DOCSLIB.ORG

Identification of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nemata: Rhabditida) K

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Identification of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nemata: Rhabditida) K Journal of Nematology 28(3):286--300. 1996. © The Society of Nematologists 1996. Identification of Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae (Nemata: Rhabditida) K. B. NGUYEN AND G. C. SMART, JR. 2 Abstract: This paper contains taxonomic keys for the identification of species of the genera Stei- nernema and Heterorhabditis. Morphometrics of certain life stages are presented in data tables so that the morphometrics of species identified using the keys can be checked in the tables. Additionally, SEM photographs and diagnoses of the families and genera of Steinernematidae and Heterorhab- ditidae are presented. Key words: entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis, Heterorhabditidae, identification, nema- tode, Neosteinernema, SEM, Steinernema, Steinernematidae, taxonomy. The family Steinernematidae contains tion of additional species have necessitated two genera, Steinernema Travassos, 1927 modification of family and generic diag- (31) and Neosteinernema Nguyen & Smart, noses. 1994 (15). The family Heterorhabditidae The purpose of this paper is to provide contains one genus, Heterorhabditis Poinar, updated diagnoses of families and genera, 1976 (18). Currently, 18 species of Stein- and taxonomic keys to facilitate the iden- ernema, 1 species of Neosteinernema, and 7 tification of species. We have included species of Heterorhabditis have been de- SEM micrographs of females, males, and scribed and accepted as valid. Although infective juveniles of Steinernema spp., Neo- some authors (13,22) have constructed tax- steinernema, and Heterorhabditis spp. to pro- onomic keys based on both males and in- vide detailed illustrations of diagnostic fective juveniles, identification to species characters. SEM micrographs of Stein- often is attempted using infective juveniles ernema spp. and Neosteinernema longicur- only. Identifications based solely on infec- vicauda are from previous publications, tive juveniles may not be accurate because and the references are cited in the figure there are few differentiating morphologi- legends. SEM micrographs of Heterorhabdi- cal characteristics between species and t/s spp. are originals; they were obtained morphometrical ranges of several species with the method of Nguyen and Smart overlap. Characteristics of males and fe- (17). Specimens of Heterorhabditis bacterio- males must be used for accurate identifica- phora and H. megidis were obtained from tion of most species. Recently, Nguyen and H. K. Kaya and have been maintained in Smart (16) reported that morphometrics our laboratory on larvae of the greater wax of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis species moth, GaUeria meUonella. vary depending on the time of harvest (time after infective juveniles first appear) Family Steinernematidae and whether the nematodes are reared in Figs. 1-4 vitro or in vivo. These differences compli- Diagnosis: (After Nguyen and Smart, cate identification in some cases. Also, 1994 [15]): Alloionematoidea, Rhabditida. structures observed with the scanning elec- Obligate insect parasites. Infective juve- tron microscope (SEM) and the descrip- niles carry symbiotic bacteria in the bacte- rial chamber of the intestine. Both males and females are necessary for reproduc- Received for publication 14 November 1995. tion. Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. R-04821. Female (Fig. 1): Large, size variable. Cu- 2 Entomology and Nematology Department, Institute of ticle smooth or annulated. Lateral fields Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0620. absent. Excretory pore distinct. Head E-mail: [email protected] rounded or truncate, rarely offset. Six lips 286 Identification of Entomopathogen Nematodes: Nguyen, Smart 287 present, partly or completely fused, each Esophagointestinal valve usually pro- lip with one labial papilla (Fig. 1A), some- nounced. Reproductive system didelphic, times additional papilla-like structures amphidelphic, reflexed. Vulva at mid- present near labial papillae. Four cephalic body, sometimes on a protuberance (Fig. papillae. Amphids present, small. Stoma 1B), with (Fig. 1C) or without (Fig. 1B) collapsed; cheilorhabdions pronounced, epiptygma. Females oviparous or ovovivip- forming a ring resembling two large scle- arous with juveniles developing up to the rotized dots in lateral view. Other parts of infective stage (IJ) before emerging from stoma forming an asymmetrical funnel the body of the female. Tail longer or with thick anterior end. Esophagus rhab- shorter than anal body width, with or with- ditoid with metacorpus slightly swollen, out prominent phasmids (Figs. 1D,4B). narrow isthmus surrounded by nerve ring, Male (Fig. 2): Smaller than female. An- and large basal bulb with reduced valve. terior end usually with six labial papillae, FIG. 1. Steinernema SEM of first-generation female. A) Face view of Steinernema glaseri showing cephalic papillae, labial papillae, amphids, and stoma. B) Vulva on a protuberance of S. glaseri. C) Vulva of S. scapterisci with double-flapped epiptygma. D) Tail of S. scapterisci. (After Nguyenand Smart [12, 17]). All magnifications based on scale bar inC:A = 13.6p,m,B = 8.6p,m,C = 15~m,D = 38p,m. 288 Journal of Nematology, Volume 28, No. 3, September 1996 four large cephalic papillae, and usually 1994 Mracek (9) redescribed S. kraussei with perioral disc (Fig. 2A). Esophagus from Czechoslovakia and re-established it similar to that of female. Testis single, re- as the type species. Recently, Reid (26), us- flexed; spicules paired; gubernaculum ing DNA analysis of several species and long, sometimes as long as spicule (Fig. isolates of Steinernema, constructed a phy- 2B,C); bursa absent. Tail tip rounded, dig- logenetic tree that indicated that S. kraussei itate, or mucronate. One single and 10 to and S. glaseri were different species). 14 pairs of genital papillae present with 7 to 10 pairs precloacal (Fig. 2D-F). Neosteinernema Nguyen and Smart Infective juvenile (IJ) (= third-stage infec- Fig. 4 tive juvenile) (Fig. 3): Stoma collapsed. Body slender, with or without a sheath (cu- Diagnosis: Female with phasmids promi- ticle of second-stage juvenile). Cuticle an- nent, on a protuberance, located in poste- nulated. Lateral fields present with 4 to 9 rior half of tail; tail longer than anal body incisures and 3 to 8 smooth ridges (Fig. width (T/ABW = 1.10 - 1.68) (Fig. 4B); 3B-D). Esophagus and intestine appearing ovoviviparous, juveniles molting and be- reduced. Excretory pore distinct. Tail coming infective juveniles before exiting conoid or filiform (Figs. 3D,4F). Phasmids, the female body. Male smaller than fe- located about mid-tail, prominent, incon- male, posterior part with one ventral and spicuous, or not observed. 13 to 14 pairs of genital papillae, eight of the pairs preanal; phasmids prominent, Type genus: Steinernema Travassos, tail tip digitate (Fig. 4D); spicule foot- 1927 shaped with a hump on dorsal side (Fig. 4C). Gubernaculum almost as long as spi- Syn.: Neoaplectana Steiner, 1929 cule. Infective juveniles with head slightly swollen (Fig. 4E); phasmid large, tail Other genus: Neosteine,~nemaNguyen elongate or filiform, as long as esophagus, & Smart, 1994 usually curved at end (Fig. 4F), ratio c about 5.5. Steinernema Travassos Type and only species: Neosteinernema long- Figs. 1-3 icurvicauda Nguyen & Smart, 1994. Diagnosis: Female with phasmids not ob- served, tail (T) shorter than anal body IDENTIFICATION OF STEINERNEMA SPECIES width (ABW) (T/ABW = 0.52 - 0.81) (Fig. 1D); oviparous but some eggs often When possible, specimens used to iden- retained in the body. Male smaller than fe- tify species of Steinernema should be reared male, posterior part usually with one single in vivo (Galle,4a meUonella or another ap- and eleven pairs of genital papillae; phas- propriate host), and adults of the first gen- raids not observed, tail terminus rounded eration should be dissected from the ca- (Fig. 2D-F) or with mucron. Infective ju- davers. Infective juveniles collected for a venile with phasmids small or inconspicu- week after their first emergence from ca- ous, tail conoid and much shorter than davers usually meet the criteria of the orig- esophagus (at most 65% of esophagus inal descriptions but the body lengths of length), ratio c I> 10. those collected after that period tend to be Type species: Steinernema kraussei (Steiner, significantly shorter (16). All data may be 1923) Travassos, 1927. (Steinernema obtained from either live or fixed speci- kraussei was considered the type species of mens. the genus until 1990 when Poinar (22) des- Species of Steinernema can be identified ignated S. glaseri as type species and con- with the following key, but identity should sidered S. kraussei as species inquirenda. In be verified by comparing its morphomet- Identification of Entomopathogen Nematodes: Nguyen, Smart 289 FIG. 2. SteinernemaSEM of first-generation male. A) Anterior region of S. g/aser/with large cephalic papillae and smaller labial papillae. B) Spicule of S. anomali, lateral view. C) Gubernaculum of S. glaseri, ventral view. D) Caudal region of S. anomali showing spicule and gubernaculum tips and posterior genital papillae. E,F) Posterior region of S. anomali showing 7 (E) to 10 (F) of the paired preanal genital papillae, the single ventral preanal papilla, and extended spicules. (After Nguyen and Smart [14, 16]). All magnifications based on scale bar in E: A = 10 Ixm, B = 23.1 Ixm, C = 17.6 Ixm, D = 20 Ixm, E = 60 Ixm, F = 50 ~m. 290 Journal of Nematology, Volume
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From South Africa
    First report of the isolation of entomopathogenic AUTHORS: nematode Steinernema australe (Rhabditida: Tiisetso E. Lephoto1 Vincent M. Gray1 Steinernematidae) from South Africa AFFILIATION: 1 Department of Microbiology and A survey was conducted in Walkerville, south of Johannesburg (Gauteng, South Africa) between 2012 Biotechnology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, and 2016 to ascertain the diversity of entomopathogenic nematodes in the area. Entomopathogenic South Africa nematodes are soil-dwelling microscopic worms with the ability to infect and kill insects, and thus serve as eco-friendly control agents for problem insects in agriculture. Steinernematids were recovered in 1 out CORRESPONDENCE TO: Tiisetso Lephoto of 80 soil samples from uncultivated grassland; soil was characterised as loamy. The entomopathogenic nematodes were identified using molecular and morphological techniques. The isolate was identified as EMAIL: Steinernema australe. This report is the first of Steinernema australe in South Africa. S. australe was first [email protected] isolated worldwide from a soil sample obtained from the beach on Isla Magdalena – an island in the Pacific DATES: Ocean, 2 km from mainland Chile. Received: 31 Jan. 2019 Revised: 21 May 2019 Significance: Accepted: 26 Aug. 2019 • Entomopathogenic nematodes are only parasitic to insects and are therefore important in agriculture Published: 27 Nov. 2019 as they can serve as eco-friendly biopesticides to control problem insects without effects on the environment, humans and other animals, unlike chemical pesticides. HOW TO CITE: Lephoto TE, Gray VM. First report of the isolation of entomopathogenic Introduction nematode Steinernema australe (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) Entomopathogenic nematodes are one of the most studied microscopic species of nematodes because of their from South Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Incorporating Genomics Into the Toolkit of Nematology
    Journal of Nematology 44(2):191–205. 2012. Ó The Society of Nematologists 2012. Incorporating Genomics into the Toolkit of Nematology 1 2 1,* ADLER R. DILLMAN, ALI MORTAZAVI, PAUL W. STERNBERG Abstract: The study of nematode genomes over the last three decades has relied heavily on the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, which remains the best-assembled and annotated metazoan genome. This is now changing as a rapidly expanding number of nematodes of medical and economic importance have been sequenced in recent years. The advent of sequencing technologies to achieve the equivalent of the $1000 human genome promises that every nematode genome of interest will eventually be sequenced at a reasonable cost. As the sequencing of species spanning the nematode phylum becomes a routine part of characterizing nematodes, the comparative approach and the increasing use of ecological context will help us to further understand the evolution and functional specializations of any given species by comparing its genome to that of other closely and more distantly related nematodes. We review the current state of nematode genomics and discuss some of the highlights that these genomes have revealed and the trend and benefits of ecological genomics, emphasizing the potential for new genomes and the exciting opportunities this provides for nematological studies. Key words: ecological genomics, evolution, genomics, nematodes, phylogenetics, proteomics, sequencing. Nematoda is one of the most expansive phyla docu- piece of knowledge we can currently obtain for any mented with free-living and parasitic species found in particular life form (Consortium, 1998). nearly every ecological niche(Yeates, 2004). Traditionally, As in many other fields of biology, the nematode C.
    [Show full text]
  • Fisher Vs. the Worms: Extraordinary Sex Ratios in Nematodes and the Mechanisms That Produce Them
    cells Review Fisher vs. the Worms: Extraordinary Sex Ratios in Nematodes and the Mechanisms that Produce Them Justin Van Goor 1,* , Diane C. Shakes 2 and Eric S. Haag 1 1 Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; [email protected] 2 Department of Biology, William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Parker, Baker, and Smith provided the first robust theory explaining why anisogamy evolves in parallel in multicellular organisms. Anisogamy sets the stage for the emergence of separate sexes, and for another phenomenon with which Parker is associated: sperm competition. In outcrossing taxa with separate sexes, Fisher proposed that the sex ratio will tend towards unity in large, randomly mating populations due to a fitness advantage that accrues in individuals of the rarer sex. This creates a vast excess of sperm over that required to fertilize all available eggs, and intense competition as a result. However, small, inbred populations can experience selection for skewed sex ratios. This is widely appreciated in haplodiploid organisms, in which females can control the sex ratio behaviorally. In this review, we discuss recent research in nematodes that has characterized the mechanisms underlying highly skewed sex ratios in fully diploid systems. These include self-fertile hermaphroditism and the adaptive elimination of sperm competition factors, facultative parthenogenesis, non-Mendelian meiotic oddities involving the sex chromosomes, and Citation: Van Goor, J.; Shakes, D.C.; Haag, E.S. Fisher vs. the Worms: environmental sex determination. By connecting sex ratio evolution and sperm biology in surprising Extraordinary Sex Ratios in ways, these phenomena link two “seminal” contributions of G.
    [Show full text]
  • Mole Crickets Scapteriscus Spp
    Mole Crickets Scapteriscus spp. Southern mole cricket, Scapteriscus borellii Tawny mole cricket, Scapteriscus vicinus DESCRIPTION OF INSECT All stages live in the soil and are rarely see on the surface. Immature stage Nymphs of both species are similar in appearance to adults, but lack wings. Nymphs proceed through 8-10 instars ranging in size from 0.2 to 1.25 inches in length. Each instar is progressively larger with wing buds apparent on later instars. Color varies from gray to brown. Pronotum (large shield behind head) with distinctive mottling or spots, depending on species and location. Mature stage Adults are somewhat cylindrically shaped, light colored crickets 1.26 to 1.38 inches in length. Adults have two pairs of wings, but only fly at night during two brief flight periods in fall and early spring. Spring flights are generally more extensive than fall flights. Damaging stage(s) Both nymphs and adults cause damage Predictive models (degree day, plant phenology, threat temperatures, other) Eggs being to hatch at threat temperatures of 65° F and higher (spring/early summer in most locations). Egg-laying and hatch timing are affected by soil moisture. Threat temperatures can be used to trigger preventive treatments. See the article, “Threat temperatures” for more information. Preventive treatments should be applied prior to egg-hatch (early June) or at the time of peak hatch (last week of June, first week of July in most years and locations). Weekly soap flushes in June and early July is the best method to determine when hatch is occurring, and the best time to treat.
    [Show full text]
  • Neoplectana Intermedia N. Sp. (Steinernematidae : Nematoda
    Neoaplectana intermedia n. sp. (Steinernematidae : Nematoda) from South Carolina George O. POINAR,Jr. Department of Entomological Sciences, University of Calqornia Berkeley, CA 94720, USA. ., SUMMARY Neoaplectana intennedia n. sp. (Steinemematidae : Nematoda) is described from South Carolina. Morphological, hybridization and DNA studies support the distinctnessof N. intennedia n. sp. in comparison with populations of N. carpocapsae, N. glaseri and N. bibionis. Diagnostic characters include the length ofthe infective stage juveniles, the shape of the spicules and gubernaculum and absence of a tail projectionin the male.The infective juveniles ofN. intennedia n. sp. carry a population theof symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus nematophilus in an intestinal “pouch?!. Thcse bacteria differ from those associated with ihe other three above- mentioned species ofNeoaplectana. The iife cycle is typically neoaplectanid with the infection initiated by infective stage juveniles and one or more parasitic generations occuring inside the insect. Monoxenic culturesN inremTedia of n. sp. have been established on artificial media. RÉSUMI? Neoaplectana intermedia n. sp. (Steinernematidae :Nenzatodu) provenant de Caroline du Sud) Neoapleetana intennedia n. sp. (Steinemematidae : Nematoda) provenant de Caroline du Sud est décrit. Les études concernant la morphologie, les croisements et le DNA prouvent l’originalitéde N. intennedia n. sp. vis à vis des populations deN. carpocapsae, N. glaseri et N. bibionis. Les caractères diagnostiques concernent la longueur des juvéniles infestants, la forme des spiculeset du gubernaculum et l’absencede projection terminale sur la queuedu mâle. Les juvéniles infestants N. de intennedian. sp. transportent une bactérie symbionte, Xenorhabdus nematophilus, dans une (( poche D intestinale. Cette bactérie differe de celles associées aux trois autres espèces de Neoaplectana citées plus haut.
    [Show full text]
  • Long-Term Mole Cricket Control on Horizon
    Long-term mole cricket control on horizon A nematode product patented for use by the University of Florida to provide long-term biological con- trol of turf-damaging mole crickets will be available next year from Becker Underwood. This product, known as Nematac S, will be cost-effective and highly beneficial for a wide range of consumers, from golf- course managers to ranchers. By Angela Brammer UF graduate student The parasitic nematode Stein- ernema scapterisci attacks only for- eign mole crickets — those that are most damaging to turfgrasses in the Southeast. The nematodes live in the soil and enter the mole cricket through openings in the body, such as the mouth or spiracles. Once in- side, they release bacteria that feed on the mole cricket, usually killing it within 48 hours. The nematodes feed on the bacteria and reproduce inside the mole cricket, and the next generation emerges to search for another host once it dies. Steinernema scapterisci spreads slowly on its own, mostly relying on University of Florida/Dr. K.B. Nguyen its host for dispersal. After infection, Steinernema scapterisci nematodes emerge from the body of a dead a mole cricket may fly up to a mile, tawny mole cricket. taking its parasitic nematodes along for the ride. Nematodes then emerge on insecticides to prevent such dam- Applying them just beneath the sur- into the new location once the host age. face provides some protection from cricket dies. Because of this, it may In the 1980s, University of Flor- desiccation and ultraviolet light. be possible to effectively cover an ida scientists imported the mole Surface distribution should be fol- area of mole cricket infestation by cricket nematode from South Amer- lowed by irrigation to help the applying the nematodes to the “hot ica.
    [Show full text]
  • New Trends in Entomopathogenic Nematode Systematics: Impact of Molecular Biology and Phylogenetic Reconstruction
    New Trends in Entomopathogenic Nematode Systematics: Impact of Molecular Biology and Phylogenetic Reconstruction S.P. Stock Department of Plant Pathology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A. Summary Assimilation of molecular approaches into entomopathogenic nema- tode (EPN) systematics has escalated dramatically in the last few years. Various molecular methods and markers have been used not only for diagnostic purposes, sorting out of cryptic species, populations and strains, but also to assess evolutionary relationships among these nematodes. In this presentation, the current state of affairs in the taxonomy of the EPN is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the application of molecular methods. A combined approach using traditional (morphology) and molecular methods is considered as an example to demonstrate the value of this integrated perspective to address key questions in the systemat- ics of this group of nematodes. Introduction Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are a ubiquitous group of ob- ligate and lethal parasites of insects. They are excellent and widely used biological control agents of many insect pests (Kaya & Gaugler, 1993). These nematodes are characterized by their ability to carry specific pathogenic bacteria, Xenorhabus for Steinernematidae and Photorhabdus with Heterorhabditidae, which are released into the hemocoel after penetration of the host has been attained by the infective stage of the nematode. Two EPN families are currently known: Steinernematidae Chitwood and Chitwood, 1937 and Heterorhabditidae Poinar, 1976. These fami- ©2002 by Monduzzi Editore S.p.A. MEDIMOND Inc. C804R9051 1 2 The Tenth International Congress of Parasitology lies are not closely related phylogenetically, but share life histories and morphological and ecological similarities throughout convergent evolu- tion (Poinar, 1993; Blaxter et al., 1998).
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) 1 Nastaran Tofangsazi, Steven P
    EENY-530 Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida: families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) 1 Nastaran Tofangsazi, Steven P. Arthurs, and Robin M. Giblin-Davis2 Introduction Entomopathogenic nematodes are soft bodied, non- segmented roundworms that are obligate or sometimes facultative parasites of insects. Entomopathogenic nema- todes occur naturally in soil environments and locate their host in response to carbon dioxide, vibration, and other chemical cues (Kaya and Gaugler 1993). Species in two families (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) have been effectively used as biological insecticides in pest man- agement programs (Grewal et al. 2005). Entomopathogenic nematodes fit nicely into integrated pest management, or IPM, programs because they are considered nontoxic to Figure 1. Infective juvenile stages of Steinernema carpocapsae clearly humans, relatively specific to their target pest(s), and can showing protective sheath formed by retaining the second stage be applied with standard pesticide equipment (Shapiro-Ilan cuticle. et al. 2006). Entomopathogenic nematodes have been Credits: James Kerrigan, UF/IFAS exempted from the US Environmental Protection Agency Life Cycle (EPA) pesticide registration. There is no need for personal protective equipment and re-entry restrictions. Insect The infective juvenile stage (IJ) is the only free living resistance problems are unlikely. stage of entomopathogenic nematodes. The juvenile stage penetrates the host insect via the spiracles, mouth, anus, or in some species through intersegmental membranes of the cuticle, and then enters into the hemocoel (Bedding and Molyneux 1982). Both Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are mutualistically associated with bacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively (Ferreira and 1. This document is EENY-530, one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension.
    [Show full text]
  • Olfaction Shapes Host–Parasite Interactions in Parasitic Nematodes
    Olfaction shapes host–parasite interactions in PNAS PLUS parasitic nematodes Adler R. Dillmana, Manon L. Guillerminb, Joon Ha Leeb, Brian Kima, Paul W. Sternberga,1, and Elissa A. Hallemb,1 aHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; and bDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Contributed by Paul W. Sternberg, July 9, 2012 (sent for review May 8, 2012) Many parasitic nematodes actively seek out hosts in which to host recognition (19). IJs then infect the host either by entering complete their lifecycles. Olfaction is thought to play an important through natural orifices or by penetrating through the insect role in the host-seeking process, with parasites following a chem- cuticle (20). Following infection, IJs release a bacterial endo- ical trail toward host-associated odors. However, little is known symbiont into the insect host and resume development (21–23). about the olfactory cues that attract parasitic nematodes to hosts The bacteria proliferate inside the insect, producing an arsenal or the behavioral responses these cues elicit. Moreover, what little of secondary metabolites that lead to rapid insect death and is known focuses on easily obtainable laboratory hosts rather digestion of insect tissues. The nematodes feed on the multi- than on natural or other ecologically relevant hosts. Here we in- plying bacteria and the liberated nutrients of broken-down in- vestigate the olfactory responses of six diverse species of ento- sect tissues. They reproduce in the cadaver until resources are mopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to seven ecologically relevant depleted, at which time new IJs form and disperse in search of potential invertebrate hosts, including one known natural host new hosts (24).
    [Show full text]
  • Nematodes As Biocontrol Agents This Page Intentionally Left Blank Nematodes As Biocontrol Agents
    Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents This page intentionally left blank Nematodes as Biocontrol Agents Edited by Parwinder S. Grewal Department of Entomology Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio USA Ralf-Udo Ehlers Department of Biotechnology and Biological Control Institute for Phytopathology Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Raisdorf Germany David I. Shapiro-Ilan United States Department of Agriculture Agriculture Research Service Southeastern Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, Byron, Georgia USA CABI Publishing CABI Publishing is a division of CAB International CABI Publishing CABI Publishing CAB International 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: þ44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: þ1 617 395 4056 Fax: þ44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: þ1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org ßCAB International 2005. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mech- anically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Nematodes as biocontrol agents / edited by Parwinder S. Grewal, Ralf- Udo Ehlers, David I. Shapiro-Ilan. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-85199-017-7 (alk. paper) 1. Nematoda as biological pest control agents. I. Grewal, Parwinder S. II. Ehlers, Ralf-Udo. III. Shaprio-Ilan, David I. SB976.N46N46 2005 632’.96–dc22 2004030022 ISBN 0 85199 0177 Typeset by SPI Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd., King’s Lynn This volume is dedicated to Dr Harry K.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogenic Nematodes for the Control of Gryllus Sp. (Orthoptera
    AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY / SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE DOI: 10.1590/1808‑1657000442017 Entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of Gryllus sp. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) under laboratory and field conditions Nematoides entomopatogênicos no controle de Gryllus sp. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) em condições de laboratório e campo Vanessa Andaló1* , Kellin Patrícia Rossati1, Fábio Janoni Carvalho1 , Jéssica Mieko1, Lucas Silva de Faria1 , Gleice Aparecida de Assis1 , Leonardo Rodrigues Barbosa2 ABSTRACT: Entomopathogenic nematodes are effective in RESUMO: Os nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) são eficazes controlling soil insects and they are used in agricultural systems. contra insetos de solo e têm sido usados em sistemas agrícolas. A ação The virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes on crickets de NEPs sobre grilos (Gryllus L.) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) foi avaliada (Gryllus L.) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) was evaluated under different em condições de laboratório e campo, a fim de selecionar populações conditions in order to select populations for application in the para aplicação em área de cultivo. Foram realizados testes de virulên- field. Virulence tests with Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC05, cia com Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC05, H. amazonensis MC01, H. amazonensis MC01, Steinernema carpocapsae All (Weiser) Steinernema carpocapsae All (Weiser) e H. amazonensis GL, assim como and H. amazonensis GL were performed. Evaluations were then verificadas a adequação da concentração de juvenis infectantes (100, made of the concentrations of infective juveniles (100, 200, 200, 400 e 600 juvenis infectantes por inseto) e a preferência alimen- 400 and 600 infective juveniles per insect); feeding preference tar sem chance de escolha e com chance de escolha, além do teste de with or without choice; and field tests using traps to evaluate campo utilizando armadilhas para amostragem dos insetos.
    [Show full text]
  • Biology and Control of Mole Crickets 3 the Area After Flushing Can Minimize Sun Scalding of the Turf
    ALABAMA A&M AND AUBURN UNIVERSITIES Biology and Control ANR-0176 of Mole Crickets Mole crickets have become the most destructive insect pest on turf and lawns in Gulf Coast states. Estimates of damage and replacement costs for turf and pastures in these states are in the millions of dollars annually. This review of the biology, ecology, and management of mole crickets is intended as a reference for homeowners, turf professionals, and local Extension agents. Pest Mole Crickets Brief History and Their Cousins of Mole Crickets The insect order Orthoptera in the United States includes crickets, grasshoppers, Scapteriscus mole crickets were and mole crickets. Within this not known to occur in North order, grasshoppers are a separate America before the early 1900s. subgroup from the field crickets Three species in the genus and mole crickets. Crickets (such Neoscapteriscus were introduced as the field cricket Gryllus spp.) near the Georgia and Florida are related to mole crickets but do border from South America. not live in soil. The short-winged mole cricket (N. Two families of crickets have abbreviatus) is the least known the common name of mole of these species. It is incapable of crickets. Pest mole crickets have Figure 1. The hearing organ on the mole flight due to its shortened wings, cricket is analogous to human ears. digging front legs and live most and it basically has established of their lives in soil, similar to only in Florida. Two additional the mammalian mole. Pygmy species, the tawny mole cricket forelegs that separate them from mole crickets, much smaller and (Neoscapteriscus vicinus) and the native species, which have four unrelated to pest mole crickets, the southern mole cricket claws.
    [Show full text]