARNHART, A. M., M. D., Bibliographer and Admin. Assistant PERCY WILSON Associate Curator PALMYRE DE C MITCHELL Associate Curator ALBERT C. SMITH, A. B Associate Curator SARAH H. HARLOW, A. M Librarian H. H. RUSBY, M. D Honorary Curator of the Economic Collections ELIZABETH G. BRITTON Honorary Curator of Mosses FLEDA GRIFFITH Artist and Photographer ROBERT S. WILLIAMS Research Associate in Bryology E. J. ALEXANDER Assistant Curator and Curator of the Local Herbarium CLYDE CHANDLER, A. M Technical Assistant ROSALIE WEIKERT Technical Assistant CAROL H. WOODWARD, A. B Editorial Assistant KENNETH R. BOYNTON, B. S Head Gardener THOMAS H. EVERETT, N. D. HORT Horticulturist G. L. WITTROCK, A. M Docent ROBERT HAGELSTEIN Honorary Curator of Myxomycetes E. B. SOUTHWICK, PH. D Custodian of Herbaceous Grounds ETHEL ANSON S. PECKHAM .. Honorary Curator, Iris and Narcissus Collections WALTER S. GROESBECK Clerk and Accountant ARTHUR J. CORBETT Superintendent of Buildings and Grounds JOURNAL OF The New York Botanical Garden VOL. XXXIII DECEMBER, 1932 No. 396 CROCUSES AND HOW TO USE THEM There has been a good deal of discussion about the origin of the name " Crocus." Some claim it comes from the Greek, some from the Chaldean, while some say that before Greek times the plant was known as Karkom, Kurkum, or Kurkuma, and others that the word is a corruption of the name of the district whence the best brand of saffron was brought in early times, Corycus. This is in Cilicia, and the Phoenicians brought this saffron (" Za- feran " in Arabic) to the western world of those days, calling it the " Corycian " brand of saffron. Crocuses are natives of Europe and Asia Minor and eastward, toward Persia. They are indigenous from Spain and Portugal on the west, with a few found in north Africa, to as far east as the south of the Caspian Sea. The largest number of species is found in Asia Minor and the smallest in Palestine. Those in north Africa are Spanish species. All of the orange-colored species are found east of the Adriatic Sea. The saffron crocus has been cul­ tivated from the earliest times and so wide w-as its use that we find escapes as far away as China. The corms of crocuses contain much starch, and in Syria and Asia Minor the bulbs of some vari­ eties are eaten. We see crocuses pictured in many old books, often several vari­ eties. Usually it is the saffron crocus that is depicted, but in Elizabethan times there were evidently a number of varieties grown in gardens and some were even then horticultural forms. So, if we look in Parkinson's Paradisus, in Gerarde's Herball, in Crispin Le Pas, and in Hortus Eystettensis we will find delightful drawings of crocuses. 261 262 Parkinson divides them into spring- and autumn-blooming vari­ eties and he says, " there is but one onely kinde that is called tame, or of the Garden, which yeeldth those blades or chiues that are vsed in meats and medicines, and many wayes profitable for other respects, none of the rest, which are all wilde kindes giuing any blade equall vnto those of the tame kinds or of any other vse, then in regard of their beautifull flowers of seuerall varieties, and they have been carefully sought out, and preserued by diuers to furnish a Garden of dainty curiosity." So Parkinson thought that the others besides Crocus sativus, or the saffron crocus, were all col­ lected " wilde " plants, but in John Gerarde's book we see what we can almost be certain were garden forms. To horticulturists crocuses naturally divide into two main groups just as they did for Parkinson, spring- and autumn-bloom­ ing. But when we come to their botanical classification, George Maw, who wrote the great monograph on the genus, puts crocuses into two divisions founded upon an entirely different scheme. In the first division he puts those species that have a basal spathe springing from the top of the corm (Involucrati) and in the sec­ ond those without a basal spathe (Nudrflori). Each of these divi­ sions has several groups and most of the groups contain both spring- and autumn-bloomers. The basis for this grouping is ac­ cording to the style of the corm-covering or tunic. These tunics may be membranous with parallel fibers, reticulated (Reticulati) or with platted fibers (Intertex.ti). At one time classification ac­ cording to the shape of the stigmata was attempted, but this, while it is extremely useful for identifying species, will not completely cover the whole genus. Every year a new crocus corm is formed, which absorbs the old corm beneath it. The old roots keep active, as no new roots are made by the new corm at this time, though as it expands one large vascular root is made. This root is possibly contractile also. Certainly crocuses raised from seed lower themselves gradually until they are at the required depth fori the size of the corm. Some say as the new corms are made on top of the old ones they tend to get too near the surface of the ground, but I notice if they do come near the top one season, the next they have gone down. So possibly they lower themselves only when it is absolutely nec­ essary. 263 The tunics are only the bases of the leaves and the sheathing leaves. They protect the corm while expanding. As it increases in size the tunic comes loose at the base and slides up. The foliage of some of the autumn-bloomers does not appear with the flowers. In some sorts there is a partial showing of leaves which grow to full stature later on, perhaps in spring for an autumn-flowering variety or after flowering-time for spring bloomers. In all but two species the leaves die away in the sum­ mer, so that is the best time for lifting. Transplanting, however, may be done at any time if the plants are immediately reset. Corms which are lifted directly after the foliage dies off should FIGURE I. Crocus sativus, from Crispin Le Pas, 1614. be cleaned of old tunics and roots as these parts may harbor fungus diseases. If they are not immediately replanted, they should be examined a second time just before putting them into the ground. Should you see bad dark indentations, the corms are best destroyed, but only slightly marked ones may be dusted with flowers of sulphur before planting or while awaiting plant- Mice are deadly enemies of crocuses in that they dote upon the corms and dig them up to eat them. They do not like the smell of naphtha flake, so a pinch put in each crocus hole is a deterrent. There are two good ways to plant crocuses, to naturalize them or to use them in patches combined with other small bulbs and 264 rock plants, either in the rock garden proper or on the edges of flower borders. They show best in large numbers and do not mind being crowded. They increase very easily from seed and from offsets. The easiest method for planting in the border is to take out the soil to a depth of four inches for the largest corms, less for smaller ones.
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