1966

LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN

FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE J. EDGAR HOOVER, DIRECTOR MAY 1966 VOL. 35 NO. 5

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THE COVER-The FBI is developing a nation• wide computerized crime in/ormation system_ See page 2_

LAW ENFORCEMENT BULLETIN CONTENTS

Message From Director]' Edgar Hoover. Z

A National Crime Information Center. . . 2 A Twentieth Century Approach to Judicial Admin- e istration, by Hon. Henry Ellenbogen, President Judge, Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, Pa. 7

Nationwide Crimes cope ...... 11

For the "Want" of a Horse-A Bank Robber Is Caught...... 12

War Declared on Pranksters. . . . . 19

Admissibility of Standard Writings . 20 Published by the 24 FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION Wanted by the FBI...... UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Washington, D.C. 20535 THE FBI IS DEVELOPING a nationwide informa• persons. Other phases will be added as the cen• tion system to serve law enforcement agencies ter develops. The goal is an increasing reservoir throughout the country. It will be known as the of scientifically stored data on criminal activities, National Crime Information Center and will be gathered by Federal and local departments, which located at FBI Headquarters in Washington, D.C. will give the officer on the street or any agency in any part of the country up-to-the-minute infor• This new information center will complement mation, upon request. computerized systems already in operation as well as thove being planned by local and State Certainly, the random-access computer is not enforcement agencies. Eventually, it will be the the whole answer to the Nation's crime problem. hub of a vast information network which will Yet, all enforcement officials are enthusiastic serve as a rapid means of processing, storing, about computerized information systems and retrieving, and instantly transmitting vital police their great potential for improving police opera• information, national in scope, to any point in the tions, investigations, and analyses by making country in a matter of seconds. necessary information immediately available. Today, computer and communication technology Advisory groups are currently making studies e has eliminated two major problems-burden• of processing needs so that uniform standards some volume and time lag-which make a man• and coding definitions may be drawn up and ap• ually operated national system impracticable. proved. With assistance of representatives from other law enforcement agencies, electronics ex• Cooperation is the keynote of success in law perts are working on procedures to effect a enforcement. The development of local and smooth, compatible interchange of infonpation State computerized systems is necessary for a by all participants in the network. When spe• successful national crime information center. cific rules are established, rigid adherence to and The FBI welcomes this opportunity to extend our strict compliance with such regulations will be cooperative efforts through the establishment of mandatory if the center is (0 provide optimum this center. We are anxious to help bring the service. full impact of electronics into the fight against crime and violence. We believe the National The FBI center is expected to be in limited Crime Information Center will materially in• operation by January 1967. Initial services to crease the effectiveness of our profession and be programed include data on stolen automobiles, assist law enforcement in its primary objective• other identifiable stolen propelty, and wanted protecting human life and property.

MAY 1, 1966 A National Crime I nformation Center

View of computer system planned for FBI center. ANEW AND POWERFUL weapon was conceived for law and order when, in September 1965, the FBI embarked on the development of a national elec• tronic information system to be known as the National Crime Infor• mation Center. With rapid progress being made to place this vital network at lawen• forcement's disposal, the center is being set up by the FBI to comple• ment the development of electroni::: information systems-metropolitan or statewide in nature---and to coor• dinate the setting of standards which _ II enable all systems to readily inter• ange information.

Ultimate Goal

The planners visualize an ultimate information network encompassing the entire United States which will make available to each law enforce• System will feature random-access storage. ment agency, in a matter of seconds, Need lor State-Local Systems national system. It is most important the facilities of an information file na• to avoid any concept that a national tional in scope. No longer will the The logical development of elec• system eliminates the need for systems mobility of today's criminal element tronic information systems proceeds of lesser geographical scope---metro• afford a sanctuary, even temporary, from local metropolitan systems to politan and statewide systems must as information will be readily avail• statewide systems and then to a na• develop to serve local needs which able to any participant in the system tional system. In effect, each suc• could not possibly be met by any na• concerning any criminal or criminal ceeding system would afford greater tional system. The ultimate nation• act regardless of geographic bound• geographical coverage. The informa• wide network will not be achieved anes. tion stored at each level will depend until such systems develop in each The prospect of such a system ex• on actual need, with local metropoli• State and the larger metropolitan cites the imagination of the law tan systems naturally having a data population centers. enforcement community as it would base much broader than that of either enable local officers, through coast-to• the statewide or national system. By As a major step to establishing a coast and border-to-border coopera• the same token, State systems will nationwide system, the FBI has con• tion, to close ranks against the crim• store information of statewide inter• tracted with the Institute for Tele• eal element. est which will not be stored within a communications Sciences and Aeron• May 1966 3 N - HIGH SPEED ClIICUITS

-- LOW SPEED CIRCUITS

• TERMINAL INTERCHANGES

• TERMINALS

Courtesy Washington Evening+ Sa A preliminary concept of a completed nationwide network omy, Environmental Science Services Develop telecommunications op• Gains in 7'echnology Administration, Department of Com• tions to fulfill National Crime In• Progressive law enforcement has al· merce, to survey all existing telecom• formation Center requirements. munications networks throughout the ways been quick to recognize the value United States and to recommend a net• Initially the FBI's ational Crime of scientific and technological ad• work that would best support a nation• Information Center will include stolen vances which could improve its opera• wide computerized system . . T his automobiles unrecovered after a speci. tions. Many tools used in the never-ending war against criminals study will be completed by luly 1, fied time, stolen property in certain and rising crime rates have had their 1966. It will comprehensively cover categories, and some wanted persons. origin in the research laboratory. We the following points: The information stored in the national system will largely be entered directly have seen startling developments in A study of National Crime Infor• into it by participants and will be im• scientific detection methods, as well as mation Center computer charac• dramatic improvements in the com• mediately available to local users teristics. munications field, increase our effec• throughout the United States on di• A study of existing information tiveness over the years although these rect inquiry. This step-by-step ap• systems. have not been universally applied proach was adopted as the most prac• A study of existing and planned because of economic reasons. It telecommunications networks. tical means of establishing the nucleus would be difficult, for instance, to Determine data transmission re• of a nationwide network and of put• visualize operating an efficient police quirements for the ational ting such a network into operation. agency today without the availability Crime Information Center sys• Other applications will be added as of a crime laboratory or the use of tem. they become feasible. radio communications facilities.

4 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin ~ l One of the more recent technologi- codes. All work assigned to compu- Standards Necessary developments and one which has ters to date has necessarily been lim- I ad, and will have even greater, im- ited to that which could be processed The initial study in connection with pact in the field of law enforcement, is sequentially due to constraints im- the National Crime Information Cen- the computer. This highly versatile posed by available equipment. How- ter showed that the several systems electronic device is currently being ever, with the developing of computers already in limited operation were not used to assist in police management having random­access storage and the altogether compatible and as a result and to provide information for oper- resultant adaptation to operational could not effectively interchange r ational functions. A means of stor- use through communications ad- information. I ing and rapidly retrieving needed in- vances, it becomes apparent that the It became apparent in early plan- I. formation is most vital to the efficient FBI can contribute a valuable and ning stages that in order to have an ,. and effective operation of any lawen- constructive service to all law enforce- efficient network which would ulti- forcement agency. It is only second ment. mately give nationwide coverage, cer- in importance to a staff of highly tain standards would have to be form- trained and conscientious personnel. Center's Heart ulated. The assistance of the Com- On the management side, the com- mittee on Uniform Crime Records, The highspeed computers which puter can compile reams of statistical International Association of Chiefs of will make up the heart of the National information not only for standard Police, was requested. On February Crime Information Center will be lo- budgetary applications but also for use 15,1966, at a meeting in Washington, cated in FBI Headquarters in Wash- in crime reports, the analysis of traf- D.C., this committee resolved to es- ington' D.C. The center is expected fic accidents, and optimizing of man- tablish a working advisory group to to be in limited operation with sev- power allocation and distribution. develop the necessary standards. The eral of the existing local systems tied Further, management services pos- members of this advisory group were into it by January 1967. This pro- sible include the compilation of neces- drawn from those departments having posed network is highly complex in sary time records for tabulating pay· operating systems or those which are nature, and it may be a number of rolls, the recording of personnel files in the advanced stages of planning years before computerized systems at ~ hat various surveys such as checks such systems. local levels are fully developed. How- • particular talents may be rapidly The first meeting was held March ever, this will not prevent a central- conducted, and the storing of equip- 23 and March 24, 1966, in Washing- ized law enforcement center within a ment inventory and maintenance con- ton, D.C., and represented were de- State from using a comparatively in- trol data. partments from the following cities: expensive remote terminal which will On the operational side, today's Boston, Mass.; Chicago, Ill. ; De- give it full use of the services provided computer is capable of furnishing troit, Mich.; Kansas City, Mo.; Los by the national system. Security of needed information concerning crime Angeles, Calif.; ew Orleans, La.; the information in file in the com- and criminals in a matter of seconds ew York City; Oakland, Calif.; puter against unauthorized removal or so that the officer on the street has a Phoenix, Ariz.; St. Louis, Mo.; San access will be assured by a number of veritable wealth of information at his Francisco, Calif.; and Washington, means both in the equipment itself command at all times. A few depart- D.C. Also represented were the Cali- and in the "programs" by which the ments are effectively using files on fornia Highway Patrol, the Michigan equipment operates. warrants and stolen automobiles State Police, the Pennsylvania State which are stored in computers for Police, the New York State Police, Information Selected immediate retrieval. the Los Angeles County, Calif., Sher- iff's Department, the California De· The National Center will store in- FBI Experience partment of Justice, the ew York formation selected by elements of State Identification and Intelligence The FBI has long heen in the com- mobility or special significance, and System, and the FBI. puter field and currently uses the com- through communications switching, it puter to process over 800 programed will eventually permit each State and/ Representatives of the Royal Ca- tasks. These tasks range in scope or metropolitan center to exchange nadian Mounted Police, which orga- from the preparation of FBI payrolls with each other. Other Federal in- nization is at present engaged in a to the analyzing of evidence in ac- vestigative agencies and FBI field study to determine the value of elec- counting cases, crime analysis, recid- offices will also be in direct communi- tronic data processing as it applies to emstudies , and the breaking of cation with the national system. law enforcement in Canada, attended May 1966 5 Other views of computer equipment . 1 similar to that to be used in the I FBI center which will serve as the hub of the nationwide crime information , system.

1

~. ~ ::: ...... this meeting in an observer capacity. ,..,.. T .... .~, While it is not necessary that any .... ' . .­; ~ two agencies use equipment of the /,: ­. .. same manufacturer, it is necessary "I. that messages sent between local sys- "" . , \\ tems or between a local system and , \ the national system use the same coded definitions and for practical reasons use uniform formats. It is anticipated this advisory group will Of course, the most important prac- make inquiry of stored police infor- complete its work and furnish initial tical benefit resulting from techno- mation and get a "real time," i.e., up- recommendations to the committee by logical advances in computer and to­the­minute, answer in a matter of May of this year. communications design is the im- seconds. Certainly, reasonable cause Communications Advances provement of law enforcement per- to detain or arrest will continue to de- mand rapid access to all available Paralleling the development of the formance in the prevention and con- information. computer, new communication meth- trol of crime. Keep in mind that the degree of effectiveness with which ods have been devised so that it is Local Applications now possible for a person several courts and correctional services func- thousand miles away from a comput- tion in the administration of criminal As an example of current operating erized file to interrogate that file by justice is entirely dependent upon po- systems, the California Highway Pa- anyone of a number of typewriter or lice success in the solution of crimes. trol has experienced marked success phonelike devices and receive are· Immediate access to crime incidence in supplying law enforcement agen- sponse in a matter of seconds. This and police activity data will enhance cies throughout the State, and in brings the benefits of a computerized police management decisions. More some surrounding States, information information system within the reach dramatically and at least of equal im- as to whether a questioned vehicle has of numerous police departments portance, police operations benefit been reported stolen. Approximately which, for various economic and from the availability of "instant in- 140 agencies are directly connected other reasons, do not have their own formation." The officer on the street with the computer in Sacramento. computer installations. and the investigator as well can now (Continued on page 22)

6 FBI Law Enforcement BUll. HON. HENRY ELLENBOGEN President Judge, Court of Common Pleas of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, Pa.

A Twentieth Century Approach • to Judicial Administration

e *Democracy in the United States Courts Lag Behind the rule rather than the exception. of America has allowed free play to Judges, lawyers, and students of the man's energy, his intellect, and his But in one of the three great di• law are not unmindful of this situa• creative imagination. It has provided visions of Government-in the field tion. Thousands of words have been the climate for extending the fron• of justice or, to be more specific, in written by learned men in attempts to tiers of science into the far reaches the field of the administration of the find means of alleviating this conges• of space. With it has come a new, courts-we lag far behind. tion. They are concerned because advanced, sophisticated technology. Many of our courts, particularly they know that delay is like a cancer• One of the products of this new age our metropolitan courts, are stagger• ous growth which spreads and dis• of science and technology is in the ing under what Mr. Justice Clark has credits the courts and the law. They field of information collection and re• referred to as the "law explosion." know that delay can defeat justice. trieval. Data-processing equipment The "law explosion," resulting from Indeed, there cannot be true justice and electronic computers are revolu• the millions of motor vehicles crowd• where long delays persist. tionizing the procedures of industry, ing our streets and highways, has There have been many attempts to business, and trade and are being overburdened our courts to a danger• reduce the backlogs in the courts. increasingly use d by Government ous point. Virtually all large courts New judges have been added, and spe• departments. Manual mea n s of face long delays in the trial of law• cial programs of arbitration and con• processing large masses of infor• suits-particularly personal injury ciliation and special masters have been mation are giving way to electronic suits resulting from traffic accidents. tried. But little has been done until data processing. Today, in some courts in the United recently to modernize the courts in one States, it takes 5 years for a case to critical area-that of judicial admin• • This is an address delivered at the be reached for trial. In others, de• istration. Institute on the Computer Impact on the Law sponsored by the American University, lays of 2, 3, or 4 years are not un• We are now beginning to bestir our• II//I//IAashington, D.C., Dec. 3, 1965. common. Congestion in the courts is selves in this field. It is to report a

~ay 1966 7 significant step in this area that I Furthermore, many of the medium• of the courts is the fact that they come before you today. sized courts also will find that modern have had only meager and incompl ~ What is so important about judicial systems of storing tens of thousands information on the operation of • administration? Isn't the administra• of items of information about lawsuits courts and the makeup of the tion of the courts simply a matter of can more efficiently be used in their backlogs. assigning judges and providing them courts than their present handwritten Certainly this was true in Pitts• with courtrooms? Unhappily, no. records. burgh. The court of common pleas The problem is much more, far more, In the recent past a number of is the highest trial court in Pennsyl• complex than that. larger courts of the country have in• vania. It has general and unlimited stalled electronic data processing• jurisdiction. The Allegheny County Accurate Information computers or punched-card manipu• Court of Common Pleas, seated in lating machines-for statistical and Pittsburgh, is the eighth largest trial Most judges will agree that the accounting purposes. court in the Nation. tremendous backlogs of our metro• When I became president judge of politan courts must be dealt with. But Flow Controlled the court in March 1963, I found that we cannot effectively deal with the we had little specific information problem of congestion and delay un• The Court of Common Pleas of Al• about our backlog. Moreover, it was til the facts, all the facts, are known. legheny County has charted a new difficult and time consuming to find What is needed are accurate and course. We have applied the applica• out even the basic facts. up-to-date statistics. They are essen• tion of modern methods of collecting, tial to understanding our problem. storing, and retrieving information Action Demanded We can no longer depend upon the to the administration of the civil side hit-and-miss collection of statistics; of the court and to the use of it as an We finally determined that the the hit-and-miss manner of describing aid in controlling the flow of litiga• backlog had climbed to a high of our problems. tion. about 8,000 cases at issue. We be• Once we know the size, the scope, We began this pioneering effort in came convinced that the old system of and the particulars of our backlogs, data processing in January 1964. keeping statistics would not do. We we can make intelligent decisions and Today other metropolitan courts are needed accurate, reliable statistiA take steps to correct the situation. installing and expanding their use of which were quickly and read:tlJlll' Our metropolitan courts face twin• data processing or are studying the available. related problems: They have large application of the Pittsburgh concept The thought occurred to us that backlogs of untried cases, and they to their own courts. The most recent electronic data processing could be are burdened with century-old and development is in Chicago. Last adapted for use in our court. unreliable methods of recordkeeping. year Illinois established a modern, in• Throughout the summer and fall These constitute a real hindrance to tegrated court system. Presented of 1963, my staff and I worked closely the improvement of judicial adminis• with this opportunity in Cook County, with the International Business Ma• tration. Chief Judge John S. Boyle and his chines Corp. in designing and install• staff decided to revise the court's ing a system utilizing punched·card Providing the Facts recordkeeping systems. equipment suitable for a large, metro• Judge Boyle's staff is studying the politan civil court. The collection of Science has now given us a new details of our system of data process• data on punched cards began in tool. It has given us electronic data ing. Members from the Cook County January 1964. processing-a means of accurately administrative staff recently visited By June ·1964 we had learned sig• and quickly assembling the facts the Pittsburgh court to observe our nificant facts about ourselves. We which we need to provide modern operation. 0 doubt the planned in• had cataloged our backlog on spe• court administration. stallation in the Chicago trial courts cially designed punched cards. We A major breakthrough may be in will benefit from our experience had analyzed the pending ca es by the making. Indeed, I predict that within 10 to 15 years every metro• with electronic data processing in categories. We knew the number, the politan court in this Nation will be Pittsburgh. age, and the type of cases. equipped with some form of elec• Judges and professional adminis• We confirmed what we had sus• tronic data processing and data re• trative personnel have di covered that pected earlier- the great extent of the trieval equipment. a ba ic impediment in curing the ills concentration of cases among a f. 8 FBI Law Enforcement BulletP specialist trial lawyers and trial law appointed a calendar control judge to punched-card system, it is a relatively ~ s. This concentration constitutes supervise the daily trial calendar. easy matter to correlate and analyze • e of the major obstacles to the Repeated continuances of cases on all or any part of this information, so preparation of a well-functioning trial the trial list are a major contributing that we can make intelligent decisions list in a metropolitan court. factor in accumulating a backlog of on what procedures to retain, revise, The facts assembled by our data old cases. We instituted a policy or discard. processing division permitted us to of not permitting postponements In the past this information, if see our backlog problem in its full except in erne r g e n c y situations. available at all, was obtained only complexity and to seek out proce• Furthermore, data processing keeps when a law professor made a special dures to deal with it. a record of postponements and notes study, an expensive and time-con• them on the trial list. suming process. Indeed, a Pitts• Shortage of Trial Lawyers We decided that every case must go burgh foundation, not too long ago, through the conciliation process be• paid out $25,000 for a year-long For example, the data processing fore it is placed on the daily trial study. This study provided only part division supplied us with backlog lists list. Additionally, a jury cannot be of the necessary information, and that for individual law firms. In many selected until a second, last-ditch ef• was outdated by the time it became instances these lists showed that a fort to conciliate the case has been available. number of law firms which specialized made by the calendar control judges. The adoption of automated data in the trial of cases did not have These and other procedures have processing in the courts of this coun• enough trial lawyers to handle their greatly stimulated settlements. try is progressing. We are aware of large accumulations of trespass cases. this because judges and court person• We demanded that they engage more Backlog Reduced nel from Chicago, Boston, Milwaukee, trial counsel. We also demanded that Bergen County, N.J., and other juris• these firms specify the individual trial There has been progress. After dictions have come to Pittsburgh to lawyers who were to try the cases. 2Y2 years, the court of common pleas study our installation. Thus armed, we used our automatic of Allegheny County has a backlog sorting equipment to prepare lists for of 5,254 cases, a considerable im• No Cure-All A nciliation as well as for trial, elimi· provement over the 8,000 untried _ ting many of the conflicts of trial cases we once faced. I would be less than honest if I lawyers that formerly plagued us. At the same time, the waiting time were to gild the lily and declare that Our data processing division also for pending cases from the date of is• electronic data processing clears up installed and keeps current a per• sue has been reduced from over 3 the backlog and solves all the prob• petual weekly inventory of pending years to about 1% years. In many lems of court administration. cases at issue. This means we have instances cases are tried in less than a Toynbee has commented that the accurate figures available every day, year. "information explosion" which is so that we know at any given time Our experience shows that large now taking place in our age has re• the size of our backlog and whether trial courts require the assembling sulted in what he calls "a gulf of ig• it is declining or growing. of many pieces of information about norance." How right he is. Data processing prints our con• each case. For example, in Pitts· The information we are obtaining ciliation and trial lists. It also prints burgh we code and record each at• from data processing must be used notices to lawyers who have cases on torney for the plaintiffs and defend• effectively to bridge the "gulf of conciliation lists, advising them of ants and for each additional defend• ignorance" about our courts. It must the listing of their cases and to have ant. We code and record the cate• be analyzed, correlated, dissected, their cases prepared. Even the en• gory, be it trespass, assumpsit, equity, and interpreted. velope labels are addressed by our or other type of action, the date it is As more information about the data processing division. placed at issue, the date it goes to con• courts becomes available through the ciliation, and the judge to whom the use of data processing, the need for Other New Procedures case is assigned. We record also the uniform standards in the collection type, manner, and date of disposition and comparison of statistics of our Data processing is not the only new and the verdict or settlement amounts. metropolitan courts becomes ap• procedure installed in our court. We It can be readily understood that parent. This is a field which has so devised a calendar control system and once we have this information in our far been almost completely neglected. a y1966 9 211-663 0--66- -2 The training of qualified personnel placed the Pennsylvania law and the The law is like an old lady, con- 1 is another area which needs develop• reports of the Pennsylvania appellate servative in her training and ba ~ ment The fact that a man or woman courts on magnetic tape from which ward looking in her insistence in has been graduated from a law school it can be recalled by use of key words. precedence and procedure. New or from a school of administration I am strong in my conviction that ideas, even in the area of administra• does not necessarily qualify him as a modern technology must and will be tion, are opposed by earnest lawyers J court administrator. employed in the courts. and well-meaning judges who want to I Courses in statistics and business I do not hold out hope that this retain the traditional procedures and I administration are certainly useful. modern technology is the panacea to age-old administrative practices. But an intimate knowledge of the our basic problems of delay and con• Roscoe Pound, the much honored courts and court procedures is the gestion in the courts. We have never critic of judicial administration, basis upon which successful court ad• claimed that data processing, per se, recognized this reluctance to change ~ ministration must be built. decided any cases. Only judges can in his famous address in 1906. It I am encouraged by the fact that do that. It is clear, however, that is true today. The opposition to the Institute of Judicial Administra• automated data processing has made change persists. tion at New York University even it possible for us to readily assemble But change there will be. now is pondering the means of train• the facts and to spot the weaknesses I believe that we stand on the ing court administrative personnel. so as to guide our administrative threshold of a new era in court A committee is at work designing a decisions. administration. As the substantive proposal. I hope it will include In this light, therefore, I am con• rules of law are continuously being training in electronic data processing. vinced that judicial administration modified to achieve better justice, takes a big step forward when it man's mechanical genius will be put adopts automated data processing. Pitt Computer to work to expedite the administra• tion of the rules of law. In passing, it should be noted that o pposiiion to Change Pittsburgh is the· scene of another Thus, substantive law and judicial experiment in data processing-re• This development will not come administration, progressing toge~ ~ searching the law. Professors at the easily. Indeed, there is opposition to will achieve the goal sought by all ~ University of Pittsburgh have in• it throughout the strata of our legal lievers in democracy-the advance• stalled a large computer. They have society. ment of true justice.

A WOMAN'S WAY from various stores in the area were recovered. She used the credit cards A female apartment burglar com• to buy articles which she would sell to Police in the German Ruhr area are mitted her acts of burglary during expanding their practical training the day, between the hours of 8 a.m. ~c,~~~ 9/30/&5) program to meet the demands of in• .B.~-<- ~ and 3 p.m., when most tenants were z:I /:,3 -.:t.2.ik 7 creased criminal activities. They away at work. have taken over a former restaurant She gained access to the apartments LABORATORY SERVICES and converted it into a theater-type by cutting a plastic bleach bottle in classroom. The stage is fitted with The FBI Laboratory set a new all• half and using the moon-shaped por• extensive scenery which can be used time high record by conducting ap• tion of the bottle as a wedge between to set up duplicates of various scenes proximately 303,000 scientific exam• the door facing and lock to release the which play a role in police work. locking mechanism. She also carried inations of evidence during 1965. Among them are police interrogation a length of rope in her handbag to Requests for examinations from local rooms, a mock jail cell, a bank, a tie porta'ble television sets and lower law enforcement and other Federal restaurant and bar, and a courtroom. them from the window to an accom• agencies included those from authori• Various police training problems are plice outside. ties in all 50 States. acted out here, with the student au• After her arrest, a hundred tele• o charges are made for these dience commenting on and asking vision sets and numerous credit cards services. questions on the procedures shown._ ?~./u:~ /-b -{pt, a?~ 10 ~JPV.~ ~v~~ FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin NATIONWIDE CRIMESCOPE

J)uvt~ titii;;:a}."L ;;­ ~I '5") &riA..- 4 {'3--/;)tfl:, ;"3, ,J~ ­'{'3/ IMPROVISED BURGLARY TOOLS I A~U::~:f~~bl~:~~Phe,. t nalia was seized by police in a raid on a gambler known for many years as an expert in the construction of magnetized dice tables and other gambling gadgets. A large portable dice table was among the equipment seized by police. Attached to the underside of the play- ing surface of the table was a panel, resembling a support, but actually a concealed compartment containing a Bit used to drill out tumblers of lock. Modified locking pller wrench. series of batteries and electronic equipment that could be activated by Two unusual burglary tools have fitted over the trunk lock and the lock a miniature signaling device to control turned either right or left, thus shear- the magnetized dice. been brought to the attention of law _ A quantity of magnetized dice and enforcement officers recently. One is ing off the pin lock of the trunk. ,.miniature signaling device, along made from a locking plier wrench The other tool is a type of bit used with several marked playing cards, with half of a socket wrench welded to either with an electric drill or a hand were also seized. Other items found each side of the nose of the locking tool to drill out the tumblers in cer- included a quantity of metal washers wrench. The tool is used for opening tain locks­­­usually the type of lock similar to those being used in the area the trunk compartment of automo­ used on some alarm systems, vending for slugging pay telephones. biles. To use the tool, the socket is machines, parking meters, etc. Cu().d.4-AtL0 tU1>;4+L "/.J.(p /c. r:, .+:A #. 4:3 ­1'19 b ­­ 1/

SOGGY SYSTEM BURGLARS MONITORED Safecrackers got away with $6,000 Two burglars­having adapted citi- from a west coast city restaurant. Be- zens' band walkie­talkies to commu- fore attacking the safe with an acety- nicate with each other­attempted to lene torch, they executed a few pre- burglarize a discount store in a south- liminary maneuvers by first cutting a ern city. One acting as a lookout on small, neat hole in the face of the safe the outside tried to keep the other in- and filling the safe with cold water. side the building informed of police Then, confident the water would keep movements. the currency from burning, they ap- The walkie­talkies were tuned to a plied the full force of the torch to the frequency monitored by the police de- safe's door and burned a hole about partment, and the burglars' conversa- 6 inches in diameter. tions were overheard by a desk ser- After things had cooled, they geant who immediately sent patrol- reached in, took the soggy, steamy men to the store for an easy arrest _ Partially dismantled dice table showing • electronic equipment. loot, and made good their esc~J:>e 7 of the two men. ~ 1t.~M~ Uf.,.(,nt; J~jVJ-(;"7vc:. tvnL/Xd. '1' '5leo 5" May 1966 ,d-&3~ --11. ?uJe., :1/£, ? -'-/)C/t. 5.J. 11 '&"cf-<-- '­/..1 'It ~-(f ,a.­...... ;{., U~U~<-- eU7.t.d.i-G II/lib ~ " / ~, '. '. /~', ." ' .. " , ../~ ~( II . \ I. • , , .; " \, . I ) f I I , .. ' I" I ~." , "'~. '..:,: .... , "'" ~.U ( ...... ,. ~.~ f. ...I'•. ,,;,•• X.-;()~()()() ,: ,~.:.,.~.~ ....k , ...,.,,,,, \, , ..: ...... ~, ill• .

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News of a bank robbery. For the "Want" of a Horse- A Bank Robber Is Caught

First National Bank of Farmersville, Ohio. T WAS A BRIGHT, warm spring The teller protested that all of the day in Farmersvil~e, Ohio. The vault cash was secured by an electric .­!e was 2:55 p.m., Fnday, May 22, 15-minute-delay timelock. The bandit 1964. In 5 minutes the First ational ordered him to switch on the timer Bank, located at the comer of Main after demanding and receiving as• and Center Streets, would close for the surance that no alarm would be day. The four bank employees, two sounded by doing so. Referring to the women and two men, were hurriedly timer switch as a possible alarm, he tallying up the day's receipts, their again warned the teller, "Buddy, it concentration broken only by thoughts better not be or I'll blow your brains of the pleasant weekend ahead. out." There was nothing to suggest by the The teller was then forced to lie on arrival of two last-minute customers, the vault floor while the bandits waited two men dressed in coveralls, that the for the timelock to open. next 25 minutes would result in a When the lock opened, the taller horrifying experience for the bank bandit shoved his pistol to the back of employees. the teller's head, ordering him to rise Curtis Alvin Angell. As the two "customers" approached slowly to his feet. He handed the the teller's counter, one of the male teller a second brown paper shopping employees glanced up with a welcom• bag in which the teller, as instructed, ing smile which froze on his face. He placed all the coins and bills from the was staring into the muzzle of a pistol vault cash drawer. The teller was held by the taller of the two men who then taken outside the vault and snapped, "This is a holdup." With forced to lie on top of his helpless that, both bandits pulled silk stock• fellow employees. His mouth was also ing masks, which had been concealed taped and his wrists secured to the under the bills of their caps, down over others with handcuffs. e rfaces. The bandits dragged the tangled and manacled bundle of employees "Get Down" across the floor where they were an• chored by still another set of hand• The second robber grufBy ordered cuffs to the vault doors. In a surpris• all the employees to "get down on the ing attempt at compassion, the taller floor, cover your head, and close your robber consoled his victims by stat• eyes." He then stepped briskly be• ing, "You folks will be uncomfortable Peter Leroy Tennant. hind the counter and rifled the cash for a while, but the FBI will find you employees, ran to a nearby hardware drawers of all the money, stuffing it soon enough." into a brown paper shopping bag. In store for help. The store owner and Before leaving, the bandits were others freed the victims by cutting the meantime his taller companion, overheard to decide they would de• armed with the revolver, forced one of the handcuffs with bolt-cutters. Mo• part from the bank one at a time. A the male employees and the two wom• ments later, at 3:52 p.m., one of the few seconds later a car was heard en to lie on top of each other on the victims was on the telephone relaying speeding off from the vicinity of the floor. He taped their mouths with details of the robbery to FBI Agents bank. Except for the plaintive, muf• in Cincinnati. adhesive and roughly handcuffed their Subsequent audit of the bank dis• ankles and wrists, one to another. fled cries of the painfully manacled tellers, all was silent inside the bank. closed that the bandits obtained With the pistol barrel pressed $52,884.70 in the robbery, including threateningly against his temple, the The Suspects 119 negotiable bank money orders, second male teller was instructed by about 10 negotiable cashier's checks, the taller bandit to get on his feet and Several minutes later a passer-by and the wallets of both male em• enter the vault. As the teller respond• heard the cries for help from the ployees. Among this loot was $400 ed, the bandit warned him, "If you try shackled employees. He rushed in• in recorded currency or "bait" money. n thing, I'll blow your brains out." side and, after noting the manacled Upon receipt of the preliminary i ay 1966 13 facts of the robbery from the teller, bank robbery. Tennant had previ• room watching television. A surveil• one of the Cincinnati FBI Agents ously served 6 years at the Michigan lance was maintained on this noted the bandits' description, their State Penitentiary for armed robbery while it was determined that clothing, and their modus operandi and was later returned there as a rooms on either side and across the were similar to those of two unknown parole violator following his release. hall from room 1029 were unoccu• bandits who the Indianapolis FBI More recently Tennant served 3 years pied. Plans were then made to effect office reported had robbed the Dan• in the U.S. Penitentiary at Terre Angell's capture. ville State Bank at Clayton, Ind., of Haute, Ind., for forging U.S. postal $29,000 on January 9, 1964. Artist's money orders. Both he and Angell Arrest of Angell conception drawings of the Clayton were fellow inmates at Terre Haute. bandits, prepared by the FBI Exhibits Photographs of both Angell and At 8:50 p.m., Saturday, May 23, Section, were obtained from the Cin· Tennant were obtained and later that 1964, an FBI Agent in an unoccupied cinnati office files to be used in the same Saturday were displayed to the adjoining room telephoned room investigation at Farmersville. bank witnesses. Several of the wit• 1029. The Agent identified himself nesses expressed the belief that and then ordered Angell, by name, to Two Banks-Same Robbers Angell and Tennant were the same immediately surrender. When he re• bandits who terrorized and robbed fused, Agents outside the door moved As the investigation proceeded late their bank the preceding day. in to arrest him. Angell fired one into Friday night, it became increas· Investigation thereafter centered on shot through the door before the ingly apparent that the Clayton bank all acquaintances, relatives, and asso• Agents entered and also threw a brief· bandits were, in all probability, the ciates of Angell and Tennant in an case from the window of his room. same persons responsible for the effort to determine their whereabouts. No one was injured by the shot. The Farmersville bank robbery. Their On Saturday evening, May 23, Cin• briefcase fell several floors, splashing descriptions were strikingly similar, cinnati Agents developed information into a swimming pool below. Recov• their clothing almost identical, and which indicated a person fitting the ery of the briefcase disclosed that it the abusive, rough treatment of the description of Angell was seen in Day• contained $28,705 in currency and a bank employees was characteristic in ton, Ohio. Intensive investigation in loaded .32·caliber revolver. In ad.... both robberies. In addition, bank the Dayton area by the Agents of the tion, Angell had $339 in bills on • witnesses at Farmersville believed the Cincinnati office narrowed the search person. artist's conception drawings of the to one specific motor inn. Following his arrest, Angell denied Clayton bandits to be generally good The desk clerk at the inn advised any complicity in the robbery of the likenesses of the bandits who had that a man fitting the description of First National Bank at Farmersville robbed them. Angell checked into room 1029 at the day before. On May 23, 1964, an Early Saturday, May 23, the two 5 :27 p.m. that day under the name of authorized complaint was filed with cases were telephonically compared Edward Michaels, a drug salesman the U.S. Commissioner, Dayton, Ohio, and discussed at length by FBI Agenls from Indianapolis, Ind. Michaels charging Angell with violation of the on the scene at Farmersville with was alone and carried a leather brief• Federal Bank Robbery Statute and Indianapolis office FBI Agents famil· case, which he requested to be checked with assaulting Federal officers. iar with the Clayton robbery. The in the motel safe. However, the Thereafter, he was lodged in the Mont• Indianapolis Agents reported that re• briefcase was too large for the safe, gomery County Jail, Dayton, in the cently developed information indio and Michaels then carried it to his custody of the U.S. Marshal. cated that Curtis Alvin Angell and room. A photograph of Angell was Peter Leroy Tennant were responsible identified by the desk clerk as the Locating Tennant for the Clayton robbery. In addi• person representing himself as Ed• tion, both reportedly were planning ward Michaels. Following Angell's arrest, a wide· another bank robbery in Ohio. spread, swift-moving investigation to The Indianapolis FBI office advised Suspect Spotted locate Tennant was conducted jointly that a Federal parole violator's war• by the Cincinnati, Cleveland, Pitts• rant for Angell's arrest had been From the window of an adjoining burgh, and Indianapoli FBI offices. issued on March 24, 1964, following 10th floor stairwell at the inn, FBI Tennant and his wife, Tancy Jean his release from prison after serving Agents discreetly observed a man re• Tennant, also known as "Ginger," 5112 years of a 15-year sentence for sembling Angell sitting alone in the were identified by Pittsburgh •

14 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin vicinity of Parkersburg, W. Va., on June 8, 1964. He requested that the horses be delivered by van, which he instructed was to proceed along U.S. Route 21, where he would meet and flag down the truck at an undisclosed location along the more than 200-mile stretch between Cleveland and Park• ersburg. A Plan Armed with this information on the intended delivery, FBI personnel of the Cincinnati and Cleveland offices and from the Pittsburgh, Pa., office covering West Virginia were mobil• ized in a plan to successfully effect Tennant's capture. Meanwhile, continuing investiga• tion by the Indianapolis FBI office into the robbery of the Danville State Bank at Clayton further developed the complicity of Angell and Tennant in this crime. On June 3, 1964, six of the seven witnesses to the Clayton robbery identified Angell as one of the bandits from a lineup held at Day• ton. . These same witnesses previously identified Tennant's photograph as the second bandit. On June 4, 1964, in the Southern Judicial District of Indiana, the FBI Swimming pool at hotel into which briefcase containing $28,000 and revolver was thrown by Angell from window with draperies open. filed a complaint charging ,both Angell and Tennant with the Clayton bank Agents as Mr. and Mrs. Richard Paul vertible was found by FBI Agents on robbery. Arrest warrants for both Bennett, who had resided in a rented May 27, 1964, at Bedford, Ohio. In• were issued the same day. home near Pittsburgh from February vestigation there revealed that he and In view of additional evidence in• 1, 1964, to May 24, 1964, when they his wife continued their flight from dicating Nancy Tennant's knowledge hurriedly and mysteriously aban• this location on May 24, 1964, in a of and possible complicity in the First doned their residence. The owner, taxicab. Penetrating investigation by National Bank robbery at Farmers• while subsequently cleaning the house, FBI Agents of the Cleveland office into ville, she was charged with conspiracy found $7,534 concealed beneath a bed· all known and suspected contacts of by a complaint filed June 7, 1964, at room chest of drawers. the Tennants in their area developed Dayton. A warrant for her arrest was On information developed clearly further that on May 24, 1964, the issued that same day. indicating Tennant's complicity in the Tennants purchased two riding horses The handling of the case at this robbery and his obvious state of flight, for $425 at Walton Hills, Ohio. Sev• point became an exercise in coordina• an authorized complaint was filed at eral days later the Tennants had a tion, with the Indianapolis, Pitts• Dayton, on May 25, 1964, charging third party transport and stable the burgh, Cleveland, and Cincinnati him with the robbery of the First Na• horses on a farm at Solon, Ohio. offices bearing the bulk of the burden tional Bank at Farmersville, and a Within a few days Tennant arranged, and numerous other divisions inciden• Federal warrant for his arrest was is• by a telephone call from an undis• tally involved. sued the same day. closed location, to have the horses Plans for the apprehension of the _ ennant's abandoned Cadillac con- delivered from Solon to him in the Tennants began to shape up.

May 1966 15 Agents of the Cleveland office were ments oonnected with the transfer of busy all day Sunday, June 7, locating the horses. Accordingly, Agents as• a horse trailer or van suitable for signed to the task had to be pre• transporting the horses to the fugi• pared for all eventualities. tives. Two vehicles first considered Since it was not possible for the two were rejected as inadequate or unsafe Agents detailed to ride in the closed for such an undertaking. Finally, a van with the horses to see the driver, proper horse van was located, and the they were provided walkie-talkie units owner agreed to rent the vehicle to the tuned to the two-way radio installed FBI. in the cab. This communication sys• tem also provided contact with the Another Problem two .radio cars which would make up the caravan. One car with two Agents Another problem arose which would was to precede the horse van by sev• have to be resolved bef~re the horse eral miles, attempt to spot Tennant, caravan could depart early the next and radio the location and other par• morning. Since the apprehension ticulars back to the truck and the other plans called for the Special Agent oar. The first car would then double Star. in Charge of the Cincinnati office to back and arrive on the scene simul• provide on-the-spot supervision of the taneously with the van to assist in the miles of this wild, harrowing expe• arrests, he would be the driver and arrest. rience, the Agents radioed the van lone occupant in the cab of the truck At 5 a.m. on Monday, June 8, the driver to stop and help bring the vi• with two Agents secreted in the back operation commenced. Two profes• cious animal under control. What• with the horses. The hitch was that sional horse handlers tried to jockey ever sense Blaze may have possessed, the Cincinnati Agent in Charge had the two horses, Star and Blaze, into it obviously was not "good" horse• never driven a truck! It was, there• the van. Star, a former racehorse, sense. fore, concluded that he would fly to had previous experience with a travel• Fortunately, only the night before, Cleveland immediately on that day, ing van and behaved moderately well. the Agent-driver had also taken a c. Sunday, June 7, further coordinate the Blaze, however, was a "horse of a course on the finer points of wiel arrest plans with the Cleveland Agents, different color." He not only did not a hypodermic needle filled with fluid and take a "hurry-up speed course" like the idea of entering the covered tranquilizer for possible use under in driving a horse van loaded with vehicle, he fought furiously to stay such adverse conditions. He confi• animals. This was done. He was in• out, rearing, bucking, and snorting. dently gave the wild-eyed Blaze a jab troduced to such novelties as speed It took more than a half hour of in the neck, which, although lacking through revolutions per minute, strenuous tugging, pushing, pulling, in professional touch, brought about amperage, shifting ·gas tanks, adjust• and shoving to load the animal. This the desired results. The horse quieted ing rear axle ratios, plus the tech• stubbornness was only a prologue, down so that the trip could be re• niques of taking curves and corners however. sumed, and it was the consensus of all with livestock aboard. concerned that the spotting of Ten• It was not known at what point on Blaze nant would be a welcome relief. the route Tennant would suddenly ap• The relief came, but only after an• pear and claim his horses. The trip During the journey Blaze bent a 3• other couple of hours of travel and 75 would be through three FBI divisions, inch aluminum guardrail, and the miles farther along route .S. 21. The namely Cleveland, Cincinnati, and Agents inside the van were forced to lead car of FBI Agents spotted Ten• Pittsburgh. Acquaintances of Ten• improvise a new halter with ropes and nant sitting on the tailgate of a pick• nant had warned the FBI that he had chains after he broke the one he was up truck parked just off the south• no regard for anyone but himself and wearing. The smell and heat inside bound lane of the highway in front of that he was constantly armed. Ten• the van were almost unbearable, and a small general store. Standing near• nant, of course, had a long record of conditions were not helped any by by was ancy Tennant holding a lawlessness. It could be expected Blaze's repeated attempts to climb the small dog. The Agents alerted the that he would be extremely alert and walls of the truck and his kicking and driver and the other Agents by radio. uspicious of any unexpected develop• nipping at the Agent. After about 75 As the van came into view, Tennant

16 FBI Law Enforcement Bull the driver. Taken completely by sur• tion, a landlord telephoned the FBI prise, Tennant and his wife were ar• office at Dayton on June 3, 1964. He rested by FBI Agents without incident. recalled that a few days prior to the When arrested, the Tennants had date of the robbery, a man identify• $1l,970 on their persons. However, ing himself as John Mason rented an neither made any admissions concern• apartment from him on Troy Street. ing the bank robberies at Farmers• Mason was accompanied by a second ville or Clayton. man, but neither of them had been Transported to nearby Zanesville, seen by the landlord since the rob• Ohio, that same day, the Tennants bery. Since their rent was overdue, were arraigned before the U.S. Com• the landlord had entered the apart• mlSSlOner on the bank robbery ment and found a large quantity of charges and, thereafter, were lodged clothing and luggage that had appar• irr the Muskingum County Jail. ently been abandoned. Subsequently a photograph of Angell was identi· Methodical Investigation fied by this landlord as the John Mason who rented the apartment. In While major investigative efforts Blaze. addition, a key taken from Angell were directed, following Angell's ar• fitted the apartment door lock. jumped from the pickup truck and rest, to the location of his accomplice, An authorized search of the apart• flagged it to a stop near the store. By Peter Leroy Tennant, a methodical in• ment by FBI Agents on June 3, 1964, this time the lead car, which had vestigation by FBI Agents continued disclosed $870 in wrapped coin from doubled back, and the trail car simul• in Farmersville, Dayton, and sur• the First rational Bank, Farmers• taneously arrived in the area as Ten• rounding Ohio communities. ville.; the paper bags used to carry off nant walked toward the van to greet During the course of this investiga• the loot in this robbery; charred

Scene where Tennants flagged the horse van and then were arrested by FBI Agents.

1966 17 scraps of burned money wrappers; a On June 30, 1964, the U.S. Attor• nant, who had bought the two horses note in Angell's handwriting listing ney at Indianapolis withheld charging with part of the bank loot, r. by amount and denomination his Nancy Jean Tennant as an accessory quished all rights to Star and B e share of the loot; and numerous items in the Danville State Bank robbery at and released them to an Ohio casualty of clothing and personal effects which Clayton until charges against her, company that had insured the victim• later were identified through investi• Peter Leroy Tennant, and Curtis ized First National Bank of Farmers• gation and FBI Laboratory examina• Alvin Angell were disposed of in con• ville. In October 1964 this Ohio tion to be those of Angell and Ten• nection with the First National Bank insurance company sold the two nant. Conspicuously lying on top of robbery at Farmersville. The con• sleuthing stallions to private pur• a heater stove in the living room of spiracy charges against Nancy Jean chasers for $100 each. the apartment was the May 23, 1964, Tennant were subsequently dismissed Although it has never been sub• issue of the Dayton "Journal Herald," by court order on July 28, 1964, at stantiated, a rumor persists to this day headlining the robbery of the First Dayton, and no further charges were that as Star and Blaze were being led National Bank at Farmersville the day brought against her with regard to away after they had fulfilled their role before. the Danville State Bank robbery. in the apprehension of the Tennants, As additional evidence in the con• On August 25, 1964, a Federal a noise was emitted by one, or both tinuing investigation was developed grand jury at Indianapolis indicted of them-a noise not unlike that of a against him, Angell remained ada• Curtis Alvin Angell for the robbery good horselaugh! mant in refusing to discuss the bank of the Danville State Bank on January robberies at Clayton and Farmers• 9, 1964. He was also indicted on ville. However, on June 12, 1%4, July 27, 1964, by a Federal grand and in subsequent interviews, Ten• jury at Dayton for the robbery of the CHILD MOLESTER nant made a full confession to FBI First National Bank, Farmersville, on POSTERS Agents, implicating Angell as his ac• May 22, 1964, as well as for his Happy cries of carefree complice in both robberies. On June assault on Federal officers when children will soon fill play• 16, 1964, ancy Jean Tennant con• arrested on May 23, 1964. grounds and parks as fessed to FBI Agents her knowledge Following several appearances in schools clo.~e for the lon_ of both the Clayton and Farmersville the U.S. District Court, Dayton, in summer recess. Summer ~ bank robberies and to even casing the which he steadfastly maintained his also the season of the child Clayton bank at Angell's request. innocenc~ of all charges, Angell, on molester, that s mil i n g However, she denied any active par• October 12, 1964, pleaded guilty to stranger standing in the ticipation in either robbery. the First National Bank robbery. On shadows tempting young• November 6, 1964, Angell also en• sters with promises of gifts Prosecution tered a plea of guilty in U.S. District or rides. This debased in• Court, Dayton, to the robbery of the dividual often changes a Peter Leroy Tennant, in an appear• Danville State Bank and on the same summer of joy and hap• ance in U.S. District Court, Dayton, date was sentenced to serve 18 years piness to a haunting and Ohio, on June 23,1964, pleaded guilty in the custody of the Attorney Gen• terrifying memory for inno• to charges that he robbed both the eral for each robbery, both sentences cent children. Recogniz• First National Bank at Farmersville to be served concurrently. In addi• ing this peril, the FBI is and the Danville State Bank at Clay• tion, Angell was sentenced this same once again making available ton. Subsequently, in this same to schools, law enforcement date to 3 years for assaulting Federal court, on November 13, 1964, Ten• agencies, civic and service officers. This sentence was to run nant was sentenced to serve 18 years organizations, etc. the FBI in the custody of the Attorney General consecutively with those received Child Molester Poster. for each robbery. The court further in the bank robberies. Thereafter, These posters, designed for prescribed that these sentences were Angell was committed to the U.S. coloring, may be obtained to be served concurrently and 6 years Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kans. free of charge by writing to of each sentence would be suspended. And what of Star and Blaze, the the Director, Federal Bu• Thereafter, Tennant was committed to two steeds that so ably assisted the reau. of Investigation, Wash• the .S. Penitentiary at Terre Haute, FBI in bringing this $81,884.70 case ington, D.C., 20535. Ind. to a successful conclusion? Ten•

18 FBI Law Enforcement Bull War Declared on Pranksters

The Ohio State Highway Patrol, On a selective basis; highway over• of baled straw. The volunteer units like many other police agencies, has heads where most complaints occur or not only summoned help to extinguish been plagued with complaints of where the complaint potential was the fire, but were able to assist regular pranksters throwing objects from high were manned by members of police officers in apprehending the highway overheads at or into moving these two groups. The entire pro• young arsonists. vehicles on highways below. The ob· gram was preceded by a statewide The Ohio State Highway Patrol jects range from items such as shelled news release, outlining the Patrol's considers the 1965 endeavor most suc• corn to pumpkins, baled hay, and even stand against these pranks. Coverage cessful, and the program will be con• entire corn shocks. on this release by the news media was tinued and expanded during . the Needless to say, this is an extremely excellent and blanketed the State. Halloween period in 1966. The war dangerous practice and many times on pranksters really paid off. has resulted in severe vehicle damage Side Results and personal injury. These com· plaints are especially prevalent during Col. Robert M. Chiaramonte, super• the time of year immediately preced. intendent of the Ohio State Highway ing and during the Halloween season. Patrol, reports that largely due to this supplemental assistance, complaints Call for Help during the Halloween season of 1965 were almost nonexistent. In 1965 the Ohio State Highway There were also several beneficial rol declared war against such side results from this coordinated ef• I anksters during the Halloween sea· fort. In one incident members of a son. Realizing that, with the avail• REACT group guarding an overpass able manpower, it would be impos· observed a fire start in a nearby house. sible for regular highway patrol They radioed for assistance from the personnel to man the more dangerous fire department and on examining the overheads, two other groups were house found it locked and the occu• called on for assistance. Help was pants not at home. They immediately first solicited from the Patrol's own gained entrance and removed a burn• Auxiliary State Highway Patrol, mem• ing chair and rug from the structure, bers of the American Legion, who thus preventing more serious fire dam• have received special training and are age and saving the house from com· organized in county groups under the plete destruction. supervision of patrol posts. Sec• In another case-quite an unusual ondly, members of the civilian REACT one-a volunteer guard observed a In criminal law, embracery con• (Radio Emergency Associated Citi• young girl dressed in nightclothes sists of the attempt to influence a jury zen's Teams) were called on for as• walking along the highway. A check corruptly to one side or the other, by sistance. The latter group is made revealed that she was sleepwalking and promises, persuasions, entreaties, en• up of radio buffs over the State, who was several miles from her home. She have equipped their personal vehicles was returned to her home and reo tertainments, and the like. The per• with two-way radios on authorized united with her parents. She could son guilty of it is called an Citizens' Band. Many patrol posts not explain how she had arrived at the "embraceor." Embracery being but in Ohio are equipped with base sta· place where she was observed. an attempt corruptly to influence a tions for receiving emergency calls In a third incident, several young juror, there is no such crime as at· from these teams. boys were observed igniting a stack tempt to c~mmit embrace-!y. ..h 1/ r ~~-A;~}-rr't:>b. "y1966 {/ 19 Ad",issibility of StaDdard Writings

While the attorney handling the century, courts in the United States of uncontradicted testimony of a com• case is concerned primarily with the through statutes or judicial decisions petent eyewitness to the execution of admissibility of standard writings, admitted other writings for the pur• a writing is sufficient to permit the the standards which will be intro• pose of comparison, provided that the use of such writing as a standard to duced also are a matter of vital con• genuineness of the standard writing test other writing.l cern to the document examiner. Ob• was found by the presiding judge to Under the rule that the testimony viously, if some of the standard writ• be clear and undisputed. of an eyewitness to the execution of a ings on which the document exam• Recognizing a need for standard• document is sufficient to prove . iner bases his conclusion cannot be ization, the U.S_ Congress on Febru• genuineness as a standard of writ introduced, then the document exam• ary 26, 1913, in C. 79, Stat. 683, of the person who executed it, at iner may not be able to provide con• enacted the foIIowing provision re• least one court stated it was not nec• vincing testimony or his testimony lating to comparisons of handwriting: essary for the witness actually to have may be weakened. "In any proceeding before a court or watched the pen of the writer as it Under early common law only those judicial officer of the United States passed over the paper, where it ap• writings already introduced into evi• where the genuineness of the hand• peared that there was no other person dence could be used for comparison writing of any person may be present at the time but the writer and purposes. Known standards other involved, any admitted or proved the witnesses, that the writing was than those already in evidence were handwriting of such person shall be done in the witnesses' presence and I not admitted because the courts were competent evidence as a basis for that the writer then gave them the of the opinion that the introduction of comparison by witnesses, or by the paper.2 coIIateral issues raised by standards jury, court, or officer conducting such Important inclusions in this class not already in evidence would be proceeding, to prove or disprove such of admissible standards are writings confusing. gehuineness_ " voluntarily prepared by a party in the During the early part of the 20th The following are classes of stand• presence of an investigator. These ' ard writings which are admissible generally are known as requested *This is a paper presented by pecial Agent Clarence E. Bohn, B . ., LL.B., of the for comparison purposes. writings. FBI Laboratory at the 17th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sci• Standard Writings Witnessed Standard Writings Admitted ences, February 25, 1965, Chicago, Ill. Permission has been granted for reprinting The courts accept as sufficient In jurisdictions in which estab• from The Journal of Forensic ciences, proof, under statutory and nonstatu• lishment of standards for comparison October 1965 issue, published by Callaghan of handwriting is a matter of statute & Co., 6141 North Cicero Avenue, Chicago, tory requirements of proofs of gen• Ill., 60646. uineness, that evidence in the form and in jurisdictions where this i_ 20 FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin common-law issue, if the party against Signatures of government officials Familiarity a m a handwriting standard is to on documents treated as authentic and Pused admits the genuineness of the produced from official archives may There appears to be a conflict of standard, the courts hold that further be admitted in evidence as standards authority as to whether testimony to proof of genuineness is unnecessary.3 of comparison when there is an issue the genuineness of a proposed stand- In some instances the question as to as to the forgery of the signatures of ard of writing by witnesses who are what constitutes an admission of the same persons on other documents.s familiar with a person's handwriting genuineness has been presented. The Signatures on fingerprint cards is sufficient to establish a particular courts have held an admission to in- maintained in the Federal Bureau of writing as a genuine sample of that ~lude such situations as where a plain- Investigation files frequently are used person's writing. tiff's counsel has conceded that a as standard writings in criminal cases. power of attorney given by the plain- Generally, in a criminal case, only Opinion Evidence tiff contained the plaintiff's signa- those signatures appearing on finger- The question sometimes arises as to ture.4 In other instances where a print cards taken in connection with whether a standard writing can be witness stated that he believed that the arrest for which the defendant is established by opinion evidence. The his name on a document was his own charged are admissible as known courts seem to be in general agree- genuine handwriting, such was con- handwriting standards. In some in- ment that proof of the genuineness of sidered sufficient proof to allow its stances the courts have permitted the a standard cannot be established by use as a standard for comparison with introduction of signatures on finger- the opinions of experts testifying from another writing. Silence has been print cards for prior arrests. How- considered an admission insofar as ever, in situations involving prior ar- a comparison of the writing sought to admissibility of standard writing is rests, the courts usually require that be used as a standard with another concerned. Where checks were in- the extraneous material on the finger- writingP troduced without objection by the print card be covered with tape or the party against whom they were to be signature be excised from the card. Court Decides Genuineness used, that party's signature to those By so doing, material which might be The sufficiency of the proof of the cks has been admitted as a stand- prej udicial to the defendant has been genuineness of a standard of writing • for comparison with other writ- removed. The genuineness of the sig- ings allegedly executed by the same nature is established by testimony of is a matter to be decided by the party.s Where a defendant in a the official whose name appears as a courtP The court's ruling in this re- criminal prosecution did not object witness on the card. gard is conclusive, unless it is shown to the admission of a hotel register that the ruling was wholly without bearing his signature or failed to Ancient Writings evidentiary foundationY allege at the trial that he had not signed it, it was held that he could The courts have admitted writings 1 Bowerl v. United State!. 244 F. 641 (C.C.A. 9th, 1917) (C.l.). not raise the question of the genuine- on ancient documents (generally a 2 In re Rolo.5on Estate. 19 Pa. Super 124 (1922). ness of the signature on appeal. 6 document more than 30 years old) as 3 Short v. Unit.d States, 221 F. 248 (C.C.A. 8th, 1915) (Minn.); Fuston v. United States, 22 F. 2d standards for comparison. The statu- 66 (C.C.A. 9th, 1927) (Oreg.). Records Maintained tory test is considered satisfied be- • Moore v. United States, 91 U.S. 270 (1896). 51n re Goldber" 91 F. 2d 996 (C.C.A. 2d, 1937) cause of the age of the documents (N.Y.). Generally, records maintained in and their having been treated as • Stat. v. ran Tassel, 103 Iowa 6, 72 N.W. 497 the regular course of business are ad- authentic.9 (1897) . 7 Woitt. v. United States, 19 F. 2d 506 (1927); missible, as an exception to the hear- Lieblan, v. State, 18 Ohio Cir. Ct. N.S. 179, 42 say rule, as proof of their contents. Ohio Cir. Ct. 673 (1907). Other Writings • United States v. Ort", 176 U.S. 422 (1900). However, their acceptance as such 9 Gadberry v. Home Mutual Lile A..uociation (Tex. does not in itself establish the writing Among writings admissible as Civ. App.). 57 S.W. 2d 370 (1933). 10 Reinin, v. United States, 167 F. 2d 362 (C.A. as a standard for comparison. Cir- standards are signatures on pleadings, 5th, 1948) (Fl•. ). cumstantial evidence, particularly in motions, or other instruments, such 11 Plymouth Savings and Loan. A.ssociation v. Kas• sing, 72 Ind. App. I, 125 N.E. 488 (1919); Archer civil cases, has been held to be suffi- as an appearance bond, which may, v. United States, 9 Ok1•. 569, 60 P. 268 (1900). 12 United States v. An,.lo, 153 F. 2d 247 (C.A. 3d, cient proof to admit records of this without further proof of genuineness, 1946) _ (N.J.). nature as standards of writing for be used as a standard with which to 13 Ni:r;on v. Shaver, 115 W. V•. 469, 176 S.E. 849 (1934); Poole v. Beller, 104 W. V•. 547, 140 S.E. 7 1o _ parison. compare questioned writing. 534 (1927).

May 1966 21 FBI CENTER

(Continued from page 6) An officer of any of the agencies, even while on the street, may make inquiry of the system and have the informa• tion requested in less than a minute_ Similarly, agencies in California may inquire concerning wanted persons whose records are stored by the Ala• meda County installation. These two systems have been joined so that a single inquiry from anywhere in the State can elicit information from both computers. In St. Louis considerable work has been done in computerizing man• The teleprocessing equipment of various types which are used to make power allocation needs, as well as remote inquiry of the computer. storing information concerning ar• rests and stolen autos. These sys• tems represent the advent of a new "tool" in law enforcement records keeping. A further application has been im• plemented by the New York City Police Department which is convert• ing a sizable portion of its criminal fingerprint files to computer storage. This system, of course, requires man• ual classification for the storage of fingerprints and has a limited appli• cation with regard to larger files because of the conversion problem.

Interstate Cooperation As an example of the service pos• sible through a national system, a Cathode Tube Visual Set which, upon remote inquiry of the computer, shows the reply situation can be visualized in which on a screen. a patrol car checking the parking lot of a shopping center in Washington, mation needed to immediately initiate fornia on a charge of murder. In the D.C., during the early morning hours appropriate action. Until now, many past, this individual would have been spots a suspicious-looking automobile hours might have been consumed in held a short time and released on pay• bearing Illinois license plates. The establishing the stolen status of the ment of a small fine before his wanted officer radios his dispatcher who, vehicle or more than likely no inquiry status became known through the ex• through the use of a remote terminal would have been made. change of fingerprints with the FBI. located in the dispatcher's office, quer• In another example, an individual ies directly the FBI's ational Center. arrested in a bar in New Orleans, La., Cooperation Sought The immediate reply advises that the on a disorderly conduct charge is car in question has been reported taken to headquarter for booking. A Many local and State agencies were stolen by the Chicago Police Depart• remote terminal is used to check the contacted prior to the decision to pro• ment. This information relayed to National Center, and it is learned the ceed with the FBI's National Crime the officer on patrol gives him infor- arrested person is wanted in Cali• Information Center. All local Id

22 FBI law Enforcement Bulle State officers consulted agreed that of a scanning device which can be promises new horizons in effective a system would be a tremendous used to read and accurately classify law enforcement which could not be • toward more efficient law enforce- inked finger impressions and trans- planned until now. It will provide ment throughout the Nation. They late such classifications for computer the most vital information on a plane concurred it was a step which should storage. In September 1965, pro- once thought impossible. This net- be immediately taken before the num- posals were solicited from more than work, however, can only be as success- ber of noncompatible systems devel- 30 of the major companies active in ful as the individual agencies through- oped became so great that no effective this field looking toward the manufac- out the country make it. Certain rules network could be established. The ture of a prototype. The development will have to be followed, standards FBI has for years, since 1924, been of such a device obviously is of prime adhered to, and conscientious con- successfully collecting and exchanging importance to the national informa- sideration given to the principles in- criminal identification and other tion network discussed, and the FBI volved. The National Crime Infor- crime records with local law enforce- is closely following all advances in mation Center, utilizing computerized ment agencies. Now the computer, this field. l . raoid positive means of files for information exchange, con- as a new tool, promises to make this fingerprint classification and the stitutes a new and powerful weapon cooperative effort of law enforcement translation of such classification into against crime in our time, but does more efficient and effective. computer language will be an invalu- not alter the traditional concept of Another important area being able identification factor. local and State autonomy in the con- studied by the FBI is the development The national network described trol of crime.

Sheriff­Coroner Herbert H. Hughes o~ Imperial County, Calif., a graduate of the 59th Session of the FBI National Academy, is shown with FBI Assistant Director J. J. Casper lIeft) of the Training Division and FBI Inspector J. V. Cotter, supervisor of the National Academy program. Sheriff Hughes receives their congratulations upon his receipt of the gold medal awarded him by the Freedoms Foundation at Valley Forge, Pa. Sheriff Hughes was awarded this honor for the institution of the Sheriff's Field Day Program to educate the school children in Imperial I:ty ~::: jurisdiction and responsibilities of the sheriff's office. ;2-;}tJ-t,t- ~/5 ~-y,v ~. iJ.vv ~ ~ notify the Director of the Federal WANTED BY THE FBI Bureau of Investigation, U.S. DeP• ment of Justice, Washington, D. 20535, or the Special Agent in Charge of the nearest FBI field office, the tele- phone number of which appears on the first page of most local telephone directories.

WINDOW SHOPPING

An ancient law concerning the selection of a juror was invoked recently in an English court of law CHARLES LEE WASHINGTON, also known as: C. L. Glass, Charlie Lee during a county court session. This Washington. occurred when a defending lawyer ob- jected to a particular jury member, Interstate Flight-Murder and no reserve jurors were available for replacement. Under the old act, jurors can be re- CHARLES LEE WASHINGTO N is cur- which the victim was beaten to death, cruited on the street, provided they rently being sought by the FBI for un- has been known to carry firearms in are over 21 and under 60 years of age lawful interstate Right to avoid prose- the past. He should be considered and own a house with more than 15 cution for the crime of murder. armed and dangerous. windows. The law regarding the windows was The Crime Description designed when there was a tax . them, and if a person, despite the t On July 26, 1963, Washington Age______. 30, born May 17, 1935, had 15 windows in his home, he was Swansea, S.C. considered a man of substance, who allegedly assaulted a middle­aged HeighL______6 feet. in the eyes of the people writing the Spartanburg, S.c., man, savagely beat- WeighL______225 to 235 pounds. ing him on the head with a chair. He Build______Heavy. law at that time would qualify for then left his victim lying unconscious. HaiL ______Black. jury duty. Eyes ______Brown. As a result of this vicious beating, the Police officers were sent out of the Complexion______Dark. courtroom to locate such an individ- man died the following day. Race______Negro. ual. After three attempts, a person A Federal warrant was issued on Nationality______American. meeting the requirements was re- August 15, 1963, at Spartanburg, Occupations ______Bricklayer, construc- charging Washington with unlawful tion worker, itiner- cruited from the street and the trial ant farm worker, interstate Right to avoid prosecution c ~ enced. !./r,k11Uu...L 1'/11/('5' for murder. laborer, shoeshiner. ~ c;.3~ _ fl/If:,- J,;;/ . Scars and marks___ Cut scar left eyebrow; tattoo, h ear t on The Fugitive right forearm. 2084-1966=118+63= FBI No. ______497,040 B. 181 ! Fingerprint classification : Charles Lee Washington has been 3 1 aU no 15 Ref : T convicted of petty larceny on a Gov- 1 aR III R A 63­year­old woman known as a ernment reservation and grand larceny notorious pickpocket to Paris police by swindling. He has been described was again arrested and convicted. Notify the FBI as an avid gambler and a heavy Police, however, do not expect to have drinker and as having a quick temper. Any person having information any difficulty with her in the immedi- The quick­tempered Washington, which might assist in locating this ate future. She was banished from who is being sought for a murder in fugitive is requested to immediately France until the year 2084. ~~ i~ 'j.M/t.t., G 24 FBI Law Enforcement Bu u.s. GOVERNMENT PRI NTING OFF ICE : 1966 o-2 11~3 tf.< 31 e FOR CHANGE OF ADDRESS Complete this form and return to:

DIRECTOR

F:E>DERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGroN, D.C. 20535

(Name) (Title)

(Addre88)

(a'tv) (State) (Z'p aode)

Missile-Wound Checklist for Use in Homicide Examinations

Systematic procedure is often the (WIA), died of wound (DOW), or killed Supporting In/ormation key to success in any undertaking, in action (KIA). Distance between weapon 1. X­rays of body or tissue specimens. . ether it be the procedure meticu- and victim. Time interval between injury and death . 2. Color and black­and­white photographs • sly followed in laying out the in- of external wounds before and after struments in the operating room for washing or shaving, missile path shown major surgery, the countdown before Weapon by probe, if possible, and missiles recov- ered in the body. A metric-system ruler a missile blastoff, or the checkoff list Type, caliber, model, brand name, and should appear in the photograph. of an airplane pilot_ country of manufacture. 3. Photographs oi weapon and missiles Personnel at the U.S. Armed Forces found at the scene (metric­system ruler) . Institute of Pathology, Washington, Ammunition 4. Formalin­fixed tissue of entrance and D.C., have found such a procedure ex- exit wounds for spectrographic and Type, caliber, brand name, and country of ceedingly worthwhile in connection microscopic studies. Note: When the manufacture. absence of powder burns or powder with their responsibilities. grains makes the identification of en- Lt. Col. Pierre A. Finck, Medical Missile trance and exit difficult, a spectrographic Corps, and members of the Institute analysis of the clothing or wounds may have prepared a checkoff list to be Description, weight in grams or grains, permit such differentiation, based on the used in the examination of a homicide dimensions in millimeters, impact velocity relative deposits of traces of metal along in meters per second or feet per second, and the path of the missile. The pathologist or other violent death involving a impact kinetic energy in kilogram­meters or should coordinate his studies with those missile wound and have found it to foot­pounds. Disposition of missile by sur- of the spectrograph analyst before jeop- be a positive safeguard against the geon or pathologist. ardizing the results by untoward wash- omission of vital steps. The list they ing or scraping of the tissue. 5. Reports of ordnance or police experts on prepared should be of interest to law Clothing 0/ Victim firearms, ammunition, ballistic data, tar- enforcement officers. Missile holes, powder burns, blood. get tests, and laboratory tests on cloth- ing (gunpowder, fibers, blood). Circumstan.ces Extern.al Wounds Only by thorough and paintstaking . measures can an examination of this Accident, homicide, suicide, natural death, Type, location, and dimensions in milli- • undetermined. Wounded in action meters. kind be successfully concluded. R./~ ~"v t?l5 .v~na""J) 'JJJfj UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE POSTAGE AND F EES PAI D FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION WASHINGTON, D .C . 20!53!5 OFFICIAL BUSINESS

RETURN AFTER !5 DAYS

QUESTIONABLE PATTERN

A

This unusual and questionable pattern is classified as a loop with nine counts. The appendage between the shoulders of the looping ridge at point A does not spoil the recurve, as it appears to flow smoothly from the shoulder. A difference in inking or pressure may create a right angle which would spoil the recurve and therefore the impression is referenced to a tented arch.