U 8 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) latf This document hasbeen reproduced as received from the Person or organization originating it O Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality

Points of view or opinions stated in this docu- ment do not necessarily represent official OERI oosition or policy

DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION REPORT

198C/1-4

NoS. 64 -67

2 BEST COPYAVAILABLE U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Offce of Eaucationat Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document hes been reproduced as received from the person Of organization originating t. 0 Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction Quality

Points of view or opinions stated In this docu- ment do not necesSanly represent officio! OERI positionOfpolicy

DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION REPORT

198C/1-4

NoS. 64 -67

2 BEST COPYAVAILABLE Development Communication Report

1989/1 No 64 Scaling Down: Local Radio in India

by Shri K. Anjaneyulu India is a vast country. All India Local Radio in Practice Radio (AIR) is one of the biggest nation- Five years ago, for the first time in its Our broadcasting experiences gained at al radio networks in the world. India's history, All India Radio (AIR) ventured mto regional stations had to be supplemented regional stations themselves a; e huge- a new phase of broadcasting, experiment- by new procedures and, in some respects, often retaining two full-time orchestras ing with the concept of local radio stations new skills in programming and production on staff, for example It was India that AIR's first local station was established at techniques for local radio Many local mounted the SHE project, providing Nagercoil in the Kanyakuman District in educational television via satellite to radio programs are field-based. Besides Tamilnadu in October, 1984 The chal- extra resources such as transportation, ex- rural communities. Now, 1.'2 a remark- lenge facing the new' staff was to adapt ex. able turnaround, India is planning to tensive field work requires program establish up to 70 local radio stations. peruse gained in national broadcasting to producers to have physical endurance and Why? the needs of local radio This is the story of the intellectual qualities and attitudes how we met that challenge In our first article, Shri K An- necessary to establish rapport with lis- The .tea served by the local station at janyulu describes the establishment of teners. Producers need to know how to India's first local station at Nagercoil Nagercoil-Kanyakumari District is in the ex- conduct field work and need to be able to the southern Indian state of Tamil- treme south of Tamilnadu The area is es- play the role of participant-observer to nadu. Other articles in this issue look at sentially agricultui al and anal, although study the attitudes and culture of local local radio's benefits and limitations as the population has some urban influences. groups. a development communication strategy The District has a population of 17 lakhs-- Though small in number, the Nagercoil However, local radio's greatest asset as one lakh equals 50.000--and its 65% a development tool and the charac- Local Radio producers geared up to face literacy rate stands second only to the city the challenges posed by the first ever local teristic that sets it apart from other com- of Madras The area's contribution to the munication strategies may be that it is radio station in a very short period of time. enrichment of Tamil literature and culture- created, sustained, controlled and Staff were allowed to waive the audition managed by the people 11 serves ancient, medieval or modern -is significant rules, to deviate from the Fixed Point Chart- and substantial The region's customs and -a set of regulations and operating proce- habits, rituals and woiships, festivals and dures- -and to engage part-time comperes ceremonies, legends and myths, songs, and free-lancers for outside broadcasts, stories, and folk arts are those of a distinc- In this issue. . . reporting, editing and presentation Nager- tive, tradition-bearing culture. coil Radio's success was possible in part Scaling Down The Official View of Local Radio because of the latitudes of freedom al- Local Radio in India . lowed the station. Officia' guidelines on local radio state Local Radio for Development that since a local station serves a small Talking to the People Naha Na Baba .. .3 area, its aim should be "to r-ach right into We produced access programs, service Expectations for Local Radio, the heart of the community of people" it is programs, specific programs on family wel- Looking Beyond Immediate Impact 7 expected to serve. A local radio station fare, nation ntegration, communal har- Power to the People must be "flexible and spontaneous to mony, anc r programs with similar Not Just in Developing Countries 9 enable itself to function as the mouth- themes of -,cific and immediate Development Broadcasters on piece of the local communityIt should en- relevance to the people of the area We deavor to use its microphone to reflect and Development Broadcasting 11 talked to a wandering mendicant, a laborer enrich the life of the society Its progiams Videoletters 13 on a tea estate. a worker to a cashew-nut should satisfy the local aspirations of the The Windup 14 factory, a hand-cart puller. a domestic people whom the station serves. In short, Local Radio Hard Questions .16 maid, an employee in a remote health ser- local radio should idenufy itself so com- vice center, a milk vendor, a cobbler, a pletely with the interests of its local popula- tion that the heart of the people beats in (Conumwa on page 2) evert' pulse of the programs it broadcasts.

Supported by the Bureau for Science and Technology, Office of Education of the U.S. Agency for International Development (A?JANEYULU from page 1) people began to place on the local radio station at Nagercoil hair dresser, a tailor and a bus conductor. In spite of the various loans granted wap We covered a myth surrounding a local them at two important fishing coasts. a temple, the histories of a church and a group of fishermen wanted to abandon mosque, the stories of a poet and a scholar their surroundings and move to the Mutton and a sculptor, and details of a controversy Coast to fish The scramble for fish and between two rival groups of fishermen. All market facilities for the catches brought Development Communication of the programs had a direct bearing on them into direct conflict with other local Report the people's sense of belonging to their fishermen who had enjoyed fishing rights community. in that location for generations. The prob- lem was brought to the notice of the Development Communication Report,published Community Service. Broadcasts Government, but the solutions suggested quarterly by the Clearinghouse on Development Communication, has a circulation of over 6,000. Community service broadcasts were not acceptable to either group. Nager- The newsletter is available free of charge to provided opportunities to all development coil Local Radio interviewed the fishermen readers in the developing world, and at a charge agencies to broadcast matters of impor- on both sides and conveyed their view- of $10 00 per year to readers in industrialized tance to the local people. Information on countries. points to the local Fisheries Department. A topics such as the distribution of loans meeting was arranged between the rival A center for materials and information on important applications of communication under various schemes, the supply of com- groups, the government authorities and technology to development problems, the modities for daily needs, and various representatives from AIR-Nagercoil. Clearinghouse is operated by the Irstitutc for development activities was conveyed to Durnig the meeting, the misgivings of both International Research, in association with Creative Associates International, and supported the people through these broadcasts Ex- groups of fishermen were removed and a by the U.S. Agency for international tension agencies--such as the Social Wel- happy settlement reached. The entire story Development, Bureau for Science and fare Department, the Education of the feud and its resolution, A Meeting at Technology, Office of Education, as part of its Department, the Health and Family Wel- the Sea Coast, was then put on the air. program in educational technology and development communication. fare, and Fisheries Departmentsbanks, The views expressed inDevelopment and cooperatives became actively involved Communication Reportare those of the authors in the station's services. The following ex- Access Programs and not necessarily of its sponsors. Original amples show how service agencies and the Access programs have attracted broad material in the Report may be reproduced without people were linked for the first time prior permission provided that full credit is given participation from within the listening com- and that two copies of the reprint are sent to the through a channel of two-way communica- munity. The relaxation of strict audition for- Editor. tion. malities has gone a long way to bring Clearinghouse on Development When there was a public grievance promising artists, performers, talkers and Communication troupes to the station. There they exhibit 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, Suite 600 about a drainage facility, it was Arlington, VA 22209 USA presented on the air along with the their talent without fear or inhibition, even Tel. (703) 527-5546 reply from the concerned Municipal though for most of them this is their first at- Fax: (703) 527 -4661 Commissioner. tempt at broadcasting. More than 50 clubs 'Telex: 710-833-0320 IIRINC VA When the public faced problems in ob- or associations of children, youth and Michael Lai lin, Director women have participated in plays, short Desiree deGraeve, Editor taining essential commodities from Andre Roussel, Information Specialist Fair Price shops, their concerns were stories, songs, folk art forms, discussions, Stephen Mitchell, Librarian conveyed to the Civil Supplies Officer. dialogues, mimicry, choral music, percus- ISSN0192-1312 His reply, together v, ith the informa- sion, instrumental, classical and light music. tion on the remedial steps taken, was The first local radio station at Nagercoil presented to the listeners TheDevelopment Communication Report is has come to stay. Its vitality and vigor have produced using desk-top publishing under A I D When farmers faced problems posed opened up a new future for broadcasting contractA/DH115831-Z-00-8028-00 by prolonged drought, the local sta- throughout India. The freedom that it cf- tion aired information from the Farm fers to express the sentiments, emotions, and Home Unit on forage crops in ideas and views of its listening clientele drought conditions, water manage- have the potential to ultimately transform ment for paddy crops, how to save every local station into a People's Radio coconut trees in drought-affected Station. areas and plant protection for vegetables. Photographs on pages 6, 8, and 11 Shri K Anjaneyulu is Assistant Station appear courtesy of the Liberian Rural Mediating Between Local Factions Director at All India Radio, Nagerccil in Radio Network and USAID. The Our success did not depend on merely Tamilnadu. photographs on page 14 appear cour- winning the hearts of our listeners. It went tesy of William Mackie, for Institute for much farther than that. The local station's International Research. Copies are avail- role in resolving a feud between two rival able through the Clearinghouse on fishing groups reveals the confidence that Development Communication. 4

2 Development Communication Report1989/1 Local Radio for Development: Haba Na Haba

by Dennis Foote both the baseline and the post-test, in- Dery is a Kiswahili p,overb that dividual samples of approximately 200 says 'Raba na baba hujaba kibaba" or LRCN listenership is large. Fifty-five per- cent of those questioned by the inde- households were selected from each of the 'Little by little we fill the pot." This could three stations' broadcast areas. Respon- be the motto of community radio: tiny, pendent evaluation team listen daily, and dents were selected from men between 20 daily increments of development rather at least 80 percent listen several times a than national surges of activity. Local week. LRCN's popularity lies in three and 50 and women 15 to 50 years old radio stations dedicated to community aspects of its localness: first, the perspec- Data collection produced a pool of ap- development have unobtrusively served tives of the producers--as expressed in pro- proximately 640 respondents in me their audiences for many years: Radio gram content and the use of local baseline and 680 in the follow-up survey, San Gabriel--the voice of the Aymara- - languages - -is close to that of the listeners; equally divided between men and women. in Bolivia and Mahweli ComtnuniV second, LRCN's signal is stronger than its Measurement of the outcomes was Radio in Sri Lanka are just two ex- done by trained Liberian interviewers in amples. Now, All India Radio plans to competitors so that programs sound better; third, the stations' location up-country local languages. The questionnaire con- open 70 local stations. Is there any sisted primarily of coded self-report items bard evidence about local radio's effec- among listeners invokes a sense of tiveness to support this trend? We think mutuality that brings identification, assessing knowledge, information sources, so. credibility and affection between listeners attitudes, and behaviors. Questions for the follow-up study were kept virtually identi- This article highlights findings from and broadcasters. a recent impact evaluation of the The research confirmed tha: there was cal to pretest questions in order to main- Liberian Rural Communication Net- a high degree of access to radio among the tain strict comparability. Thus, evaluation workin January 1989, Dr. Dennis population. Overall, more than half the r ntent was determined at the time of the Foote and others of Applied Com- households had radios, with the level "before" measures. Choices about the con- munication Technology, Inc. completed rising to over three quarters among urban tent were based on stations' broadcast an independent impact evaluation of how,eholds. People were in the habit of lis- plans and included topics in agriculture, the Liberian Rural Communication Net- tening regularly. health and child survival issues, family work (LRCM. DCR has carried articles planning, and village organizations. about LRCN in pretdotts issues, but a LRCN stations quickly became the most short description of the network will listened-to stations in all three counties. Lis- serve to refresh readers' memories. tenership continued to increase during the LRCN is a network of three local 1986-1987 year of broadcasting until, by It is Christmas morning The local radio stations--ELRG, ELRZ, and ELRV-- the end of the year, 87 percent of those power company in Gbamga has not located in the Bong, Voinjama, and who listened to the radio at all reported lis- turned on the power. With constant Grand Gedeh counties of rural Liberia. tening at least przt of the time to LRCN sta- technical and fuel supply problems, this Total population for the region is es- tions. is not unusual. Operating on its own timated to be over 400,000. Each sta- tion broadcasts approximately 50 miles Evaluation Design generator, ELRG states on the air that, at least on Christmas Day, people should in up to six local languages. Develop- The LRCN evaluation's basic design ment of LRCN was funded by USAID have power. The power is switched on. measured changes in the knowledge and and the Government of Liberia. behaviors of the rural population. Since 1986, the stations have broad- Equivalent groups were sampled from cast development information and Health Programming each station's coverage area and measured education about health, nutrition, Health and child survival issues con- before and after the first year of broadcast- population, agriculture, and com- stituted a major focus of LRCN broadcast- ing. No separate control groups were used; munity developmcat. They also carry ing. The evaluation chose a range of health the outcomes were compared within news, entertainment, outside broad- topics from the broadcast plans, including casts of sports and local events, per- groups to see change over time and be- breastfeeding, immunization, oral rehydra- sonal and official messages, music tween groups to see the effect of the dif- tion therapy, and prenatal caic. Some of requests, and sponsored campaigns. ferent program mixes used by the stations. the healtn programs were produced by the Many development agencies--local, na- The target audience for most LRCN central production unit; others were local tional, and international--buy airtime broadcasts was male and/or female adults productions. Emphasis on a given topic and production services. Indeed, one within the station's broadcast radius. For station has already sold all of its avail- varied from station to station. able airtime for development program- Breastfeedrng. Within this topic area, ming. A summary of Dr. Foote's A street in Gbarnga. Children are the evaluation looked at the prevalence evafuation methodology and findings is playing traditional dancing and clap- and duration of breastfeeding, giving of presented here. ping games. They arc singing Popula- colostrum (the antibody-rich first milk), tion Growth is Everybody's Problem, an LRCN jingle. (Continued on page 4)

5 Development Communication Report1989/1 3 (FOOTE from page 3) stantially, there is little improvement in When ELRV celebrated its first an- ability to recall details of actual practice. niversary, the paramount and clan Family Planning. Family planning infor- and general knowledge. Breastfeeding chiefs organized their districts to come was virtually universal, with only one or mation was an important topic with broad into Voinjama A demonstration started general relevance. Questions asked in the two percent of children not being on the outskirts of town and began mar- breastfed. The average reported age of evaluation surveys covered assessment of ching toward the center. Schoolchildren population as a problem, knowledge weaning of the youngest child in- with banners, policemen with banners, creased by more than two months. This about the prevention of pregnancy, the local transport union, soldiers and availability of services, family planning is a very large change, particularly since individuals joined the march. The it seemed to have happened within one benefits and responsibilities, contact with taxidrivers and moneybus drivers centers, and sources of information. year; the best interpretation of the declared a day of celebration. No one change may be that women have A small but growing number of people could leave Voinjama. ELRV sold 300 felt that population growth might present learned they should breastfeed longer, audiocassettes of highlights from the rather than that women have changed problems for Liberia. Before the broad- year's radio broadcasts. $1500 was col- their behavior suddenly. About four out casts, 24 percent of the sample named at lected for the station. Celebrants least one problem population growth of five mothers give the colostrum; this declared the coming of their local sta- did not change over time. might cause. Afterward, 39 percent named tion as the biggest single event in their one or more problems, a significant in- Immunizations. The questions lives. about immunizations were intended to crease. People's basic awareness of the ex- measure knowledge about the reasons istence of family planning was high to for immunizing and the necessity for begin with--61 percent--and rose sig- multiple visits and for bringing the vac- and the type of treatment they gave for the nificantly to 76 percent after the broad- cination cards to the clinics. most recent episode of diarrhea among casts, with growth concentrated in those Knowledge about immunizations their children counties that put emphasis on the program showed statist.cally significant improve- Awareness that a home-mixed ORT ex- topic. Respondents who had heard of fami- ment. The number of respondents cor- isted rose from 30 to 50 percent during the ly planning were then asked if they had rect,y reporting that immunizations are year. Respondents who were aware of ever been to a family planning center. for the prevention of disease rose from ORT were asked what their source of About a quarter of them said yes, a level 72 to 84 percent. Correct responses on knowledge was, radio rose from 21 to 40 which did not change during the year. the necessity for multiple visits in- percent of the sample. The largest single A majority of people--58 percent--said creased even more, from 17 to 43 per- response category was still health workers, that they got their information about family cent. The awareness of the need to but this fell from 57 to 46 percent as the planning from the radio, with clinics being bring the "Road to Health" vaccination radio responses rose Detailed knowledge the next most frequently cited source. card when taking children in for im- about the solution was less well learned. When asked where they wot'ld turn for ad- munizations embed from 34 to 69 per- The proportion of people able to name ditional information, most said they would cent. These improvements can almost any of the ingredients rose only from 63 to go to a family planning center or health certainly be attributed to radio. When 69 percent. Most of that improvement clinic, radio as a source for more informa- asked where they got their information seems to have been among people who tion rated a stable six percent of responses. about vaccinations, the number had graduated from knowing no in- This is not surprising, given the sensitivity responding "clinic" actually went down- - gredients to knowing one. When it came and the complexity of the topic. It from 58 to 52 percent -while those to naming the quantity of each ingredient demonstrates both the value of radio for in- responding "radio" went up f.om five to needed, the situation was not encouraging troducing and supporting a topic, and the 28 percent. Of the four questions that asked about necessity for a parallel infrastructure to p^o- quantity, two items showed no change Oral Rehydration Therapy. In order (Continued on page 5) to assess changes related to oral over time, one went up and one went rehydration therapy (ORT), the ques- down. The type of treatment given for the tionnaire asked whether people had Two soldiers bang on the door of the heard of ORT, where they learned of it, latest episode of diarrhea among the household's children was recorded to ELRZ Station Manager's house. An an- determine behavioral change. The nouncement that the local military com- A clan chief is on trial in Zwedru for dominant response was Western medica- mander wants to broadcast has been extorting payments from local farmers tion", meaning the type of drugs one might turned down by the producer on duty before allowing them to slash and burn receive in a clinic or buy in a pharmacy. because the soldiers have not paid the a new plot to farm. The aggrieved About two thirds of cases were treated this required $5. The Station Manager con- farmers complain to the County Superin- way both before, and after the broadcasts. firms that everyone must pay for an- tendent. ELRZ broadcasts the hearing in dome-mixed ORT was mentioned third nouncements and offers to go with the English, with translation into the local after traditional remedies, and only ac- soldiers to the commander so he can language. The clan chief is found guilty counted for five to eight percent of the pay. They go. The commander pays his Jusce has not only been done, it has cases. These and other measures show that 85 with good grace. The Station been heard to be done. while basic awareness has gone up sub- Manager writes a receipt. 6

4 Development Communication Report1989/1 (FOOTE from page 4) citing radio as their information source 16 percent of the time before the broadcasts What is Local? and 59 percent afterward. Although inter- A Grebo woman disappears with a personal sources decline in importance for Cur definition of local is behavioral Krahn army officer It is widely believed initial awareness, they con'tnue to and descriptive and includes the follow- that she has been abducted. Other dominate as the place to turn for further in- ing elements: rumors abound, including that she has formation. Radio is cited by only eight per- been killed. A machete-wielding mob stations are physically close enough cent of Lofa County residents as the place descends on the County to the people they serve for listeners to get more information about fish farming to be able to visit. Actual distances Superintendent's house demanding that vary depending on season, terrain, the girl be produced. Just before Village Organizations the avai?bil:^, of local transporta- violence erupts, the girl is found. ELRZ Part of Liberia's development strategy tion, etc., flashes the news immediately, and fol- has been the establishment and support of lows up with an interview with the girl, stations have an open door policy local organizations to pror lote community- that encourages local people to defusing what might have been a based involvement in the development visit; producers rountinely leave the violent encounter. process. The evaluation emphasized two station to talk directly with listeners; types of village organizations- Village formal structures, such as program vide more complex instruction and inter- Development Councils and Parent-Teacher advisory groups and listening personal support. Associations. While these organizations groups allow local people to regular- might occur in any of the communities in !: express their views on program Agriculture the study, only Grand Gedeh County content; Two topics were chosen from the planned to make community organizations stations do not limit their activities broadcast plans to represent the agricul- a priority broadcast topic. to broadcasting only; they organize turally-oriented programming from the sta- Village Development Councils Overall events and community activities that tions. In Bong County, the station cznied awareness of Villagr Development Coun- make the stations an integral and ex- citing part of local life; programs about the County Agricultural Re- cils (VDCs) showed a substantial gain search Institute (CARI), promoting name during the year, from 42 to 62 percent. Local means listeners identify with recognition and knowledge about what This occurred in spite of a significant and their station. Listenership figures and CARI does. In Lofa County, the stations car- difficult-to-explain drop in the rural respon- preferences, listeners' willingness to ried programs about fish farming, telling lis- dents who reported a VDC in their com- help raise money for the station, and lis- teners about its benefits, giving them munity Among those who were aware of tener tumour at station-organized events information about where to locate a fish VDCs and lived in rural areas, a surprising- are just some of the way to measure lis- pond, and telling them where to go for ly high number reported having been in- tener support. help if they wanted to build a fish pond of volved in VDC activities--60 percent before their own. and 64 percent after the year of broadcast- County Agricultural Research Institute. ing (not a significant difference) cent of the respondents. In general, most Overall awareness of CARI rosc significant- The depth of knowledge increased con- of the improvements were seen in all the ly as a result of the broadcasts, from 39 to siderably, before the broadcasts 74 percent counties, but the strongest effects were 50 percent. All of the increase was con- could name one or more benefits of seen in Grand Gcdeh, w here the topics centrated in the rural areas, which had having a VDC, while after the broadcasts, were a priority For examp' ., within Grand much lower initial levels of awareness--21 91 percent could name one or more Radio Gedeh, the proportion citing radio as a percent before to 38 percent of respon- played the central role in disseminating source of information was 81 percent, sig- dents after. There was no change in the al- this information When asked in the follow- nificantly higher than the other counties. ready high awareness levels in the towns up survey about the sources o' their infor- This supports the conclusion that the adjacent to the Institute itself -74 percent mation about VDCs, radio was the most broadcasts have had a strong effect in that to 71 percent, not a significant difference frequently cited source, named by 61 per- county Radio was the information source most fre- Parent Teacher Associations (PTAs) quently cited by rural residents. This pat- The reported sources of information again An old man comes into ELRV to com- show radio playing an important role tern of results suggests that the broadcasts plain about the explicit nature of helped overcome Radio was mentioned as a source of infor- .oblem of informa- programs on family planning. It is offen- mation about PTAs by 46 percent of the tion availability to rural people and sive to him to hear private functions and respondents--nearly as high as for teachers reduced the gap between the urban and anatomical pans such as uterus dis- and school administrators. However, rural sectors. cussed on the radio. The producer con- within Grand Gedeh where radio program- Fish Ponds. Awareness of fish ponds in- venes a focus group to review the ming gave priority to information on com- creased significantly, rising from about a approach taken by the programs, and quarter of Lofa County respondents before munity organizations, 75 percent the field assistant plays the program at the broadcasts to about a half after the mentioned it as a source of information on Village Listening Groups to get their PTAs. broadcasts. Radio emerged as a major infor- guidance and suggestions for better mation source for people in Lofa County, ways to present the topic. with those who knew about fish ponds (Continued on page 6)

o".1

Development Communication Report1989/1 5 munication. Radio inputs may need to be its ability to redress that imbalance. This is MAR10ETING more carefully orchestrated with the ac- a unique advantage of development com- DEVEL^PMENT r. A DIO tivities of existing organizations, such as munication systems agricultural extension or family planning In a remarkably short period of time, Three factors were crucial to the suc- centers. LRCN has established itself as the preferred cessful marketing and promotion of Finally, the evaluation encountered radio station in its broadcast areas. LRCN's LRCN to development agencies: repeated instances where the effect of the Impact on listeners' knowledge and be- 1. Statistical data from the Ministry of broadcasts reduced the differential be- havior has been greater--and has hap- Health showing the effectiveness of tween urban and rural segments of the pened faster--than original expectation:. local radio were gathered whenever pos- audience. Normally, rural areas are disad- The evidence is clear and strong. LRCN sible for example, there was a 300% in- vantaged, LRCN has begun to demonstrate radio broadcasts have caused significant crease in the number of immunizations changes in many of the depend- through LRCN involvement and a fall in ent variables examined by the the unit cost of immunization from evaluation From this perspective, $4.50 to $0.90. This information was LRCN has been an unequivocal used as persuasive evidence to convince success. potential clients of LRCN's impact. 2. Promotion and marketing were or- ganized to be effective. A full-time Com- munity Relations Coordinator was Dr. Dennis R. Foote is appointed. Special promotional President of Applied Corn- pamphlets, fliers and a video were munication Technology in epared. A list of possible clients was Menlo Park, California. A developed, contracts drawn up, and a copy of the LRCN evaluation follow-up visit schedule -taintained. and other materials describ- 3. The Community Relations Coor- A ing the program, including a dinator was trained in negotiation tech- videotape and sample niques and observed how sales and audiotapes of bioadcasts, are marketing is handled by commercial available through the and nonprofit radio stations in the U.S. Clearinghouse. He then passed these principles on to field assistants at the local stations.

The Voice of Choice: Sustaining Local Radio

(FOOTE from page 5) If local radio stations are unlikely to receive financial suppol, from central governments, how can radio stations build support from their communities? Generalizations Recruiting Volunteers Half of the production staff at LRCN stations are volunteers. The evidence that has emerged ahout Young, unemployed volunteers can learn new skills and often become paid the impact of the LRCN stations is consis- employees as vacancies arise in the system. tent and supports several generalizations Changes have been strongest in the Offering Competitive Airtime Fees Local radio reaches a smaller audience than na- areas of awareness, knowledge, and at- tional systems, this means local stations charge less for airtime. For development titude. Far less evidence exists to measure agencies and other clients, it's a better deal since local radio also "reaches the right market changes in behavior. There are three pos- sibie explanations for this result, all three Hustling Station staff can build and sustain community support by visiting potential of which may be simultaneously valid clients first, instead of waiting for them to come to the station. Staff should explain First, a year may be too short a time to ex- the ways local radio can help their clients get their message across. When talking to pect major behavioral changes as a result clients, local radio stations should sell opportunities, not dwell on funding or other problems. of this type of intervention, but that be- havioral changes will accumula.c over Bewming IndispL nsable. Local stations become the yoke of choice for local leaders, time. Second, programming may not yet extension serl ices, clinics and hospitals They gain listener loyalty and support by be focussing in explicit, prescriptive terms staging local events, covering local news and spurts. sponsoring contests with prizes on manageable units of action and may donated by local merchants, and broadcasting birth and death announcements need to be redirected to support small, By learning how to tap and rely on community support from the start, local stations also concrete steps listeners can take by them- have a better chance of surviving and gruyYing user the lur,6 term, CS en if government selves. Third, some types of behavioral funding is limited. change may require greater concurrent in- frastructure support from available services or need complementary interpersonal cum MillaMEN=MMIk

6 Development Communication Report198911 Expectations for Local Radio: $1000 RADIO STATION Village radio stations vary in cost Looking Beyond Immediate Impact from less than $1000 to more than $10,000. The stronger the signal--and by Richard Burke Radio producers can do two things with the further it reaches--the higher the the information they gather: they can cost. A typical mini AM or FM station Development is a widely participatory refine it, summarize the most important ranges between $200 and $2,000. A process of social change in a society, in- $1,000 station features a four-channel tended to bring about both social and concerns, and forward it from the com- material advancement (including greater munity to the appropriate development mixer, two microphones and mike equality, freedom, and other value agency, government office or private or- stand, a D.C. servo turntable with extra qualities) for the majority of the people ganization for further action, and, at the stylus and cartridge, headphones, and through their gaining greater control over same time, they can re-shape the informa- four interchangeable portable cassette their environment tion into program materials to benefit the recorders for both field and studio use. Everett M Rogers community. Programs can be on a wide The cost of the studio package can be variety of subjects, of any length and as little as $385. The transmitter, tuning Expectations of Broadcasting broadcasted any number of times. Mes- unit and antenna can be bc,ight for According to Everen M. Rogers, sages can be of general interest to the com- about $375 for either a three-watt AM development should bring about social munity, or they can be the means of package or one-half watt FM system and mateiial change. If this is so, what can informing families in a distant village that a capable of covering ten kms. A solar we expect community- radio to accomplish relative in another village is sick or dying power supply costing $240 and includ- to help meet this goal? Announcements can deal with market ing a 30-watt photovoltaic panel, bat- First, a community radio station has an prices and weather wamint, or simply tery and wiring, maintains the station obligation to act in concert with the nation- with birthday, wedding or anniversary on the air for up to four hours a day. A al broadcasting service. If the national ser- greetings from one person to another. In more elaborate village radio station vice can't reach everyone in the country, countries with few telephones, irregular might cost $2,000, including $1,000 in then it is up to community radio stations to postal service and often impassable roads, studio equipment and a similar amount gather national development programs community radio can serve as an all-pur- for a 20-watt AM transmission package and messages and transmit them to the pose means of communication. transmitter, antenna and tuner capable people who might not hear them any other Third, radio producers should make it of radiating 1-to-30 kms or more, way. Even if the national service reaches abundantly clear to members of the com- depending on frequency, terrain and in- every part of the country, community radio munity that the station does not belong ex- terference conditions. can still localize national development clusively to the radio staff. The radio Cable Radio Systems. Another programming. Localization may mean station exists to give the community its type of system, employing leaky broadcasting in one or more languages, or own voice, or, as Robert White, a well- coaxial cable" instead of a radiating an- more important, it may meal', re- interpret- known communications scholar puts it. tenna, requires an additional $5,000 per ing messages to suit local needs and condi- "Local stations with alert management and mile for the cable. More expensive and tions, for example, when the traveling good contacts with popular organizations complex to set-up, a compact village vaccination team will ae visiting the com- know how to spot peasant or worker ac- communication system serving 100 munity, what prices are being paid in local tions with social c' ange significance, seek households that includes studio, trans- markets for coffee, beans and bananas, or out the people involved, encourage them mitter, cable, AM receiver in each where to go to register your child for the to speak out, and most important, train rep- home, and electric power, can be put first day of school. resentatives to use radio effectively. " together for about $6,000. The radio sig- Second, the manager and producers of Fourth, the community radio station nal and power for the receivers are sent a community radio station should spend a can be the means of getting development through a cable going to every dwell- large part of each week talking with organizations to take off "sectoral ing. A central power supply charges a people in the communities they serve - -not blinders" Quite often, a community radio heavy-duty, 100 ampthour battery to just to the mayor, village leaders, and station will have an advisory board or a power the station and all the receivers. prominent business people--but to small community council whose members um- Despite its complzxity, such a system farmers, school children, young parents, cally include the agricultural extension does overcome two of the greatest and to people whose ideas are sometimes agent, the public health worker and the obstacles to community radio in iso- considered unpopular or impractical- -day teacher of adult education, among others lated areas: As these development specialists par laborers, out-of-school and unemployed 1) that radio receivers are unevenly youth and others on the fringe of develop- ticipate in helping the radio station decide distributed; and ment activities. The radio staff should try to what kinds of programming to produce, find out what concerns all of the people, they cannot help but realize that in- 2) that the majority of the sets in a community lack batteries. what problems they face daily, and what dividuals don't live their lives in "sectors". kinds of information they need to make better sense of their lives. (Continued on page 8) -Dean Stephens

9 Development Communication Report1989/1 7 (Burke from page 7) or agriculture office with a specific request ment with the programs, campaigns and for assistance or a specific proposal for objectives of broadcasting, then it is not un- Their lives are complex mixtures of v1/4 ants community improvement? reasonable to assume C.-La community and needs, and des elopment agencies can Demanding Better Public Services radio is a significant and valuable coa- be more effective by responding to the Have the national ministries in the capital tributor to social change and cornunity community in a more integrated and holis- cities received letters or visits from mem- development. tic manner. bers of the community in which they ex- Finally, a cautio..ary note Radio people press complaints about the quality of Note The reference on development are generally optimistic about the role they services they have been receiving? from EN erett Rogers is from an article can play in promoting development. It is called "Communication and Development. tempting for them to think that if they pour The Passing of the Dominant Paradigm" enough information into a community, ...this often leads to the published in Communication Research , devclop:nei 111 take place. There are, ultimate question in Vrlume three, Number two, April, 1976 however, ma-.1e- elopment probi -ms development The reference by Robert White is from that cam, _ :-Ived simply by added his article "Communication Strategies for ar wants of Lilo ination Experienced radio communication: "So what?" Social Change. National Television versus staffs must le.rr how to orde: information Local Public Radio" published in World ident, y problems that require Communications. A Handbook edited by Using Existing Government Services other kinds of a outs, and avoid problems George Gerbner and Marsha Siefert (New Have families in the community responded that, because of constraints on resources, York and London. Longman, 1984). to specific short-term campaigns that are not possible to solve at the present promoted infant vaccination, the accep- time. tance of free fish to stock a home fish Dr. Richard Burke teache^ development pond, or some other tangible benefit) communication at Indiana University. He Measurement of Long-term Change has worked in Latin America, Africa and Cooperating Across Sectors. Have If we eect community radio to be the Middle East. regional development offices which nor- responsive to the community it serves, to mally operate on a sectoral basis par- develop productive linkages with develop- ticipated in cooperative projects where ment agencies, and to establish a com- sectoral lines are diminished or abolished? munity voice, how can we find out Cooperating with Other Communities. whether or not community radio is in fact Have two or more communities gotten contributing to long-term development) together to improve a road, repair a I am not talking about system features bridge, or exchange services? of radio, i.e. the number of listeners Strengthening Mutual Assistance. Have reached, the number of programs small farmers started to form marketing produced and so forth Nor am I con- cooperatives so they can sell their products cerned in this article with measurement of at fair prices) Are the cooperatives provid- information acquisition - -i.e. what mes- ing higher incomes for their members? sages people recall, and how long they What Role Does Local Radio Play? In retain the messages. These are obviously what ways do local people use radio to important questions, but often lead to the promote all the above? Does local radio ultimate question in development com- take a leading role in identifying issues munication: "So what)" What does com- and exploring local solutions? munity radio contribute to long-term development? How can you measure the Summary degree of participation? Level of self-suf- These are just a few of the questions we ficiency? Amount of individual and com- can ask about activities associated with munity self-reliance? Amount of long-term community development. It improvement in the quality of life) should be possible to get the answers to Traditional methods of audience re- some of these questions through inter- search may not be appropriate to measure views and observation, but evaluators the structural impact of community radio. must be patient. Some of these changes We may need a different set of criteria and take place after communities have a different set of measuring tools. Let us developed a sense of confidence and self- look then, at some of lie questions that direction. An accelerated pace of develop- can be asked about community radio's ment may not be evident in the short term. structural impact. Taking the Initiative. How many times Finally, community radio is rot a sole, or even a main causal agent of change. But have individuals, small groups or elected if you car connect ad,arices in community representatives of the community taken participation, social and material a ivance- the initiative to approach a regional health ment, and greater control over the :.nviron- 1 0

Covelopment Communication Report1989/1 :..1.1"

Principles into Practicel

and needs of the village. The issues were neither technical nor financial, since inex- Power to the People: Not Just in pensive, relatively simple hardware and technology existed (see SI000Radio Sta- Developing Countries tion)The real challenge was philosophi- cal and structural There are thousands of local radio stations worldwide, many of them tiny one- or two- This is still the thallenge not only in person commercial station operating within equally tiny geographical areas. This pattern Third World countries, but in the First is repeated in many Latin American countries and in many towns of the rural United Work, as well Local radio 'is being success- States. Generally speaking these stations copy the urban sound and the values of national fully used in North, Central and South broadcasting networks. Dean Stephens discusses a style of local radio that voices, reflects America to preserve language and cultural and celebrates the sound of the people. values, to educate, and to stimulate and promote community development Tiny stations- -some licensed, some not- - by Dean Stephens timeto promote patent medicines, baby have proliferated in isolated villages in The invention of the transistor made products and soft drinks Many of these Alaska and northern Canada. These minia- radio receivers available almost universal- products are highly inappropriate for the ture communication centers cater to local ly. But who participates in the messages needs and diets of the poor Packaged music tastes, feature news of community radio broadcasts? Who owns and controls entertainment originates in cities Native interest, and serve as clearinghouses for it? And what is it uses, for? languages are often swept away, and in- messages ranging from medical emergen- By and large, each of these three ques- digenous cultures either belittled or ig- cies to greetings and chatter. Many are to- tions has the same answer. A small group nored. tally voluntary in nature, operating from of owners or civil servants determines Even radio dedimed to development stores and other public gathering places as what Neill be broadcast to listeners who are has suffered from these maladies, as urban well as private homes. In both areas, spe- often the rural poor in villages all over the government officials or well-meaning cial laws make it possible to obtain a world. Commercial interests purchase air- foreign development professionals license for low-power community broad- planned strategies and messages designed caFting: Class 10-watt educational FM trans- to market deelopment to the masses. As mitters are permitted by the FCC in Alaska, campaigns stuttered, often failing to and new license categories have been es- achieve the hopes of the professionals, tablished in Canada. In several areas, vil- two schools of thought emerged. One lages are even linked by satellite(DCR 36). school said, "Let's try to do the same things Wataway "northern lights" is a com- betterResearch techniques were im- munity development network of and for proved, multimedia strategies developed, 20,000 indian people living in 40 isolated and lessons about product marketing ap- reserves an settlements in northern On- plied. The other school said, "Well, maybe tario. The Wataway Native Communica- we are the problem. Rural people are tions Society began in 1973 to help neither faceless masses nor ignorant of indigenous people in the region to goals for theirowndevelopment Words "del,elop their coirununaies according to likeaccess, participation,andself-manage- their own culture, beliefs and vision of the mentcame into vogue, and greater efforts future". In addition to providing two-way were made to involve rural people in radio communication services, pi eparing a development. monthly newspaper and producing native As it turned out, involving rural people language programming for the Canadian required some pretty radical thinking Par- Broadc isting Corporation (CAC), Wataway ticipation in well digging was one thing, has assisted 23 communities to set up vil- running a radio station quite another lage radio stations using 1/2-watt transmit- Radio was traditionally an aloof ters to broadcast local news, weather and medium, a one-way transmission of profes- music in the Indian language sional-sounding programs from studios in Wataway assists with personnel training an urban centerAccessmeant taking radio and equipment maintenance, while local to the people through taped interviews or community council F provide human and live outside broadcasts. But this was at best material resources for the stations and a sporadic process, creating little real par- come togettia in regional conferences to ticipation and less local control of the discuss programming, funding. cultural medium How could radio really open its preservation and other items of mutual in- doors to the community and truly serve its terest. needs? In Porcupine Butte, South Dakota, The onswer was that radio had to be- Milo Yellow Hair awakens the Sioux each come a local institution in each com- munity. Radio had to be scaled to the size (Continued on page 10)

Development Cu'millionReport1989/1 9 riorbsciplesinto Practice

(STEPHENSfrom page9) tions through the participation of in- and tenant associations, environmentalists digenous communities around Puno(DCR and community colleges. To maintain ac- morning N nth theIV (*aimShowliterally 48), and a program called inginetndes (rest- cess, each group must broadcast at least "to warm yon. up " The broadcasts are in lessness) serf es as a communication outlet once a week. Community groups combine Lakota, and the station is KILL FM, voice of for thepueblos jovenes(grow mg wban to build the stations, then share the the Sioux nation Not all village stations are areas) in Arequipa (9CR52). tiny this one radiates 100,000 watts from Free-forum village radio is appearing In Japan, thousands of mini-FM com- the Pine Ridge lnuian Resezvation to Sioux one form or another all UN er the globe. munity stations began broadcasting after a listeners scattered over hundreds of miles Examples in the United States include the man named Tetsuo Kogawa noticed that Besides Lakota--the language of the Pacifica group and the old "Krab nebula" Japanese lass allowed very low-power Oglala, the largest Sioux tribe programs of open-access station's KRAB Seattle, transmissions wallow a license in 1981. originate in English Only 60,000 people KBOO Portland, KDNA St Louis, KTAO Setagaya MaMa is one of the hundred or so speak Lakota, but the station is teaching it Los Gatos, and KCHU Dallas Founder stations remaining Located in a middle- to many more youngstets and non Indians Lorenzo Wilson Milan published a delight- class area in South Tokyo, Sctagaya in neighboring communities Other ful . )1Iection of essays called77.ie Radio MaMa s village is a community of 10,000 or programs includeRumor Control, which Papers(Mho & Mho Works. San Diego) on more located within one kilometer of the gives voice to the week's newsmakers and the life and times of the nebula. 1/10 w att transmitter. The station's studio troublemakers, Swapshop, a radio trading "KDNA was fearless and magical. It is an open microphone in a small store post, job announcements, and music from returned the community to the radio which serves as health bar and gathering lock 'n roll to traditional songs and drum- studio, it opened its doors to the poets, place for neighbors. ming taped by station staff and musicians, and political freaks--the dis- possessed and longing who had been in their seedy rooms too long, waiting for ...stations of and for the Radio has traditionally been someone to come along and spring them people of each community an aloof medium, a from their isolaton KDNA was radio have achieved immense one-way transmission of reversing itself asking that the people who lived in a city bring the city into the radio popularity and acceptance. professional-sounding station, and cascade it out to the far programs from studios in an reaches of men's minds and t1' s: horizon .. At its best, KDNA could count on 200 Sometimes just background noises are urban center. people a week who volunteered around on the air; during other occasions, the the hard-core of a dozen or so who made store might be filled with community mem- bers who have rushed there to take part in Public broadcasting station KILI is the the station work They created the words some neighborhood issue. "Come in and electronic cultural connection of the Sioux, and ideas and feelings that came out of the talk" radio serves a centripetal function, cnly 6% of whom have telephones. Radios hot-house on Olive Street We could hard- bringing people together who are other- everywhere are tuned to the station for 18 ly believe our cars. wise isolated by urban systems and by con- hours per day. "We are not alternative "Community radio, . means that there ventional, one-way centrifugal media. radio," says a station manager Hobart is--or should be--a hole in the dial for us to Radio Baha'i stations arc a part of in- Yankton. "we are the radio stuff our words or musics into. Most of the Most of the digenous community life in Africa and station's 20 announcers are volunteers, holes have gone: into the hands of the North and South America. Local people air working 'there for love and gasoline moneymcisters who sell our ears at cost- programs in local languages, music of the money. KI1.1, founded by the American In- per-thousand to those who want to sell culture, news of interest to the region, and dian Movement, operates independently of their wares to us..." Milan's village radio is educational and spiritual fare pertinent to ti ibal control, but tries to respond to both "the experience of direct communication the needs and holistic development of the tribal officials and the general audience. with our villages of the mind, and it is listeners as numan beings. DCR has fea- Yellow Hair plays traditional songs that called 'community-access free-forum tured several articles on Radio Baha'i he has recorded at dances, gatherings and radio'" (pp. 109-110). Such stations often Ecuador (40, 42, 44), as well as one on the in people's homes, sometimes in honor of operate from listener contributions use of appropriate technology and alterna- a veteran or an exceptional student. "You received in funding drives, from subscrip- tive energy in the facilities (58). These sta- can't see them, but they are out there stand- tions, auctions and similar sources. tions, of and for the people of each ing up. I keep an image in my head of an All over Europe, low-powerradios community, have achieved immense older man., like my grandfather, sharing Ores(free radios) have sprung up to give popularity and acceptance. All are non- someone's sorrow, playing music and ownership as well as access to local com- commercial, with volunteer and semi- making someone's life wiser." munity members. In Sweden,"nar"(neigh- volunteei staff, and look principally to the In South America, indigenous sta- borhood) stations covering about two and Baha'i community for operating revenue. tions range from thebocinas one-half square miles have been (loudspeakers) of the plazas and markets authorized.Narradio is strictly non-com- in Peru toradio inineros(miner's radios) mercial, operated and programmed by in Bolivia. In Peru, Catholic-sponsored such diverse groups as labor unions, politi- Radio Oizda Azul(Radio Blue Wave) func- cal parties, religicus organizations, sports (Continued on page 11) clubs, art and cultural societies, consumer 12

10 Development Communication Report1989/1 Principles into Practice

(Stephens from page 10) The Future In Fail River, Massachusetts, two prima -v school teachers are preparing classroom village radio projects centered around wireless microphones which cost less than $8 with batteries. Although sold as toys, these "micro-power stations" can nevertheless broadcast across a room on a desired frequency on the FM band, help ing bilingual Portuguese- and Cambediin- American kindergarten students learn English and adjust to a new culture while retaining the traditions of the old. Another group of 8-to-12-year-old spe- cial needs children will broadcast from the class station to develop self-confidence and learn communication skills. In Canada, one community media enttepreneur has Development Broadcasters on asked why every school in the country should not have a station of its own Development Broadcasting Similar village radio projects have been proposed for communities of people in nursing homes, terminal care hospi:al wards and prisons. The uses of this non- How do you select development pro- licensed broadcast form are limited only A recent FAO publication, Com- grim ideas? by the imagination. munication for Rural Development, Many conventional radio systems can said, "It has been estimated that less What techniques have you found than 5percent of broadcasting hours in work best for development radio be sealed down to village size: indigenous the Third World are devoted to educa- broadcasting? populations might have a station in each tional purposes - -as distinct fmm enter- community, joining together to form net- tainment and propoganda." In this What distinguishes development broadcasting from the programs you works and multi-community roundtables article, Heidi Schaeffer talked to made before? from time to time. Very isolated com- producers from India and Indonesia munities, no matter how small and poor, who f,re making development programs Selecting Program Ideas could benefit from low-cost village radio for n-dio. At Bandung, in Indonesia, radio In fact, the technology exists to not only The strategies discussed by develop- producers visit villages to research pro- power a village station from the sun, wind ment broadcasters here give a strong gram ideas. Then these ideas are or a small stream, but to extend this power se, ve of central personnel visiting local, developed in cooperation with a local ad- to the community as well: to light a plaza, rural communities. The speakers repre- visory counc.i for development programs. street, school or center, or to provide low- sent the Development Broadcasting Units (DBUs) of centralized systems that "Ideas are selected that are in keeping voltage D.C. energy to a radio receiver in are attempting to reflect the concerns of with government programs but producers every home. rural listeners. The program develop- keep their ears open in the villages and are As this article goes to press, the govern- ment urategies they describe convey the always prepared to gather information on ments of several countries are studying the nature of development broadcasting as a new topic that has emerged from a vil- possibilities for grassroots development it is practiced in most countries. lage visit communication using village radio. Inex- pensive and appropriate, these people- Ella Nurmaela Judadibrata, RRI Ban- powered, community-sized tools are about Compiled by Heidi Schaeffer dung to make their debut. A workshop was held in January 1989 Not all programs are planned in ad- in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, for broad- vance as part of a broader development Director of the Vanguard Trust, K. casters who are producing development agenda Development communicators also Dean Stephens is currently Professor of programs. The regional workshop brought deal with immediate issues that are impor- Development Communication at the Amoz together radio producers from Develop- tant to their constituents Mr R P Meena Gibson Center in Puerto Rico. Stephens has ment Broadcasting Units (DBUs) in three from Kota described hew the development designed and installed AM, FM and countries -- India, Indonesia and Papua of a program at his DBU grew out of a shortwave Balia7 radio stations on three newspaper article. continents. He is preparing A Village New Guinea--to share their experience, producing development programs. We "One day I saw an article in the Radio Owner's Manual for worldwide newspaper about one village, Naya Gaon, distribution later this year. recorded their responses to three ques- tions: (Continued on rage 12) 33

Development Communication Report1989/1 11 Principles into Practice

(SCHAEFFERfrom page 11) Sudiman Bonaparte. RRI Bandung was being spent on planning and research for DBU programming, than on regular where village people were suffering from Strategies for Development programming the Guinea Worm disease. I went there Broadcasting "In our development broadcasts, we and saw that 60 percent of people in the In order to make development select a problem and we work on that village were suffering I spoke to the Vil- programs, one has to be very clear about problem for a longer period than with lage Headman, who told me that no treat- planning. You have to think a lot about the routine broadcasting." ment facilities were available in the village. topics you choose for your programs. You M P. Modi They felt that no one bothered ahout their have to ensure that the length of the pro- helpless situation. I recorded all these This leadsto more narrowly focused ob- gram and the time it is aired serves the tar- jectives for broadcasts and a more clearly problems and came back to Kota. get audience." "I contacted Dr. B.K. Sharma, Deputy defined target audience than is customary Ella NurmaelaJudadibrata in general broadcasting. Chief Medical Officer and played back the recorded interview of the villagers. Dr. "(Producers) must evaluate the When asked what additional advice they would give to broadcasters who are Sharma and his medical team went to the programs after they have been aired to en- just beginning to produce development village. The villagers told him that they get sure that the programs have reached the programming, the DBU producers sug- water from the village well. Dr. Sharma target audience or, if not, then how they found that there were steps so anybody can make the programs more interesting gested a number of essentials could go in the well. Patients of Gu: lea so that people can get information out of They must involve themselves very well with the problems of the people. Worm were going down into the well easi- the programs." People must feel that these producers are ly 71 thus caused infection. Dadang Romansyab, RRI Bandung well wishers ... These people are very "Dr. Sharma suggested to the villagers The producers also discussed methods close to us. Then they will be able to tell that they use only hand pump water for for involving the community in their broad- everything about their problems. Only drinking purposes. They put disinfectant casts. Girish Vemia of the Kota DBU finds then can the producers produce a good powder in the well and insTucted the vil- that giving the tape recorder to the vil- program " lagers not to use this well ,vater for drink- lagers and allowing them to make their ing. He suggested that th;., well water be own recording is a good way to encourage :4. P. Mod: used for irrigation purposes. After some people's participation. Since working with time, I again went to the village and I saw the Kota DBU, M.P. Modi has changed his Heidi Schaeffer is the Project Assistant that the steps of the well were covered and interview style to encourage more par- on the Project for Broadcasting in Develop- people were using only hand pump water ticipation. He uses what is essentially a ment based at Ryerson International "I recorded a program, and we got recorded and edited focus group techni- Development Centre in Toronto. many letters from the listeners. que. "After six months, I again went to Naya "Before, I used the traditional question Goan and the people of the village told me and answer style. Now I prefer conversa- that nobody was now suffering from the tions with two or three people where I Guinea Worm disease. I prepared a follow keep the recorder on and we talk together Project for Broadcasting up program also." ... When the time is right you direct the in Development R.P. Meena, AIR Kota conversation to a specific subject." Program ideas often lead to program ac- M.P. Modi The Asia-Pacific Project for Broadcast- tion by the producer. Development broad- In Indonesia, getting people's participa- ing in Development is a five-year project casters are often more than just tion can he more difficult. As government designed to build capacity to implement commentators. Like Meena, Sudiman representatives, producers cannot freely and carry out development broadcasting Bonaparte played the role of middl::man go to a village and people will not neces- in the Asia-Pacific region The project is between village and development agency. sarily talk openly with them about based on a partnership between All India "We went to visit a village lis- problems Radio; Doordarshan TV; The Papua New tener/viewer group and by chance I came In approaching a village, we try to Guinea National Broadcasting Commis- across a woman who makes key chains merge with the people so that when we sion; Radio Republic Indonesia and TV from left-over materials she obtains from a come back for recording we will be ac- Republic Indonesia; as well as The Asia nearby chopstick factory. I asked the cepted by the community and no longer Pacific Institute for Broadcasting Develop- woman about how she makes the key be strangers... so that they are more free ment, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and The cr:ains and what problems she faces. She to speak with us." Ryerson International Development Centre, Toronto, Canada. Funding for the told me the big3est problem is getting a Sudiman Bonaparte loan to market the key chains. I then con- project is provided by the Canadian Inter- tacted the Indonesian business women's as- From Broadcaster to Devel Jpment national Development Agency. sociation and other organizations on how Broadcaster Readers interested in more informa- tion should contact: Project for Broadcast- she could obtain a loan... And the story be- Producers compared their current work ing in Development, Asia-Pacific Institute came the success story of how a woman at Development Broadcasting Units with for Broadcasting Development, P.O. Box makes income at her home and the their former jobs as regular broadcasters. 1137, Pantai, 9700 Kuala Lumpur, Problems that must be overcome." They agreed that considerably more time Malaysia. 14

12 Development Communication Report1989/1 tion (WIF) set up a small communication larger community during Saturday night Video letters project. The project's three main objective! movie screenings in Tamghat. After .hat, were :1) to strengthen communication be the women from Ramghat produced tween PCRW and the Village; 2) to videoletters on deforesm,ion, the PCRW strengthen communication between the vil- program, health and irrigation. Local radio for deve;opment is the lage and Kathmandu, and 3) to develop WIF provided additional educational focus of this DCR, but radio isn't the educational materials for village use. films for screenings on Saturday nights and only communication channel open to Twelve women from Ramghat par- for smaller screenings organized by each local people. In this feature, Claire ticipated in the first training session. Using Burkrl describes vIdeoletters and 11- woman for her ward. Short instructional luarates bow Nepalese women bave video, the project's participants learned films produced by the women on topics used video to effect positwe change in how to establish better dialogue between such as fertilizing methods or livestock their communities. PCRW beneficiaries and implementors. feeding were also shown. Each woman The women learned how to assemble two would arrange for the time and place of camcorders, perform simple maintenance, the screening, borrow the camera and by Claire Burkert and conduct interviews. They had to list monitor, and lead fellow ward-members in In remote villages of Nepal, illiterate and prioritize their needs, draw up practi a question and answer period following women have been trained to produce cal, possible solutions, and discuss how to the film. short, videotaped messages or videoletters best use video to convey their messages. In July 1986. eight months after the to communicate village needs and realities project began, the Ramghat women went to Kathmandu for three days to discuss the to development policymakers, planners ...it convinced the group and project implementors. In many cases, needs presented on the videos with offi- these letters have been answered with tan- that they were legitimate cials. This trip marked a watershed for the gible, productive results. In other cases, representatives of thdr project since it convinced the group that the replies have given the senders a better they were legitimate representatives of understanding of the obstacles facing their community; they didn't their community and didn't need videos c: needs in the capital, Kathmandu. These need videos or cameras to cameras to voice their concerns. videoletters have reduced the communica- voice their concerns. Next, the program was extended to the tion gap between villagers and cents: village of Uttarganga. The Ramghat produc- authorities. They have also helped women tion team took the lead in training the in Nepal learn how they can play an essen- In the first video the group produced, novices from Uttarganga. The Uttarganga tial role in the development of their com- each woman spoke directly to the camera, women were very quick to learn from munities. recording their first videoletter to the women who had similar backgrounds and Women in Nepal are the mainstay of project sponsors. The letter had an irninedi- experiences. The second group began to the country's rural economy. Womcn fetch ate result. One of the producers, a woman shoot interviews throughout the village water, search for fodder and fuel, look with a harsh voice, was shocked to see her- that were then shown during informal after the livestock, work in the fields, cook, self sounding angry when she meant to be workshops in Uttarganga. From these care for the children and often generate in- giving thanks. The woman softened her workshops, the women gained the con- come in market economies. Women often voice and her attitude, and as a conse- fidence to put forth their ideas and have devote eleven hours a day to work--three quence, the whole group grew more begun to participate in local political meet- to four more hours per day than the cohes.ve. ings, traditionally an all-male domain. average Nepalese man. Few Nepalese Because the women are illiterate, the Ii was clear that the project's initial aim women attend village meetings or serve as letters were shot without formal scripts. was met Two-way communication had members of local committees, therefore, Each letter's objective was discussed been established between villages and the they must normally rely on men to act on before shooting. For the first session, the central government and between villages their behalf within Nepal's legal and narration and editing were performed in and local agencies. Furthermore, as governmental systems. Kathmandu. In the second training session, evidence(' by their active participation In the village of Ramghat in the Surkhet the editing machine was brought to Ram- during their trip to Kathmandu, the women district in mid-western Nepal, women's ghat to help the women gain a clearer un- had learned to voice their needs without isolation from decision-making processes derstanding of the editing process so they the aid of a camera. is compounded. Many of the men have left could maximize their use of film tune. As Subhadra Belbase, WIF Program the region to look for work. However, the In the second session, the women Director, said to the women, It is your per- Ministry of nanchayat and Local Develop- decided to focus on legal issues. They sonal growth that has taken place and your ment runs a Production Credit to Rural began to record a series of interviews with growth as a group that really matters That Women (PCRW) project in Ranighat that women who had been mistreated by their growth has been the greatest achievement helps women start income-generating busi- husbands or who wanted to get divorced of this project. nesses. But because communication be- and needed legal advice. The video I tween Ramghat and Kathmandu was documenting their cases was sent to the Claire Burkert is a free-lance writer difficult, support for the project threatened Women's Legal Services Project in Kath- who has lived and worked in Nepal for the to be withdrawn. fo help the women of mandu. They returned taped solutions. past three years She writes about women Ramghat, Worldview International Founda- The videoletters were also shown to the and development and development com- munication issues. 15 Development Communication Report1989/1 13 connected to an external speaker through The Wind-up Revolution? the built-in headphone/speaker jack. It does require a bit of practice to turn the generator handle at the correct speed, but this is not critical for voice playback. by William Mackie size and the level of audio output limit its Even music can be reproduced with A frequent complaint from rural radio suitability for group listening The unit has reasonable fidelity by an operator with a listeners in developing countries is that bat- a telescoping rod antenna and a jack for steady hand. teries for their radios are either unavail- using headphones or an external speaker Cassettes can be rewound with the gen- able, too expensive, or of inferior quality. The Dynamo comes with a power erator crank by turning them over and slid- The lack of batteries can seriously limit the adapter to operate the radio from a wall ing back the playback head. The unit is impact of development campaigns built outlet and for charging the battery It takes monophonic and weighs two pounds and around the use of radio. roughly 12 hours to fully charge the bat- four ounces. It is about the size of a stand- In Malawi, for example, the Malawi tery with the adapter. The radio operates ard portable cassette recorder. The Tape- Broadcasting Corporation covers ap- continuously at a moderate volume level Talk costs $27 in the United States. Tests proximately 85% of the country, but rural for more than 72 hours when fully on both units were conducted by the In- listenership was estimated at only 14% in a charged. stitute for International Research (IIR) as 1984 survey. This is a The Dynamo's part of the A.I.D.-funded Communications tragic loss to the unique feature, Support Project. country's develop- however, is its ment efforts since built-in generator. William E. Mackie is a Media Produc- MBC broadcasts a It operates by turn - tion Specialist from Austin, Texas. lie bas wide range of ing the radio's worked in Malawi, Liberia, Botswana, and development-oriented crank at a rate of Nigeria as a radio producer, writer, direc- radio programs. 120 revolutions per tor, manager and educator. The inability of minute. Tests many people to afford reveal that the radio will operate For more information on the Dynamo batteries is one reason Radio or the TalkTape cassette player, given for low listener- for approximately contact: ship. In Malawi, a, set two hours after of four batteries costs about 10 minutes Dynamo Radio more than five dol- of cranking, depending upon the listening volume. In B-N-Genius lars, a major investment for Nople living 22121 Crystal Creek Blvd. S.E. in a country whose annual per capita in- practice, one simply turns the generator crank when the radio stops playing. The Bothell, Washington 98021 USA come is less than $150. This cost becomes USS44.95 plus delivery even more prohibitive when several sets of longer you crank, the longer the radio will operate. batteries would be required to a operate a T.'peTalk Cassette Player radio for one year. Also, fresh batteries are The retail cost of the Dynamo radio in the United States is $44.95. It is supplied Recording Products not always available in rural areas. These 800 East Main Street constraints also limit with an AC adapt- er/charger and an Santa Paula, California 93060 USA the use of audio cas- USS27.00 plus delivery sette players. One extra flashlight solution is to use bulb that is stored radios and cassette inside the radio's players that don't plastic case. The Communicating about need battery power nickel-cadmium and that are easily battery is also the Environment replaceable. The recharged. The Clearinghouse is looking for The Dynamo radio is manufac- tured in the samples of development communica- radio, available from tion materials on the environment. We B-N-Genius, contains People's Republic of China. would especially appreciate copies of a nickel-cadmium bat- comic strips, photonovelas and tery that can be The TapeTalk cassette player, materials developed specifically for charged from a wall children and adolescents. Please send outlet or by cranking a built-in generator. available from Recording Products, con- tains no battery at all. It is operated by a materials to: Mr. Jim Dunn, Clearing- The radio receives AM and FM and also house on Development Communica- has a built-in flashlight. The Dynamo is built-in generator which powers the unit as long as the crank is tut ...ed. This sturdy tion, 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, Suite reasonably sensitive and selective and has 600, Arlington, Virginia, 22209 USA. good tone quality for a radio of its size unit is a play-only device with amazingly (about 7" x 5" x 3.). However, the speaker good tone and ample volume for listening by relatively large groups, especially when 16 14 Development Communication Report 1989/1 Yes, but ...

(YES, BUT ...frompage 16) cheaper per person and more effective. therefore makes sense to promote informa- Governments tend to think in national tion systems that reach local people with In countries whcrc cx,:nsion scrviccs terms cvcn when they- acknowledge that maximum effiLienLy, thea itis possibleto are breaking down under the weight of in- most development takes place at a local make a strong case for local radio creasing costs and diminishing resources, level. If planners believe that national radio is it may make sense to integrate some staff less expensive and less risky than local and operational costs into the local radio radio, and that it is doing an adequate com- systemprovid'ng it remains localIf this ...the amortization of basic munication job, then they will perpetuate kind of integration were practiced by communication service costs the status quo. several sectors, the amortization of basic across sectors could realize communication service costs across the Since 1972, Michael Laflin has worked sectors could realize substantial economies substantial economies and in Kenya, Kuwait and Liberia in radio and improved effectiveness. improved effectiveness. production and media systems planning )1,- What It Costs to Run a Local Radio and management. He is currently Direaor Station.To keep a station on the air every of the Clearinghouse on Development Com- day with local news bulletins, at least four Benefits of Local Radio.Given that local munication. hours daily of development programs, and radio stations constitute an extra cost to music to fill in the rest of the airtime, a aevelopment, what extra benefits can the station needs a well-qualified manager, a system provide? Dennis Foote's evaluation secretary/bookkeeper, a program director, demonstrates that local radio can be an New Books about six full-time producers, the same effective channel to disseminate The Mass Media and Village Life(1989) number of volunteers, and two technicians information and education, but it should by Paul Hartmann, B.R. Patil and Anita to maintain u., equipment. Commercial operate in conjunction with other systems Dighe is an assessment of the potential stations often have more Radio's key benefits were found to be: contributions of communication media to _ lesmen--operating on a commission that local radio closes the knowledge development--What, again?? basis to sell airtime and bring in gap between urban and listeners; This book offers unusual details and in- revenues--than producers to make that although local radio is perceived sights into the role communication plays in programs. Development broadcasting the social processes that bear on develop- should bear this in mind since as a new primary source of informa- tion and knowledge, people still want ment. These fascinating case studies con- governments rarely provide complete and need traditional face-to-face sour- ducted in five Indian villages provide both support. Salaries are likely to be at least ces, such as extension agents, teachers qualitative and quantitative data and track half of the operating costs, producers in or clinics, to answer follow-up ques- the way that communication--like any government systems generally earning the tions; and other development process -is affected by same as extension agents and teachers. that local radioradically increasesthe class structures. It concludes that locally- Other direct costs include electrical use of existing development services. based rather than centralized strategies for power, transportion for producers, honoria communication show the most promise of and talent fees, equipment replacement Administrative Issues success.Mass Mediais part of a series on and spare part funds, research costs, and >- Local Radio and Nervous communication and human values. Avail- marketing costs. Administrators.If a local station is part of a able from Sage Publications, 2111 West wider system, it will require an Hillcrest Drive, Newbury Park, California, Communication Strategy Issues uncomfortable degree of autonomy to be 91320, USA (in New Delhi: Sage Publica- ID-National vs. Local Radio as a effective. Decentralized systems worry tions, M 32 Greater Kailash Market I, New Development Tool.Where they have administrators because remote locations Delhi 110 048; in London: Sage Publica- operzted, local radio stations have are difficult to monitor and control. Local tions, 28 Banner Street, London EC1Y generally been more popular than stations identify with local populations 8QE). USa14.00 paperback; US$28.00 national systems. As accounts in this DCR more than with central institutions. Their hardcover, plus shipping. have shown, given the opportunity, staff work early in the morning and late at Audiocraft: An Introduction to the Tools communities have valued and supported night when their audience is listening and Techniques of Audio Productionby local radio stations with an enthusiasm rather than usual office hours. These Randy Thom is an indispensable guide for unknown to national systems. differences in ethos and practice demand anyone interested in radio. The 1989 edi- Nevertheless, governments in most unusual tolerance on the part of those at tion explains the basic concepts of audio countries support the broadcasting system the center. Central administrators may production from the principles of sound to that provides them with nationwide simply say: who needs these problems? the production of full scale documentaries coverage before funding local systems, and concert recordings. Explanations of regardless of listener preferences. They Conclusion: Is Iracal Radio Worth All technical subjects are clear and easy to un- believe that national radio systems can the Trouble? derstand. Available from the National supply developmert information, but on a If investors in development conclude Federation of Community Broadcasters, larger scale. If a local campaign is good, a that a) the locus of development activity is 1314 14th Street, NW, Washington, DC national campaign is better.It reaches essentially agricultural and therefore rural, 20005 USA. Telephone: ,202) 797-8911. more people, and therefore is both local and probably remote, and that b) it US$22.00 plus shipping. 17 Development Communication Report 1989/1 15 Yes, but

low man on the symbolism totem pale to fund radio systems also create immobile Local Radio: until it is recognized as a sign of the extension services and absentee teachers. growing sophistication of a country's array In economically constrained countries, Hard Questions of media. field extension staff are usually under- > Urban vs. Rural Expenditures By local trained and poorly motivated. Information we mean rural radio stations broadcasting and knowledge just do not reach tne By Michael Latin perhaps fifty miles at the most. If a people who need them most. Local radio Local radio may be an effertiv?, way, government is faced with distributit: is one of the most efficient ways we know even the most effective way, to reach rural scarce resources among several rural to bridge the gap. people with information for better health, districts or to a single large urban center, What it Costs to Start a Local Radio to mobilize community action and resour- the latter decision is easier to take First, Station. Dean Stephens proposes a system ces, or to promote sales of fertilizer, but urban constituencies are more that costs $1000, assuming a building is who supports it? There are two primary consolidated and powerful Second, :t may available. Religious stations all over the professional groups who could act as advo- not be possible to satisfy all rural districts, world are constructed fora fraction of the cates. broadcasters and development agen- and uncomfortable choices may have to be 8250,000 spent on each LRCN station in des. Broadcasters' careers are bound up in m and justified. Liberia. This author has seen pirate radio national broadcasting systems, not in the Ideology Governments regard national stations in Ireland built in derelict houses backwaters of local radio. Development unity and integration as a priority and equipped for a few thousand dollars. agencies disseminate both information and Legitimization of local languages and A realistic figure would be about $100,000 services, and support their own extension identities often seem destructive to that to install a station that accords to generally services, clinics and schools. In some end. For this very reason, Nicaragua closed accepted professional standards, in an countries, local communities and private down the Miskito station and Kurdish is an existing building, equipped with new voluntary organizations may be outlawed language in Turkey. Most recording equipment, a 10 KW transmitter, proponents. If we asked development com- governments sustain, control and protect airconditioning, and a generator. municators--who rely heavily on broadcast- national broadcasting systems at the But here two caveats apply. First, local ing to jet their messages across--to cite expense of local radio stations unless there conditions -i.e. mountains, available fre- five key communication stategies or tech- is a conscious policy to promote the quencies, iron ore in the ground--will af- nologes, would local radio services be on expression of local opinion and to fect transmission of the signal and may the list? mobilize local communities. require higher towers, booster stations or We can say local radio costs less than )1,- Local Radio as a Security Risk. The larger transmitters Second, assumptions traditional means of development com- safest radio station is securely locked up in about future funds to buy spare parts, munication, such as extension, but nation- the capital city It can be protected from routine maintenance practices, and operat- al mass media are even cheaper and offer coup attempts and easily monitored. Local ing conditions- -dust, heat, sudden electri- greater coverage. And we can point out radio is remote, difficult to secure, and cal surges, power outages--dictate whether the fact that local radio is multisectoral. But might be saying anything especially when one invests in the best and most durable if we do, we risk losing the support of the it broadcw,..s in local languages." So the equipment--which is expensive--or powerful agricultural, health, and popula argument goes Certainly, insurrectionists whether one buys something else. tion constituencies that sponsor systems in try to control broadcasting, but they Training needs and costs vary accord- their own sectors. usually target national stations, not a series ing to the number of people to be trained, So, who will pay for local radio? What of little stations that broadcast for only a their skills, general education on entry to a will it cost? What benefits will it accrue? few miles. On a daily basis, the content program, training objectives, and whether Let's consider the issues. and flow of information generally reflect the broadcasting system is new or well-es- the ownership of the station and the tablished. Policy Issues prevailing political ethos of the country. Radio stations of any kind do not just >Broadcasting as a Symbol of Modernity. appear on the dial and draw an audience. Broadcasting is a symbol of national Cost Issues Start-up costs should include marketing ac- development status, like a national aitline. s- Local Radio as an Expensive Add-on In tivities just as commercial radio stations do. A country with television is considered some of the poorest countries, a lack of Radio has three cost features that make more advanced than one with only radio, operating funds has silenced even national it competitive: broadcasting systems for days at a time. In color television is better than it requires relatively few staff com- monochrome. Empirical data says radio is others, governments essentially divest pared to alternative systems; more cost-effective for most development themselves of radio stations by instructing purposes. But, governments want stations to generate increasing proportions it puts out so many hours of program- ming that, even with a relatively small television services, regardless of the cost of of their budgets from ainime sales. Many government broadcasting systems are local audience and modest audience programming. Governments respond to share, the number of listener hours the fact that people like pictures with their inefficient, underfunded and wasteful. per year is massive; and sound. Audiences the world over prefer Why add to the mess? television to radio. If there is money to be The irony is that the poorest countries its costs can be amortized across all sectors. spent, local radio stations are not going to stand to gain the most from local radio. be the first choice. Local radio will remain The same conditions that make it difficult 18 (Continued on page 15)

16 Development Communication Report1989/1 AIM, Wild]Wag1%01 ILelleurnrros " WVIt . sranatorgioos inn R a....,,Wort

1989 / 2 No. 65 Grassroots Communication: Lessons From a Tree-Planting Campaign by Philip Decker To date, the Taller has experimented within a group stimulates dialogue and in- Tijuana is Mexico's boom town Urban with an array of media tools--newsletters, vestigation among the participants about planning hasn't kept pace with population flyers, pamphlets, plays, videos, photo-al- the community's strengths and weak- nesses, problems and resources. Com- growth. Residents must organize themsel- bums, photo-murals--and integrated them ves into neighborhood associations to pres- all into various community development munity members who work with the Taller sure government authorities and to projects. All the Taller's media works are enjoy greater self-esteem and feelings of promote self-help development efforts to created by members of the local com- responsibility for the community The crea- meet basic needs such as land tenency, munity The impact of the Taller's work tive process serves as an effective organiz- ing approach for community mobilization housing, electricity, water, schools, parks, can be seen in the effect that its products sewage systems, cultural activities, trash have had on the audiences that read or and acts as a catalyst for forming commit- collection, health care and economic view them For example, more people join tees for collective action. This article con- the housing project and first aid classes centrates on one of the Taller's security. One of these neighborhood associa- thanks to the awareness the Taller's projects -using a photo-mural to promote a tions, CUCUTAC (Comae Union de pamphlets and newsletters generate But tree-planting campaign Colon:as Unidas de hjuana, Asociacion the Taller's impact is also seen in the Civil) represents more than 5,000 families process of creating the materials Creating (Continued on page 3) from a dozen of Tijuana's poor neighbor- hoods. In the summer of 1988, the largest neighborhood, "El Flondo," formed a Biological Wealth and Human Poverty: grassroots communications workshop-- A Tragic Embrace? Taller de Comunicacion Popular -to produce media works that would comple- by H. Jeffrey Leonard and Katrina Eadie Brandon ment community development projects. The cumulative actions of humankind partial factors Within the next century, are contributing to gradual and inex- the greenhouse effect--increased con- orable global ecological changes that centrations in the atmosphere of carbon In this issue . . . could profoundly alter life on Earth and dioxide plus trace gases such as methane the liveability of the planet. Water pollu- and nitrous oxide -could lead to a global Grassroots Communication tion, toxic industrial waste, ocean con- climate warmer than any experienced in Lessons from A Tree-Planting Campaign 1 tamination and acid rain are a few human history. Biologial W-alth and Human Poverty examples of serious problems recurring Despite increasing scientific evidence A Tragic Embrace? 1 around the globe Three global ecological about the imminence of climatic changes, Population and Environment trends are particularly foreboding much uncertainty still exists about the A Global Repor . . 5 regional and local consequences of Television for the Environment in India 7 * the warming of the Earth's climate due to human activities, global warming. We may see widespread Environmental Education: alterations in rainfall which will affect A Fast-Growing Field in Latin America 8 the diminution of the Earth's pool of agricultural practices, cause rises in sea Pesticide Communication genetic resources; and levels and threaten the survival of plant in the Cotton Fields of Nicaragua 10 the declining productivity of much of and animal species These changes Reporting on the Environment 13 the Earth's arable land would necessarily affect the economies Resources for Climate Change Scientists now wide and societies of developed and develop- Environmental Communicators 14 ly acknowledge the prospect of global ing countries alike and scientists and What's New, What's Coming climate change. The continued burning policy-makers are just beginning to con- Environmental Communication. of fossil fuels, release of chemicals that New Roles, Hard Choices ...... 20 destroy atmospheric ozone and large (Continued on page 2) scale clearing of tropical forests are all 19 Supported by the Bureau for Science and Technology, Office of Education of the U.S. Agency for International Development land degradation and significant releases (LEONARD & BRANDON from page 1) of carbon dioxide that exacerbate global template possible responses to their long- climatic changes Industrial pollution not term consequences. only threatens human health, but also adds Development Communication Loss of Biological Diversity. Report An es- a variety of greenhouse gases to the atmos- timated 7.5 million hectares of tropical phere and has been linked to the death of Development Communication Report, fores: are cut down each year in develop- forests and to reductions in agricultural published quarterly by the Cleannghou w on ing countries and the pace is increasing productivity. In turn, climate change could Development Communication, has a The second global ecological threat is the lead to at celerated species extinction and circulation of over 7,000 The newsletter is loss of genetic resources ca ased by the cut- diminished productive capacity of many available free of charge to readers in the ting and burning of the Earth's rich tropical agricultural regions. developing world and at a charge of $10.00 forests that house up to three-quarters of per year to readers in industrialized countries the species found on the planet. The irony The Importance for Developing A center for matenals and information on of this genetic destruction, says socio- Countries important ar plications of communication biologist E.0 Wilson, is that scientists still Developing countries account for vir- technology to development problems, the do not know the true number of species tually all of the remaining tropical forests Clearinghouse is operated by the Institute for on Earth because so many plants and in- that contain most of the Earth's genetic International Research, in association with sects retrain undiscovered and un- Creative Associates Intem2uonal and resources. They will also experience the supported by the U.S. Agency for catalogued. greatest population increases. Many International Development, Bureau for developing countries are poised to under- Science and Technology, Office of Education, ... go rapid industrial development. And it is as part of its program in educational developing countries are in the developing countries that the most technology and development communication still in the early stages of spectacular incidents of large-scale land The views expressed inDevelopment aggressive national degradation on the planet are now found. Communication Reportare those of the The Worldwatch Institute has pointed out authors and not necessarily of its sponsors campaigns to industrialize... that in developing countries "human pover- Original material in the Report may be ty and biological wealth seem locked in a reproduced without prior permission tragic embrace." provided that full credit is given and that two Degradation of Productive LandSoil While deforestation and chemical emis- copies of the reprint are sent to the Editor erosion, salinization and other forms of sions arc turning downward in the in land degradation are often perceived as Clearinghouse on Development dustrialized nations, developing countries Communication less urgent than other ecological threats to are still in the early stages of aggressive na- 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, Suitt 600 the planet. However, the pervasiveness of tional campaigns to industrialize and Arlington, VA 22209 USA soil erosion and its endurance despite develop their territories Thus, while they Telephone: (703) 527-5546 major interventions in some countries sup- are not the major contributors of green- Fax: (703) 527-4661 port ecologist Vaclav Smil's view that "soil Telex: 710-833-0320 MIMIC VA house gases to the Earth's atmosphere erosion, rather than climate changes, must today, their share will increase as in- Michael Lallin, Director rank as the world's leading global environ- mental worry." dustrialization grows and as the clearing of Desiree deGraeve, Editor tropical forests accelerates. Rapid, fossil Andre Roussel, Information Specialist In contrast to climate change or biologi- fuel-dependent development and con- Stephen Mitchell, Librarian cal diversity, the consequences of tinued forest clearing among the newly in- ISSNO192-1312 worldwide loss of productive land are dif- dustrialized countries such as India, Brazil, ficult to measure at the global level. Some The Nigeria and Indonesia could add sig- Development Communication Reportis estimatfs suggest that of all the hectares of produced using desk-top publishing under nificantly to global carbon emissions. For tropical rain forest cleared and converted A.I.D. contract #DHR-5831-Z-00-8028-00. these and other reasons the cooperation of to agriculture each year, one-third to one- half will show a fertility decline greater developing nations will become crucial to concerted worldwide efforts to slow than 50% within three years. And the FAO climate change, preserve biological diver- r estimates that without long-term conserva- sity and maintain the Earth's productive F/FRED wants you tion measures, erosion threatens 544 mil- soils. The Forestry,Tuelwood Research lion hectares of cropland in developing countries. and Development (F/FRED) Project is I Dr H Jeffrey Leonard is Vice President interested in learning about organiza- Responding to these global changes of the Worla Wildlife Fund and the Conser- tions that produce agroforestry videos, will be the greatest ecological challengeto vation Foundation. Dr. Katrina Bache filmstrips and other audiovisual training humankind in the 21st century Although Brandon is an Associate for Agriculture materials. Contact. Norma Adams, climate change, loss of biodiversiiy and and Rural Development at the World F/FRED Project Editor, Winrock Interna- degradation of productive land can be ex Wildlife Fund and the Conservation Foun- dation tional, 1611 North Kent Street, Suite 600, pressed as separate missions, in reality Arlington, VA 22209 USA. Telephone: they are inseparable. Destruction of tropi- (703) 525-9430. cal forests contributes to the impoverish- ment of the Earth's biological diversity, 1 20

2 Development Communication Report1989/2 costly and scarce water El Florido resi- do Areas Verdes" (Put Lungs into Your (DECKER from page 1) dents must pay for household water, Community by Creating Green Areas) The Promoting Tree-planting stihich is delivered by truck to each photo-mural was then stapled to the bul- In one part of Tijuana, the neighbor- family's plastic barrel. Drinking water is letin board in the marketplace during a hood name "El Flondo" represents a hope, bought in large bottles The water used to Sunday morning community meeting The not a reality. El Florid() is not very "flondo" wash clothes, dishes and people is usually group set up a table next to the photo- (in bloom). On the contrary, although the thrown into the yard or the street But used mural and invited children to draw pic- soil is fertile, El Flondo winds through dry, water can irni,ic plants To illustrate, we tures of what their neighborhood would look like if there were more tree,. gardens bald, desert hills. Nonetheless, the soil is took a photograph of a man washing fertile. One of El Hondo's plywood and clothes with his garden visible beneath the and flowers The drawings were tacked up cardboard homes stood out from the rest, wash basin. Then we took a close-up of a to frame the mural Alejandro and her It had a nice garden with several small, watermelon in his garden Finally, we tool.. neighbors also stood by to explain the healthy trees, rows of medicinal herbs, a photo of the man eatin3 the watermelon. details of the campaign and to take down bright flowers and vines spiraling around When the images were connected by ar- the names and addresses of people inter- the porch A NN, oman named Alejandro lived there.

If the group had tried to form a reforestation committee right off the bat, the other community members would have thought it was a crazy idea.

I talked with ALlandra about her gar- ;Cl den and asked if she would work with members of the Taller to create a photo- 1 mural She agreed to host a meeting at her house the following evening Alejandro also invited other housewiv from her block. At the meeting we looked at a manual on photo-murals and began plan- ning. One family took charge of building a large, free-standing wooden bulletin board on which to display the mural. The others Community members view a photo-mural concentrated on the mural's design and content. rows, they represented a cause-and-effect estcd in helping out The mural was hung The group decided to employ visual lan- relationship, between the water saved on three consecutive Sundays, until it be- guage with color photos. The message was from washing clothes and the watermelon came too tattered to use again communicated through a basic juxtaposi- We also took a picture of Rosario throwing The photo-mural was seen by several tion of two images: a photograph of a bucket of used water into the street and a hundred neighbors People strolled by, all houses on barren hills with no green in picture of Alejandro throwing a bucket of day long, stopping to look at it The mural sight next to a photo of a healthy green used water at the base of a tree. Since was almost always read and viewed collec- tree in front of a house with a garden. many community members have had few tively-- unlike newsletters, which are under- Under the first picture was written "Asi years of formal schooling, a basic visual stood alone Small groups would gather Esta" (This is how it is), and under the language was appropriate. We wrote "No" around, discuss the photos and make com- second picture was written "Asi Puede Ser" beneath the first image, we wrote "Si" ments while other groups listened and (This is how it could be). Alejandro and beneath the second. responded. her neighbor Rosario decided what to Then the group met to edit the photos, The Impact of the Process photograph. We took pictures of nice gar to write the text and to lay out the mural. dens and close-ups of vegetables and The group decided on several slogans, Evaluating the impact of the photo- flowers. We also took pictures of bald such as "Luchemos por un Florid() . mural was not just a matter of measuring yards and of trash dumped on hillsides. 'Flondo'" (Let's Work for a Community the number of neighbors who signed the In addition to showing the good and In Bloom), "Transforma lo Seco en Verde, mailing list or the number who came to the bad, the group also decided to use lo Tristc en Alegre" (Transform the Dry subsequent meetings Instead, the biggest photos to illustrate gardening techniques into Green, the Sad into Happy'); and designed to make more efficient use of Pulmones a to Comunidad, Crean- (Continued on page 4) 21 Development Comnumication report fo9/2 3 (DECKER from page 3) create the photo-mural, we began a rich Traditional Theatre and dialogue and collaboration within thecom- Environment impact the mural had can best be seen in munity. We nvested time and energy the process of creating it. working toward a shared goal. And we In 1986, the Asian Mass Communica- Me collaborative process of creating had lots of fun. It became a natural step for tion Research and Information Centre the photo-mural proved to be an effective El Floi ido's residents to formalize their (AMIC) initiated a project to test the catalyst for organizing the community work by selecting a committee and by feasibi'ity of using traditional folk media During the meetings, Alejandra, her neigh- planning future activities. What started out to communicate environmental mes- bors and members of the Taller entered as a simple photo-mural grew into a solid sages to mass audiences With support into a productive dialogue concerning the new community development project. from the United Nations Environment lack of trees and gardens in their com- Programme (UNEP), the project munity They discussed the campaign's Philip Decker is the Director of Enlace: evaluated the effectiveness of traditional benefits, they shared water swing techni- Centro de Comunicacvin Frunterzza,an theatre to generate awareness of ea- ques and they decided how to pitch the organization that promotes grassroots com- vironmental issues through traditional campaign to other members of the com- munication and devek t,-mr.nt projects in storylines, di ,rogues, songs, skits, rid- munity. While taking the photos, they Tijuana He also teaches communication- dles and de,,es were actively investigating community for-development courses at the Umversidad lberoamencana in Tijuana and at the The project was conducted in three problems and explaining their efforts to University of California, San Diego. countries. In Indonesia, environmental their neighbors. messages were presented to local Most important, in order to write the ac- audiences through ketoprak performan- tion section of the photo-mural, they had cescharacterized by comic satire, so- to decide where to go once the mural was cial criticism, colorful costumes and taken down. After investing several even- What Are acrobatic movement and dance. In ings in the project, it made no sense to just Debt-for-Nature Swaps? Thailand, Lakon Saw (sung drama) per- hang it up and leave it at that. It was evi A funding mechanism to finance conser- formances with environmental themes dent that those who gathered to create the vation activities in developing countries, were ,elevised to test the possibilities of photo-mural now shared an interest in debt-for-nature swaps usually occur when using tfaditional media combined witha working for a more beautiful El Florido non-profit environmental organizations mass medium to reach large audiences. The group had to propose a plan for buy a portion of a country s externalcom- And in the Philippines, messages weie further action. And once they had mercial bank debt. The debt is converted integrated into traditional dula (folk proposed a plan, responsibilities h:d to be into local currency and used to fund local drama) theatre dulang nakakatawa divided and carried out. At that point, the conservation projects. For example, en- (comic sketches), balagtasan (debate In idea of forming a reforestation committee vironmental groups recently purchased verse), kuwet tuhan (storytelling), tula to facilitate and legitimize a tree- planting US$5.4 million of one country's debt at (folk poetry); tola-dula (drama in poetic campaign was suggested 17% of the face value. Local currency form), and bugt.ingan (riddles). A reforestation committee was formed. bonds welt then issued for 75% of the face A summary of the project Using Members of the committee went to visit value The bonds will mature in five years Traditional Media in Environmental government authorities to solicit participa- and will pay an average of 25% annual in- Communication by Victor T. Valbuena tion in the government's tree-donation pro- terest. The difference between the pur- (Occasional Paper No. 21) is available gram After waiting a few month,,, a truck chase pr :e of the debt and the redemption from AMIC. This dublication highlights arrived in the neighborhood to distribte y alue in local currency causes a multiplier project methodology, selection of media about 200 small trees, now firmly planted effect, increasing the amount available and performing groups, production in El Flondo's soil. And the goverment fund conservation efforts The commit- workshops, collaboration with other has promised more trees for El Florido in ment of the host governments to improv- groups and agencies, pre-testing and the future Committee members also or- ing the management of their countries' evaluation, incluaing sampling of ganized a pilot project in family gardening. natural resources is the most important audiences, simple questionnaires and They obtained technical help from garden- criterion for success The money is used to other indicators of increased awareness ing specialists working for a local develop- fund a variety of conservation activities, in- and knowledge. The report als ) ment agency Fifteen families have rilanted cluding improving the management and describes the difficulties of mounting model organic vegetable gardens And administration of national parks, conserv- ditional media performances with these 'amities will continue to spread their ing buffer zones in remote areas, estab- developmental messages knowledge throughout their community. lishing research and training facilities, and For moic information, contact. the (The total cost of materials for the photo- increasing public awareness of environ- Asian Communication Research and In- mural did not exceed US$30 00 dollars., mental problems Other development or- formation Centre (AMIC), 39 Newton Making the photo-inui al proved to be a ganizations are exploring the possibility of Road, Singapore 1130, Republic of Sin- creative organizing strategy. If the group using similar financing to fund activities in gapore. had tried to form a reforestation committee other development fields. Also, debt-for- right off the bat, the other community nature financing is not limited to environ- members would have thought it was a mental non-profit groups. Two European crazy idea. But by first working together to governments have already initiated debt- for-nature swaps.

4 22 Development Communication Report1989/2 Population and Environment: A Global Report

by Winthrop P. Carty won't publish articles that smack of family can easily be construed as intolerable planning advocacy, ; o the first section criticism of the government. In this regard, How are Third World editors writing stressed population data sne demographic it was interesting to see how individual about population and the environment? intornIation only The theme "Child Five- editors played the story. Do they stre ;s one issue in favor of the billion," a symbolic Third World newborn, One editor from Kenya, where the other or do _hey tightly link the two was used to write about how societies will press recently has been under government problems? IMPACT, an AID-funded project need to draw on environmental resources pressure, wrote that "the solution of of the Population Reference Bureau, com- to support "Child Five-Billion" and the Kenya's population problem seems to lie municates population information to LDC other children that will follow. The piece more in a pragmatic approach to the har- leadership groups, IMPACT planned to was written in cooperation with all of the dened attitudes of the majc rity of the focus attention on the link between editors, who requested only minor chan- childbearing population and less in the population and environment by asking ges, area of...indiscriminate importation or members of the international press to join the second eight pages focused on drugs and technology." He concluded that us in addressing the theme on a global regional considerations. The editors each poverty was the basic cause of the basis. prepared an eight -page section exclusively environment's destruction. He added, We asked 11 editors of national publica- for their own publication. Final supple- somewhat ambiguously, that Africa must tions in Third World countries to join us in ments were printed in Arabic, Bengali, reduce its population growth, "but it is er- Nairobi, Kenya, for a seminar co-hosted by English, French, Spanish and Thai. Includ- roneous to think that reducing population the United Nations Environment ing pass-on readership, the supplement will decrease poverty. Only the rational- Programme (UNEP). UNEP's participation had the potential to reach two million ized utilization of local resources, much of increased the project's acceptability. We readers in 25 nations. it locked up in the energies of youthful asked the editors to work on a special sup- populations, can create the much-sought- plement publication for their journals that :afferent Sides of the Story after wealth." The problem is presented as would focus on population and the en- National journals often face manifest the poor's resistance to change. "Foreign vironment. The supplement, called Global problems of censorship. They also may gadgets and personnel nave not been able Edition, would be 16 pages long. Sus- need to cater to special religious, political, to come to grips" with a complex issue. tainable Development: The Challenge of economic or tribal interests Stories about The government, lavished with funds for Our Times would be the first theme. the degradation of the local environment family punning and pursuing a develop- The first eight pages of Global Edition or the failure of family planning programs focused on worldwide issues. Many editors (Continued on page 6) 23 Development Communication Report1989/2 5 A Children's Magazine (CARTY from page 5) By Jim Dunn ment-at-all-costs policy, is caught in the middle To promote health and environment in class assignments or discussion, impact education in Kenya's pninary schools, the was much higher. The editor from Zimbabwe wasa clear Mazingira Institute, a non-gove-amentalor- About oe percent of the children advocate of family planning andcon -ya- ganization based in Nairobi, publishesan brought the magazine home to share with wn He wrote "Economic growth will annual magazine for primary school now have to be sustained and efforts to their parents and of those, 60 percentat- children Mazingira Magazine uses articles, tempted to relate the material to their keep population growth under controlcon- short stories, songs, games, puzzles,comic parents. Newly acquired knowledge tinuedif the country is to start tackling its strips, illustrations and competitions to wasn't generally shared with brothersor enormous problems of unemployment, un- communicate health and environmentmes- sisters Girls were more likely than boys to even development and growth that have sages In 1986, with support from Canada's discuss behavioral change with their built up over the last few yearsIn addi- International Development Research parents--usually their mothers. Suggestions tion, the Zimbabwean supplement hadno Centre, the Institute conducted an evalua- were received with less resistance from trouble pointing out the shortcomings of tion of the magazine. Using thecompeti- girls than from boys. neighboring governments' population and tions inauded in the magazineas a survey While the evaluation did not focus environmental programs. The editor tool, the Institute measured readers'exist- specifically on communication techniques, focused very sharply on wnat Africans ing knowledge about water and sanitation should and could do about their problems, the study cleat ly indicated that studentsen- practices Based on this information, the In- joyed the articles and short stories the virtually without mention of outsidefactors. stitute prepared a special issue focusing most, followed by the comic strips. Half of specifically on water and sanitation mes- students had trouble understanding the Stories about the sages that emphasized water quality, dis- magazine's games, contests and articles; ease prevention, rainwater harvesting, however, they still enjoyed them. Students degradation of the local sanitation and diarrhea treatment and oral viewed the magazine as study material environment or the failure rehydration therapy. A teacher's guide and rather than as entertainment. Educational orientation were developed to help messages had the greatest impact when of family planningprograms teachers use the materials in the classroom they were conveyed repeatedlyusing can easily be construed as A second survey revealed that the several communication modes--e.g.comic intolerable criticism of the magazine had a moderate impact on strips, illustrated text, games. And the children's knowledge and behavior magazine was more successful at impart- government. Despite teachers' orientation emphasizing ing specific terminology and activities than the practical uses of the magazine in the wider concepts or analytical skills. Different Approach classroom, a majority of the teacherscon- Jun Dunn is a research assistant at the sidered the magazine an extra-curricularac- Institute for International Research. For The two national journals from Africa tivity that students should studyon their niore information, contact. Mazingira In- were very different in tone and content own. When teachers did use the material stitute, P 0, Box 14550, Nairobi, Kenya. Differences of personality and opinion Telephone. 47066 or 47097 surely existed, but it is difficult tosay to whit extent self-censorship andanti- government sentiment played a part in Development CommunicationResources shaping opinion A London-basedpar- World Neighbors is a private, non-profitorganization that helps people in developing ticipant, whose magazine circulatesin countries analyze an i solve their own problems. By providing training materials ata low English-speaking Africa, wrote that "the cost, World Neighbors tries to counteract three basicproblems in development: two major problems facing Africa are deser- tification and the population explosion. inadequate supply of development materialsmat can be understood by local groups; Both these problems feed on each otherto create the nightmare scenario for Africa's * insufficknt training by Local peoples incommunication and nonformal education future." The editor advocated a "vigorous" method3; and family planning program for the region. *'ack of inexpensive, reliable teachingmaterials The magazine's sister publication for the Middle East, however, treated population Word Neighbors offers filmstrips, booksand other materials on community improve- and environmental issues very gingerly. ment, water, health and nutrition, family planning,small animal raising, agriculture, Ex- trees cept for Egypt, the magazine doesn't circu- and soil conservation. World Neighborsalso publishes two newsletters, the quarterly late in nations where the readership is World Neighbors in Action and Soundings,a biannual communication exchange newslet- popularly concerned about population. In ter. Subscriptions arc available for free for readersin developing countries and for USS5.00 for readers in industrializedcountries. general, magazines sold in the Arab world For a copy of their training materials catalogue must be careful about stirring passionate or subscription information, contact: feelings. World Neighbors, 5116 North PortlandAvenue, Oklahoma City, OK 731 12 USA Telephone: (405) 946-3333. Telex: 5106002674. 24 (Continued on page 7) 6 Development Communication Report1989/2 (CARTY from page 6) The editors from Colombia, Mexico and Television for the Environment Thailand countries where family plai.ling is now widely acceptedibct,sed more t- in India tention on environmental issues The Colombian, as well as the editor from by Kreg Ettenger Bangladesh, tended to think that environ- Indiais a rich tapestry of cultural and Form and Structure mental degradation was the product of ecological diversity With many climates, A major goal of the project is to create broad economic effects. The Mexican and landscapes and peoples, India also faces a sense of individual capability and Thai participants, by the way of contrast, considerable environmental challenges A motivation among the students. Modules thought that their societies should do population of 800 million takes a heavy are designed to encourage open class- much more to defend their own environ- toll on India's natural resources But India room discussion and active participation. ment. Some of the editors had also asked is taking steps to protect her natural and Students should believe that they can im- environmentalists to contribute signed cultural heritages while providing for the prove their environment and be given the pieces to the supplement The conser- needs of her people by educating her knowledge and skills to do so. Teachers vationists completely ignored or greatly citizens about the country's environmen- are also encouraged to develop their own down-played the link between environ- tal problems and possible solutions- activities and lessons to complement the ment and population. using video program. A network of TV- and VCR-equipped Future Editions Television in School schools is being formed for initial testing The Nairobi seminar was instructive. I Indiais in a strong position to carry and evaluation. CEE is also training per- was surprised at how easily the meeting out this goal Growing availability of sonnel from non-government organiza- produced a sense of common purpose television sets and expanded ground and tions (NGOs) throughout India to hold among the II editors What they had satellite transmissions have incf:ased teacher-ti awning workshops. Participating originally thought were national or strictly India's television audience by over 1000 teachers and schools will provide impor- regional problems turned out--in most percent in the last ten years Many of tant feedback for evaluating and modify- cases--to be universal ones. Most of the India's schools now have access to ing modules. Plans also include airing the editors brought copies of their publications television and video players So, in col- programs on India's national television to the meeting, allowing everyone to see laboration with the U.S Fish and Wildlife network that they were indeed working on global is- Service (F\VS), the Indian Government Each video is researched by project sues. In part for this reason, the editors has begun to develop environmental team members at CEE. CEE has produced wanted more and better information on in- television programs for the country's materials for urban and rural schools, ternational environment issues to schoc' systems The Children's Environ- mass media, several national parks and strengthen their ability to write more mental Education Television Project the Government of India's annual Nation- authoritatively on the world scene. (CEETV) combines advances in educa- al Environmental Awarc..tess Campaign. Does the Third World press link en- tional technology with up-to-date en- CEE staff work with the episode producer vironmental problems to population vironmental information to promote develop story ideas and decide on loca- growth) There seems to be no pat answer know ledge and awareness about the en- tions The producers in turn work within My hunch is that editors are often reluctant vironment among India's youth CEETV CEE guidelines for length, content and to burden environmental issues with the will produce a series of educational specific learning objectives. Beyond this, taboos of population Urban environment videos focusing on various aspects of producers arc largely free to choose ap- was suggested as the next topic forGlobal India's environment as part of larger en- proaches that suit their style and the topic. Edition.The group quickly agreed One vironment education modules The The format for the videos was editor then suggested global warming Ini- modules will also include teachers' developed by looking at existing Indian tially, the other editors rejected the topic as guides, workbooks and other classroom programming and at educational too futuristic and abstruse for nations materials targeted to reach Indian school television programs from around the whose poor are fighting to survive the children 10-14 years old The project is world. The project settled on a magazine week. Some editors felt that global warm- administered by the Centre for Environ format Each program consists of in- ing was strictly an issue for industrialized ment Education (CEE) Phase I of the dividual segments tied together by a countries. But after kicking the idea project--development of topic ideas, major theme. Programs can feature seg- around, agrecraent began to develop production and pilot testing of the first ments of real people in ac.aal settings, global warming was an important and im- moduleis near completion Phase II, puppets or animated sequences. The seg- mediate issue that could be made acces- production of the remaining modules, ments don't follow a rigid structure and sible to readers. their distribution and broadcast and are connected by storylines and major evaluation of the project is set to begin themes. Common opening and closing Winthrop P. Carty is the Population Ref- soon credits, theme music and characters used erence Bureau's Director of Publications throughout the series provide additional Formerly, he was Director of Communwa- dons for IMPACT. 25 (Continued on page 9)

Development Commuimation Report1989,2 7 tainable Development (REDES) At least Halley has seen on Earth as he passes by Environmental half of the NGOs in the Federation identify ever) 76 y ears. Series tide-, include "Drown- environmental education as a priority ing in Trash" and 'What Will the Future Education: A Several are planning a joint venture to es- Bring?" Mister Halley has also been trans- tablish a permanent environmental educa- lated into Portuguese for use in Brazil. Fast-Growing tion center REDES has also identified Equally creative is the series Amergildo environmental education as a major objec- and His Truck In this program of 64 four- Field in Latin tive When funding become,: available, minute presentations, environmental mes- REDES plans to place an environmental sages are communicated by Amergildo, a America education coordinator in each member truck drierh.) picks up various pas- country sengers as he drives arouna Ecuador. Amergildo shares his observations about by Diane Walton Wood Ecuador's deteriorating environment with Nonprofit conservation organizations NGOs are gaining credibility his passengers and with program listeners. have proliferated throughout Latin America as effective voices to address The messages cover many topics including in the past ten years Non-governmental or severe environmental the environmental impact of industrializa- ganizat;ons--NGOs--are taking the welfare tion, mass transport and deforestation. The of their countries' natural resources into problems language is pitched to the campesino, their own hands. Some are well staffed, using regional colloquialisms and humor. well funded, internationally recognized or- Natura's director of its environmental Latin America's environmental educa- ganizations; others are small, under- tion programs are as diverse and creative education program, Marco Encalada, a funded, volunteer groups operating with as the NGOs that are implementing them. specialist in mass communication, is the little outside recognition However, all are Perhaps the most sophisticated program mastermind of these popular programs. committed to protecting and managing is that of FundaciOn Natura, an NGO es- their countries' biological resources- - tablished in 1978 by citizens concerned resources that are disappearing at an alarm- they understand the value of about Ecuador's natural heritage ing rate Launched in 1980 with a grant from the environmental education to Latin America's NGOs are diverse They U.S. Agency for International Develop- cover national park management, protec- bring about behavioral ment, Natura's environmental education tion of wildlife, reforestation, environmen- program attempts to raise the environmen- change tal contamination and or' Tr pressing tal consciousness of Ecuador's high-level issues. Some groups work closely with decision makers The program has been so their governments, implementing com- What makes Natura's Programs so successful that, in 1983, Natura imple- Successful? plementary programs that fill gaps left by mented a second phase of the project limited public sector funds Others are ac- Aside from the creativity and excellent designed to reach government decision tivists, monitoring government policies technical qualities of the materials makers, industry, school children, univer- and denouncing environmentally unsound produced, Natura's success is a result of a sities and the gerier:-1 Over the past policies. Some groups have united forces conscious effort to analyze its target four years, Natules has produced hundreds while others resist collaboration and com- audience and tailor its programs to their of education materials slide programs, pete for territory. They all share a respect needs and priorities. Natura thin t under- television spots and programs, booklets on for environmental education and recog- take its education programs with precon- Ecuador's flora and fauna, a complete nize its potential for getting conservation ceived notions of what had to be primary school curriculum in collaboration messages out to the people who make the communicated or how best to communi- with the Ministry of Education, a series of biggest difference. Latin America's NGOs cate its messages Instead, Natura re- educational posters, radio programs and a undel.stand the value of environmental searched how people best receive comprehensive profile of the state of education to bring about behavioral information. Findings were documented, Ecuador's environment Natura has also change and positive action. In Latin analyzed and stored in a database that be- sponsored numerous seminars and con- America, environmental education has be- came integral to project design All of the come an integral part of natural resource ferences including Ecuador's first national radio programs were pilot tested before congress on the environment in 1987 conservation programs. And NGOs are final dissemination and were followed up gaining credibility as effective voices to ad- Using Radio for the Environment with evaluation questionnaires. As an in- dress severe environmental problems. dication of the program's effectiveness, Of the media used in its education cam- 100% percent of 45 radio stations surveyed Growing Networks paigns, FundaciOn Natura's radio series indicated that Natura's radio programs deserves special highlight. Composed of In Guatemala City there are at least 14 were appropriate for their audiences. 12 thirteen-minute presentations, the pro- operating conservation NGOs. To coor- gram Mister Halley Superstar broadcasts Reaching Rural Communities dinate their activities, they have formed the conversations between Halley's Cornet and Conservation Federation of Guatemala and By Natura's own admission, the areas a satellite as they lament thc environmen- are now part of the Regional Network for not adequately reached have been niral tal demise of planet Earth. The comet and Non-Government Organizations for Sus- the satellite discuss the changes that Mister (Continued on page 9) 26 8 Development Communication Report1989/2 increase and grow stronger, there is room (WOOD front pal,_ 8) for optimism. The growing wealth of crea- (hi I ENGER from page 7) communities. Natura doesn't liac the staff m c en ircnimental education materials continuity In this way, the maga,ane for- or resources to maint:41n a strong prescne.., and programs in Latin America h.to li,gun mai 4% hat. allov.ing for in rural Ecuador As a national erganiza to have an impact and may begin to out- cream ity t,f ,'dual program producers. tion based in Quito, a is difficult for Natura run the pace of ern ironmental astruetion. The first side'.) IA as produced and to implement effective programs in rural directed by noted Indian filmmaker Sai areas. This is not uncommon for conserva- Diane Walton Wood is Director of Latin Paranipye The %la, tells the story of tion NGOs. Some national NGOs are tack- American and Caribbean Programs at the Somu, a young villaber and his cow Drakhi ling the challenge by establishing World Wildlife Fund More detailed infor- When a prolonged drought severely affects environmental education programs in rural mation about Fundacron Natura's his village, Somu is forced to take the cow programs can be found in Final Evalua- communities through alliances with tion of Environmental Education to a public cattle camp. During his journey, development assistance or3anizations For Project II and Mid-Term Formative Somu learns about drought, its effects on example, Bolivia's Center forInterdiscipli- Ei iluation of Environmental Educa- the environment and how he can help his nary Community Studies (CIEC) has joined tion Project EDUNAT II produced for illage prepare for the next one "Drakhi" forces with the Bolivian League in Defense USAID/Ecuador was completed earlier this year of the Environment (LIDEMA), an associa- tion of conservation groups established 'n Essential Lessons about the La Paz in 1985. An NGO dedicated to re- Environment Prir. materials that expand the ideas cx- searching social factors that influence rural 4' Tree Growing by Rural People (1988) life, CIEC has teamed up with another presse i in the videos are developed at the 1..ghlights forestry activities that direct' CEE Mater.aishclude teachers' guides, LIDEMA member, the Beni Research Sta- benefit rural peoples in developing workbooks and activity plans for the class- tion, to carry out environmental education countries The book is divided into three programs in the Beni Biosphere Reserve. room Like the videos, the print materials parts: I) Trees in the Rural Context; With funding from the World Wildlife are designed to stand alone However, 2) Strategies to Encourage Local Tree Grow- Fund and Conservation International, CIEC using the videos and print materials ing, and 3) Developing a Sound Basis for together will yield maximum benefits, has developed a multiphase project to diag- the Introduction of Rural Forestry Innova- nose the sotto- educational status of school- especially when teachers have teen tions. Available for US$9.00 in English, age and adult Lair/duals in the Beni trained to use the materials at project Fiench and Spanish from FAO Distribution Reserve area to develop environmental workshops As part of the project, CEETV and Sales, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, education programs in 11 schools and to has developed Essential Learning in En- 00100 Rome, Italy. aromnental Education, a handbook con- train teachers in environmental, health and rk Also from the FAO, Community community organization issues Extension taining over 600 environment lesson ideas. Forestry. Lessons from Case Studies in Asia services, public awareness and education Used to develop CEETV program content and the Pacific Region explores social and and objectives, Essential Learning will programs are also planned. CIEC relies on technical issues that are keys to com- soon be available in book form anti as a the Beni Research Station for the ecologi- munity forestry success. Thirteen case computer database from the National As- cal content of the program. The Research studies cover lessons learned from India, sociation of Environmental Educators Station in turn benefits from CIEC's exper- Indonesia, Korea, Nepal, Pakistan, Papua (NAEE) late in 1989. Another resource, Ex- tise in understanding and working with New Guinea, Philippines, Taiwan and periences of Children's Television, rural communities. Such alliances are criti- Thailand. To order, contact the Regional cal to the effective protection of wild areas developed by CEETV, compiles findings Forestry Officer, FAO Regional Office for where sensitivity to human needs must be and opinions from the field of children's Asia and the Pacific, Maliwan Mansion, balanced with long-term ecological educational TV worldwide. No doubt Phra Atit 'toad, Bangkok 10200, Thailand oriorities. CEE'CV will serve as a model for future ef- forts, but CEETV addresses only one RuralInsed Conservation Group, aspect of the need for educational In the last few years, there has a Conference for television programs that address environ- surge in the number of rural-based conser- mental, political and social problems vation groups that are undertaking their Environmental NGOs There is much room for further work. own environmental education programs Environmental F.i. :ation for Sus- on local and highly effective scales The ex- tainable Derelopmt tthe theme of a Kreg Ettenger is a research assistant amples given here are only the tip of the conference planned this fall by the Inter and Master's degree candidate in environ- iceberg and the influence of these groups national Society for Environmental mental communication at the State Univer- sity of New York,(SUM) Syracuse CEETV is just beginning to emerge. These groups Education. The conference will be held October 3 through 6, 1989 in Goa, a collaborative effort of the Centre for En- have begun to develop specialized vironment Education (CEE) in Ah- India. materials such as coloring books, short medabad, India and the State University of stories, posters and booklets addressing For more information, contact. Dr New York, College of Environmental the environmental problems of local com- Desh Bandhu, P 0 Box '033, New Science and Forest?), (ESF) in Syracuse, munities. As alliances between develop- Delhi, India Il 00 02 New York USA. The U.S. Agency for Interna- ment NGOs and conser,ation groups tional Development also support: :he project. 27 Development Communication Report1989i2 9 Principles into Practice

r The Cbonogololo Club: Pesticide Communication in the Environmental Education rittirin On the Air Vt../ 1 v.Fields .1licaragua Since 1953, the Wildlife Conserva- tion Society of Zambia (WCSZ) has p omoted conservation awareness whenever manpower, skills, money and

enthusiasm have allowed. In 1981, ° WCSZ began broadcasting the MI° S.,: Chonogololo Club of the Air (CCOA), a 4 :4;, 7 30-minute weekly conservation radio program in English for primary school age children The broadcasts are based on Chonogololo Magazine, an environ- mental education program that provides basic information about nature and con- servation to young people. The magazine and radio programs are or- ganized in th sec -year, 18-issue cycles, to keep costs down. Over 800 primary and 100 secondary schools receive regular issues of the magazine, accom- panied by teachers' guides. WCSZ relies on sponsorship, dona- tions and membership subscriptions for funding. From scriptwriting to record- ing, WCSZ staff volunteer their time and Flipcbart developed in Nicaragua sparks discussion in Ecuador. skills to produce the radio programs In Much of the attention environmental issues have received in industrialized countries addition to school students, CCOA n the last few years has increased public awareness and pressured changes in legislation reaches children who cannot go to and industry Here Merri Weinger describes a communication project that increased school to lc rn about consul, anon As Nicaraguans' awareness about an environmental issue. More importantly, the project of December 31, 1988 membership also succeeded in bringing about positive behavioral change-- something that many stood at 18,332. In 1987, WCSZ began developed countries' environmental awareness campaigns have yet to undertake. producing the programs in two local languages, boosting annual member- by Merri Weingc ministries and the largest farm worker and ship totals by well over 200% An In a community near Leon, Nicaragua, a small farmer organizations. The project analysis of addresses showed increased fifteen-year-old boy was applying methyl was financed by Nicaraguan, Canadian membership came from the regions parathion to his father's small parcel of cot- and Norwegian government funding with where the local languages were ton using a backpack sprayer He began to assistance from several private voluntary spoken But because of financial con- feel nauseous in the morning. When he organizations, including CARE Nicaragua, straints, the programs were discon- returned home at the end of the day, he the American Friends Service Committee tinued Increased sponsorship has seen still felt ill and went to bed. By the time his and Oxfam In addition to a strong educa- the re-introduction of one of the father got home that evening, the boy was tional component, the project also programs (in Beinba). The Society also dead developed improved systems for pesticide produces an array of educational This is not an uncommon story in mixing and loading, for medical monitor- materials, encourages members to par- Nicaragua, where the incidence of human ing to screen workers for overexposure to ticipate in research surveys, provides a poisoning and deaths is one of the highest pesticides and for data collection and weekly conservation column to the na- in the developing world Historically, pes- record keeping tional Sunday newspaper and produces ticide use in Central America has been con- the Society's official magazine. A small Educating Workers and the centrated in cotton production As the Community library of 16 mm films and slide shows region's leading producer of cotton, is maintained at the national office As Nicaragua also leads Central America in Project educators were challenged to an added service to the clubs, WCSZ the volume of pesticides used - -with develop effective and creative methods also operates a bus to transport mem- dramatic consequences for both the and materials for reaching farm workers bers on field trips Contact the Wildlife human population and the environment. and the community with informatio .1 about Conservation Society of Zambia, P 0 In 1985, Nicaragua initiated a multidis- pesticides. their hazards and safe use. The Pox 30255, Lusaka, Zambia. Telephone ciplinary pesticide health and safety information had to be accessible to large 254226 project involving several governmental (Cominued on page 11) 28

10 Development COMMUMCcittOn Report1989/2 Principles into Practice

cussion starters, each picture had specific advice and jokingly critiqued their peers'

(WEINGERfrom page 10) objectives and key questions thatNNere out- performances, leading to a lively Intel- numbers of pesticide users with low lc\ els lined in an accompany mg guide for instruc- change Other skills were taught using role of literacy To provide more than one tors. plays or scenarios, For example, two volun- source of information, the educational pro- Some of the drawings were designed to teers were asked to come to the aid of a gram developed curriculum materials and pride factual information Drawing 1-- third who had been doused with pes- conducted workshops to train trainers or picting one route of entry of pesticides ticides in the field Thcy advised him to "multipliers -- technicians, health educators into the body was used to pros 'de infor- remove his contaminated clothing and and inspectors who could spread informa- mation and to generate analysis of how wash with soap and water tion within men. communities. These new people are poisoned and what can be Both trainers and farm workers learned trainers helped train hundreds of farm done about it A series of inductive ques- to read pesticide labels in small groups workers and health pro.noters. tions invited partic,pants to identify the Where literacy skills were limited, readers In coordination with the farm workers problem, project themselves into the situa- assigned to each group read the labels out union, posters were also developed using tion presented, discuss their ow n experien loud and led discussions on what the photographs to present hazard information ccs, analy ze the causes of problems and labels meant Participants were also en- and safety guidelines. This article focuses suggest strategies to address them couraged to use warning symbols and on worker education, but the broader com- Pictures are most effective when they color codes to assess the relative hazards munication strategy also included radio mirror the reality of the learners. Par- of products

Drawing 1 Drawing 2 Drawing 3 public service announcements, speeial ticipants are more likely to analyze and Based on their experiences, trainers programs on pesticides by popular radio identify with situations that portray scenes, were encouraged to develop their own educational materials, such as posters or artists, newspaper intervie%NSwith actions and characters that are similar to Nicaraguan project staff and the develop- themselves. Drawing 2 was inspired by a games, for use in their communities A ment of a pesticide curriculum for schools. photograph of two children bathing in an very successful puppet show entitled "It's old pesticides barrel. The introduction of Better to Prevent than I.ament" became the Popular Education Methods two or more people into a drawing- -Draw- finale fur me program, with both the pup- The methodology which shaped the ing 3. two people entering a recently pets and scr.pt created by trainers The program, known as popular education, has sprayed field encourages discussion of story, typically enough, involved a con- become quite familiar in Nicaragua. It is a suspected motivation and feelings "Why is scientious worker and a careless worker collective or group process, where the she reading the signs Why did he go right The careless worker goes to work with a teacher and student, learn together, focus- inWith effect's c visual images, the same hangover--increasing his susceptibility to ing on the concrete experiences of the par- picture may trigger a variety of discussions poisoning doesn't wear his protective ticipants and reflecting on these depending upon the group equipment, smokes on the job and dies as experiences to effect posit. ^ change a result. Although the story seems morbid, Project educators utilized this approach in Interactive Training it's told using jokes and familiar expres- the development of curricula and The training component of the program sions--an entertaining delivery of a very materials They also needed visual educa- was equally interactive One of the basic serious message The discussion that fol- tional tools that were easily portable for principles of popular education is that lowed used the same processes employed use in the fiel..1 and in conjunction with learning is most successful when its acme ith the flipchart to pose and analyze the medical screening A flipchart was and participatory. In the classes, many of problem and identify a plan of action designed and then assembled by par- which were conducted on farms, the in- Education for Action ticipants in one of the training-of-trainers structors acknowledged training workshops. The flipchart included 18 draw- participants' experience by invitingN°fun- Probably the most important principle ings that used familiar images or problems teas to demonstrate their knowledge. the of popular education is that it promotes ac- to convey the health risks of pesticide ex- correct use of the backpack sprayer or tion and change Before developing the posure, common causes of poisoning and how to dress for working with pesticides. During demonstrations, classmates offered prevention advice Designed for use as dis- (Continued on page 12) 29 Development Communication Report1989/2 11 [Principlesinto Practice

etudes on farms Responses were (WENGER from page 1 I ) generated and practiced in class. program, it was important to identify is- Conservation in sues or problems that could become Adapting the Model to Other Settings Context obstacles to change. As part of the needs The educational approach used in Costa Rica has one of the best conser- assessment, the project team visited farms Nicaragua's cotton fields is applicable to vation programs in Latin America, but it throughout the cotton-growing region to other settings from Texas and California to observe and analyze common wort: prac- also suffers one of the highest rates of Costa Ric:. and Ecuador. In 1986, the flip- deforestation. Nearly one quarter of the tices and the ways pesticides workers chart travelled to the highlands of Ecuador country is designated park or protected could become exposed to pesticides. The and was used to train agricultural exten- area. But pressures for quick resource team also listened for emotional issues that sionists there. These trainers have now might prove to be barriers to action--issues exploitation caused by debt problems, developed their own visuals and use them combined with population surges into that make people angry or frustrated such in their communications efforts. vulnerable forested areas, threaten as the unavailability of personal protective When implementing a pesticide com- equipment, lack of access to soap and remaining forests. Despite conservation munication program, a commitment to un- efforts and donor assistance for research water and the absence of viable alterna- derstanding the audience--their tives to chemical pesticides People are and environmental protection, the role perceptions of risk and the issues that can that small farming and rural Indian com- more inclined to take action on issues prevent change--must precede program which they feel strongly about. munities play in rainforest protection development. Program participants often hasn't received much attention- -until have a good understanding of the issues now. and should be involved in the develop- Production is underway on a new Listening to people before the ment of materials and curricula whenever film that will focus attention on the con- program began helped possible. When barriers are identified, they flicts, opportunities and frustrations of should be translated into discussion identify people's perception rural communities living on the starters--pictures, slide shows, case studies, "resource frontier". ConservaciOn en of risk and the prevailing skits- -for analysis by the group. Contexto (working title) is a dramatic beliefs that could effectively A multidisciplinary approach is also es- film, flavored by popular culture, rich in sential Education and communication ef- romance, music, heroics and humor. block communication. forts without enforcement strategies, The film seeks to strengthen Costa engineering controls, medical monitoring Rican grassroots initiatives in rainforest Listening to people before the program and investigation into alternatives will be preservation and to encourage cain- began also helped identify people's per- ineffective Simply understanding the risks pesino participation in forestry conserva- without the legal, technical and medical ception of risk and the prevailing beliefs tion.People are more likely to model that could effectively block communica- support to prevent them will lead to in- the behavior of characters with which tion. Many farmers in Nicaragua believe creased frustration. they can identify, so a dramatic format that bathing after work causes the flu, Patience is another prerequisite While instead of a documentary was chosen as the project observed a general increase in arthritis and a variety of other maladies. the best approach. Support for the Other farmers believe that milk can the level of awareness and preventive ac- project has been overwhelming. The prevent poisoning as well as serve as an tivities on the part of farm workers, nation- project has received input and guidance antidote. Bathing at the end of the work al organizations and the government, it from Costa Rican grassroots environ- will be several years before these changes day is one of the most economic and effec- mental groups during every stage of are reflected in a decrease in the number tive prevention tools. Although a valuable production. ConservaciOn en Contexto nutrient, milk does not protect against of pesticide poisonings In fact, the num- is expected to appeal to a wide ber of reported poisonings continues to in- poisoning. audience. The inclusion of local figures Following the listening phase, these crease as surveillance systems improve--a in the subplot--doctors, teachers, feature common to educational programs key issues and themes wcrc translated into religious leaders and local officials - -fur- visual images for use in the flipchart and to prevent pesticide-induced illness On a ther legitimizes the message. positive note, the application of popular poster. The appropriateness of the images Interlock Media Associates and Costa education methods to pesticide health and was key to their success Testing prior to Rican co-producers FundaciOn Argos safety is a major contribution to com- use was essential. In training, key issues and ComunicaciOn Altemativa Vision wcrc also incorporated into the puppet munication efforts in the field are producing the film. When com- show, the case studies, role plays and n pleted, it will be distributed to conserva- slides shows. For some examples, the care- Mem' Weinger, MPH, is an occupation- al and environmental health specialist tion groups and aired on Costa Rican less worker in the puppet show claimed national television. An English subtitled that he was not vulnerable to poisoning ivi'h the California Department of Health in Emerlyville, California. She has worked version and a dubbed version in Por- since he drank milk. What's more, he had in environmental health, ea, cation and tuguese are planned. For more informa- been working with pesticides for years communication for the past , 5 years, in tion, contact: Interlock Media without any problem. Similarly, a case the U S. and overseas. Associates, P.O. Box 619, Cambridge, study for inspectors asked how they would MA 02238 USA. Telephone: (617) 491- respond when encountering the same at- 3111. 30 12 Development Communication Report1989/2 by Mike La/ in post-Chernobyl exports of dried milk from The handbook ends with a glossary of Poland to Nepal and Bangladesh without terms and a bibliography that for the most A new book from the Asian Forum of reference to the number of bequerels per part includes technical environmental refer- Environmental Journalist, (AFEJ) Reporting kilogram to measure radiation? ence works rather than hooks on com- on the Environment: A Handbook for Jour- Reporters must try to balance a multi- municating environmental issues. nalists sets out to acquaint journalists with plicity of viewpoints and provide equal We recommend this small but tightly key concepts in environmental issues and coverage to each one even though objec- written text. If there were only one book journalism, to establish "a kind of unifor- tive validity is difficult to measure. Often that practitioners could read, we would mity and k_,)nsistency of reporting on a sus- viewpoints are highly emotional or con- suggest that they choose this one. tained basis" and to point out the subtle troversialpeople's safety or jobs may be differences between general reporting and at stake. The reporter may find it hard to Reporting on the Environment: A environmental reporting. remain objective or to avoid being manipu- Handbook for Journalists is published The handbook begins with a discussion lated. The book also reminds readers that by the Asian Fon en of Environmental Jour- of broad environmental issues. Journalists nalists in cooper( non with the UN the imperative to sell newspapers can en- are warned against focusing solely on the Economic and Social Commission for Asia courage sensationalism and controversy political and social aspects of environmen- and the Pacific (ESCAP), 1988. and can discourage responsible coverage, tal issues and are told to educate themsel- The Asian Forum of Environmental The central section of the book deals ves about the technical aspects of their Journalists (AFEJ) was formally constituted with technical issues facing journalists in January 1988. It provides workshops, subject. The coverage of the Three Mile Is- sources of information, how to simplify publications, a newsletter and clipping ser- land nuclear reactor incident in the USA is complex information and how to deal with vice, technical assistance, journalist ex- cited: at the time, journalists knew little journalistic constraints on environmental change programs and awards for about how a nuclear reactor worked, did writing There are checklists for reporters excellence. Reporting on the Environ- not understand radiation terminology or ment contains a list of the national chair- working on environmental stories concepts and did not know which experts men Copies are being distributed to Finally there is a section called "Brief to seek out nor what questions to ask. The members of the mass media in developing Guides to Environmental Issues." The book makes the important point that jour- countries free of charge. There are plans to handbook devotes between two and five nalists need to educate the public, but in translate it into national languages of the pages to acid rain, air pollution, deforesta- 11 national environmental forums of the order to do so they must first educate them- tion, ecosystems and the web of life, the Asia region. selves. greenhouse effect, ground water and sur- Write to the Senior Expert on Environ- The book stresses that the reporter has face water, overfishing, ozone and the at- ment, Environmental Coordinating Unit, the role of watchdog as well as educator. mospheric ozone layer, pesticides, United Nations/ESCAP, United Nations This requires persistent, long-term monitor- Building, Rajadamnern Avenue, Bangkok radiation and toxic chemicals and metals. ing of problems that need to be kept in 10200, Thailand. The descriptions are clear and objective. readers' minds. Follow-up stories three For example, when describing toxic chemi- months later are as important as headlines. cals, the effects on people are described Moreover, not every environmental story is this way: "Entry by inhalation is the most about a supertanker spilling oil. Instead, dangerous route. When a person breathes for example, it can be about the number of Award for in a toxic chemical, as did the people in myna birds exported from north -east Bhopal, it goes to the lungs and straight Environmental Thailand and can require that the reporter into the bloodstream in almost a 100-per Reporting learn about international treaties concern- cent concentration ing endangered species, government The Asian Forum of Environmental The same section provides practical ad- policies and the myna bird's place within Journalists (AFEJ) is sponsoring the Best vice to journalists on how to handle the is- the ecosystem. Story Award for environmental report- sues. For example, they are cautioned That environmental reporting often ing in Asia in cooperation with the against oversimplication," One of the most deals in uncertainty is another important Friedench Naumann Foundation. Print, difficult tasks a journalist faces is explain- point. Experts may not be able to explain television and radio reports are eligible. ing safe and harmful doses of toxic chemi- the source of pollution or may disagree on A cash prize of US$4,000 will go to the cals." Several problems are then listed, how to stop deforestation while still provid- winner. All stories published or aired You should be aware of these problems, ing fuelwood for local people. Environ- before December 31, 1989 are eligible. particularly when interviewing scientists mental stories are often complicated. For details, contact: AFEJ, GPO Box who often resist giving "yes" or "no" There can be many sides to a story that can 3094, Kathmandu, Nepal. Telephone: answers to journalists looking for clear-cut build over time. Environmental stories are 977-1-410419. Telex: 2567 KMTNC NP. answers Often the reason they do not give usually more technical than other issues Fax: 977-1-226602 Nepal. clear-cut answers is because the situation and use jargon unfamiliar to most readers is so complex they cannot." For example, how do reporters deal with 31 Development Communication Report1989/2 13 Glossary of Environment Terms Resources for

Agroforestrp the use of woody perennials as agriculturalcrops on a farm in a spatial Environmental or sequential arrangement which permits economic and ecologicalinteractions be- tween woody and non-woody components. Communicators Biodegradable: any substance that can be readily decomposed byliving organisms. Biodiversity: the sum total of all species thatcreates and maintains ecosystems. ACCIS (Advisory Committee for the Community Forestry (Social Forestry). the use of communalor public lands for Co-ordination of Information Systems for tree growing in cooperation with a forestry department to meetcommunity needs. the United Nations) has produced A Guide to United Nations Information Sources on Conservation Farming (Regenerative Farming):a system of farming that aims to the Environment. It lists the sources of be productive and self-sustaining by conserving naturalresources of soil, rainwater and nutrient recycling. United Nations environment information and UN depository libraries for 154 Deforestation: the mass clearing of trees from forests and woodlands,which con- countries. It also lists the addresses of on- tributes to soil erosion and species extinction through the reduction of biodiversity. line hosts for United Nations databases. Desertification: the process by which lands that have been disturbedby natural For ordering information, contact. ACCIS phenomena (drought, flooding) or human intervention (improperfanning proces- Secretariat, Palais des Nations, 121 1 ses) are converted to deserts. Geneva 10, Switzerland. Ecosystem. a group of plants and animals occurring together plus thephysical en- L' Association des Trois Mondes vironment with which they interact. Example ecosystems include.aquatic (rivers, produces a French edition of the Moving ponds), coastal, desert, forest, grassland and tundra. Pictures Bulletin (see separate entry). L' As- Farmer Participatory Research: direct involvement of farmersin research, via sur- sociation is an audiovisual information cen- veys and interviews concerning their indigenous technical knowledge,to tailor ter specializing in film and video from agricultural technology development to their needs. developing countries. L'Association des Trois Mondes, 63 bis, rue du Cardinal Farming Systems Research: a method of applied problem-solving,assessment of Lemoine, 75005 Paris, France. Telephone: potential technology change and field experimentation to identifyopportunities for appropriate technology change among farmers. (1) 43 54 78 69. - BIOCENOSIS, a quarterly environ- Integrated Rural Development a project format in which a project is limited to a mental education newsletter for all of Latin specific area and target group, but involving multi-sectoral activities and community America is published in Spanish and participation. focuses on children's materials, biodiver- Land dation: the reduction of land quality and productivity throughhuman ac- sity, marine resources and protected areas. tivity, improper land use and natural degradation. Write: the Editor, BIOCENOSIS, Programa Ozone: a variant of oxygen concentrated in the stratosphere. It absorbs harmful de EducaciOn Ambiental, Universidad Esta- ultraviolet (UV) radiation which is damaging to plant and animal life. tal a Distancia, Apdo 474-2050, San Pedro Ozone Depletion: the destruction of the ozone layer caused primarilyby the release de Montes de Ora, Costa Rica. of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC's) to the atmosphere. Chlorine andother gas Biological Diversity in North Africa, molecules break down ozone in a chemical reaction. the Middle East and Southwest Asia: A Directory of Organizations and Institu- Salinization: the accumulation of mineral salts in soil. This is generallycaused by the evaporation of irrigation water and can impair soil fertility. tions lists conservation organizations from 24 Middle-Eastern countries. For informa- Soil Erosion: the process which moves soil from one location to another by wind, tion, write: Brunn/Montague, HLCF; 969 water or other natural action, often accelerated by poor farming and development Park Avenue, New York, NY 10028 USA. practices. Soil erosion reduces soil fertility and increaseswater pollution and flood- ing. CARE currently administers agricul- ture and natural resource projects in 31 Soil Fertility: the capacity of soil to supply nutrientsto plants. countries. For information, contact CARE, Sustainable Development: the concept of meetingpresent needs while preserving 660 I st Avenue, Nem York, NY 10016 USA. the capacity to meet future needs In an environmentalcontext, this includes main- Telephone (212) 686-3110. Fax. (212) 696 - taining ecological processes, preserving biodiversity andprotecting species and 4005 Telex ITT 4900009950 CARUI. ecosystems. -Caribbean Conservation News is the Watershed: the land area that drains into a streamor stream system, outlined by the quarterly publication of the Caribbean Con- highest ridges around a stream. servation Association (CCA), Savannah Lodge, The Garrison, St Michael, Bar- Windbreak: rows of trees, bushes or tall grasses plantedat a perpendicular angle to bados, West Indies. the wind which reduces windspeed at the soil surface, therebyreducing soil erosion CONNECT is the quarterly environ- -Stephen Mitchell mental education newsletter of UNESCO Librarian

(Continued on page 15) :32

14 Development Communication Report1989/2 Liaison Centre (E1.C), P.O Box 72461, (RESOURCES from page 11) Nairobi, Kenya Telephone: 24770 or ECOVISION '89 CONNECT, 7 Place de Fontenoy, 75700 340849 or 336989. Telex: 23240 Paris, France ENIVICENTE In May, the European Centre for En- The A.1.D.-funded DESFIL (Develop- A.I D 's Natural Resources Manage- vironmental Communication (ECEC) ment Strategies fur Fragile Lands) provides ment Support (NRMS) project is preparing hosted ECOVISION '89, the fifth European technical assistance to groups and in- a series of special studies including reports Environmental Film Festival at Lille, diviuuals in Latin America working to slow on successful local-level sustainable France The festival highlighted European the degradation of fragile lands using sus- development efforts, forestry management films on the environment and also show- tainable technologies The project also projects and the roles of local NGOs in con- cased films on sustainable development produces a newsletter. Contact Project servation. For more information, write: from Third World countries. ECOVISION Manager, DESFIL, c/o Development Alter- NRMS, c/o EDI, 1400 "I" Street, Suite 700, '89 also demonstrated specialized natives, Inc., 624 Ninth Street, NW, #600, Washington, DC 20005 USA. Telephone. audiovisual and environment databases in- Washington, DC 20001 I_JSA. Telephone (202) 289-0542. Fax: (202) 289-7601 cluding CORINE, ECOTHEK, ECODISC, (202) 783-9110. Fax. (202) 783-2962. Telex, The Environment Policy Institute ARCHIMAGES, GENERIQUE and VENICE 424822 DAIIU. Cable DEVALT (EPI) publishes NGO Directory. Tropical The ECEC supports increased collabora- Directory of Environmental NGOs in Forest and Multilateral Detelopment Bank tion cooperation and information sharing the Asia Pacific Region, produced by Campaigns EPI, 218 "D" Street SE, in environment fields. For more informa- Sahabat Alam Malaysia (Friends of the Washington, DC 20003 USA They have tion, contact ECEC, 55 rue de Varenne, Earth-Malaysia) lists the names, addresses, also prepared Bankrolling Success. A F75341 Paris, Cedex 7 France. Telephone. activities and publications of Asian environ- Portfolio of Sustainable Development (33) 1 45 44 40 60 Fax (33) 1 42 22 65 54. mental NGOs (USS7.00 plus postage). Projects in collaboration with the National Telex. 201220 FECPAR Sahabat Alam also publishes the Environ- Wildlife Federation. AN/01.1110...1. 4.11 mental News Digest, a compilation of - Friends of the Earth, 26-2B Under- - In cooperation with the U.S. Fish and news and articles from over 300 peri- wood Street, London NI 7JQ England, has Wildlife Service, the International Institute odicals and magazines on development produced Tropical Forest Conservation for Environment and Development (TIED) and the environment (USS30.00) Order and the Timber Trade as part of their Cam- has developed two publications A Direc- from Sahabat Alam Malaysia, 37 Lorong paign to Save Tropical Rainforests. Birch, Penang, Malaysia - The Environmental Sourcebook from tory of Selected Environmental Education ECOFORUM is a bimonthly newslet- Island Press offers over 130 current books Materials and How to Plan a Conservation ter fir non-governmental environmental or- on global warming, hazardous waste, Education Program Both are available in ganizations around the world to share water management, solid waste and in- Spanish Titles include Thinking Globally information and ideas about the environ- cineration, sustainable development, and Acting Locally Environmental Educa- ment and sustainable development public lands, wildlife, forestry and biodiver- tion Teaching Activities, Teaching Soil and ECOFORUM is published in English, sity. For a copy of the catalogue, wnte. Water Conservation. A Classroom and Spanish and French by the Enviruiiment Center for Resource Economics/Island Field Guide and A Manual of Environmen- Press, 1718 Connecticut Avenue NW, Suite tal Education: Practical Guide for 300, Washington, DC 20009 USA. Educators (from Bolivia). Most of the Climate Change Flora, Fauna y Areas Silvestres is a materials listed in the directory have been Discussions publication of the FAO Regional Office of developed in the U.S. It is available for free In response to growing concern for Latin America Published in Spanish from the Office of Intematicn:: Affairs, about the potential health effects of three times a year, Flora reports on en- Fish and Wildlife Service, United States climate change, the World Health Or- vironmental news and activities from Department of the Interior, Washington, ganization invited a small group of ex- throughout Latin America Contact FAO DC 20240 USA, or from the International perts to take part in initial discussions in Regional Office for Latin America/Carib- Institute for Environment and Develop- Geneva this past June. bean, Avenida Santa Maria, 6700 Casilla, ment (TIED) -North America, c/o World Under the auspices of the World 10095 Santiago, Chile. Resources Institute, 1709 New York Meteorological Organization (WMO) Haramata is a quarterly publication Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20006 USA. and the United Nations Environmental in English and French that focuses on arid Telephone. (202) 638-6300. Fax. (202) 638- Programme (UNEP)the Inter- lands management. Its free from the Inter- 0036. Telex. 64414 WR1WASH. governmental Panel on Climate Change national Institute for Environment and Moving Pictures Bulletin is a quarter- is working on a comprehensive report Deve "pment (TIED), 2 Endsleigh Street, ly guide to films on development and the on the effects climate change could London WC1 ODD England. environment. Produced by the Television have on agriculture, society and the The International Environment Informa- Trust for the Environment (TVE), the bul- global economy. The report will be tion System (INFOTERRA) has published letin summarizes the contents of each film presented at the World Climate Con- the sixth edition of the International Direc- and gives information on how to order ference in late 1990. For more informa- tory of Sources Write the United Nations films from distributors free of charge or for tion, contact WHO Media Service, 1211 Environment Programme (UNEP), P 0. a small fee. TVE also maintains a database Geneva 27, Switzerland. Telephone: 791 Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya UNEP also on environment and development films. maintains an environment clearinghouse at the same address. (Continued on page 16)

Development Communication Report1989/2 15 gen, the NetherNnds. Telephone. (31) numerous excellent policy and research (RESOURCES from page 15) 8380-20484. Telex. (044) 30169. reports on specific environmental topics Contact Television Trust for the Ens iron- The United Nations Development For a catalogue of publications, write. WRI ment (TVE), 46 Charlotte Street, London Programme s (LNDP) journal Development Publications, P.O. Box 62U, Holmes, PA WI P 1LX England Telephone (01) 637 in Action often features environmental 19043 USA. Regional distributors in 4602 Fax (01) 580 7780. Telex 291'21 news. Development in Action, United Na- Bangladesh, Israel, Japan, Malaysia and The Panos Institute works with Jour tions Development Programme (UNDP), England also carry WRI publications. For nalists, NGOs and decision-makers to Division of Information, One United Na- more information, contact. World Resour- tackle the problems of sustainable develop tions Plaza, New York, NY 10017 USA. ces Institute, 1709 New York As enue NW, ment by disseminating information on en- In addition to the International En- Washington, DC 20006 USA. (20.'; 683- vironment and other problems in Tnird vironmental Information System (INFOTER- 6300. Fax. (202) 638-0036 Telex. 64414 World countries. The Institute prepares RA), The United Nations Environment WRIWASH case studies on sustainable development Programme (UNEP) houses the Oceans The Worldwatch Institute is another and provides articles, news stories, and Coastal Areas Programme, the In- excellent resource for information on en- photographs and graphics on develop- dustry and Environment Office (1E0) and siionment Ind development. The annual ment and environment topics to leading the Desertification Control Programme State of the World, a report on progress newspapers and magazines in 90 (UNEP). All maintain libraries and toward a sustainable global society, asses- countries Many of the reports are written databases and produce quarterly newslet- aes the Earth's vital signs focusing on the by Third World authors It also publishes ters and other publications Contact the state of global resources. Worldwatch pub- Panoscope, a bimonthly magazine on sus- United Nations Environment Prugrarrmc lishes a bimonthly magazine, World tainable development (USS18 00) and (UNEP), Box 30552, Nairobi, Kenya. Watch, that often reports on Third World various books on urgent development is- Our Common Future. From One environmental issues and also produces a sues The Panos Institute, 8 Alfred Place, Earth to One World. An Overview by the series of policy papers on development London WC1E 7EB England Telephone World Commission on Environment and and the environment. Recent policy paper (01) 631 1590. Fax. (01) 436 8293 Telex. Development is the 1987 report by the titles include Action at the Grassroots. 9419293 PANOS G L'Institute Panos, 31 United Nations Commission on Environ- Fighting Poverty and Environmental rue de Reuilly, 75012 Paris, France ment and Development. For information Decline, Reforesting the Earth, Planning Telephone (1) 43 79 29 35 The Panos In- on how to obtain a copy, contact. Oxford the Global Family, and Beyond the Green sutute, 1409 King Street, Alexandria, VA University Press, Walton Street, Oxford Revolution. New Approacbes for Third 22314 USA Telephone ("03) 836 1302 OX2 6DP England, or the UNEP Informa- WOrld Agriculture. A subscription to Wond Telex. 4900008533 tion Sal ice, Publications Unit, Box 30552, W'atch (US$25.00) includes the annual Partners of the Americas has Nairobi, Kenya. The Commission's original State of the World report and all produced A Natural Resources Directory, papers are now available to users of the Worldwatch papers. (Add US$15.00 for Latin America and the Caribbean BIBLIOL library database at Canada's Inter- overseas mail.) Contact the Worldwatch In- (USS15 00) which lists over 400 consers a- national Development Research Centre stitute, 1776 Massachusetts Avenue NW, tion organizations. Partners of the (IDRC). Washington, DC 20036 USA. Americas, 1424 "K" Street NW, Suite 700, VITA Publications has produced five The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) Washington, DC 20005 USA books as part of a series on environmental- makes small grants available to grassroots The Smithsonian Museum of Natural ly sound, small-scale development conservation efforts in developing History publishes a free monthly newslet- projects The series offers guidelines for countries that directly contribute to biologi- ter emphasizing biodiversity and tropical planning community-based agriculture, cal diversity and the sustainable use of forests Issues include a bibliography of water, forestry, energy and livestock resources. They also provide technical as- recently published articles in related fields projects For information, contact. VITA sistance to conservation and sustainable Biological Conservation Newsletter, Smith- Publication Services, 1815 North 'ynn development efforts through the Wildlands sonian Institution, Department of Botany, Street, Suite 200, Arlington, VA 22209 USA. and Human Needs and Biodiversity NHB 166, Washington, DC 20560 USA Telephone. (703) 684-7937. projects. With support from A.I.D., the Con- Unesco's Division of Marinc Sciences The World Resources Institute is a re- servation Foundation (CF) operates the En- publishes the International Marine Science search and policy organization helping vironmental Information Service (EIS) to Newsletter in English, Spanish, French, Rus- gos en iments, business and environmental provide developing countries with techni- sian and Chinese Free from IMS Newslet- and development organizations address cal assistance and information on environ- ter, Division of Marine Sciences, Uncsco, 7 the fundamental question. How can mental issues. The Foundation also Place de Fontenoy, "5700 Pans, France societies meet human needs and nurture produces a newsletter. For more informa- SPORE, the bimonthly bulletin of the econotr.ic growth while preserving natural tion on WWF /CF programs, contact. The Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural resources? In collaboration with the United World Wildlife Fund/Conservation Founda- Cooperation in the Netherlands, focuses Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) tion, 1250 24th Street, NW, Washington, on environmentally sound, sustainable and the International Institute for Environ- DC 20037 USA Telephone. (202) 293- agriculture techniques Published in ment and Development (LIED), it publish- 4800. Fax. (202) 293-9211. Telex. 64505 English and French. Contact: Technical es World Resources: An Assessment of the PANDA. Centre for Agricultural and Rural Coopera- Resource Base :hat Supports the Global tion (CTA), Postbus 380, 6700 AJ Wagenin- Economy which includes statistical data from 146 countries. It also produces 3 4 16 Development Communication Report 1989/2 munity Forestry Projects and Forestry for What's New, Community Development. For more infor- Community Radio mation and applications, write Cesar Conference What's Coming Nuevo, Director, Institute of Forest Conser- The Second International Congress vation, UPLB College of Forestry, College of the European Federation of Com- Laguna 4031, Philippines. munity Radios (FERL) will be held August 6-13 in Forcalquier (Provence), France. Community radio groups will in have the chance to display and eY- Helping Learners Learn change their programs, demonstrate uni- The Fifth Annual Conference on Teach- que innovations and attend a radio flea ing at a Distance will take place August 8- market. Among conference themes are: 10, 1989 in Madison, Wisconsin. This how can communication be developed year's theme is Helping Learners Learn at a in the Third World so that it serves the Distance. For more information, contact. people; culture: forms of resistance Chris Olgren, Coordinator, Continuing and against North American uniformity; and (( Vocation?' Education, University of Wis- regaining access to and control of tech- consin-Madison, 225 North Mills Street, nology. For further information on FERL Communication for Madison, WI 53706 USA. Telephone (608) and the Congress in English, Spanish, Rural Development 262-5526. French, German or Portuguese, contact: i FERL, Les Quatre Reines, B.P. 42, 94300 The Communications Division of the Forcalquier, France. Telephone: 92 76 Inter-American Institute for Cooperation Student Support in 05 98. Or in England: Main Hertzmann, on Agriculture (IICA) in Costa Rica regular- Distance Education 7 Montague Road, London E8 2HN ly offers courses on development corn- The International Council for Distance England. Telephone: (01) 249 9718. munication, among them: Mass Education and the British Open University Communication for Rural Development will host an international conference on In- focusing on radio and audiovisual produc- teraction and Independence: Student Sup- tion techniques and printed materials port in Distance Education and Open 20th Anima: development, planning and methodology, Learning September 19-22, 1989 at Down- Communications Conference Planning Communisation Projects to Sup- ing College, Cambridge. For more informa- The twentieth Annual Conference of port Rural Development including training tion, contact Alan Tait, Open University, the International Institute of Communica strategies for Latin American farmers, basic East Anglia, Cintra House, 12 Hills Road, tions will be held in Par's, France, Septem- elements of message analysis, community Cambridge CB2 1PF England. Telephone ber 6-9, 1989. The conference will focus communication and integration of farmer (44) 223 64721. on telecommunications, broadcasting and experiences into project planning; Video information services. Among conference Proe-tction including basic components of Distance Education topics: Cables and Satellites Who Needs audiovisual production using film and edit- Conference Them?; Telecom Trade: Why New Rules ing equipment and Principles of Distance The International Council for Distance are Needed and New Telecom Services Education. IICA is also developing dis- Education will hold its fifteenth world con- Who Benefits? For more information, con- tance education courses in agriculture and ference in Caracas, Venezuela, November tact Gerry Jayasuriya, Assistant Director, health care for Costa Rican farmers in 410 1990 The conference theme will be International Institute of Communications cooperation with the Radio Nederland Distance Education Development and Ac- (IIC), Tavistock House South, Tavistock Training Centre. cess Special topics will include building Square, London WC1H 9LF England. Contact. Antonio Cabezas E., Dean of political support, distance education and Telephone (01) 388 0671. Fax. (01) 380 Studies, IICARNTC, Apartado 55-2200 human resources development, addressing 0623 Telex. 24578 IICLDN G. Cable Coronado, Costa Rica. Telephone: (506) 29 the needs of the private sector, literacy, Widecast London. 0222. Fax: (506) 29 3486 Telex: 2144 !ICA. media choices, materials development, stu- Cable: IICA San Jose. dent support, technology applications, International Conference on joint ventures, networking and consortia. Telecommunications Forestry Conservation The conference will be held in Spanish The International Telecommunication The Institute cf Forest Cun,-,ervation at and in English This year's organizer is Union has begun plans for TELECOM 91, a the University of Philippines at Los Banos Venezuela's Uiversidad Nacional Abierta. major Lonvention on international telecom- (UPLB) offers a series of short courses in For more information, contact. Arman- munications and electronics to be held Oc- forestry techniques 'ncluding: Research do Villarroel, Oficina de la XV conferencia tober 8-15, 1991. Techniques in Agroforestry, Forestry Exten- ICDE, Apartado 797, Caracas 1010A, As part of TELECOM 91, the ITU will sion Officers Development Course, Venezuela Telephone. 58-2-573-1346 or host the sixth International Film and Video Agroforestry, Applied Communication 58-2-57'1-0186 Fax. 58-2-573-6642. Telex. Festival on Telecommunications and Development, Reforestation Planning and 26111 UNA VC Electronics Golden Antenna 91. The Fes- Plantation Establishment and Management, Management of Agroforestry and Com- (ConUnticyl on page 18) 35

Development Communisation Report1989/2 17 Films and Videos Environment Newsletter from the (WHAT'S NEW from page 17) for Medicine World Bank tival will be held during TELECOM 91 and The deadline for entrics in the British The World Bank recently began will highlight film and video productions Medical Association (BMA) Film and Video publishing Environment Bulletin, a on telecommunications and eleronics Competition is July 31, 1989 The competi- bimonthly newsletter focusing on the corn and their impact on -ccon,mnic tion was established in 1957 to encourage regional and departmental environment ac- development Films entered in the festival the production of outstanding medical ti' Ines of the Bank For more information, must be less than five years old They can films Entries are judged for creativity, sub- contact Environment Bulletin, The World be in black and white or in color Films ject accuracy and educational effective- Bank, Room S-5029, 1818 liStieet NW, must be either on 16 or 35 mm videotape ness Entries from the UK must be less than Washington, DC 20433 USA. that conform to PAL, SECAM or NTSC two years old; entries ,roin other countries standards, videos must be U-MAT1C, VHS, must be less than four years old,MA also Hazardous Waste Manual or BETA compatible Entry categories in maintains a medical film library. Contact The World Bank, the World Health Or- clud.e public information, publicity and ad- Media Resources Officer, BMA Film and ganization (WHO) and the United Nations vertising, technical resources for Video Library, The Nuffield Library, BMA Environment Programme (UNEP) have telecommuracations or electronics techni- House, Tavistock Square, London WCIH published a new three-volume manual on ques and vocational training An official 9JP England Telephone. (01) 388 7976. hazardous waste disposal entitled The Safe catalogue with information on all the Fax. (01) 388 2181. Disposal of Hazardous Waste. Special productions presented will be published Needs and Problems of Developing and made available on request. Countries. It viii be available from World The fourth World Book and Bank Publications, P.O Box 7247-8619, Audiovisual Fair on Telecommunications Philadelphia, PA 19170-8619 USA. and Electronics--Book Fair 91will take Development Communication place at the same time, highlighting books, Case Studies Environmental Accounting publications and technical literature on In June 1989, the World Bank will The Food and Agriculture Organiza- telecommunications and electronics. The publish Emvonmental Accounting for Sts- tion (FAO) in Rome has completed five fair is open to all publishers. Some tamable Development, a collection of development communication case categories are radio, satellite technology, selected papers from five joint studies- 1) Education through Entertain- computers, electronics, fibre optics, high UNEP/World Bank workshops on the en- ment.. The British Radio Drama Series definition television and telephones. vironment and resource accounting. For more information, contact: Golden The Archers-An Everyday Story of Country Folk' describes the uses of Antenna 91 or Book Fair 91, Public Rela- Coping with Disasters radio and entertainment to reach rural tions Division, International Telecom- The World Health Organization (WHO) audiences with agriculture messages It munications Union, Place des Nations, recently published Coping with Natural also explores applications for rural CH-1211 Geneve 20, Switzerland Disasters. The Role of Local Health Person- broadcasters in developing countries. Telephone: (+41) 22 730 52 48 or (+41) 22 nel and the Community (pp.92; ISBN 92 4 2) Filmstrips in Extension and Training 730 52 36. Telex. +421 000 uft ch. F:tx. 154238 1) Coping with Natural Disasters is in Burkina Faso discusses the introduc- (+41) 22 733 72 56. a well-structured collection of facts, advice tion, problems, effects and results of and recommendations to help local com- using filmstrips as a communication tool munities manage disasters by explaining to reach rural farmers. 3) Perspectives on what communities can do for themselves Communication for Rural Development to save lives immediately after disaster Low Cost Health Materials details the FAO's !velopment Com- strikes The book includes information 'reaching Aids At Low Cost (TALC) has munication Support (DCS) unit, its ser- specific to various natural disasters includ- an extensive list of health education vices and how DCS information and ing earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, materials available to developing countries training programs are implemented. floods, hurricanes, gales, tidal waves and at !ow costs. The list includes books on 4) A Rural Communication System for droughts Produced in cooperation with health care services, AIDS education and Development in Mexico's Tropical the League of Red Cross and Red Crescent communication, mother and child care, Lowlands examines the strengths, weak- Societies, Coping with Natural Disasters is nutrition and child growth, education and nesses and lessons learned from this available in English and French and can he communication, disability and appropriate highly successful project 5) Rural ordered from WHO publications sales technology and medicine. TALC also Radio in Mauritania outlines the goals, agents worldwide. provides teaching transparencies, flan- methodology and implementation of a For the agent nearest you, contact the nelgraphs, oral rehydration spoons, amt radio project for rural development Clearinghouse or write WHO, Distribution circumference tapes, weight charts and For additional information or copies and Sales, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. technical slide sets for doctors, nurses and of the studies, contact: FAO, Via dellc (Sw.H.18, US$14.40. Order no. 1150310.) health workers. Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy Contact: Barbara Harvey, TALC, P.O. Box 49, St. Albans, Hens All 4AX England. Telephone: 0727 53869. Telex: 266020 CORALP G Ref. TALC. 3 6

18 Development Communication Report1989 /2 mental planners and communicators be- Individual and community values and (LAFLIN from page 20) cause a is individual and community behavior interact continuously to deter- The "green" issues, such as the extinc- decisions to consume and pollute ur mine the quality of Rater supplies, the use tion of species both known and as y ct curberve and regenerate that deter-mint of Nuod and soil, the use of pesticides, unidentified and global warming, will have the future waste disposal and the choice of local long-term effects that are harder to quan- enterprises. Communication strategies tify. Mjst development agencies have not What Role Should Communication must take account of the fact that decisions yet fashioned a response to green issues, Play? made today will produce consequences although some have experimented Rith Awareness The media have been that may last for generations They must debt-for-nature swaps or mounted projects successful in raising the consciousness of also take into account that the same or to tackle issues in biodiversity. Gene banks the developed world that there is an en- similar decisions will be made and re- have been set up. Nevertheless, the vironmental problem. Beginning with the made many times over in the years to response to green issues has been rhetori- success of the "Greens" in West Germany, come. For all these reasons, corn cal rather than real and is likely to remain a political party whose reason for exist- municators must weigh very carefully so until developed nations put their own ence is based on concern for the environ- which communication and education houses in order as a preface to serious in- ment, the environmental movement has strategies are appropriate to transfer from ternational agreements. gained credibility and political influence other development sectors. throughout the West. At both national and Long-term Strategies for Sustainable local levels, elections are fought increasing- Two Major Constraints Development: Necessity or Pipedream? ly on environmental matters. Policy. Life for the communicator is As arable lands decay and supp:ies of Fundacion Natura in Ecuador has made much simpler when there is a clear- firewood dwindle, it is the poorest people mounted sophisticated multimedia cam- cut, coherent policy from a hich to in developing countries who feel the ef- paigns, Kenya has produced newspapers develop messages and identify audiences. fects of environmental degradation most for children focused on environmental For environmental communicators, the keenly. Governments lurch from one education, and middle-class urban situation is rendered problematical by. economic crisis to another. It is hard under dwellers in most countries have been ex- these circumstances to consider long-term posed to media reports on the environ- lobbying groups who believe that their cause is the most important when environmental remedies. ment By and large, it is true to say that it is but one of many; Ideally, countries would develop col- awareness messages have been directed at laborative long-term plans that would in- the educated middle-classes. It is also true agricultural policies which are unclear, tegrate economic and environmental that denial of responsibility is manifest in contradictory, plainly unsustainable or security. Agricultural, population and in- most countries. It is "they" who destroy nonexistent: and dustrial policies would take into account forests, massacre elephants, whales and the compartmentalization of govern- economic, human and environmental gorillas, drive big cars, dump toxic waste. ments and aid agencies into agricul- needs that everyone could understand and While there may be an acceptance that ture, health, population, forestry or work toward. In practice. the realities of in- we are responsible, the major step of ac- education sectors which makes coor- dinated approaches to sustainable dustrial and economic development are knowledging that "my" actions matter is de- development difficult. usually in conflict with environmental con- pendent on being reassured that "they" will cerns. Short-term decisions must choose also play their part. 'Communication Infrastructure between death or survival for the woman 16) Community Mobilization. Com- While policy and legislation may be in- who needs fuelwood to cook for her fami- munication strategies to support specific fluenced at the national or central level, ly; profit and employment vs bankruptcy actions, such as planting trees, have been the locus of action is mainly at the com- for the factory that belches fumes and toxic ci.:signed to prom Dte community mobiliza- munity level Most investment in com- waste; or between making or defaulting on tion. Decker's Mexico case study, munication infrastructure has been in interest payments for governments that are described on page one of this DCR, is a national and urban systems If sustainable devastating forests for the hard currency good example. Such strategies are one development is to become a reality, then that timber exports bring. component of a community-based plan to low-cost local communication systems will For most of the world's populatiuil, accomplish concrete environmental goals, have to be developed, sustained and therefore, human accommodation to the developed and agreed upon by the com- operated by their communities environment is centered on sustaining the munity. The role of communication is to in- production of sufficient food and fuel and form, popularize, legitimi,e and report on Michael Win is Director of the Clearing access to clean water. Saving whales, these goals and activities House on Development Communication elephants and the Amazonian forest is a Et Strategies to Promote Individual Be- concern for richer societies that can afford havior Change. The most successful ex- such angst. Do the world's poor objective- amples of communication to initiate or ly believe that life for their children will be support individual behavior change have better or worse than their own? Do they occurred when the behavior in question believe that their present actions will sig- was relatively simple and susceptible to re- nificantly affect that future? If they do, then search, description and then prescription what technical solutions are available to Environmental change is contingent on them? These are key questions for environ- changing whole lifestyles and industries. 37 Development ,;ominunication Report1989/2 19 specifically environmental concerns fit in Environmental Communication: with longstanding issues of poverty, infant mortality, economic stagnation, illiteracy New Roles, Hard Choices and Injustice? Should we devote funds specifically to environmental concerns and if we should, By Mike Laflin tem can bear Indeed, some see environ- should those funds be brokered through Many donor and lending agencies have mental degradation purely as a function of environmental agencies? Or should the im- stated that environmental concerns will population growth stabilize population plementation of environmental policy be- provide the foundation for development growth and environmental issues will dis- come part of the fabric of traditional planning in the next decades. What does appear. sectors such as agriculture, population, that imply for development com- Other schools of thought see sus- education and industrial development? municators? tainable development in much broader While we talk about the environment, terms They place greater emphasis on is- Are There More Fundamental Issues? what we do about it carries different sues such as participation in decision- Perhaps this is simply a global popula- names, each name reflecting the emphasis making and the political process, the tion issue There are vastly more people of those who use it. Conservation of the en- quality of justice, population control, burdening the world's resources today vironment suggests maintaining the status preservation of flora and fauna, the effi- than at the beginning of this century. Many quo or returning to a previouspresumab- cient use of energy and the quality of life parts of the world can no longer sustain ly better - -one. It reflects most strongly the for present and future generations Sus- growing populations. belief that tile planet is endangered tainable development embodies par- As well as more people demanding Natural resources management is more ticipatory principles exemplified for many more resources, extra ingredients have neutral and calming, implying that the years by the most successful community been added to the ecological mix For ex- Earth's resources can be managed. It raises based projects and grassroots organiza- ample, we have invented new toxic wastes such questions as to whom they belong tions They have demonstrated that that we cannct get rid of. We have intro- and who should be managing them and efficient and effective development can be duced ecologically aberrant behavior, such perhaps misleads by implying that there sustained if technical objectives are linked as burning gasoline and squiring aerosols, are scientific management solutions to to the social and economic needs of the that until now the planet has tolerated. But problems that are enormously complex. participants It is in these terms that we their cumulative effect is becoming over- Managers of large corporations also face view sustainable development. whelming. Will we change our behavior? Or have complex issues, but usually have the How Serious Is The Problem? po wer to solve them. In this field, one we become so socially and economically might ask, "Where are the managers?" Leonard and Eadie Brandon (page I) dependent on the new patterns of con- We prefer the term sustainable develop- point to three global ecological trends sumption, especially in richer nations, that ment. Environmental issues have served to o the warming of the Earth's climate due we are unwilling to change? remind us that development policies need to human activities, to look beyond the present generation, the diminution of the Earth's pool of ...efficient and effective that we 111 belong to the same world and genetic resources; and that the destinies of all nations are linker development can be Indeed, it is possible that global environ- the declining productivity of much of sustained i f technical mental issues may reshape relationships the Earth's arable land. among nations. Responding to environ- We know that these trends arc real, but objectives are linked to the mental concerns makes policies of self-in- w hat perspective should v. e take? Is the social and economic needs terested isolation more difficult and world in crisis? How much time do we of the participants. reinforces the need for long-term policies have to take corrective action? Is the in- rather than short-term strategies al crease of the world's temperature by a few economic and political relationships. degrees really going to make a difference? "Green" vs "Dirty" Issues Sustainability has an evident time If the polar caps begin to melt, will sig- In terms of policy and funding, we are dimension Some development planners nificant areas of land disappear under better at cleaning up our messes than con- take a distinctly short-term view for them, water? So what if global warming implies trolling our excesses. The 'dirty" issues, sustainability is equated with food suf- changes in agriculture? The whole history such as pollution and how to dispose of ficiency. First, feed the world, then worry of agriculture is one of change and adapta- human and chemical waste, are ti iigible about sustaining the natural resource base tion to circumstance and can be quantified. The costs of ignor- Others see sustainable development as an The economies of many countries ing the hazards of sewage or toxic waste ecological issue. Systems which deplete, declined during the last decade and mil- can be counted in both human and pollute or disrupt the ecological balance of lions of young people under the age of fif- economic terms. Bhopal and Chernobyl natural resource systems cannot be sus- teen can look forwara to a quality of life tragically illustrate the penalties for not tained. They see the physical environment that may be worse rather than better than controlling toxic materials. as finite and would restrain population and that of their parents. Under the broader human practices to levels that the ecosys- rubric of sustainable development, how do (Continued on page 19) .38

20 Development Communication Report1989/2 Development Communication Report

1989/3 No 66

Popular Video for Rural f ( '1'0,1i/'/. AI. (.1',"111 tfl (' Development in Peru %lc t 111 71; e'., t V. 1.11 ;eh nt 11'

I ; ,' N, i/ 1/IV, h by J. Manuel Calvelo Rios ' O H ( '/' (Ill Fourteen years ago. Peru began its first effort in the sstematic and massive use of video f1; II,iIII,: t1,'it/11 for education and traimng in rural areas of the country 'I he project was funded by the FAO I ,1 0, and the UNDP in cooperation with the Centro de Scmcios de Peclagoglit Audiovisual Para 1, II1,11, ,tII, ,, I. ,r la Capacitacion-CESPAC (Audiovisual Center for Educational Services) -a part of the Peruvian Ministry of Agriculture By thtime the project ended in 1986, the following results had been attained. Four hundred ninety thousand peasants from the mountains of Pew had attended video-

based courses lasting fwe to 20 days with three to four hours of training each day The 1111 I ( (O.( / (;1,/, courses covered rural health, housing, family planning, reforestation, agncultuie, animal husbandry, nutrition and water sanitation '/1, 14 1, ,1!totrivitn n/«//,t One hundred t% % ens different course packages were produced Each one included to-five audiovisual programs, as well as printed student and teacher guides. In all, 1,260 I ,),1, different video programs, each 10 to 18 minutes in length, were produced I I WI A 1r4//1//)/LI///1,..:///'/I, I)1,, ,1 An additional -'80 video programs were produced on institutiona information, human resource development, culture and socioeconomic diagnostics. //I,1/I///(//!! I/W(0'1.0

, One hundred sixt\ audio isual specialists completed training in %ideo producucn, I \//1( "( ), II, / learned to produce audiovisual materials and to run the training programs Sevent 1 trainers from other countries also completed the program (1)('(1' ( lit,1111( 1.11 tiP A total of 280 group discussion leaders learned how to use audiovisuals in the training 1,1/1f process Many of these were peasants from Andean communities Considerable research on the adaptation of % ideo technology for use in rural areas was conducted. Among se% eral de% ices de% eloped were pedal-operated electrical generators In this ±F_sue and special %oltage adapters Popular Video for Rural Development in Peru Numerous examples showed that the ideas presented to the courses were carried out in practice domestic %egetable gardens, new adobe buildings, increased animal vaccina- New Tools for Training tion, restorations, reloNstation, etc at a Distance 3 Visual Communication Materials Why Use Video? for Rural Audiences 4 In 19-5, Peru decided to support rural development through education and training Figuring Training Costs 6 This decision was seen not as a means to increase Kochi( non and productia%, but Facts for Life 8 also as a ,1 to 1111prO% e the II% mg conditions of subsistence peasants in real terms It w as 1 raining Needs in the U S hoped that education and training w mild enable peasants to take better ad% antage of the --A Grocing Problem It) resources that came within their reach Teen Teatro 10 Any attempt to promote rural development requires two basic elements 'I he first ele- Training for Sustainable Change in ment is capital access to affordable credit, investments and equitable pricing policies The I londuras 11 second important element is physical inputs-machinery, fertilizers, pesticides, unpro% ed Using Inter:tem e Radio seeds, etc The CESPAC video project was designed to give peasants an additional input to Teach Health 12 beyond these two. the skills to help them manage both capital and ph} mt.!' inputs more productiveK and the knowledge to impro% c their Mk n In mg conditions Knowledge and Resources for skills are intangible and unique the do not disappear w ith use and, w ithout them, other in- Media-Based Trainers 1 puts can be misused and wasted \vitae, New. what., Coming 14 Communications Technology for '1 raining Can It Rcall), ".cake A Difference? 16 Conn nued On page )

(Supporteded by the Bureau for Science and Technology, Office of Education of the U.S. Agency for International Development Letters to the Editor Your term "sustainable development" (in mg and full of some %cry useful informa- 44011 DCR No. 65 1989/2) is understandable and tion. However, i save to question one of Development Communication Laudable from an idealistic perspeetu c But the "facts" mentione i in the article by Report in practice, it has been a dismal failure for Michael Lathentitled "Local Radio Hard the most pm The problem. as you point Questions."limier the heading "kleol- De/ v/opment Comm/kat:on Repvt. out, is that managers think of now, to the ogy", the author states" Goeernments published quarterly by the Clearinghouse on exclusion of tomorrow regard national unity and integration as a Development Communication, has a [American] society is based on a quick circulation of over 7,(X)0 The lieu slime r priority Legitimization of local languages is fix philosophy We arc short-term and available free of charge to readers in the and identities often seem destructive to that linear rather than long term and holistic developing world and at a charge of end. For this very reason, Nicaragua closed We train managers USS10.00 per year to readers in industrialwed to breed efficiency at down the Nliskito station and Kurdish is an countries the expense of labor, [to expect] immediate outlawed language in Turkey.. gratification rather than goal plan- The fact is there are two stations broad- A ccnter for nratvnals and information on ning...11ow can we hope to sell developing casting in the Miskito language in important applications of communication nations on the notion of not forsaking their Nicaragua . technology to development problems. the It is true that the stations have legacy if we are selling ours faster than Clearinghouse is operated by the Institute for been temporarily shut down on occasion, International Research, in association with McDonald's sells burgers) If we have con- but not by the go\ eminent Apart from peri- Creative Associates International and trolled our impulse to raise large families it odic closures because of the shortage of supported by the U S. Agency for is only because of economic reasons fuel for the generators, two instances come International Development. Bureau for [Developing countries] have-ft begun to to mind. S,:ience and Technology, Office of Education, scratch their soil for rich minerals and w e're Radio Zinica in Bluefields broadcasts in as part of its program in educational asking them to leave them in the ground? English, Spanish, and Misloto. Last October technology and de, elopment communication Ludicrous' Do as we say, not what we do is it- -and most of the city of Bluefieldswas the prevailing message The views expressed in Development destroyed by a hurricane. Despite a Communication Report are those of the Only when we begin to change the per- shortage of both money and equipment the authors and not necessarily of its sponsors ception of our own peopleoursch es, our station was back on the air within a Original material in the Report may be politicians and our managers--w ill we begin week.. The other case invokes Radio Tasba reproduced withuta prior permission to earn the right to ask others for the same w WO broadcast in four languages from provided that full credit is given and that to sacrifice In the Northwest, the Forest Ser La Rosna near the Honduran frontier until it copies of the reprint are sent to the Editor %la has cut 86% of old grow th trees Yet, at was blown up by the Contras in December Clearinghouse on Development wags its finger at cutting practices in Latin 1987. "Tasba Pri" is Nliskito for "free land"... Communication America, where 15% has been cut. If we This time, however, they had less success 1815 North Fort Myer Drive, Suite 600 won't practice honest "sustainable develop- and due to a series of technical Arlington, VA 22209 USA ment" in our own country, we should be problems...almost a year passed before the Telephone: (703) 527-5546 careful about how loudly we preach to our station reopened in another town in the Fax: (703) 527-4661 neighbors. After all, if they start practicing same region. Telex: '710-833-0320 DIUNC VA what we preach, won't they later demand As the above indicates, Nicaragua has in that we comply as well) fact supported Nhskito and other language Michael Laflin. Director Best Regards broadcasting as a priority and not sup- Desiree deGraeve, Editor Timothy Thecklel. pressed it as Mr Lallm suggests. Thank you Andre Roussel, Infomution Specialist Salem, Oregon, USA and your staff for an otherwise vliluatle Stephen Mitchell. Librarian publication ISSNO192-1312 }biers Sincerely, The Development Communication Report is 1 have just read through a copy of Bruce Girard produced asing desk-tot, publishing under Detdopment Comm nication Report No Montreal, Quebec, Canada A.I D contract DI IR-583 -Z-00-8028-(X) 6-1(1989/1) and found it to be most interest-

A Letter to Contributors The Development thrnmunication Report ,.l. ay s welcomes Pages should be numbered eonsecutnely Titles, section headings contributions to the DCK from its readers Periodically, the DCR and descriptions for illustrations should be as brief as possible. lists proposed topics for future issues Autnors working in these Spell out acronyms the first time they appear in the text followed areas are encouraged to submit summaries of their research, case immediatel by the abbre\ lilted form in parentheses Includea studies and field experiences Book and material review s are also brief biographical note (25 words) about the author. Submitted welcome While the DCR will consider any legible work written material w ill not be returned unless a w ritten request to do so ac- in English, Slanish or French, guidelines for submissions arcas companies the submission when it is first received. Photographs follows: Articles should be no longer than I,500-2,0(X) words illustrations, tables and graphs are appreciated. They should he typed, double-spaced, on w hite paper and in- Future issues of the DCR w ill focus on Information 'rcehnol- clude the author's name, professional affiliation and address laterac, E aluation and \X'omen in Development. Telephone, telex and fax numbers are also helpful if available. 40

2 Development aminittniCation Report 1989/3' Teaching Health Care: An Upate New Tools for Training ata One obstacle to improving the quality Distance and availability of basic health care in developing countries is the lack of effec- tive, appropriate teaching materials to by Will Shaw s) stems, humankind has quickly moved train health care professionals. In issue (*tom an initial six-mile telephone call in No. 6C of Dezvlopment Communication Educators are continual') searching for 187o to routine telephone, telex, radio and Report, Dr. Roberta Ritson outlined the new and better ways of reaching learners telex Ism traffic beamed to and from satel- work of the Health Learning Materials Distance education s) stems can be an effec- lites orbiting 22,400 miles above the earth. (HLM) Programme at the World Health tive means of increasing access to educa- Developing countries have not been left Organization to help developing tion and training among people who out of the telecommunications revolution. ountries produce, update and improve cannot study in regular programs either be ,n some cases their lack of investment in ex- the quality of the materials they use to cause of their distance from appropriate in isting infrastructures has enabled them to train national health care staffs. Many of stitutions or because they lack the time to jump ahead of some Western nations in the existing materials being used have attend classes during regular hours. Dis- adopting new technologies. Indonesia, been adapted or translated from text. tance education systems allow such people Mexico, India, Brazil and the Arab nations, prerared in other countries. But lan- to continue their formal education or to ac- for example, now have their own national guage, culture, educational levels, job quire special training despite these satellite systems. responsibilities and the types of health obstacles In industrialized countries, dis- There has also been tremendous growth tasks performed can differ from country tance education systems are increasing!) in what can be done over simple telephone to country. HT M helps participating being used for in-service training in the lines. Large groups of people at many loca- countries naterials to make them private and public sectors and for sup- tions can talk to one another through more appropi. to and. event to specific plemental courses at the fonnal level. In the audioconferencing equipment i -rays and country's needs developing woild, distance education sys- photos can be sent cheaply owl telephone The HLM Programme works with tems are used to expand access to formal lines via slow scan television. Live handwrit- more than '0 developing countries to education at the tertiary and secondary ing and grargycs can be delivered by a help them produce their own teaching, levels and to compensate for a lack of wide vanf < mnputer-powered systems learning and promotional health teachers and facilities How will advances that can ivate local video disk dis- materials The HLM Programme also en- in technology expand and enhance dis- plays. New li.odems enable voice and com- courages the sharing of resources and e) tance education in both the developed and puter graphics signals to be transmitted penise between countries. In January developing world? How can it lessen the simultaneously over a single, telephone 1989, the Programme sponsored a educational barriers between them? line to a distant PC user. Educational workshop to promote greater collabora- audioconferencing networks have been Keeping Up with Technology tion and information sharing between par- developed in Indonesia, Peru and the West ticipating countries As a result, the Print materials have traditional() funned Indies. Students from around the world are Programme has produced Intercountry the heart of most distance education participating in courses given by computer. Networking for Health, a report that out- programs. occasionall supplemented w ith Computer s stems, electronic blackboards lines strategies for developing stronger audiovisual aids But a w eakness of these and teleconferences can span the globe and collaborations between countries and the programs has been the missing element of all its time zones. Satellites are offering new special advantages intercountry coopera- immediac) --of not being in lis e-time con- options for distance training. Direct broad- tion can bring to basic health care train- tact with a real teacher, Complex tasks ma) cast satellites (DBS) in use in some areas ing. Three language networks are already be difficult to cone) b) static media How can beam TV signals directly to users, one- taking shape one in Southern and East- ever, ,event Clo elopments in telecom- foot square flat antennas costing less than ern Africa, another in South-East Asia and munications and satellite communications S-150 each will be available shortly. All of a third for Arabic-speaking countries A are making it possible to offer regular In o- these changes are occurring in developing new pilot project is als underway to way contact s ith w del) scattered learners nations as well as developed ones and in promote the exchrrige of learning These technologies can also pros idle the home settings as well as institutions materials on microcumputer diskette. The visual teaching aids necessary to support diskette system facilitates the revision and complc training tasks. Facing the Challenge updating of materials without the need Thu ngoing telecommunications revolu- Educators around the world are facing for retyping and allows participating tion is creating a global communications up to the challenge of understanding and countries to spend more time tailoring ad- network which can offer endless oppor- responding to these developments. In the justments to meet local needs tunities for two-way communication be- private companies are routinely using For for information on the HI.M tiveen people at multiple and remote telecommunications networks for in-service Programme and its projects, contact. Dr locations. Although educators arc wan of training, management meetings and data Roberta Ritson, Division of Health Man- technological solutions to educational transfer. Large corporations have bypass( power Development, World Health Or- problems, the rapid development of phone companies and have created their ganization (WHO), 1211 Geneva 27, telecommunications facilities is creating own satellite networks linking thousands of Switzerland. Telephone: 791.21 11 Fax profound changes in the way people inter- sites. Formal education institutions are 791.07.46. Telex: 415416. act, learn and work. After thousands of ).e irs without any distance communications (Contztzued on page 4.)

4 Derdop,o, Comnuomation Report 1989/3 3 even when excess capacity exists (Shawfmmpage 3) Educators must persuade pohcymakers that moving from statewide to nationwide net- these communications facilities represent a Visual 1 works that !ink universities, st.hools and nationa! r;._ .ourk.ethat should beuscd for communities. Medical networks link social development purposes at concession- Communication hundreds of hospitals together, and ary rates. entrepreneurs are creating and marketing a IllectivenessInstruthon shy Id full} Materials for wide range of educational programs includ- utilize the advantages of the medic. -n. Poor ing in-service professional training for doc teaching and instructional design w ill not Rural tors, lawyers and engineers. magically improve when transmitted by Parallel activities in developing nations satellite. Audiences: have been slew to occur Despite promis- Interacti ,n.Two-way interaction be- ing pilot projects using satellites and tween instructor and learners must be Re-orienting telecommunications that have taken place planned and enthusiastically implemented. over the last ten years, current multilateral Man} educators continue to teach in a uni- Artists and donor agency funding for such projects has directional 'broadcast" mode, even in face- fallen nearly to zero Although education toface situations. Cotes- writers needs are more pressing than ever and al- Program coverage.Regional, national though telecommunications infrastructures and international programs are all possible in many developing countries continue to through telecommunications, howe} er, by Peter Chen grow in size, sophistication and reliability, poiiticai barriers may be harder to sur- It all started when I met with Mr. S.M. only two or three governments in develop- mount Some governments and organiza- Khan, in the Directorate of Advertising and ing countries are supporting ongoing social tions may not want a free flow of Visual Publicity (DAVE ) of India's Ministry .applications in these areas information occurring without maintaining of information and Broadcasting to discuss some degree of control. Educational Powerful Tools the possibility of a joint venture between programs developed in other countries may the DAVP and the United Nations Children Telecommunications networks could be threaten feelings of sovereignty and self-suf- Fund (UNICEF) to produce posters in sup- powerful tools to address the scarcity of ex- ficiency port of our Child Survival and Development pertise and lack of educational oppor- Program modelsEducators have to Programme. DAVP is the government agen- tunities and resources in the Third World. be creative in exploiting the opportunities cy responsible for the production and dis- Telecommunications could also help made possible by telecommunications tribution of all government produced reduce educational equity problems, as Private companies and universities now communication materials and is the largest well as regional imbalances in skills In the market their courseware to school systems advertising agency in India. It has full limited space available in this forum, let me and private industry New groups of fledged creative design and production raise a few issues that educators will need learners wait to be identified and served. departments and functions much the to address as they consider how to utilize Quality control and certification are issues same way as any commercial advertising telecommunications systems for education- that need to be addressed, agency, with a large number of artists, al purposes in developing countries SupportEducational innovations re- visualizers and copy-writers on its payroll. Affordability.High tech is expensive, quire a basic core of staff and political sup- The idea was to have UNICEF sponsor a but costs are dropping due to excess port to be successful Sufficient, permanent creative workshop for the visualizers, copy- capacity, more efficient equipment and financing is crucial and depends on politi- writers and artists responsible for the economies of scale Educators must be care- cal and institutional support. production of health communication ful to choose communications tools on the SustainabilityApplications for posters and related visual communication basis of need. what facilities are really telecommunications have to be carefully materials to increase the artists' awareness necessary in order to accomplish your planned Is there a market for your educa- of their intended audiences and to make goals? Full motion television is often tional product? Will usage be enough to the posters and other visual materials more desired, but a telephone channel using warrant full time leased capacity or only effective. voice and graphics costs a fraction of TV part-time rented facilities? Are you avoiding and is just as effective for most uses Cost-ef- the pitfall of designing a gold-plated *stem Why the Need for Re-orientation? fectiveness is also a function of use The that is too expensive1r your needs? Will Development agencies, especially those your system be able to grow with you? training of doctors, for instance, may be in the field of health care, produce and use more valuable than holding administrative Telecommunications is the driving force large numbers of visual communication behind a new age of human communica- meetings via audioconferencing -or vice aids in their efforts to train, inform, educate tion It is changing the world we live in and versa. Telecommunications can not only and communicate health care information. allow you to dc things Lfss expensively its impact cannot be halted or ignored The UNICEF has had its share of experiences in than faceto-f -e alternatives by saving on challenge for educators is to harness its developing and producing prototype visual travel costs--I tit can also allow you to do power for social development and to con- communication materials from posters, flip- things you mib:it not think of doing at all, vince pohcymakers that they should receive charts and flashcards to films and video such as holding a two-hour meeting of 200 adequate access to this powerful resource programs How effective are these visual people spread across an entire country. aids in coliveying the desired message to Access.In most developing nations, Willard D Sbau'. &1. D., is a Senior Thy- rural audiences? Over the last seven years, telecommunications networks are control- gram Officer at the Academy for Education- led by governments which levy high tariffs al Developmw , in Wasbmton. DC. in order to recoup capital investment costs-- 42 (Continued On page 5)

4 Development Communication Report 1989/.3 visa nearby villages to "pretest" (in reality, (CHENfivin page 4) Some Useful Guidelines for Artists post-test) posters already in circulation from i982 to 1989. UNICEF has col- The participants then spent the next This exercise set the tone for the next three days preparing the preliminary ver- laborated closely with the Ministry of Infor- eleven days of the workshop. At first, some mation and Broadcasting to orient media sions of new posters according to themes of the artists, many with years of profes- they were assigned. During this period, personnel on the issues of mother and child sional experience, felt the workshop would grassroots workersauxiliary nurses, mid- health and to produce weekly radio and TV be a waste of time. What more was there to serials on maternal and child health for wives and multi-purpose health workers-- learn? They had been professional artists for wet,- sent by the state government to give broadcast in different parts of India. The so long. Some had held exhibits of their DAVP produces additional supporting com- the artists additional insight into the needs works in galleries But when they showed of their target audience. munication materials such as posters and the posters to the villagers, the artists were At the end of the first week, the par- exhibition kits for display in rural ar as surprised to find that their audiences didn't However, field officers reported that these ticipants pretested their new posters for the understand ,hem The audience's percep- first time This again was an eye opener for materials weren't always well- oriented to tion of the ideas being presented in the local contexts and, because of this, were the artists and a reconfirmation that not all isuals on the posters was entirely different people see things the same way. The imme- not always effective. Villagers often from what was meant to be. In some cases, misinterpreted the messages presented to diate feedback from the target audience the complete opposite message was being brought home to the participants the need them by the graphics and illustrations The conveyed. for the pretesting of visual communication DAVP and UNICEF agreed to bring 21 ar- All people do not interpret pictures in materials Some villagers even suggested im- tists and copy-writers from the DAVP and the same way. For example, the villagers in provements' The participants then other agencies together with their rural Gujarat identified an image Intended to reviewed and shared their field experiences audiences during a 12 -day workshop to portray an overworked, pregnant woman before preparing corrected versions of the help re-orient artists to audience needs. The as a won ,n with a bloated stomach carry- posters. workshop was held at the National Institute ing pots on her head. The region is a Before concluding the workshop, all the of Design (NID), in the state of Gujarat in drought-prone area Everyone must fetch participants went back to the field for a November 1988. water by carrying the water contained in second pretest and were gratified to find pots on their heads over long distances- - that the improved posters were more under- Designing With and For the People especially women. standable. In order to achieve this, some of Hardly any audience research and Armed with sketch pads and pencils, the the posters had been redone completely. pretesting of artwork is done before health workshop participants went back to the vil- Based on what they had learned, par- communication posters are mass produced lages This time, they sketched the villagers' ticipants made the following recommenda- for distribution in India.There is little own visual perceptions of common occur- tions for the production of graphics and thought given to the visual literacy of the rences or sights related to maternal and visuals for training purposes in rural areas: target audience. Visuals presented on child health To introduce the participants Preparation: Visual communication posters are normally the artist's individual to the methodology and to use formative re- materials require proper understanding of perceptions of what he or she thinks rural search in the preparation of ,ommunication the subject matter, learning objectives, na- audiences will recognize With this in niind, materials, the participant, %. ere briefed on ture of other media being used and the tar- the first Item on the workshop's agenda- basic research methodology and interview get audience for whom communication after an orient ti outlining goals and prin- techniques Each group was also asked to materials are intended Considerations ciples--was to have artists and copy-writers collect basic sociological data on the village should also be made on how these they were assigned to visit. materials will be used to support other media as part of larger multi-media pack- ages Pretesting: Before mass production of any printed visual communication materials, artworks must be pretested on a sample target audience and changes incor- porated into the final products. Incolpotating Local References: Visual communication materials for rural audiences should incorporate images that reflect the local culture and landscape. Minimizing Text: Posters for rural il- literate and semi-literate audiences should have as little written text as possible and take into account the visual literacy of the target audience.

Il Peter Chen is a Communications Officer for We South Central Asia Regional Office of L WIT in Neu, Delhi. India. Interpretation before pretest. Woman on left Interpretation after pretest: Older uman giv;ng blessing to pregnant woman on right. says "No. no to pregnant woman canying beat:), load. 43

Development Communication Report 1989/3 5 1 Figuring -Vocational TI/wiw7/140 A Training Video about Training--from Africa Costs: The Cookbook Approach A u amer has arranged for a technical by Claudio Moura Castro Are new instructional technologies specialist to present dex elopment inform.' very expensive? non to a group of villagers. As the session Why worry about training costs? Technologies need not be restricted to evolves, it becomes clear that the specialist Unfortunately, it is common for voca- the wealthy, northern countries, nor are is talking above the level of the group using tional training to have enormous costs- - they necessarily sophisticated and capital complicated, irrelevant explanations and higher than anybody cares to justify. Some intensive The variety of options means ap- technical vocabulary In another session, in- records show costs up to twenty times propriate technologies can be used in my ternal conflicts within the group prevent higher than for regular schools. But these context. And the benefits of increased op"n discussion of the topic In another ses- costs don't have to be so high. A well-run productivity and learning efficiency may sion, one member of the group dominates technical school will usually cost only be needed precisely where scarcity of discussion In still another situation, the about 20% more than a regular high resources is most acute. Economies of group appears bored, tired and confused school of comparable quality. According scale are very important for new tech- What can trainers do to improve these situa- to one study in Asia, enterprise training- - nologies such as computers and television tions? on- the -job training provided by the broadcasting. A high quality educational A new videotape produced in Zim- employer--costs significantly less, averag- software program can cost from babwe by the Media for Development Trust ing about half the cost of formal vocation- USS50,000 to US$100,000 to create. Many is an excellent resource for trainers facing al/technical training. thousands of students must use it to bring these and other common training problems. down the unit cost to the same level as Facilitation. Techniques in Training is a 54- Is it difficult to estimate training other teaching options. It makes little minute dramatic video It tells the story of a costs? economic sense to use these high fixed group of African trainers attending a one- No. Usually you simply add up whit ctbsts solutions for small clienteles In such day workshop on common training has been spent and divide the total by the cases, simpler technologies such as problems Presented._ an entertaining for- number of people who have benefitted audiocassettes and conventional class- mat, the video recounts the personal ex- from the program. To be accurate, all ex room lectures are less costly. periences of the workshop participants M penditures must be added including those flashbacks as each member of the group that are not usually tallied as direct train- How do quality and learning discusses their own training styles, ing costs such as transportation costs, effkiency relate to cost? strengths and weaknesses. Designed as a training tool, the video also discusses the scholarships and foregone income. Capital In one large vocational school, the best benefits and drawbacks of different training costs are also very important. quality program was tool-and-die making. styles and their effects on groups. It defines Painting and bricklaying were among the What is considered expensive and training facilitation in practical terms and poorer ones. Despite the sophistication of what is cheap in training? demonstrates the uses of facilitation skills in its workshops, tool-and-die making was In non-technical programs, the cost of differing situations The video stops peri- also one of the !east expensive courses of- instructors can be as much as 95% of total odically to allow viewers to discuss how fered, while the two traditional courses costs. If students have to stop working to they would react to situations presented on had the highest per-student costs. The attend a program, they may forego an in- the screen reason is simple. Tool-and die making is a come that may be just as high or higher The video and accompanying workbook popular course, the first students come in than the costs of the instruction. Scholar- are designed to be used by trainers to at seven in the morning and the last ones ships can also be expensive. In technical develop group leadership and facilitation leave the school at eleven in the evening programs, capital is the truly critical com- skills At the end of the program, the In contrast, the other courses have very ponent in the costs of instruction. It can audience is able to identify common small enrollments. make up more than 50% of total cost. problems in training and can recognize a variety of group leadership techniques and Why worry about economies of scale? Can we always benefit from economies of scale? interventions that trainers can use to im- Most training courses include a .om- prove training effectiveness. This can help bination of variable and fixed costs. If Unfortunately no. Producing 1,000 new air conditioner technicians per year would trainers ease common training problems most of the costs are variable, it will make and redirect the group's attention back on little difference how big the program's en- certainly permit economies of scale. But if a community only needs five, what do we productive discussion of the issues rollment is. If most of the costs are fixed, Facilitation Techniques nn Training the size of enrollment can make all the dif- do with the remaining 995 graduates? Nevertheless, there are ways to cope with was produced in Harare, Zimbabwe by the ference in the world. Fixed-cost courses Media for Development Trust with support benefit from economies of scale Techni- the problems of market size. The most ob- vious options are to have joint programs from Norway's Redd Barna. Copies are cal schools have high fixed costs because available from the Media for Development of heavy capital outlays. To operate at a with other communities, to have mobile programmes, or to use distance education. Trust, 135 Union Avenue, P.O Box 6755. reasonable per-student cost, they usually Harare, Zimbabwe, Telephone: 729-066 or must enroll at least 2 000-3,000 students. Claudio Moura Castro works will) the from DSR, Inc_ 9650 Santiago Road, Suite international Labor aganization (11.0) #10, Columbia MI) 210-15 USA. Telephone- in Genwa, Switzerland (301) 9644X)37. Fax. (301) 730-8322. 44 Develo /n Communication Reixot 1989/3 Interpersonal communication in group dis (CALVELOS RIOS from page I) facilitated the irn esngation and record- cessions served to reinforce practical learn- ing Who Were We Trying to Reach? ing. An old folk saying characterized the When the teaching video was shown to The subsistence farmer who hi ings process. "If I hear it, I forget it; if I see it,I be effective, the tapes were duplicated and most of the food we consume to our remember it, if I do it, I learn it." It is in the distributed to the training units that execution of practical tasks that markets in many developing countries is needed them. Once the CESPAC system be- generally illiterate. He or she is likely to knowledge is absorbed and assimilated came known to the peasants, demand for speak a language distinct from the official The equipment chosen for the project teaching modules exceeded production one. Farmers' activities and needs in train- had to be low in cost, easy to maintain and capacity. ing embrace diverse areas, from agricul adaptable for use in rural areas. The sys- Before each course was initiated, an ture to business. Farmers make up a large tems were also designed to be flexible agreement with the peasant group, with percentage of the population and have enough to accept technical modifications. the community, or with the cooperative We first started with black and white tape high birth rates, high infant mortality rates was negotiated. This helped assure full par- and low life expectancy rates from birth. for economic reasons, then when costs ticipation and also ensured that the resour- As the productive potential of farmers' sur- went down and the personnel became ces necessary to apply the knowledge roundings disappear under demographic more proficient, we began using color learned from the courses would be avail- pressures and as farmers can no longer Each editing unit--two video cassette re- able for the group once training was com- eke out an existence from the land, they corders, two monitors and an edit control pleted. Audiovisual trainers supervised are forced to use lands that may not be unit- -served three field recording units- activities. He or she would locate the tech- able to sustain agricultural activities, or one camera and VCR or one camcorder nicians who were to be present during the For each recording unit, approximately 20 migrate to the cities. To forestall the sessions. organize the discussions before choice, entire families, including children playback units were purchased--one VCR and after the show and evaluate the must act as producers, artisans, or sales- and monitor with a 16-to-20 inch screen results Courses were always given to men. and additional speakers The relatively groups of no more than 30 participants. high cost of the investment in audiovisual production equipment was amortized by Traditional farmers master the widespread use of the materials ...demand for teaching the techniques needed to live produced. Audiovisual trainers worked in produc- modules exceeded within a habitat without tion teams of two, doing every task needed production capacity. destroying it. to create the video programs and learning packages including research, videotaping When, as a result of technical research, However farmers and their families are in the field, editing, field testing and then a hand-operated electric generator was in- also well integrated with the land. For cen- finally using the teaching modules The troduced, it then fell to the users of the turies, peasants in Peru have run the production model guaranteed both educa- courses to pedal the machine to supply the country's agriculture. Traditional farmers tional quality and low cost Forty-six per- power to charge the batteries. The par- master the techniques needed to live cent of the audiovisual teachers were ticipants charged the batteries if they were within a habitat without destroying it A women which helped to counteract interested in the courses, otherwise there successful training program for farmers problems of machismo In a rural was no electricity to view the programs. recovers this traditional knowledge, com- come \t, topics related to fertility and fami- This equipment became, in effect, a useful bines it with modern science and then ly planning were more easily conveyed by evaluation tool. gives the new package back to farmers in women teachers. Total cost of the project was ap- forms that make the information both intel- Training the Trainers proximately USS34 per peasant per course. ligible and practical. This figure included all of the costs If farmers' knowledge and culture are The training courses for the audio} isual generated b} the training activities. The to be respected--even as imperfections are trainers were selective and }Tr} intense amount could have been even lower if recognized and reduced--and if a dialogue They included theoretical material as well there had been more prod_tion units. The is created to bring new knowledge to as practical training experience and De} clopment Support Communicat,on farmers, then, the theoretical model of produced usable audiovisuals In the final Branch of the FAO has produced a case communication -- speaker - medium- stage of training, students worked in the stud} on the project Including the receiver -is inadequate. A new model field The production of teaching modules leasibilit} stud} and additional documents adapted to the need for participatory followed five stages for any one interested in this experience dialogue is call;for, one that invokes the initial field investigat, = l consult w Inch has been described only briefly here. final user of training Knowledge in the anon with the psail..., to determine the 111 communication process. themes to be taubht and the best ways .1 Manuel Calvet() Rios is the Regional to convey them through video; Advisor for Information, Education and The CESPAC Approach academic research to develop answers Communication on Population at the MO The CESPAC video project proposed to to technical problems encountered in Lima, Peru "recover, preserve and reproduce peasant For more information, contact the recording in the field; knowledge" using multimedia. Video was Development Support Communication used to enhance comprehension, printed tape editing at the Center, and Branch, FAO, Via delle berme di Caracal- la, 00100 Rome, Italy. guides--with many illustrations and few experimental application in the field words -- served as permanent memory aids with the same peasants who had 4 5

Development Communication Report /989/3 7 Factcjfnr

The htlihen t n the dodo/Hug shows that sustained changes in health be- amid could he ill (tntathalll t)t rat tj haviors occur only after frequent, varied fiantitcA ti.e1e ti al) toils} e.%_%en- repetition of new information from many .al child health ru/uruurtturr sources and over a long period of time By Facts for Life presenting basic health messages in a clear Every year in the developing world 14 and concise publication, Facts for Life million children die before the age of fue. hopes that all communicators within a Millions who suffer continually society- -not just health case workers--will from sickness, ill health, and disease Much help reinforce these basic messages and of the suffering can be prevented by pro%id- thereby, increase the likelihood that the in- ing basic health knowledge to parents and formation will become a basic part of child- communities -- knowledge that could care knowledge. prevent or alleviate serious health care To help health communicators and problems simply by modifying unhealthful others enlist the support of traditional com- child health care practices. A major initia- municators within the community, the tive sponsored by UNICEF, the World Facts for Life initiative has produced All Health Organization (WHO) and UNESCO. for Health. This second, companion publi- Facts for Life attempts to provide ?nd cation describes health communication promote the dissemination of basic child strategies and experiences from all over the health messages. It also challenges com- world that ha% e succeeded in promoting Children between the ages of municators of all kinds--politicians, new health behaviors using a variety of educators, religious leaders, health profes- commumation approaches. All for Health six months and three years sionals, business leaders, trade unions, profiles successful child health care should be weighed every voluntary organizations, and the mass Tograms and outlines basic steps in health month. If there is no weight media--to help make basic health informa- communication that are crucial to the suc- tion part of every family's child-care cess of any child health care initiative All gain for two months, some- knowledge. for Health also discusses common break- thing is wrong. Developed in cooperation with child downs in the communication process often health and development agencies faced by health care programs. worldwide, Facts for Life is a single, Most important, it stresses the im- straight forward 80-page nandbuok that out- portance of person-to-person com- lines practical, no- or low-cost family-based munication to effect positive ways to protect and Improve the health of behavioral change and emphasizes children. The handbook is do tiled into ten the imol%einent and commitment chapters, Each chapter contains four or fu e of local community leaders in core messages about. health care efforts. Local com- Child Spacing, municators who influence com- munities-- political leaders, Safe Motherhood. Breastfeeding and Weaning, Child Growth, All women need more food Immunization, during pregnancy. All pregnant Diarrhea, women need more rest. Respiratory Infections, teachers, media producers, religious Facts for Life is being shared with Hygiene, leaders, development workers, employers governments, private and public organiza- Malaria, and business leaders, and entertainersall tions and ministries who are incorporating and AIDS have an important role to play in reaching the messages Into their own child health local audiences. Using their knowledge of care strategies. By adapting, enhancing and Messages in each chapter are followed the audience - -their own community- -and iduiag to the Facts for Life messages, dif- by three-to-four pages of supporting infor- relying on their own forms of mediacom- tcrc;colintnes and organizations are em- mation that explain why each message is munication strategies they use daily within phawing the health messages that are most important to child survival and health By their on societies -- community leaders can r:.levant tc their country's and community presenting health information in a clear, ac- act as powerNI collaborators to help em- need, and are also using their own com- cessible format, Facts for Life serves as a power people with the knowledge and the munication suategies to reach people effec- resource and reference for all those who in- confidence to improve their own and their tively. Brief descriptions of some of these fluence or control the principal channels of families' health. efforts follow. communication in societie', Experience 46

Development Communication Report 1989/3 minium and some are considering develop- Diarrhoea can kill children ing adapted icrsions of their ow n for local ro4 teachers, primary schools and extension by draining too much liquid workers = xy from the body. So it is essen- Indonesia is in the process of produc- ing its own version, Pedoman Hidum tial to give a child with diar- Sehat (Guidelines for a Healthy Life). rhoea plenty of liquids to Religious tenets farm Islamic, Catholic drink. Protestant I lindu. and Buddhist faiths are being incorporated into the new version to appeal to Indonesia's largely religious monthly cartoon publication. Shwa) society In cooperation A ith community or- Thw a), (circulation I %MOO). The Depart ganizations ani representaux es from the meat of Health also plans to produce radio Department of Religious Affairs and the broadcasts based on Facts for Life mes- Department of Information, the language of sages. the adaptation has also been modified con- China is also adapting Facts for Life form to local communication needs and If a child with a cough is for its ow n needs, placing greater emphasis norms The Indonesian veision will also on health problems of special concern to feature drawings and cartoons to add inter- breathing much more rapidly China's population -a growing number of est and appeal Pedoman Hidum Sehat than normal, then the child is smokers, child respiratory infections and will be used by government health workers the prevention of child disability Half a mil- and by professional and community or- at risk.It is essential to get lion copies of Sheng Ming Zhe She ganizations and other groups directly in- the child to a clinic quickly. (Knowledge of Life), have alreach been oh ed in Indonesia's nationwide family published and circulated. And the govern- welfare movement and will become the ment is preparing additional versions in five basis of nationwide TV and radio spots minority languages. Cartoons arc being Other adaptations underway include used as illustrations instead of photographs Vietnamese version of the Facts for Life to make health messages clear to general publication that will use similar messages readers arid semi-literate rural audiences but a different cox er and photographs Community groups arc helping w ith Uganda has also produced a special health message kit based on the Facts for Life chapter on AIDS. Turkey is incorporating Immunization protects Facts for Life messages into health programs working in the eastern section of against several dangerous dis- the country. Tanzania has completed a Kis- eases. A child who is not im- aluli translation that includes new illustra- tions, photographs and graphics and is also munized is more likely to producing a special version intended become undernourished, to specifically for non-literate citizens Sri become disabled, and to die. Lanka has finished work on Sinala and Tamil versions, reinterpreting some of the messages to make them more relevant to its people's perceptions and needs. Sri Lanka Illness can be prevented by is also working with NGOs, the media and washing hands with soap religious organizations to explain the impor- tance of the messages to religious leaders, and water after contact with volunteer health workers, teachers, stu- faeces and before handling dents, artists, writers and social service or- ganizations Bangladesh, Burundi, Ghana, food. Guatemala, India, Iran, Malawi, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines. [Wanda, Senegal, In 1988. Afghanistan's Ministry of In- Sierra Leone, and Thailand are also plan- formation and Culture began producing ning adaptations of their own weekly TV and radio series dramatizing Facts for Life and All for Health Facts for Life messages. Afghanistan s lead- are ax ailable in Arabic, English, French, Por- ing comedy actor and actress are femur .d tuguese and Spanish from UNICEF, in the programs. Division of Information and Public Affairs. in Myanmar (formerly Burma) the 3 UN Plaza New York, NY 1()01- USA and Department of Health is preparing a transla- UNICEF regional offices Requests for fix c tion of Facts for Life. Thirty artists hay e or fewer copies of Facts for Life are free volunteered to help illustrate key messages. Each cup) o\ Cr fix c copies of Facts for Seven articles based on Facts for Life mes- life and copies of All for Health cost sages have been published in a popular US$ 1.(X) each. 47 Development Communicanon Report 1989/.3 9 inch' high degree of illiteracy and low myths surrounding sexuality, AIDS treat- Teo' Teatro literac in the Los Angeles Latino ptipula- ment, testing and counseling, reproduction, "What ; ,u are about to see is a pia on non, theme seemed espcciall appropriate contraccptn es and sexual} trAnsmitted dis- a subject that many of sou have heard V. mitten materials on AIDS usuall contain eases, legal issues and insurance fairly technical information and are about, that some of ou probabl hase The actors usually armed early to spend prepared for audiences w ith Mans el high es en talked about between outseh esthe time w ith their audience and to assess their people in the play arc just like s'ou. they reading skills Theaue involves the peers knowledge and concerns about come from our neighborhood, go to the audtence in an mieractise process as it AIDS, Each (calm w as follow cd I)) a 20-60 same stores ou do, go to the same entertains The audience tends to identth minute "rap" session led by the teen actors with the actors and conies to s less the schools. They speak the same language,eat to antis er questions and facilitate group actors' struggles as their own Regardless of the same kind of foods you do The play and one-on-one discussion After seeing is a 30-minute performance about AIDS literacy level, the audience is more Reis to one of the performances, the Los Angeles and Ho; rbe receive and process AIDS prevention mes- School District asked Teen Teatm lc con- East Los Angeles, CA, USA Organized by sages provided through theatre than duct a series of presentations for the school Avance I luman Services as part of their through written instructional materials system to help the District respond to its Teen AIDS Pre ention Protect (TAPP), ken The recruitment of the actors ss as cru- mandate to provide AIDS education to its Teatro trained the teens to be community cial to the success of the Wilms All of the students In .111, the group staged 57 perfor- educators for their peers through theatre actors were Hispanic, 11.,d bilingual English- mances for 6,584 people The group has Staged in either English or Spanish depend- Spanish skills and were in their teens or also performed for other organizations in- ing on audience preference, the teatros at- early twenties Just as important howes er, cluding Englis' t as a Second Language clas- tempted to clarify the n'i ths surrounding the actors chosen had to be outgoing, able ses, churches and other agencies working AIDS and to describe Illy infection, its to listen, not easily excitable, able to take with teens The project was sponsored by methods of transmission -risky behaviors- criticism and able to handle difficult situa- the U S Conference of Mayors. - tions in a professional manner since they and the Behan [oral options teens hase for For more information. contact. Avance reducing the risk of contracting the disease had to be prepared to handle unpredictable Human Services, P 0. Box 63245, I.os An- Because of its cultural relevance and his- reactions from the audience In addition to geles, CA, 9(X)63-0245 USA, Telephone' tory as a teaching mechanism the Wain) for- training about AIDS, the HIV virus and the (213) -26 -2201 or the S Conference of mat was chosen as an effective way to immune system, c ch actor received an in- Ma}ors, 1620 E)e Street, NW, Washington, tensive reach teens. Also, because of a compara- hours of training regarding cul- DC 2(1006 USA Telephone (202) 293-;330. tural and ethnic aspects of sexuality, the

Training Needs in the US.--A GrowingProblem Even year, U S companies spend more begun to offer the best solutions IT'D com- $10,(XX) o persons used the equip- of their operating budgets on training An bines motion video w ith a color touch ment at the same time The courseware increasing portion of this amount is being screen to delis er applications-based basic cost S5,(0() and pros ided 60 hours of in- spent not on special, advv iced-skills train- skills training It allows trainees to see and struction--30 hours on the &liven' sys- ing but on teaching entry 'eves workers hear the skills the are learning in simu- tems, and 30 hours in a companion basic remedial skills At New York lated working conditionsIt also lets workbook One hundred trainees required Telephone, 60,0(X) applicants were inter- trainees control the pace of instruction and 1.5(X) hauls on the equipment bringing the viewed before the company could fill to review and Improve weak skills Accord- total cost of training to S150 per trainee in 5,000 positions And at one large advertis- ing to findings of some thirty studies com- the firstear. Over five years---or 500 ing firm in the N1idwest the ratios of ap- panng training methods, IT'D pros cd to be trainees-total per-trainee costs w ere ex- plicants to those who qualified for the I lost effective new technolog -based pected to drop to S30 per trainee The secretarial and clerical positions wet c 20 I training tool The studies showed that studies also indicated that trainees retained and 10 1 respectively Shifts in job grow th trainees were more motivated to learn more knowledge of new skills over time from manufacturing and industry to the ser- using IT'D and preferred it over other train- and Were able to transfer their new skills vice sector have increased the demand for ing approaches Trainees showed sig- to the M. Otkplacc more effectively Perhaps workers with better communication, read- nificant gains in achies salient compared to because of 1VD's overall cost- effective- ing, writing, math and problem -sob ing traditional classroom, s kleotape or other ness, b 198-, 54% of the U S.'s Fortune skills To upgrade its workforce, one in methods, Immediate feedback ss as one of 5(X) companies ss ere using computer-as- every three U S corporations is pros Kling IT'D most appealing features, but the over- sisted training, 81% of the rest planned to some type of basic skills training Some es- w helming ads antage of IVD was its cost-el- do so in the near future timate that, by the year 20(X) twenty-five k:oneness, delivering high qualm training 1VD also has major draw backs As with million American workers will need to im- over long periods of time for large num- most technologies used to support train- prove their basic skills by as much as '40 Nis of trainees On average, IVD used ing, VD's development and start-up costs percent to meet the needs of a changing companies 25 3t)% of the time usually ate high. This discourages all but the big- economy needed to train workers In one cost To help U' industries le-tool their gest corporations from adopting it as a analysis of an IT'D program, the cost per solution to a grossing problem But unless workfoices, training experts are relying traineeincluding hardware costs--ranged mote resources are committed to IVD and more and more on technology-based nam- fiorn Sio to SI50, depending on the num- odic' training technologies, the problem-- ing Computer technologies-most specifi- ber of trainees and the length of time the in the I s and elsewhere-may only get cally interactive video disc (IVD)--have system was used The initial hatch\ are cost woi se 48

10 Development Communication Report 1989/,i Principles into Praciice1 Training for Sustainable Change in Honduras

e(ii, Oh' li 1l'1',;,/),>i (N1NR) A communication unit had been es- Linking Extension and Research It (' /(dil ief. tlh ))1( At, If ,i;i1 tablished by the Ministry nearly 10 years Looking beyond the communication 1/k' 1>eiNI,11 before CITA was initiated However, its ef- unit, decisions on which technologies b,i1(itihol kt,04( forts had been piecemeal at best and had could be appropriate and available for by Gail McClure little chance of continuing once financial transfer to farmers were made at the :igen- Agricultural extension and training ha\ c support from international agencies c level This crucial step determined the been essential components of effectme in- ceased Communicators in the Ministry felt content of the messages CITA helped dis- ternational development for Over 25 years that earlier efforts had failed because seminate and was used to guide the Recently however, man formal and non- agricultural communication had been seen production of radio programming. pint formal agricultural training programs have in a limited way -as media prnduction materials and other visual media Staff been criticized for their high costs and for only rather than as a broader process of agronomists in Comayagua led discussions focusing on technologies rather than on development communication and educa- among the extensiomsts In time, agency helping farmers to solve practical tion MNR personnel wanted extension personnel reached a consensus on what problems. Critics argue that training workers to view the communication technologies should be transferred to programs in agriculture lux c seldom specialists as co-workers who could help farmers according to agro-ecological sub resulted in posime, sustainable change them reach farmers with their message systems flatland or hillside. This process over time. NVIule farmeis usually benefit rather than as rivals for the farmers' atten- also encouraged extenstomsts to update from agricultural training programs, tion CITA began its pilot decision-makers ofteniCNN In estmentsan program in Comayagua training as misguided if toe results are not by teaching the com- visibly applicable to national needs A municators how to under- recent study of the A.1 D -funded Com- stand the needs and munication fi)r Technology Transfer in perspectives of both Agriculture project (CITA) in Honduras fume's and extensionists. refutes these charges. CITA demonstrates Communicators were that nonformal training in a local context trained in developmental can indeed be the catalyst for institutional- in estigation techniques ized change if the right approach is taken (audience analysis), evaluation methods and The CITA Approach management by objective. CITA aims to strengthen the link be- These new skills were tween farmers and extension services, be- then combined with their tween farmers and researchers, and media training skills between researchers and extension ser- CITA emphasized a bot- vices. In the three and a half years it has tom-up approach to plan- ning extension progruns, been operating in lionduris, CITA has Honduran extension workers discussing technology transfer helped refocus Honduras' agricultural ex- a philosophy that sup- tension delivery system Relying only on ported new reform efforts by the Honduran government to have ex- the technical guides they used to direct one long-term advisor and a modest their own field work budget foi a pilot site in Comayagua, CITA tension interventions begin by identifying has helped improve the attitudes, mote a- farmers' needs rather than by imposing in- formation from aim\ c In practice, this Expanding the Project tion and management skills of l Ionduran After training communication staff in extension workers. CITA uses an in- meant that the extension process began Comayagua and strengthening links be- tegrated communications strategy ap- with local audience analysis involving IAcell extension and iesearch, CITA's proach involving interpersonal contact, direct interaction with farmers followed by next challenge was to expand the program printed material and radio piogramq to im- communication and education using multi- to other agencies and to improve com- prove agricultural extension at a low-cost ple channels and completed peliodic munication interventions Regional offi- and in a sustainable manner In Honduras, evaluations to learn if audience needs cials acknowledged that agncultura' CITA is training extension workers in were being met ploiLssionals were often unskilled in com- audience analysis, evaluation techniques munication techniques, being preoccupied and management by objective to en- with the technical aspects of their work courage extension workcis to take an 1 hey found it difficult to communicate ef- educational, farmer-focused approach to fectively with farmers, particularly when managing technology transfer fanners were from a different cultural con- Training the Communicators text than their own or had little fOrmal education Trainnv in oral and other com- Using media to support technology munications N as needed to help ext,n- transfer activities was nothing new to Honduras' Ministry of Natural Resources (Omit nued nu page 12) 49

Development Communication Reoort /989/3 11 I Principlesinto Practice

(McClure fiver page I I) gamzed to implement surreys and to do diagnosis locus& on du, human aspects monists deal w ith and tnerctanc the social c have learned hole to ?each the lamer Using Interactive distance beta cen the aml then and bow to transfer projectN,;one Of that farmer clients, So, as part of the second existed below Radio to Teach phase of the project, CTIA trained exten- For an innovation to be sustained and sionists and agronomists in basic com- institutionalized in any government-run Health munication techniques. program, it mist be integrated into ongo- During the third phase of the project, a ing policy and leadership initiatives. As suc- by Judiann McNulty decentralized implementation strategy was cessful as the CITA approach has been in adopted Once a spirt of cooperation and Ilonduras, it is doubtful that training ef- Can children learn easily applicable trust was established between corn- forts could hateachieved the results that health concepts In interactn c radio? The mu motors and extensionists, the emu.; thcr did w idiom strong regional leader- Radio Learning Project (RLP) attempted to monists became responsible for identifying ship, committed communication staff from answer that question br conducting a test training priorities and for designing the the national office, financial support for of intcractnc radio's potential to change technology transfer projects to sent.. them local currency expenditures, and a long- the health helm tors of young children in Communicators functioned as ach isors and term ach isor w ith strong managerial and Bolin is this past year Most health educa- trainers to extension personnel w ho communication/extension skills CTIA tion efforts, particularly Child Sun ival in- gathered data from farmers and designed recently finished helping design a Unified to:ones, are directed at the mothers of the content of radio programs and printed Sen ice Dein err Methodology for the roung children Targeting school-aged materials A manual outlining technology MNR's extension service Its adoption at children is uncommon, although in many transfer projects wa der eloped The major the national lo el will pave the way for 'Hurd \ '('orld cultures children have a major steps included widespread implementation and sus- role in caring for younger siblings and in Definition of project objectn es based tainabilar of toe approach long atter LTTA sharing household tasks related to food on audience needs analysis, finishes its work there. preparation, sanitation and water acquisi- Description of the types of messages to tion Children learn more quickly and be delivered, Gail McClure is Vice President for adopt new practices more readily than Agriculture at the zicadenry for Education- adults And many ten-year-olds will be- Identification of the means and media al Deiviopnient in Washington. DC come parents themselves within five or six needed to achieve the learning objec- years tives, 11=111111Mlb a To test the feasibility of teaching health Characterization and organization of the New Books to children by interactive radio, USAID en- couraged the Radio Learning Project to steps necessary to carry out the process, Radio. Television and film Research der clop and field-test a 10-week module Piepartion of a schedule of activities Low-cost Methods for Conducting of health lessons for fourth and fifth based on the agricultural cycle; Pmgainime Evaluationby Rainer W graders. The RLP team worked closely Kabel documents how less formal, qualita- identification of the persons with the with Fe y Alegna, a private, Catholic institu- tive field work -- interviews, casual talks, responsibility for conducting and tion which administers many barrio and audience observation and group discus- evaluating the project, and rural public schools in Bolivia. Health sions- -can he effective evaluation research education was not included in the cur- Preparation of a budget for implement- tools to assess the success of mass media riculum used in most of these schools. ing and evaluating the project. communication campaigns. Available from Both parents and teachers had expressed This new approach helped tie the ex- the Asian Mass Communication Research an interest in having health taught to their tension methodolgy to audience needs and Information Centre (AMIC), 39 New- children and helped incorporate the project design ton Road, Singapore 1130, Republic of Sin- For the field test, ten classrooms--five tools necessary to include farmers as full gapore each of fourth and fifth grades -in the participants in the extension process 71te CopyBook Copyright -free Il- Cochabamba region were selected These lustrations for Del'elopment(S,995)edited classiooms represented ui ban, barrio and Training Is Not Enough by Bob Limey and Bruce \Vilson contains rural schools, with students from varying over one hundred pages of drawings on Extension workers involved in the socio-economic and cultural background:. development topics Designed to be used CITA project have developed a more en- The .450 students included in the sample by communication and education field thusiastic, professional view of their work were pre-tested prior to the beginning of Training efforts are rapidly expanding to workeis, the book also encourages local ar- the program and post-tested after the final other regions of the country with the Com- tists to develop their own illustrations lesson Follow-up evaluations were also ayagua staff taking he major responsibility Lou' -cost hug for Development conducted with teachers and parents. for the training. Until CITA, extensionists (S,69S) by Jonathan Zeitlyn of fors The topic selected for the pilot module guidance on "do-it-yourself printing and researchers had not had the necessary was diarrhea, including both prevention training to place the farmer at the starting methods and gives advice on setting up a and treatment by oral rehydration therapy point of the extension process because small-scale, inexpensive print shop (ORT) According Ministry of Health statis- they did not have the skills to make a capable of producing a variety of publica- tics, diarrhea( disease and the resulting precise diagnosis of farmer needs. When tions Both books are available from Inter- dehydration is the single largest cause of mediate Technology (IT) Publications lad, one extensionnt was asked to list CTIA's hospitalization and death among children Dept DC, 103-105 Southhampton Row, most important contributions, he under five in Bolivia The Ministry's most responded- Call ...helpedus get or- London WC113 -11111 England, (Continued on page 13) 5 0 12 Development Comin 'Ideation Report 1989/3 Principles into Practice I Resources for '...y-ttat-- Media-Based Trainers

The Manila office of the Asian Development Bank Can ploide informa- tion and resources to distance education A i!**:=- specialists and mecha-based trainers Con- ) tact The Information Office, Asian Development Bank, P 0 Box '789, Manila Bolivian fifth graders learning about health 0800 Philippines. The Associacao Brasileira de Tec- (McNulty mine page 12) tered slightly to better accommodate the nologia Educacional (ABT) supports re- recent data (1983) shoe. diarrheal disease subject matter Students answered most search on applications of educatumal as the second-highest cause of hospitaliza- questions on an inch. [dual rather than technology in training and general educa- tion among children between In c and four- group basis, less drill was used and the tion in Latin America, and can give informa- teen years of age. story took up three to five minutes of les- tion about where to look for releN ant Because of the sensate c nature and son time Students were often called upon courseware For information about publica- complexity of this topic, ail anthropologist to demonstrate certain concepts in front of tions and current activities, contact ABT, conducted an in-depth study of the socio- the classroom. For example. two students Rua Jornalista Orlando Dantas 56, cultural context in the target population were asked to cran I around on the floor Botafogo, 22231 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil before the health team began to plan the like babies "When babies find an object The Centre African de Management et de Perfectionnement des Cadres module and individual lesson content In- on the floor, what do they do with it?" asks terviews .. ere conducted with children as the recorded Name. "They put It in their (CAMPC) has expenci.ce implementing Iwell as with adults. Additional information mouths," answer the students. "Could this media-based training programs in Africa was collected by the health team on the result in the bab getting diarrhea?" asks Contact CAMPC, B P 8-8, Abidjan 08 children's interests, home responsibilities. the lesson Cote d'Ivoire Telex. 26170 CAMPC-C1 lifestyle and common terminologN The les- When the results of the pretest and post- V The Centre Internationale Fran- sons and learning objectives were written test were compared, a significant dif- cophone de Formation a Distance (CIF- to emphasize diarrhea-related health be- ference was found (F=31.32, p.001) The FAD) has worked extensively with haviors m er n WI the children have con- a. erage improvement in the post-test score francophone African countries to develop trol for themselves and could teach or was 18 8 percentage points over the distance education programs Contact CIF perform for ounger children Among such pretest. This indicates that the interactive FAD, C P 2141, SuccurFale de Lonnuer, behaviors were basic hgiene, garbage radio lessons did bring about a positive Montreal, Quebec, H2II 2R8 Canada and feces disposal, optimal use and care of change in health knowledge. Constraints Telephone 514-522-2444 water supplies and preparation and ad- of funding and tune made formal evalua- The International Labor ministration of oral rehydration solutions tion of changes in health attitudes and Organization's (11.0) International Centre Each weekly lesson lasted for 25 practices impossible, but in the informal for Advanced Technical and Vocational Training can provide advice and assistance minutes and N.ASfollowed bN a ).5-minute evaluations conducted, both parents and post - broadcast practical Jet.* directed teachers reported noticeable impro. e- in developing media-based training programs Contact the Centre at125 Curso by the classroom teacher The teachers had ments in the students' hygiene and that of prior instruction during a brief ..orkshop younger siblings and the adoption of such Unita d'Italia, 1012- Turin, Italy before the activities and recen ed a practices as filtering water, sanitation and Telephone 39-11-69361 Telex 221440 detailed printed guide for each lesson the use of ORT. CENTRN-1 Fax. 39-11-638842. Or write to Each lesson included a story, discussion. The potential for teaching health to the 11.0's main office at 4 Route des Mord- ,songs. questions and answers and ON sical children using interactive radio is exciting Ions, C11 1211 Geneva, 22 Switzerland activity. The recordings incorporated a As this pilot project in Bolivia showed, Telephone. (+41) -9%I 1 I. wide variety of music and numerous even ten well-planned lessons can bring The Ministry of Advanced Education sound effects Since the students all liked about positn c changes in knowledge and and Job Training, Province of British the stories best, efforts wine made to use practice of health concepts. Columbia, Canada actively supports dis- the stories to teach key points Seiected semination of information, curriculum materials and general information about classrooms were obser.ecl during the trans jurham1,1kNuity, D/1'11,UYISthe resz- mission of each lesson to monitor student dent health education admin. for this vocational and technical training in responses, %linty of instructi ons. recording priyect .She non' leache., at the developing countriesFor more informa quality and other aspects of lesson produc- 11).onung.For further uipormatioh. Con- lion, write to the Niumstr. at Parliament tion. tact the Radio Learning Project. Dlucalion Buildings, Victoria, BC V8V 1X Canada. Feedback was immediately applied to Develipment Center,55Chapel Street. .Ven, improving subsequent lessons. The interac- ton. MA 0216o t:sA Telephone. (617)9(0- (Continued on page 14) tive radio instruction (IRO format was al- 100 "Telex 922476 Fax (617) 332-6405 5/

Development Communication Report989/.i 13 national growth. There has been tremen- (RESOURCES imm page H) dous demand for the program from govern- The National Technological lTni% er- What's New, ment offices in developing countries, sitis a for- profit training network that multilateral organizations and others inter- provides advanced engineering degrees at What's Coining ested in the potential effects of population a distance via satellite in North America, growth on development planning. Copies and via videotapes for other regions / 1, at Ni, p of the diskettes and a companion manual NTU's (plink magazine pros ides 111(mthl /Ole I 11.;;A)1,t Mt IOW!, I,' till t arc available free to god ernment agencies information on their programming. For Pet t)I II if oil and fora fee to private groups and in- more information, contact Nit, 601 South lit'e'd )11(11Thil ttill all dividuals from the Population Branch, Howes Street, 5th Floor, Fort Collins, CO Ili qui« lilt t Room DC1-926, Department of Technical 80522 USA ,p(e! ifilt 0,01,1114vb,,b,fle Cooperation for Development (DTCD),

g,/ The Open College in Great Britain 1111b 1)(IN' Jciiiit woe, ( (111,,i,k. United Nations, New York, NY 10017 USA. has developed extensive curriculum ISI\Hill) hnl 1)1 itI'Nita(' Medical Training materials on business, management and ac- ((n) 2.2_,(P) counting topics currently available for on Videodisc learning at a distance to students in Cou rses The Computer-assisted Curriculum Delivery Systems Program (CCDS)is Australia and Hong Kong. For more infor- Distance Education mation about availability in other regions, producing and field- tesing computer-con- contact the Open College. 101 Wigmore for Agriculture trolled videodisc medical curriculum Street, London, WI H 9AA England. Wye College in England offers distance materials to provide alternatives to tradi- v The United Nations Center for education courses in the economics, plan- tional medical teaching methods. Four Science and Technology's (UNCST) Depart- ning and management of agricultural videodisc projects are currently under ment of Technical Cooperation for development in Third Work! countries. development and or are being field-tested: Development publishes the DTCD The College's programs provide a unique Medical Pathology, Orthopaedics, Radio- Newsletter, available at no charge, which opportunity for advarced study at a dis- logy and Mental Health Additional informa- covers UNCST seminar activities and fel- tance to qualified candidates worldwide tion about CCDS can be obtained from the lowship programs. Write: DTCD Newslet- Short courses offered at a distance include Educational Technology Branch, National ter, Room DC-11254, UN Center for policy analysis, project planning, monitor- Library of Meclicine, 86(X) Rockville Pike, Science and Technology. New York, NY ing and evaluation, survey methods, data Bethesda MD 20894 Telephone. (301) 496- 1001' USA, collection and analysis, livestock develop- 930(1 The US Department of Labor's ment, water resource economics, institu- Bureau of International Labor Affairs tional organization and management. and (ILAB) offers information to developing agricultural business management Arran- Unesco Communication Reports countries on a wide number of programs gements can be made to extend the short Unesco publishes several series of and expertise available from the USDI. courses into a full University of London works in the communications fields includ- ranging from Job Training Partnership ac- MSc or diploma degree program Contact ing reports and monographs on com- tivities to information about training cur- University of London, Wye College, Depart- munication planning, communictmon ricula and course materials available from ment of Agricultural Economics, Ashford, policies in developing countries, con ILAB Contact. ILAB, US Department of Kent TN25 5AH England Telephone munication and society, and communica- (0233) 812401 Labor, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Room Fax 0233-813320 Telex tion technology and utilization. Sample S5006. Washington, DC 20210 USA. 94017832 WYE C G titles include: Rural Journalism in Africa, (..0/021'(2//a'S Community Communicanonv-The Role of Community Medici in Development, Rural Third World News Computers in Education Radio Pmgramme Formats and Small The Third World Network Haw. The Fifth World Conference is Com- Printing Homes and Modern Technology. Sol ice spreads awareness of Third puter Education WCCE/90--organized Contact the Documentation Centre for Cul- World issues in developing countries as the Internatiolial Federation for Informa- ture and Communication. Unesco, 7 Place well as in industrialized nations. Esta- tion Processing (IFIP), will be held in S,,d- do Fonteno, Paris -5-00 France for a com- blished in 1985, the Service covers a wide ne, Australia, Jul} 9-13, 1990 WCCE/90 plete list and ordering information. range of issues and topics. Its articles will explore all aspects of computer-re- Rehabilitation News have been used in newspapers, lated education in all education environ- The CBR NEWS newsletter, published magazines and news organizations ments For further information, contact by the Appropriate Health Resources & worldwide including the Japan Times, WCCE/90, P 0 Box 319, Darlinghurst, Technologies Action Grout), (AHRTAG) is the International Herald Tribune and NSW 2010 Australia Fax. (612) 281-1208 devoted to community-based rehabilitaiton Radio Deutsche/Welk. The Service also COM/hi/Cis issues and low-cost aids, equipment and provides background information on practices for j.revention of disabilities and many of the problems facing the Third Projecting Population Growth rehabilitation of disabled people. It is free World today The Service has brandies The Department of Technical Coopera to subscribers in deNeloping countries. in Indonesia, Thailand, India, Brazil, and lion for Development (DTCD) is making ailable from Appropriate Health Resour- Uruguay For more information, contact ac ailable a c en, popular computer game ces & Technologies Action Group, the Third World Network, 8' Catonment that assists planners and policy- makers to AHRTAG. I London Bridge Street. London Road, 10250 Penang, Malaysia. understand how decisions about popula- SE1 9SG, England tion and government spending can affect 52

14 Development Communication Report 1989/3 technologies could contribute to this end (NETIZETON from page 16) course used printed material, group learn- goes beyond the topic of this discussion. ing, radio broadcasts and a final Short six- printed materials and could make updates \\ea residential course In Chile in 1980, and revisions easier and less expensive What Experience Do We Have? i2.562 working teachers enrolled in a ten- managemeraAdmtrustratise Not much research has been done on week print- and television-based course tasks in large scale vocational schoolsstu- the applications of technologs in modern designed to teach formalise evaluation dent records and other management data- sector job training in des eloping countries techniques. Fifty-nine percent passed the can be made more efficient using small Commune, lions technology has played a final test A second, follow-up course was computers. relatively limited role in most training ss s- offei cc! the following year Technology in the Informal Sector tems to date especially when compared to Informal sector training has also m; its flourishing use in distance education successful use of technologies. As Communications technology has to be programs for general academic learning described in this issue, agricultural extcn- used with ingenuity to be &cells e for ap- (see DCR No. 63) The limited es idcnce :qui and rural des elopment projects have plied skills learning in the Informal sector must he bolstered '1N ith rescaleh from nude use of idea in Peru and of i acho in Although it is often used to extend learn- de% eloped countries, ibis could at least Honduras. while in two health training ing tonote learners, these applications pros 'de initial es idenee of emerging trends campaigns, impros ed sisual aids were gent_srally Occur NN ith substantial face to and pitfalls and could be u .eful when con- used in India and interact's e radio instruc- face contact provided by groups, teacher, sidering the needs of del eloping tion achies ed good results in schools in or by on-the-job experiences The CESPAC countries. A secondary level pre-employ- Bolivia. program in Peru (page one) and the CITA ment vocational training program, the program in Honduras (page I) use media SENAI rod's idualized learning system in What Are the Constraints? to supplement--not substitute for--a solid Brazil, has show n that careful integration Software and CoursewareInstruc- base of instruction provided by face-to- of selected teaching technologies w ith a tional hardware has an insatiable appetite face contact between farmers and exten- flexible enrollment pole s can greatly in- fur courseware and programs which may sion agents Mass media communications crease educational product's its and ef- be difficult or impossible to fill entirely are more likely to take on a primary teach- &wiles for large sch.)ols of of er 2,0(X) from the resources in one country Instruc- ing role when the training message is a students Further research shows that the tional design requires careful attention in simple one Generalized social marketing model can be successfull' transferred to oilier to take advantage of the oppor- campaigns conveyed via mass media at- other sites -in this case, one in Brazil and tunities technology offers. Learning tempt to influence a wide segment of the three in other Latin American countries materials must be relevant and effective population to change its behavior rattier For on-the-job learning in the pm are When courseware is bought off the shelf, than to teach a series of practical skills as sector, Project ACCESS°, run b) the state- adaptability, relevance, cost and language in India's l98-, maternal and child health ow nett corpoiation Petrobras in Brazil, has need to be considered as well as whelk' campaign (page four) shown that a small-scale, print-based, the material is sufficiently up-to-date What are the advantages of communica- modular learning curriculum can teach CostWhile the use of mass media tions technology for mformal training In needed skills at a distance to employ ees in can reduce costs for general mass informa- the case of mass media campaigns bs remote sites. However, unit costs N ere rela- tion campaigns, in the context of specific print, radio or television, the obvious ad- te ell high due to the small scale of the skills training, the purchase of tech- vantage is the ability to reach a large project In the USA, the National Tech- nologies can represent a significant capital audience at a relatively low cost However. nological Unix ersits oilers telex ised lec- expenditure. Further costs will be incurred this advantage is counter-balanced by the tures bs engineering professors Loin 2-i in buying or creating courseware, main- limited kinds of training that can be of- major tin's ersinesleading to a masters de- tenance and es entual replacement when fered by these means and the fact that greewhich sen es engineers who arc un- equipment wears out Foreign exchange learners are forced into a paSSi1c role N ith able to lease their jobs to studs Nil' also and technology import restrictions also no opportunities for feedback or participa- links nearly 50 companies with academic present problems. tion in the learning process Where media communities la satellite. Continued ex- Iffectwe buplemetitatzonBuying arc chosen to supplement face-to-face con- pansion of the ss stem and the satisfaction equipment is only the first step Instructors tact, there will usually be hefty add on of its customers point to a successful pro- must be willing to learn to use it well, in- costs for the program. This drawback may gram stitutions must be able to adapt their be offset by several advantages improved Post-secondary job training i, being of- schedules and operations so that flexibility learning comprehension. learner participa fered at a distance in England b) the Open is an objective, and employers must be don and greater student motivation College The OC gis es older, w orking and consulted of learning effectiveness. In the Another advantage i ;f media such as unemployed adults a second chance to infoimal sector, learners must be con- videotapes and radio programs is that they upgrade their skills or teat n new ones, par- s 'need to participate and secure sources of don't shut illiterates out of the learning ticular!) in the areas of management and funding other than foreign aid must be ob- process A sound basic education inwrit- accounting Currents, it serves about tained to keep projects from dying on the ing, reading, arithmetic and logical deduc H 5,0(X) indisidual students, as well as -WO inc echnolog) must cease to be seen as tive thinking is an essential part of corporate dims. who purchase cus- pan of the problem and instead be recog- improving the effect's mess of informal tomized training materials In-service nized as a important part of the solution. tr. ining programs In a loose sense, there- teacher training at a distance offered at fill fore, basic general education may be con- one quarter of the cost of regular training Greta Aelltelon is an in sidered an important component of in Tanzania in tic mid-19-0s hauled % clef elopment L ommunic alums con.sultanl informal training but consideration of how of the -15,534 unqualified teachers who en- porn l'ahsades. Niue )irk rolled in the tlitee-year program. The 53 Development Cinnutunicalio't Report 1989/3 Communications Technology for Training: Can it Really Make a Difference?

by Greta Nettleton mining which technology best sell es as computers and modularized, self-paced As the end of the millemum ap- specific kinds of skills is harder to general- learning programs are more easily imple- proaches, a surge of technological develop- ize because technologies are nearly alw as mented by large companies for in-service ment is transforming the global economy. used in combinations and each situation training than by government-run Providing traditional academic education is must be tailored to the specific needs of programs Private firms can better afford only part of the problem facing develop- the training task However, certain the high costs of equipment and course- ment planners. Training to build job skills capabilities and limitations are obvious ware and are not tied to institutional and know-how is as important to regulations, schedules, pay scales, etc. economic growth as general schooling. Print is ineffective in teaching motor As a general rule, efforts to offer voca- Mcre and more, training systems are under skills but it is very good at providing a tional training at a distance have been pressure to adapt to new conditions in permanent learning reference, convey- limited since most courses require equip- order to stay up-to-date ..wen as they strug- ing abstract or theoretical concepts and ment and tools for practical training and gle with other problems such as high costs. presenting a series of facts which must must teach complicated, physical proces- low-qualay learning and scarcity of funds. be memorized ses that are hard to convey except by But if technology is part of the problem. Audiocassette tapes are effective in direct experience in instructor-led training. can it also he part of the solution? What presenting lecture material, music and In spite of this, some things can be taught role can communications technology realis- language skills, and can be rewound at a distal. such as management skills tically play in providing training in the and heard again at the discretion of the and accounting Correspondence courses leveloping world in the coming decades? student. in these areas are fairly common. In-ser- vice teacher training is another area where The Training Context Videocassettes are effective for distance learning has proved successful. demonstrating visual procedures and il- The diversity of training needs in The following is a brief listing of just some lustrating hard-to-see processes in addi- of the ways technology can be used to developing countries is tremendous, rang- tion to having all of audiotape's solve common problems in the formal ing from agricultural extension and public capabilities health in rural areas to technical and training process: management skills for large enterprises It Telecommunication links allow direct >.Poor quality A firm or trade school is important to emphasize the difference in two way feedback as well as other can use technology to improve the quality context for this influx of technological potential advantages (see page three), of teaching of both new and traditional skills For example, printed learning change between training for the informal but their quality depends on the skills of sector and training for the modern sector the teacher using the equipment modules or videotapes could supplement instruction given by underqualified ',formal sector training seeks to Computers can provide constant drills teachers for a complex task. reach &carriers in poor, rural areas These and feedback, can he a source of refer- students may lack basic literacy and ence and can give motnation and Lou, efficiency Technology is a key element in individualized instruction. It in- numeracy skills. Training applications rely- pacing They also teachstem control ing on high technologies such as computer- and pn lem solving effecmcly creak s efficiency and flexibility of schedul- ing for large training institutions as weal as assisted learning or telecommunications Radio and television broadcast, have are difficult to use and probably irrelevant for smaller programs. For example, stu- limited teaching effectiveness because dents (n use a programmed sequence of in this context. At the same time, these material cannot be heard a second time. learners cannot afford to be cut off from print modules, audiocassettes and even Scheduiing can also he a problem. Nor videotapes to study at their own pace. This the possible benefits of technological can feedback be given to t!.._ student ex- progress. also frees instrtors to offer extra help to cept when designed into the program- those who need it. (b) On the other hand, modern sector as with interactive radio training for jobs in the industrialized part HO costs Through distance le--n- of the economybanks, airlines, etc.- - ing programs, technologies can save Training for Jobs in the Modern Sector training costs for large firms training must teach specific skills to workers who Many modem sector workers in most will perform specific tasks in a technically- employees working in remote locations or countries gain skills without ever setting °witted, competitive environment Links for firms wishing to train emplos who foot inside a formal vocational school. So to firms and enterprises and to global tech- cannot be spared from their jobs. Any training must be undc rstood to include not nological trends are therefore quite strong media can he used, ranging from printed only government-run trade schools but for these students no matter what country materials to satellite broadcasts. also other sources, particularly on-the-job they live in. ) Outdated courseware. Technology training and apprenticeships Learning can be used for curriculum development; How Do Technologies Train? technologies offer a number of advantages for instance, desk-top publishing can help to training including flexibility, unproved institutions reduce the production costs of While communications technologies learning quality, substitution for scarce in- automatically bring to mind learning at a structors and transfer of technology know- distance, they also can be adapted for we how. In general,-newer technologies such in a structured, face-toface context Deter- (Continued on page 15) 54 16 Development Communication Report 1989/3 ","*-4V. No. 67

Information Technology: In this issue ... Information Technology: Challenges for Development Challenges for Development 1 The infornmstion Technologies You Are Using: Results of a DCR Survey 3 by Heather Hudson man\ new services that may be particularly Altemex: A Computer-Based Network by and for NGOs 5 We are currently witnessing u.e appropriate for developing regions Textbooks from the Electronic proliferation of new telecommunication Computers and Telecommunications Desktop In Honduras` 7 technologies-cellular radio, very small aper- Getting the Population Message ture terminals (VSATs), optical fiber and Computers are currently being used to Policymakers 8 the wireless loop, to name lust.ew At throughout the do eloping world Follow- What's New, Wiiit's Coming the same dmthese technologies, which ing is a sample current and potential 10 Development Comm:intcatton Report are mainly concerned with the transmission computer applionons for elopment Subject Index, Nos.,55-67 of information, are now converging with goals. 11 Linking West African Countries technologies used for the storage, process- Data Bmadcasbng or "micro ing or reproduction of information These earth stations" which can cheaply transmit through Solar Power 12 include computers, video-cassette re- and receive data at low rates, now make it Resources 13 corders (VCRs). printers, copiers, and possible for wire service information to be Nouveaumantcs and Computopians 16 others The combination has resulted in disseminated to virtually any location, in- cluding rural areas lacking telecommunica- tions infrastructure They may be powered Medicine outside Washington, DC. Others Computers Print by photovoltaic or portable generators may .earch domestic data bases, such as Reuters uses this technology to send wire those for agriculture and energy in India Newspapers in Thai SCRice copy to Latin America In I-long and for do elopment project management In Thailand, desktop publishing is Kong, the World Broadcast Service sends m Malaysia. soon to become a standard for small %N,ire service cop: to :ntelsat'sIndian Desktop Publishing The capability of community newspapers. Ocean satellite, which covers 80 percent of microcomputers to create graphics now the world's population With the new Macintosh microcom- 'the first customer make it possible to produce newsletters for the service is China's Xinhua News puter and laser printer obtained through and other printed materials without tpeset- Agency financing from UNESCO's International ung. Ti is is particularly valuable in Program for the Development of Corn Electronic Transactions Computers countries where newspapers, texts, and munication, the Press Development In- combined with telecommunications enable do elopment materials in local languages stitute of Thailand is planning to organizat,Jus to conduct business and may be scarce and costly to produce specialize in assisting community management from any location Banks De \ elopment agencies can now produce newspapers in the use of desktop may transfer funds internationa:l and air- their own materials in-houseStore-front publishing in the Thai language. Several lines may book resell anions from ticket of- desktop publishers may also spring up Thai fonts have already been created fices, airports, antravel agencies Brokers This approach enables main small users to and tested on Macintosh by local experts and traders may buy and sell coffee, share the u Atop publishing softy are and and are simple to use, even in combina- soybeans, copper, petroleum and other equipment. tion with Latin characters. commodities electronically Facsimile Facsimile. which enables The Institute has already translated Remote Access to Databases Computer print, graphics. or handwritten messages to several joumali3m reports and ..annuals terminals or microcomputers with modems be transmitted over .1 telephone line,is into Thai and prepared them for linked to the telecommunications network being used b do elopment professional:, reproduction using the Macintosh SE. can provide access to data bases anywhere in tie field to send rejx)rtsPosters and in the world For example, agricultural re- The Press Development Institute, in new sletters can be faxed to rural com- cooperation with UNESCO, also intends searchers may gain access to the Fon., and munities, or to regional centers for distribu- to link up with other press institutes in Agricultural Organriation's data bases in tion to schools, clinics, go\ eminent offices, the region. RomeI iealth researchers may search the etc - Carlos A. Arnaldo data base of the U S National Library of (Continued on p 2) 5 5 Supporcecl by the Bureau for Science and Technology, Office of Education of the U.S. Agency for International Development The Challenge for Planners (HUDSON, from p 1) Yet developments in technology have leapt ahead of changes in policy, present- Development Benefits ing new challenges. One challenge is thlt Telecommunications can be cntical to need to integrate planning for the entire the development process By providing in- communications sector, including telecom- formation links between urban and rural munications, broadcasting, and new infor- --101104.11',;cotntnu*catian Re*It areas an among rural residents, telecom- mation technologies (e.g., comraters, 'publiShed'citiitiefiji by the munications can overcome distance bar- .on'DevelopMent Cotruhimlc:#10n, has a VCRs, etc ). For example, it is important of oyeci1000.- !The,nelivsletter is riers which hamper rural development to integrate telecommunications and broad- :iVairghlktrie.OrCliarge tOleicied lathe The ability to communicate instantaneous- cast planning so that residents in isolated Oiaige of $10.00 ly can increase efficiency of production or areas receive both telephone and radio/ phOear to feaderiliindirstrialized services, the effectiveness of development television services. Otherwise, they may efforts, and equitable distribution of end up like residents in the Arctic, who keenter benefits throughout society These iniPortar4applicationsOf comniunl=ion complained that they could watch hospital :fpclur logy to development problems, the benefits are quite tangible-and soap operas on TV, but could not call a Cie:ikhghmaiS-kipef,afedby;tlie Ihstitute measurable Studies in Costa Rica have doctor in an emergency. Surveys show fOiltiteniatfiiiihracieardi, in association documented the contributions of the rural that there are approximately four times as and -Withtial,74Ziaa kalif telephone networ% to the national many televisions as telephones in Carib VippliiiCah'filialli.S.Ikehey.fo6,. economy An evaluation of the Peru Rural -International DeyelOp'mait; Bureau for bean countries, three umes in Central Scieiicc inciteelinOlogy, Offic4Or Satellite Project found significant benefits American countries, and two times in BiliiCiiifin-TaS"Oltiif its trnr,far7 of the audio conferencing and rural Southinerican countries. Is this the inten- es:14.4060A ledihOlagtanddeVelopMent telephony services. tion of communication policy makers) ; 0. The financial sector also benefits from Thi'vidzis exPiessCd iribilielopment modern telecommunications.I recently `Commuiitcation`Reptrtare of the participated in a study comparing the atittiois'and,not necessarily. of its sponsors. The ability to communicate ability of telex vs. SWIFT electronic funds Original Report may be nstantaneously brings iinxiucedwithout -pryir permission transfer network to generate foreign ex- pfoxided that is given and that change in Brazil. We found that a bank ta, bible and measurable swo are sent to the ,..-7".(s.l. - teat had to make a payment by a certain . _ benefits. deadline could be sure that the funds Clearifleioassof iDer.lopinent would arrive within twelve hours using ." SWIFT, but might need up to 36 hours Similarly, coordination is required to ,1815Iti_6010450AfterDilvt, Suite 600 ritrilnAgt**02,209,USA using telex. Thus the bank could safely develop policies on new video tech- :014 .1--ro31527-554¢ hold onto its funds for an extra 24 hours, nologies. Some broadcasters attempt to generating extra interest. Banks could ban imports of VCRs or pre-recorded tapes. 710413 MU* VA then estimate their interest earnings or A more constructive and effective ap- proach might be to levy a tax on VCRs and Midiael savings on debt payments to calculate the kattifiell Selva ;Editor -} number of transactions needed to cover tapes, with the proceeds used to support filiation Specialist the costs of using the SWIFT network. national broadcasting production, or to im-

prove indigenously produce.1program- . Similar studies might be conducted for 11t-Revelopnretrt.Corrtmunicarion Report other sectors generating foreign exchange, ming, and step up marketing efforts Lfwodialdishiedeilaii-pulailshing for example, in commodities trade, where under W*12:'.giiiktr4e1R-7: Integrated Planning #DHI0831 ;Z= 004028:00. timely information in determining where and when to sell to get the best prices is In order for these new technologies to critical. serve development goals, communication It is also possible to measure the value planning must be integrated with national Credits of telecommunications for education and development planning If a country intends social services For example, if a student to open up new areas for settlement or Carlos A Arnaldo, author of the news can study at the work place instead of resource develop- --t telecommunica- items which appear on pages 1, 3 and 4, traveling to campus, or in his or her home tions facilities willI, _awnedIf it intends is a field project officer with the Division community instead of relocating to the city, to diversify existing industries and services, of Communication Development, the savings in travel time, lodging and time it will need to ensure that adequate in- UNESCO in Pans. The photograph on away from work can be calculated. Similar- frastructure is in place.It may also need to page 3 also appears courtesy Carlos Ar- ly, training health workers on the job saves upgrade the skills of its work force, per- naldo. time away from work that could result in haps using instructional technologies. The graphs on page 9 are reprinted understaffing and poorer quality of care. Lack of coordination between the com- with the permission of The Futures Telecommunications for consultation with munication and other sectors results in Group and Population Reference medical experts can save the cost of wasted resources and lost opportunities. Bureau. moving a patient to the city and improve Some countries have been unable to attract the quality of care available in rural meas. new industries because they lack the neces- 5 6

2 Development Communication Report 1989/4 sary telecommunications intrastnicture Others allow policies to conflict For ex- ample, in a country that has established an The Information Technologies You Open University, the broadcasting authority charges such a high fee for studio Are Using: Results ofa DCR Survey and satellite time that the Open University cannot use available time on the network to reach its students. by Desiree deGraeve Coordinated planning requires an active 84 percent still use local messengers government policy to ensure that telecom- and Raj Kunungo regularly; munications plans and services are Last summerDeivlopment Communica- 59 percent use an international designed to meet national This tion Reportasked readers in developing deli% er) sert ice at least once a week. policy should include: countries to give us some idea of how they and are using information technologies in their 33 percent use two-way radio. regular dialogue between telecom- work. We sent out a questionnaire and two munications and broadcasting ad- The Fax Phenomenon ministrators and national planners; hundred seventy readers responded within the deadline. This sample is biased in Given the diff ,:ulty of using the allocations of resources for the exten- several ways. readers who responded to the telephone, the number of respondents sion and improvement of communica- questionnaire are more likely to be using who use facsimile (fax) machines on a tion facilities, and for training technologies than the readers who did not personnel in the use of these facilities; regular basis was surprising. 49 percent in and respond. Second, communicators belong to Asia and Africa and 60 percent in Latin a universe that is more likely to use informa- America. A slightly higher number of consciousness-raising about the tion technology than the general popula- respondents still use telex machines. Lack benefits of improved telecommunica- tion Third, we received many more tions. of power, or interruptions in power, were responses from Asia and Africa than we did not regarded as important constraints to Meeting the challenges posed by new from Latin America S1 this survey does not use, nor was the perceived complexity of technologies will help to maximize the measure the "worldwide state of informa- the technology, the problem lay in the high benefits of this vital strategic resource for tion technology," but it dues reveal some in- initial cost and the lack of infrastructure - national and regional development. teresting comparisons between presumably the lack of telephone lines or technologies. the delay in getting through. Fax appears We defined information technology in to be catching on almost as fast in develop- Heather Hudson is the Director of the broad terms, as "method(s) to assist in the Telecommunications Management and ing countries as in industrialized countries. collection, exchange, management and dis- Policy Program at the McCaw,: College of Business, University of San Francisco. semination of information." The survey Benefits of Computers covered older technologies such as mail, Sixty-eight percent of respondents arc telephone, cable, photocopier, local mes- using single user (personal, as opposed to sengers and two-way radio, as wellas networked) computers to help manage newer technologies such as computers, et-,Cabopresse:.-- An and administer development activities, and ,XleetiOnit News electronic mail, CD-ROM (Compact a surprisingly high 22 percent use com- Disk/Read-Only Memory, a low-cost puters linked through a network. Com- gency- for:Cape Verde medium for sto.age and retrieval of bibli, g- puter use has not spread widely to Cabopresse is_bracing to launch its raphic information), videotape, videodisc electronic mail only 8 percent), but, when news agency network among the nine is- and packet radio (which uses radio waves asked about the benefits of technology, the latidSof Cape Verde. -Nine journalists to transmit data between computers u. ,r largest proportion (50 percent) of those ,hiieteeti undergoing training and the medium distances) who used computers indicated thatex- =agency is,pUithasing nine electronic changinginformation was the main benefit mailboxes to connect all islands to the Getting Through Is Still the Problem of information technology. Only about a qiain'Office in the Capital city of Praia Ninety seven percent of our respondents third thought that computers provided im- aridwith each other. routinely use the telephone to carry out portant benefits inorganizing information lite-electronic mailbox, already their daily work However, connection is far efficiently, storing information efficiently, 34141 successfully between the national from instantaneous Only 30 percent could or allowingaccess to current information. "newspaperVoi di Potand the national make a long distance phone call in less than And little more than a quarter of respon- will enable journalists to send five minutes Twenty-three percent reported dents who used computers thought that Aliiii,-dispatches,directly to Cabopresse, that it takes from six to 30 minutes for a computers offered advantages in reducing .which inluniCan,Share other dispatches long distance call to go through. Fifteen per- costs iiith:_their journalists on the nine islands. cent said it takes from 31 to 60 minutes Contrary to cxpectauons, the major bar- At klater-SMge,' the whole news ser- More than a quarter of the total, 26 percent, riers to using computeis were not power vith-:Cariiiiitatismitted to subscribers, in- reported that it still takes over two hours to problems or getting machines repaired Fdudifig thage abroad; by using this place a long distance callRespondents 11 le cost of purchase was the major barrier ;System." also rely on traditional communications sys- to 40 percent of the respondents, followed Carlos A. Arnaldo tems For example: by a lack of infrastructure (34 percent).

Development Communication Report 1989/4 3 However, when respondents mentioned "infrastructure, " they raised such issues as a News By Yak or Electronics? narrow choice of available software, few In the river:cut valleys'and stately The electronic newspool was con- computer trade magazines and limited net- mountains of the Himalayas,-one ceived for this project to make the best works. reasonably_ asks: how do you get informa- use of the few journalists, to exploit the Other Information Storage tion from_One village to the next? electronic means available and to ensure Shortwave radip reaches almost the entire news from the most remote locations. For information storage and retrieval, country; but newspapers are limited to The news teams started IastJune with a CD-ROM is used by only 4 percent of road travel by truck or yak: seminar conducted by the executive direc--- respondents while 27 percent rely on With financial support from UNESCO to of the Nepal Press Institute. microfiche (although much more heavily in and Danida,Bhutan Broadcasting Service Asia than in Africa). Only 3 percent are is starting an elec newspool With the- - presently using video disc technology in national newspapeKuensel. their work, all were from Asia Indeed, bined news will prepare,v, video use was much more prevalent in Asia their reports and phone they (about 75 percent) than in Africa (less than data toffiecentral desksns half). the moOtseckdi*#1.41 What's Most Important and, miCr#9iiiiiaterk-, Aftekr6ik*Viiiyak. Which information technologies were edltorsi0e7radiojeditor.:will:cli rated the "most important'? The telephone 4 items for the three, newscast was first (39 percent), followed by regular mail (17 percent) and single-user com- Ettiglisti;DzOlik#4'414',11 Nepali lang98C9MCI-s..tkr puters (14 percent). newspapledit`ortvilkset:ii dispatches liy,ele*MiCIYAIN, Desiree deGraeve, former editor of the Development Communication Report,is a the layOntedllot,'Wh-diVili), Research Associate at Creative Associates In- covert columns * ternational, Inc. in Washington, DC. lay them onton'the riage: Originally from India, Raj Kunungo is a photos and sketches. Thelaser PhD candidate in operations research at printed copy will be preparedji we George Washington University in for photoplates and printed on.;,4 Washington, DC. offset in all three.languageS.'

Altbutattesefournallst prepares Me Apaltedi uroftKuensai T

Africa: Struggling University libraries and research in- large amounts of data in a low-cost, durable stitutes in Senegal, Zimbabwe, and form and because it bypasses the telecom- to Catch Up Malawi are using CD-ROM for database munications system. African scientists and Is Africa being left behind in the fast- searching. information specialists, for their part, ex- pressed interest in donor-assisted pilot changing world of information technology? The African Regional Center of Tech- The Board on Science and Technology for nology has created a computer-based projects to experiment with the use of desk- International Development (BOSTID) of network of food technology institu- top publishing, CD-ROM, electronic mail the U.S.-based National Research Council tions in Cameroon, Morocco, Nigeria, and ct.-nputer conferencing. concludesnot entirely, but ...." Senegal and Kenya. The team challenged the widely held In April 1989, a BOSTID team of African Despite these promising signs, the team view that information technology is a and North American researchers reviewed pointed out that the widespread adoption 'wry that Africa can't afford On the con- existing information capabilities in Africa. of information technology in Africa faces trary, they argued, African countries can't af- To their surprise, they discovered that some daunting problems. One is the ford to pass up the opportunities it microcomputers are currently being used shortage of foreign exchange for importing presents Their economic development in innovative ways, as the followirg ex- computers and related equipment. Where depends heavily on the efficient com- amples illustrate: computers exist, supplies are expensive munication of information such as prices and difficult to find and incompatibility be- and potential markets, early warnings for The Senegalese Institute for Agricul- disasters and technical advice for farmers. tural Research uses desktop publishing tween systems hampers linkages. Africa also suffers from a lack of personnel trained The report, titledScience and Technol- to compile data on rain, soil, and ogy Information Services and Systems in agricultural conditions from regional in information science, a low level of tech- Africa,is available from BOSTID, National research stations every 10 days. With nological awareness and declining invest- three microcomputers and a laser ment in communication infrastructure. Research Council, 2101 Constitution printer, the instr.ute produces easy-to- Given these constraints, the BOSTID Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20418, USA. read pie ch?..-.5 and bar graphs for team suggests that CD-ROM holds par- Telephone. (202) 334-2633. Fax: (202) 334- government officials. ticular promise because of its ability to store 2660. Telex: 353001 BOSTID WSH. 58 Development Communication Report 1989/4 lirinciples into Pract0';

What is... Alternex: A Computer-Based Mon? Network by and for NGOs Electronic mail, often referred to as "E- mail," is a Simple way of communicating person-to-person via computer. A mesh by Enzo Puliatti London. at considerable expense, even sage, letter, or memo from one personis- when 1BASE wished to contact colleagues The ability to transmit data electronical- typed into a computer, sent to another via in Santiago or Lima. So since 1987, 1BASE ly, allowing people around the globe to telephone, and stored until the receiver_ has been experimenting with electronic send messages or documents from one asks to receive it. In this way, electronic' mail systems that would permit cheaper in- computer to another, presents tremendous mail is like a very fast version of surface formation-sharing with partner organiza- opportunities for collaboration between In- mail, with the computer aCting'is'a post o tions and academic institutions and that it dividuals and groups with common inter- fice. At the same tithe, iris elidaperthan could operate and maintain itself. ests. Developed largely to meet the needs sending messages by telek or It soon made contact with the Institute of large corporations, electronic mail and An electronic Mali SysteM pi3OVides*aCh' for Global Communications (1GC), a U.S - computer conferencing have proved to be uslr with an electrOnie.*all-baiiircili" based NGO devoted to the application of equally important for international coopera- he can look into usinialny t*SriOriaKcp"li;. low-cost and small-scale computer technol- tion, science, education and government. puter, and a device called:a *mbicieni;-7` ogy IGC has developed a microcomputer- A growing number of developing which is connected to a'telePhoneline..17'' based system to operate a complete countries have already Installed national The user can'thuS re*IeVe message electronic mail, computer conferencing, data communication systems and chooSeS. and on-line data base service, without the electronic mail systems. Yet, even with The sender need-nOKIiii§_*iv:tierek need to subscribe to commercial services these cababilities, a common problem is receiveris currently ken' der The system has been successfully imple- high cost of international computer-based merely refers mented to link up approximately 5,000 ac- communication-up to twenty times the "address," which thereceIVermieS:iii, tivists and NGOs in more than 70 countries cost in industrialized countries. There are retrieve the:Message4ftonAttainy,Oiti through its two main computer networks two main reasons for this expense: most puter_termitial. Domestic and Intefrgiiiiia* PeaceNet, which is devoted to peace and electronic mail systems are based in the data communication Carrie:$*64,1,17 disarmament issues, and EcoNet, which is United States or Europe, requiring an ex- sible for the transfer of infOrinigOn: thous. : devoted to environmental concerns. pensive international data communications anyneed of a phySicat'eni4t-tiiei1,0eci, The collaboration between 1BASE and connection; and royalty fees and hardware tion between sender 1GC resulted in the proposal to install a uscd for electronic mail drive up the price similar system, which would be automat- Computet Oak of this service. These high costs generally ically linked to IGC's international com- ComputerConferencing,ISA.4ri 'a, ono mean that such services are unaffordable puter network. The project, known as electronic mail which eitabiekinnllipie7, to most academic and private users, and to Alternex, received financial support from users who are geographically dispersed to non-profit organizations. But now non- the United Nations Development Program carry out a dialogue, day afterdii for as governmental organizations (NGOs) in and from a private Italian donor agency. long as necessary. By typing into and, read- Brazil have discovered a low-cost way to In July 1989, only a few months after ap- ing from their personal computersi,Rak__ enjoy the benefits of computer networking. proval of the project, Alternex was fully ticipants avoid the time and expense of The Brazilian Experiment operating 24 hours a day. Today, more travel and the logistical Prohjerrkp than 130 individual and group users in scheduling face, -to -face nieetingsjPar7, In Rio de Janeiro, a research group Brazil and abroad participate in the net- ticipants can take part in cohfirenee;dIschs- known as 1BASE (the Portuguese acronym work, and this number is increasing daily sioni, at a time convenient 101* for Brazilian Institute of Social and Users pay a monthly fee. the equivalent of role of the computer is to categorize the Economic Analysis), which carries out about US $7 50, which includes one hour contributions and forward then4O-al..par-, socio-economic analysis in collaboration of on-line connection. On-line connection ticipants. 3. with labor unions, church groups, slum , runs approximately $5 per hour, cheaper Participants' dialogues"dari be searched, dwellers associations and other community than nearly all other electronic mail ser- retrieved, edited and stored Permanently groups, has been one of the first Brazilian vices Any computer equipment, from with any word proceSsing piOgrarn. The NGOs to use microcomputers for research small personal computers costing as little conference can also act,as,a 'Shared office and data communications In fact, 1BASE as $300 in the international market to the cabinet," where a participant can retrieve a has stimulated many other NGOs terminal of a large mainfiame system, can previous dialogue, even if,he joins the con- throughout Latin America to use these be used when connecting with Altemex. ference late;Aconference system can also tools. The connection can be made through be used thwrite a joint report or paper. Since the mid-1980s, 1BASE has been standard telephone lines, by using a One, conference can support many able to communicate via computer with modem in conjunction with the computer "seminars,! each about a different topic. several Latin American and European terminal or by using a special line for data Thousandsof systems are in operation NGOs through a commercial service communications. today, some large but many quite small known as Geonet. But this system required Most Altemex users rely on electronic and even operated by amateurs: all communications to be routed through mail and computer conferences as a way to EA 59 Development Communication Report 1989/4 5 Principles into Practice

coordinate regional activities with their "community E-mail agencies," providing today made it possible to design such counterparts, reaching es en the mu.,t remote electronic communication services to small sophisticated software. As a result, the new areas of the country For example, local en- local groups permitting interaction with system has all the capabilities of mainframe vironmental organizations that mobilize their their counterparts the world And. computer-messaging systems now in use own resources use the system to make in- through IBASE's international connection, throughout the United States, Europe and quiries of IBASE's computerized directory of Altemex users can now link up with the Japan, but the hardware costs only about environmental development donors and the 4,5(X) users of the PeaceNet and EcoNet $15,000-about one-tenth the cost of a projects they finance, or they may conduct systems, as well as to commercial sers ices mainframe system-and the software is free the search themselves. Groups active in the How the System Works to NGOs which collaborate with IGC Un- Foreign Debt Campaign, which mobilizes like the centralized systems used by the support for alternative solutions to Brazil's The system designed by IGC combines large commercial telecommunications ser- debt crisis, use electronic mail to coordinate low-cost, standardized computer equip vices, this microcomputer-based system dis- joint activitiesIn still other cases, NGOs use ment based on the new generation of IBM- tributes the message to whatever service the system to communicate easily with compatible machines with software it has can deliver it quickly and cheaply One donor agencies throughout the world or as developed in collaboration with Com- microcomputer-based system can s,:rved a the cheapest and most appropriate c1L-.nnel munity Data Processing, anoth r NGO limited geographical region, but each to distribute their news clippings or pi ,:ss The tremendous increase in the power of regional system can interconnect with any releases Several NGOs are also acting as microprocessors in personal computers other regional system. A primary advantage

Elsewhere in Latin America ing role in experimenting with electronic ito ILET's sister institute by the same mail and computer conferencing and in en- name in Mexico City has also carried out The Altemex project in Brazil is only couraging other non-governmental or- an experimental effort linking four one among many examples of computer ganizations in the region to follow suit. In Mexican universities via electronic mail. networking among research and develop- the process, it identified the technical, University researchers compiling ment organizations LatitAmerica. But in legal, and economic conditions necessary databases on subjects such as medicine, contrast to Alteinex, most rely on US- and to permit computer networking. It has also literature, desert plants, and communica- European-based electronic mail services produced a well-illustrated booklet in tions are using the system to eliminate for inter-country connections. Following is Spanish, Howto Design Communication duplication of effort and to share "a sample of other activities in the region: Networks,based on its experience in estab- methodologies. As part of the project, ILET Eight Latin American research inst:Eu- lishing computer links with NGO research has published a directory of databases tions involved in the United Nations centers in Argentina, Brazil, Peru, and produced by Mexican institutions. University Biotechnology Research Project Mexico for joint research projects. A fol- Still, the full potential of such systems on Brucella, a bacterial disease which af- low-up effort will test and evaluate have yet to be exploited. A study by flicts animals, are using microcomputers software packages used within the Latin Soledad Robinson of ILET-Mexico showed ,'and an electronic mail system to communi- American Trade Information Network. In that a generally low level of computer cate among themselves and with cooperat- addition, ILET coordinates Latin American literacy and the lack of awareness of avail- ing institutions outside the region. k recent participation in Interdoc, a global com- able information sources hindered use of evaluation indicated that users exchanged puter network of non-governmental re- existing computer-based information sys- about 16 messages and submitted three searchers active around labor and tems. Stronger efforts are needed to in- entries discussing their findings to the on- economic concerns, and document its net- crease awareness about the capabilities of going computer conference each month. working experience in Interdoc's bimonth- information systems and to provide train- Since 1985, the Institute Latin- ly bulletin,Contact-0,published in both ing in operations. americano de Estudios Transnacionales English and Spanish. - Andre Roussel (ILET) in Santiago, Chile, has played a lead-

Linea Telefonica Linea Telefonica

Persona B

Modem Microcomputador Microcomputador Modem

Adiagram Intrmlitetng the concept of linking up b, computer, from 11.1:7's COmo Diseilar Redes de Comunieacian (Howto Design Communication Networks). 8o 6 Development Communication Report 1989/4 Principles into Praitice to this arrangement is that it avoids the pre- viously high cost of international com- munications connection. The concept Textbooks from the Electronic behind the Altemex system is that the user never needs to make an international con- Desktop in Honduras nection, no matter where he is Users make a local call, but still address their electronic' mail internationally. The local messaging by Alfonso de Guzman II text-heavy teachers' guides or for the more system collects the international mail, When the third-grade Honduran public complex textual content of the higher grade bundles and compresses it, then sends it to school children receive their social studies textbooks. the appropriate foreign messaging system book this year, they will not know that they Resorting to word processing on per- for distribution using a special high-speed hold in their hands probably the first sonal compur -s, the project trained its connection This means that the service is textbook in Latin America designed with a secretanes to type entire manuscripts- far less costly, and therefore affordable for personal computer. Their teachers, for their which editors revised or rewrote, and which groups with limited resources. part, will not know that the guides accom- writers then revised or rewrote all over A second advantage is that regional sys panying the new textbooks were com- again-and to keep all files electronically in tems can be tailored to serve the specific in- posed not at a far-off pnnting press, as is diskettes. This saved much time in retyping, terests and needs of its users Different usually done, but right there in Tegucigal- but the final manuscript still had to be language capabilities, different information pa, at the writers' offices in the Ministry of retyped on the high quality typesetting resources, different command menus are Education. machines. all possible Presently, the Altemex system It is not really important that they know In time it was discovered that some menus are available in English, Spanish how the books are produced. What is im- pnnters had typesetting machines that and Portuguese, while a facility that will portant is that they get the quality books could "read" the project's diskettes and set allow users to switch from one language to they need for effective teaching and learn- type directly. That eliminated altogether another has just been implemented. ing, in got 1 time. Reconciling these often retyping the same material by the printer- Finally, although most commercial conflicting ands for quality and timeli- and the attendant errors and delays All electronic mail services will not link up ness is the promise of desktop publishing second-grade textbooks and teachers' edi- users across different networks other than now being tried at the USAID/Honduras tions, and three of the four third-grade their own, the present system allows dif- Primary Education Efficiency Project. textbooks were produced that way. ferent systems to exchange messages, in- In desktop or electronic publishing, a cluding various commercial services and single person (right from his or her own the hundreds of academic computer net- "desktop") designs the book, sets type, Training is a long process, works, as well as fax and telex And, with draws or copies Illustrations and photos, little helped by the fact that advances in telecommunications that al- and assembles all of these elements into user's manuals are in lows the transmission of data practically complete, final pages. The pages are later error-free, even using poor quality photographed at the printing press, and the English, which may not be telephone lines, remote areas in the some resulting film is used to make the plates the language of the trainee. of the least developing countries now needed for printing enjoy the possibility of communication via Using a pi ogram to drive a personal computer. computer and a high-quality computer However, although word processing printer, the operator perfonns all of the freed everyone from the drudgery of retyp- Prospects and Problems publishing tasks mentioned above, some- ing, effectively giving writers and editors The experience of Alternex in Brazil, times in only one sitting This is a quantum total control over their written material, it and a similarly successful experiment with leap forward from conventional print could not show them the final pages "the another non-governmental research center production, in winch each task is separate, way they would look in print." That was still in Nicaragua, represent the first experien- requiring several persons with distinct skills the exclusive domain of art directors or ces of computer-based communication net- and working with assorted tools and equip- raphic designers trained to produce such works established and operated by NGOs ment, usually in different places and at dif- things Enter desktop or electronic publish- in developing countries. The initial re:iction ferent times ing from Alternex users in Latin America has Using a desktop publishing program on been tremendous excitement for the poten- From Word erocessing a personal computer, a writer or editor can tial for linking NGOs, journalists, to Desktop Publishing call up his electronic file on-screen and fit it educators, and researchers throughout the In Honduras, this new technology is to any design or page format of his choos- region and the world. As a result, the being tried out of necessity. When the ing He can select the type size and style UNDP is providing resources to extend ac- project began three years ago, the textbook and other typographical features available cess to this technology to other Latin writers were content to sketch entire pages at his fingertips Using an electronic scan- American countries. of illustration-heavy first-grade textbooks, ner, he can even copy pictures to go with The first task is to demonstrate the tech- artists redrew the writers' sketches to the [cm Almost instantly, book pages are nology to local institutions and to continue production quality, and editors sent out for typeset and laid out on the computer screen typesetting the few lines of text there were. before the operator's very eyes, "the way (Continued on p 15) But that approach could not work for the they would look in print." St f1

Development Communication Report 1989/4 7 r"; .:std

Any change in size or style of type, length of line, number of lines on tile page, What Does It Cost? or size and placement of illustrations is Getting the quickly made on-screen so that the writer The minimum hardware and software immediately sees the effects of his creation and start -up Materials for one work sta- Population not only in aesthetic terms (did the text be- tion are aslollows: personal computer come heavy and difficult to read?) but also with 1 megabyte of memory, 30 Message to in practical terms (did the change add more megabytes of storage in a fixed or "hard" pages to the book?). Once satisfied with the drive; One other drive for reading diskette Policymakers appearance of pages reviewed on-screen, tiles, one monitor (screen), and one the writer "sends" the electronic file from pointing device ("mouse"), $3,500; With 100 million people and an annual the computer to the pnnter which uses printerfor manuscript drafts, $600, laser population growth of 3 4 percent in 1984, lasers to "bum" the image on the page, and typesetter for final pages, $30,000; Nigeria was on its way toward becciing the final pages are printed, ready for the eleettonieicanneffor copying illusra- the world's third largest nation by year graphic arts camera of the printing press tioni'andinteirating them with typeset 2035. Family planning efforts had met with As a result, what used to take weeks of pages, $3,066; filter to proted equipment resistance from religiously conservative waiting for the typesetter to show galley agaiiiitelectdC'Surges and drops, $500; leaders, and so policymakers were reluc- proofs now takes only days. word processing` stiftWare, $300; desktop tant to make it a development priority. But when high-ranking government offi- Some Very Real Problems materialS=(diSisc,eitesi':rOner, paper, etc), cials viewed a computerized presentation Even at this introductory stage in Hon- $600. TihiS thetataliequirement, $39,000. graphically depicting what the population duras, desktop publishing has presented A conservative output of 1,000 growth meant in terms of future demand some tough challenges in the areas of staff firitshedpages per year three years for food, jobs, and health and education ser- recruitment and training, and equipment (the actual niiinber of textbook and vices, and how it was likely to affect and materials support in a developing teachers gultii pages produced by the economic growth, they became alarmed. Honduran OrOjett to date) would yield a country environment. _ - Soon afterward, they adopted a national First, finding qualified or even potential- per-page unit 'Cost of $13, roughly what it strategy to bring population growth in line ly qualified "desktop publishers" is difficult wouldtost to send a page Out (and wait!) with economic and social goals and estab- 1ecause the technology combines at least for traditional phototypesetting. lished family planning services in all nation- four occupations into one: book designer, - AG. al health facilities. typesetter, editor, and sometimes even The above case is one of the more writer and illustrator. In a developing dramatic examples of the success of a com- country, it is difficult enough to find good technicians to repair the new equipment or puterized presentation known as RAPID in writers, or editors separately, let alone in- even give it routine maintenance, and the changing the attitudes of national dividuals capable in two or more areas of supplies specific to the computer or the policymakers toward population growth. production. printer or the scanner k paper, toner, disk- RAPID, which stands for Resources for the Second, the .extbook as a mass educa- ettes, cleaners) may not be available at the Awareness of Population's Impacts on tion medium involves in its development local computer stow The realization that Development, was created under a USAID- mar y individuals representing diverse one is so distant from Miami or Houston or funded pioject by the same name by The talents put to collaborative uae teachers, Los Angeles is made more frustrating when Futures Group, a consulting firm based in writers, planners, evaluators, trainers, ar- one discovers upon %ening the equip- Washington, DC. Now in its third project tists, managers Desktop publishing, like ment box that a specially designed power cycle. RAPID is designed to communicate good writing, is a lonely, personal art and cable is not Included" or that the part num sophisticated technical inform- non about does not lend itself easily to such collabora- her of the interface card, which is included, the relationship between population and tion, relying as it does on the integrative does not correspond with the one for that development to policymakers and opinion skills of a single person. particular model of hi-tech wonder. leadersin less than half an hour. Third, computers and computer In spite of these difficulties, the Hon- Using mathematical modeling tech- programs are not yet very easy to use. Per- duran project now prefers the hands-on niques, RAPID calculates the social and sons familiar with computers are still nard production and on site control of the criti- economic impact of population growth in to find and difficult to keep And training is cal creative process over the older ways of such concrete terms as the requirement for a long process, little helped by the fact that doing things Overall, the advantages make teachers and schools, clinics and health user's manuals and most other documenta- the investment in equipment worthwhile care providers, jobs, housing, food, water tion are in the language of the computer, supply and land use. By creating awareness English, which may not be the language of among policymakers about these effects, Alfonso de Guznidn II is a tenbook the trainee. production consultant for Ibis project. He RAPID also aims to gain support for family Fourth, local support is scarce As a new previously served as a consultant to the planning programs at the highest levels of technology, desktop publishing does not Guatemala Basic Education Project of the government. yet have a stable enough market base in World Bank and, prior to that, to textbook The RAPID modeling software requires Honduras or in many other countries to en- and elc.nentary education sector projects an IBM-Lompatible microcomputer with sure that goods and services can be reliably in his 'ratite Philippines capability to generate color graphics. The stocked. Simply put, there might not be screen displays eye-catching graphs and 62

8 Development Communication 12:port 1989/4 Principles into Practice

don policies or prevailing at- dozen spin-off modeling programs. One Madagascar: Primary Education Budget titudes toward family planning, examined the relationship between fuel- the message to policymakers is wood demand and forest stocks for 80 simply, "If you maintain present policymakers in Sahelian countries, while Conunued High Fertility rates of population growth, here another focused on the relationship be- 70 is what the effect on develop- Four Children tween women's economi narticipation Pff Family in 2015 ment will be." and development for officials in Yemen g60 The use of computers brings However, one drawback is that a g 50 other advantages over traditional RAPID presentation is costly. Taking into ,P. presentations that use slideshows account data collection activities, technical ".5 40 or overhead projections For ex- assistance in demographic-economic ample, the RAPID presentation is modeling, and the cost of hiring high- F1 30 interactive Once the mathemati- profile presenters, a single presentation cal computations have been costs a minimum of $50,000. This is about 420 recorded, it takes only about 20 five times the cost of presentations using seconds for the 10 model to calculate and display new Madagascan Persons per Cultivated Hectare 0 projections accord- Continued High Fertility Four Children Per Family in 2015 1985 2000 2015 ing to different scenarios. Thus, The three graphs on this page are reproduced from a RAPIDthe varying impact presentation made to Malagasy government officials in 1987. Presently, an average Malagasy family has 6 4 children. on development of high, medium, or 1985 bar charts, with visual features such as inter- low population mixed text and graphics and images that growth ratesor any point in move, or fade in and out. For even more betweencan easily be powerful impact, the graphics are demonstrated, if requested by presented by a skilled communicator, some- viewers. In addition, the ap- times former ambassadors or others with proach eliminates arguments status equal to their high-profile audience. over data. Ifofficials disagree Since RAPID's creation in 1978, presenta- with the original data used for W WWWW W WWWW tions have been made in more than 50 the projections, the figures W WWWW w wwww countries, to senior-level policymakers in can be changed on the spot 2015 W WWWW nearly 30 of them and new projections will be ** The RAPID approach is effective for displayed. As Steven Hawkins several reasons. For one thing, by analyzing of The Futures Group notes, the relationship in quantitative terms, it "If someone has their own pet depoliticizes the sensitive issue of popula- number, we will use it and it tion. Rather than pass judgment on popula- often only reinforces our point." Finally, by work- Madagascar: Production and Consumptioning closely with of Rice (Tbousatsds of Metric Tons) government officials 4000 to gather and 2035 Continued High Fertility analyze data in Four Children preparation for high- Per Family in 2015 level presentation, 3000 cam Production RAPID creates an in- stitutional aware- ness about st:3 population growth .6 2000 standardized graphics packages now com- among middle-level bureaucrats. ing out on the market. However, lacking Following a series of presenta- 0 RAPID's interactive capabilities, these tions in a country, host govern- generate only static graphs. But project 1000 ment officials are left with both managers insist that the cost is small in com- the hardware and software so that parison with the savings to be gained from they can run their own projections a more effective population policy. after the RAPID team leaves. RAPID's success has led The 19901995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Futures Group to develop nearly a G3

Development Communication Report 1989/4 9 Communications for Development Communication," March 8-9, 1990 in Sin- Cornell University's tenth annual course gapore Contact Hoso Bunka Foundation, What's New, Kyndr Bldg on "Communication Pianning and strategy" 41-1 Udagawa-cho, Shibuya- What's Coming will be held July I I- August 7, 1990. The ku, Tokyo, Japan. Telephone (813) 464- course is aimed at officials and project 3131. Fax. (813) 770-7239. leaders in health, agriculture, nutrition, fami- Courses ly planning and related sectors. Contact. Distance Teaching Cornell University, Department of Com- Training Resources A four-month course on "Distance munication, 640 Stewart Avenue, Ithaca, Agricultural Extension Teaching in Developing Countries" will New York 14850, USA Telephone (607) The International Fertilizer Develop- take place April 9-July 27, 1990 at the In- 255-6c00 Fax (607) 255-0788 Telex 6'1- ment Center in Togo has pilot-tested a new stitute of Education of the University of Lon- 3054. approach to improving agricultural exten- don. Trained teachers from developing sion officers' communication skills. The ap- countries with relevant experience and proach involved extension workers and with a strong command of English are en- Workshops farmers in the development of illustrated couraged to attend The course will stress AgriculturalJournalism crop production guides, flipcharts, posters, "hands-on" learning to plan, write and Agricultural reporters and editors in and other support materials, in order to en- produce printed, video and radio programs Africa can strengthen their publication skills sure that they are adequately adapted to for distance education To apply, contact. through a workshop presented by the Tech- local needs The Center has held training Department of International and Compara- nical Center for Agricultural and Rural sessions for agricultural extension officers tive Education, University of London In- Cooperation. Last year, the two dozen in Ghana and, in late January 1990, the cen- stitute of Education 20 Bedford Way, ter held another training program in agricultural reporters and editors from six London WC1H OAL, England Telephone West African countries who attended the Nigeria. Contact: Michael Connelly, IFDC- 01 636-1500. workshop reviewed all phases of the publi- Africa, PO Box 4483, Lome, Togo Telephone: 217-971 Telex. 217-817. Communications for Development cation process, including writing, editing, The Asia-Pacific Development Training design and production, promotion and dis- Family Planning and Communications Planning Program of tribution. Participants are also introduced to The Family- Planning Association of the United Nations De% elopment Program desktop publishing techniques Similar cour- Kenya, in collaboration with the Ast.ocia- will offer a series of short courses front May ses will be held in Francophone Africa in non for Voluntary Surgical Contraception, through November 1990 in the Philippints the future For more information, contact has released two training films ,a hich were The short courses, which each run three to the Technical Center for Agricultural and produced entirely in clinics and hopitalsin four weeks, will cover production techni- Rural Cooperation, Postbus 380, 67000 AJ Kenya One, a 21-minute film directed at ques for audio% isuals used in instruction Wageningen, The Netherlands Telephone. doctors and surgical nurses, demonstrates and in extension, communications cam- (31) 8380-20484. correct procedures for conducting volun- paign planning, training methods, and Health Communication tary female sterilization. The other, a 23- other topics Contact Training Coor- minute film targeted at African family Communicators and managers in the dinator, DTCP/UNDP, 5th floor, Bonifacio fields of health and family planning are in- planning counsellors, discusses the need Bldg , University of Life Campus, Meralco vited to participate in an intensive three- for counselling and reviews methods and Avenue, Pasig, Metro Manila, Philippines week workshop, "Advances in Family approaches for successful counselling. Both Telephone: 673-6401. Telex: 29018 DTCP lealth Communication," June 4.22, 1990, in films are available in English and French PH. Baltimore, Maryland. Presented by the language versions in 16 -mm and video. Contact Association for Voluntary Surgical Media Production Johns Hopkins University Center for Com- Ian McDonald & Associates will present munication Programs, this second annual Contraception, 122 East 42nd Street, New York, NY 10168, USA Telephone. (212) a course on media production as part of a workshop will introduce participants to in- 351-2507 Fax (212) 599-0959 Telex: larger program of courses on rural develop- novative approaches to message design, 425604. ment. The course will be held in England evaluation, social marketing, cost recovery, between early July and September 1990. and the creative use of entertainment for so- Child Health For more details, contact the firm at 12 cial change Those interested in attending Teaching Aids at Low Cost (TALC), af- Church Road, Ilo% e, East Sussex, BN3 211., arc encouraged to contact Population Com- filiated with the London-based Institute of UK Telephone (02-3) 821-8 Telex 9t- munications Semites soon at 527 St. Paul Child Health, distributes hundreds of 082 -4''9 MCDON G Place, Baltimore, Maryland 21202 USA. thousands low-cost books, slides, and other Telephone: (301) 659 63(X). Fax. (301) 659- instructional materials to developing 6266. Telex: 240-430 JI WPCS UR countries each year. Child survival, primary Request to our Readers health care, nutrition, and safe motherhood If you follow up on a notice or Communications for Development are some of the topics addressed. For a list of materials available, contact. TALC, PO resource that is listed in these pages, say "Ibe United Nations University and the that you heard about it through the Asian Mass Communication Research Cen- Box 49, St Albans ALI 4AX, UK. Development Communication Report ! ter will hold their sixth International Forum Telephone (O'27) 53 869 Fax: (0'2') 46- on "The Problem of Balance in International 852. Telex: 266020 CORALP. Re!

Development Communication Report 1989/4 Subject Index Issues 55 through 67 Adult Education Population and Environment: A Giobai Report, 65, p 5 Distance Education and Adult Learning, 63, p.8 Television for the Environment in India, 65, p.7 Agricultural Communication Environmental Education: A Fast-Growing Field in Latin America, 65, p.8 Agricultural Communication for Rural Development in Sri Lanka, 56, p.1 Pesticide Communication in the Cotton Fields of Nicaragua, 65, p 10 An Examination of the Eva'uation Process, 58, p.3 Environmental Communications. New Roles, Hard Choices, 65, p 2C El Agricultor - A Rural Honduran Newspaper, 55, p 1 Evaluations Communicating With Farmers. Lessons Learned and to Be Learned, Local Radio for Development Raba Na Haba, 64, p 3 58, p.1 An Examination of the Evaluation Process, 58, p.3 , CTTA: An Innovative Agricultural Communication Project, 58, p.3 Folk Media AIDS On the Road With Atelier Theatre Burkinabe, 62, p.1 AIDS Public Health Communication. A New Challenge for Com- Messages in Hand Puppetry for Development, 62, p 14 municators, 57, p.9 Family Planning Uses Traditional Theatre in Mali, 61, p.1 An AIDS Campaign in Brazil, 57, p.8 Health Education AIDS: The Global Challenge, 57, p 7 HIV Prevention Education in the United States, 57, p. 11 HIV and AIDS Explained, 57, p.7 Comics-for Health, 59, p.1 , 'Appropriate Technology Information Helps Urban Lesotho Tackle Sanitation Projects, 59, p.12 The Wind-up Revolution?, 64, p.14 Sharing Health Materials and Information in Developing Countries, Communication 60, p.1 Rethinking Development Support Communication, 62, p.7 Liberia's New Health Vehicle: Radio, 56, p 5 Teaching Health Care: An Update, 66, p.3 Supporting Development Communication, 56, p.10 Community Development Health Communication Power to the People. Not Just in Developing Countries, 64, p 9 Aids Public Health Communication. A New Challenge for Com- Local Radio: Hard Questions, 64, p. 16 municators, 57, p.9 Knowledge About AIDS in a Central African Town, 57, p.10 Videoletters, 64, p.13 Listening and Questioning: Two Ways to Improve Health Messages Grassroots Communication: Lessons From a Tree-Planting Campl:gn, and Program Effectiveness, 60, p.11 65, p.1 Listen, Then Plan: A Focus Group Approach, 60, p 11 Expectations for Local Radio: Looking Beyond Immediate Impact, 64, Facts for Life, All for Health (review), 66, p.8 p.7 Using Interactive Radio to Teach Health, 66, p.12 Local Radio for Development: Haba Na Haba, 64, p.3 Scaling Down: Local Radio In India, 64, p.1 Information Services Liberia New Health Vehicle. Radio, 56, p.5 Un Nuevo Centro Uruguayo Dedicado a la Comunicacion, 60, p 16 Mahaweli Community Radio: A Promising Experiment in Sri Lanka, Instructional Design 56, p.11 The Quality of Instructional Messages, 63, p 10 A Study in Decentralization The Liberian Rural Communications Net- Feedback in Distance Education, 63, p.12 work, 58, p.1 Interactive Radio Audiotheques Rurales in Mali, 58, p.13 Update on Interactive Radio Instruction Activities, 59, p 6 Computer Technology RADECO: A Precedent in Education, 60, p.7 Computer Technology Models and Educational Development, 61, p 1 Interactive Radio. Distance Education in the Classroom, 63 Supple- Computer Simulation Games in Population and Education, 61, p.7 ment, p.1 Information Technologies Challenges for Development, 67, p 1 RADECO. An Educational Alternative in the Dominican Republic, 63 Alternex: A Computer-Based Network by and for NGOs, 67, p.5 Supplement, p.3 Textbooks from the Electronic Desktop in Honduras, 67, p.7 Teachers Interact With Radio In Nepal, 56, p.1 Getting the Population Message to Policymakers, 67, p 8 How Large the Gap? 56, p 13 Computopians and Nouveaumanics, 67, p.16 Using Interactive Radio to Tc. ch Health, 66, p.12 Distance Education Mass Communications Trends in Distance Learning A New Wave, 63, p 1 Mass Media and National Development. The Nigerian Context, 60, p.6 Open Universities An Incomplete Mosaic of Achievement, 63, p 3 Mass Media and Communications Technology, 58, p.15 Distance Education: Some Issues, 63, p 16 Material Development Distance Education and Adult Learning, 63, p 8 Pictures Open Unexpected Horizons in Nepal, 55, p.4 Distance Education: The F.omising and the Confusion, 57, p 13 Once Upon a Time... Telling a Story, 55, p.7 The Quality of Instructional Messages, 63, p 10 Looking at Costs of Graphic Literature, 55, p 14 Feedback in Distance Education, 63, p 12 Why Another Handbook' 55, p.16 New Tools for Training at a Distance, 66, p.3 Photonovels Educalonal Planning Saying It with Feeling: Photonovels and Comic Books in Develop- Computer Technology: Models and Educational Development, 61, p 1 ment, 55, p.1 Simulations for Policy Making in Education, 61, p.3 Creative Choices for Latin American Photonovels & Comics, 55, p.12 Projection Models in Educational Planning, 61, p.5 Planning Ahead for Large Scale Success, 61, p.11 Production Techniques A Design Studio for an Agricultural Project, 62, p.13 Environment Alternative Energy for Radio Stations, 58, p.13 Biological Wealth and Human Poverty: A Tragic Embrace?, 65, p.1 Development Broadcasters on Development Broadcasting, 64, p.11 Grassroots Communication: Lessons From a Tree-Plantirg Campaign, 65, p.1 F5 Development Communication Report 1989/4 11 Radio Education L'Utilisation D'Objectifs en Radio Educative, 62, p.16 T Wpct Afri In ("nu rifei.ms Power to the People: Not Just in Developing Countries, 64, p.9 Local Radio: Hard Questions, 64, p. 16 through Solar Power Expectations for Local Radio. Looking Beyond Immediate Impact, 64, p.7 The ability to make use of faxes, telexes, electronic mail Local Radio for Development: Haba Na Haba, 64, p.3 and bulletin boards, and other new information technologies Scaling Down. Local Radio In India, 64, p.1 depends first and foremost on a reliable telecommunications Liberia's New Health Vehicle. Radio, 56, p.5 infrastructure. But many of the least developed countries Mahaweli Community Radio A Promising Experiment in Sri Lanka, lack its most basic elements. a broad, interlacing network of 56, p.11 all-weather roads, rural telephone networks, and postal A Study in Decentralization The Liberian Rural Communications facilities. It is said that the city of Tokyo has more telephones Network, 58, p.1 than the entire continent of Africa. Audiotheques Rurales in Mali, 58, p.13 Even if low-income countries manage to build roads, Radio Education in the Dominican Republic, 55, p.15 telephone lines and post offices, tney may lack the financial Rural Development and technical capacity to operate and maintain them. But Overcoming Impediments to Communication for Rural Develop- ment in the Third World, 62, p.5 West African countries may now have found a low-cost, ener- Popular Vii _a for Rural Development in Peru, 66, p 1 gy-efficient solution to this problem. Satellite Communications Before Pan African Telecommunications Network (PANAF- ARABSAT: A Regional Approach to Telecommunications, 57, p.15 TEL) was founded in 1974, most rural areas in West Africa did Advanced Satellite Technologies. Implications for the Developing not enjoy telephone services and long-distance calls between World, 57, p.16 neighboring countries had to be routed through London or Social Marketing Paris. In 1982, PANAFTEL put into operation a microwave Marketing A Dietary Plan for Diarrhea, 58, p.7 communication system directly linking Senegal, Mali, Burkina Social Marketing + Radio = Educational Success, 62, p 1 Faso, Niger, and Benin. When it was designed in the late Avoiding Social Marketing Pitfalls, 59, p.1 1970s, the natural choice to power the isolated stations were Surveys turbo-electric generators. But, because of frequent power out- Surveys - A Different Picture, 60, p.13 ages, the system operated over the full 3,000-kilometer 1988 DCR Readers Survey Results, 62, p.11 diameter only 60 or 70 percent of the time. The root of the The Information Technologies You Are Using, 67, p 3 problem lay in the generators: they were not always able to Telecommunications handle the high power requirements; they required frequent Managing Telephone Systems, 56, p 7 and relatively sophisticated maintenance; the supply of fuel Expanding Telephone Service in Rural Brazil, 59, p 9 was problematic; and fuel prices were higher than had been Telephone Set-vices Expand in Peru, 57, p.6 estimated. African Telecommunications Toward the Year 2000, 57, p.12 Information Technologies: Challenges for Development, 67, p.1 In late 1985, photovoltaic panels were installed at several Linking West African Countries through Solar Power, 67, p.12 dozen stations at a cost of approximately US $120,000 per Teleconferencing site, making this one of the first cases where an existing Forging A New Development Tool. Teleconferencing, 57, p.1 microwave system has been converted to solar power, rather Bridging Space for Peace, 59, p.5 than originally designed for this energy source. By 1989, sys- Training tem availability had improved to 96 percent, due in part to *L'Ecole des Moniteurs". Videodisque ,te Formation des Conseillers other improvements such as monitoring systems and more ef- Agricoles de Cote d'lvoire, 56, p.15 fective training programs. Operating costs have been reduced Integrating Video in Agricultural fraining, 18, p 5 substantially because there are no fuel charges. Maintenance In-Country Certification for Swaziland Comn-rinicators, 60, p 15 has largely consisted of routine battery inspections and clean- Teacher Training: The Quick Fix That Stuck ing the desert dust off the panels. Maintenance of solar Distance Education: Some Issues, 63, p.16 panels, controllers and batteries is carried out by electronics New Tools for Training at a Distance, 66, p.3 Figuring Vocational Training Cost, 66, p.6 technicians alone, whereas separate technicians for the gener- A Training Video about Training-from Africa, 66, p.6 ators and the electronic systems were formerly required. Training for Sustainable Change in Honduras, 66, p.11 Maintenance costs should therefore be lower. Communications Technology for Training. Can It Really Make a Dif- The capital cost for conversion to solar at each site is ference ?, 66, p.16 about four times the annual cost of fuel. However, since each Visual Communication unit should last for more than ten years, the cost saving Comics - for Health, 59, p.1 should be considerable. What is harder to quantify in Sri Lanka Trains Health Workers in Visual Communication, 61, p.13 economic terms is greater confidence in the system that Improving Visual Comprehension in Non literates, 55, p.10 higher efficiency will generate among users, and what new Women Learn With Visual Aids: Experience in Peru, 55, p 11 applications they may be encouraged to try. With any luck, Visual Communication Materials for Rural Audiences. Re-orienting Artists and Copy-writers, 66, p.4. electronic mail, faxes, and other new information tech- nologies will soon be making a difference in communications Visual Media in West Africa. A Caravan of Video in Haiti, 58, p.9 Television for the Environment in India, 65, p.7 Videoletters 64, p.13 - Mike Loftin Popular Video for Rural Development in :eru, 66, p.1 R6

12 Development Communication Report 1989/4 The Center for Telecommunications non free of charge through the United Na- RESOURCES... Development was created in 1985 in order tions Development Program's com- to help reduce the widening gap in telecom- puterized Information Referral Service munication facilities between the industrial- (INRES-South). INRES has a database of ...for learning more about ized and developing world. The Center more than 50,000 entries in English, French information fi;cbrzologies works to expand advisory services and tech- and Spanish describing the capabilities of nical support to telecommunication sectors more than 2,000 institutions in 99 develop- Training Programs and in developing countries by organizing ing countries. It covers education and Technical Assistance evaluation and study missions to identify training courses, specialized research and . Volunteers in Technical Assistance telecommunication needs, recruiting ex- laboratory facilities, and consultants and (VITA) offers technical support services in perts and consultants to provide technical technical experts By documenting only uses of information technology to develop- support, and mobilizing private and public technical services by institutions in ing countries For example, last year a VITA Investment in developing countries' developing countries, INRES works to volunteer helped the Philippine Depart- telecommunication sectors. It also main- promote South-South cooperation for ment of Health vet up a packet-radio com- tains a data base on the status of telecom- development. Information requests can be munication system between its Manila munications sector in developing countries. made by telephone, telex or fax, database headquarters and remote regional offices For more information, contact the Centet Information can be received via airmail, In addition, VITA has established an through the International Telecommunica- pouch, or computer-modem link. Contact. electronic bulletin board and mail service, tions Union, Place des Nations CH 1211 INRE3 Computerized Inquiry Service, VITANet, to communicate with its volun- Geneva 20, Switzerland. Telephone. VII) 22- UNDP, 304 E. 45th Street, New York, New teers in the US and abroad, and will train 995 -111. Fax: (41) 22-337-256. Telex: 421 York 10017, USA. Telephone. (212) 906- participants in the use of the system. 000 UIT CH. 5140. Fax: (212) 906-6429. Telex: 125980, Each year, VITA presents two training in- Trinity College in Ireland, in col- attention INRES. formation technology courses to par- laboration with the United Nations Univer- In collaboration with several intema- ticipants from developing countries In sity, has established a global computer bona' health anc; development agencies, 1990 it will hold a one-week training network of institutions that conduct training CD Resources/Libraries to Go, a New York course May 18-25 on low-cost digital com- and research in information techuologies based private company, has produced a munication, especially packet radio, tuition for developing countries. Fellowships are series of libraries" on CD-ROM. Each fee is US $1,100. On September 10-28, available for those from developing covers a topic relevant to developing 1990, it will offer a course on information countries who want to both receive training countries and v.-ill provide bibliographic resources management, free of charge and participate in the network. Contact. citations, abstracts, or entire documents, Both courses will be held in VITA's Ar- Systems Development Program, Room according to the search desired. They in- lington, Virginia, offices, although the 3044, Arts Building, Trinity College, Dublin clude. a 350-title collection on AIDS, a 400 management course can be held overseas 2, Ireland. title collection on primary health care; a on a case-by-case basis For more informa- )- Data for Development is a non- 300-title collection on women in develop- tion, contact VITA, 1815 N Lynn StSuitc governmental, non-profit association of in- ment, and a recent 80-title collection on 200, Arlington, Virginia 22209, USA dividuals and organizations who study the women, water and sanitation Costs range Telephone. ("03) 276-1800, Fax ('03) 243- role of information in economic anJ social from US 8320 to 81,095. Designed for 1865; Telex 440192 VITAUI development and promote international users in developing countries, the software . In 1990, the US Telecommunication cooperation in that field. Founded in 1973, program requires little previous computer Training Institute will offer 45 training cour- the group has developed an approach to training. In addition, it requites only an or- ses to more than 600 participants from designing government information systems dinary IBM-compatible computer, a basic developing countries Courses emphasize that takes into account information gaps as- printer, and an inexpensive CD-ROM both managerial and technical skills and sociated with underdevelopment. It holds player. For more information, contact. Bet- cover topics such as radio and television occasional conferences on data and tina Corke, CD Resources /Libraries to Go, broadcasting, satellite communications and development and will provide expert ad- 1123 Broadway, Suite 902, New York, NY network digital communications. Of special vice to governments and international or- 10010, USA Telephone. (212) 929-8044. interest to Third World participants are ganizations. It also publishes a quarterly Fax. (212) 243-3609. courses on telecommunication systems for newsletter on information systems POPLINE, d service of the Population rI development, solar-powered systems, methodologies. Contact. Data for Develop- Communication Services of the Johns Hop- and ham radio administration Most courses ment, 122 avenue de Hambourg, 13008 Mar- kins Unic ersay, provides bibliographic cita- run two weeks and arc held at corporate seille, France. Telephone. 917-39-018. Fax. tions and abstracts on population, family and government training facilities 917-30-138. Telex: 430258 INFOSYS. planning, AIDS, sexually transmitted clis- throughout the United States. USAID eases and related health issues. There are awards scholarship support for qualified ap- Computerized Information Services three ways to obtain information from me plicants from less developed countries To )- Want to find out about education and POPLINE data base. send a written search obtain a course catalog, contact. US training courses on desktop publishing in request, obtain a user code through the US Telecommunications Training Institute, developing countries? Locate research In- National Library of Medicine and conduct 1255 23rd St. NW, Washington, DC 2003-7, stitutions in the developing world that have an on-line search, with training by USA, Telephone (202) 833 -'624 Fax (202) designed software to diagnose livestock dis- POPLINE staff, or obtain the CD-ROM ver- 467-8755 Telex: 19'821 OSTI*1 UT ease? You can obtain this and other intorma- sion of the database, which is updated an- 6 7

Development Communication Report 1989/4 13 nually POPLINS printouts and CDs are munie awns, mass media and emergency Their Application fur Developing Countries free of charge to individuals and institu- relief contributed to the volume. Examples (1986), Microcomputer Applications iii tions in developing countries Contact. and ease studies concern both industrial- F4t4cation and Training for Develop frig POPLINE, the Johns Hopkins University, ized and developing countries. A copy of Countries (1987), Cutting Edge Tech- 52' St Paul Place, Baltimore, Maryland the collection is available free of charge nologies and Microcomputer Applications 21202, USA Telephone (301) 659-6300 from the Annenberg Washington Program, for Developing Countries (1988), and a Fax (301) 659-6266 Telex 240-430 Willard Office Building, 1455 Pennsylvania forthcoming book on information manage- > Community health workers, sanitary A% eigue, NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC ment policies in developing countries. All engineers, researchers, and policy makers 20004, USA. Telephone. (202) 393-7100. are available from Westview Press, 5500 can find out which institutions and in- Fax. (202) 638-2745. Central Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80301, dividuals in 23 Eactem Mediterranean The January-February 1989 of The USA. countries are working in the area of en- Courier, a hi-monthly publication of the > Microelectronics Monitor, published vironmental health They can also obriin Africa-Caribbean-Pacific/European Com- quarterly by the United Nations Industrial bibliographies on major environmental munity, presents an excellent look at "Infor- Development Organization, abstracts news health topics, and conduct a specialized matics and Development." Written ,or the and stories from the business, engineering, bibliographic search using a computerized general reader rather than the technical and microelectronic trade press worldwide. data base. These are some of the services specialist, the edition reviews present Despite the lack of eye-catching graphics provided by CEHANET, the Center for En- trends in the use of computers and informa- and the nearly microscopic type, the publi- vironmental Health Information Netwoik tion technology in developing countiles, cationis a valuable resource for individuals In addition to promoting information ex the opportunities they offer, and the con- and institutions in developing countries, change, CEHANET trains librarians and straints countries face in adopting them. who can subscribe frce of charge. Contact: documentation specialists in procedures for Several articles describe how computers are UNIDO, Development and Tranafer of classifying environmental health informa- currently being used by governmental mini- Technology Division, Department for In- tion and holds periodic consultations to stries, agricultural cooperatives, and re- dustrial Promotion, Consultations, and guide the development of the network search centers throughout Africa. For a Technology, PO Box 300, A-1400, Vienna, CEHANET is seeking additions to its col- copy, contact the publication's editorial of- Austria. lection of documents and bibliographies fices at 10-12 rue Guimard (2nd floor), B- >. The Advisory Committee for the Coor- concerning environmental health in the 1040 Brussels, Belgium. Telephone. dination of Information Systems (ACCIS) of Eastern Mediterrarc an region Contact Dr. 235-0111. Telex. COMEUKBRU 21877. the United Nations publishes a useful Najeeb Al Shorbaji, Center for Environmen- Informatics and Telematics in Health, bimonthly newsletter covering news and tal Health Activities, 45 Samura Street, Um a 100-page book published in 1988 by the developments in the information technol- Utharnhah Quarter, PO Box 926967, World Health Organization (WHO), ex- ogy field. Distributed free of charge by the Amman, Jordan Telephone 6'1-178 Fax plains how information technologies are ACCIS Secretariat, Palms des Nations, 1211 674-585. Telex. 23447 WHOEM JO currently being used to maintain medical Geneva 10, Switzerland. > The Reg.onal Information System far and administrative records, assist health The Computers in Relief and Develop- African Agriculture is a cooperative effort care workers in medical diagnosis, manage ment newsletter provides information between internat'onal and US agricultural drug acquisition and distribution, conduct about software for disaster management, institutions to compile and disseminate in- laboratory- tests, train health care personnel, response, and preparedness. Some formation on agriculture and aquaculture in and for many other purposes. Directed at software is also available from the publish- Africa Information from this project is now health care managers and professionals, it er. Contact. Computers in Relief and available for US S40 on 5-1/4" and 3-1/2" describes future prospects for information Development, 106 Park Road, Lough- diskette for IBM -PC compatible microcom- technologies and provides guidelines for borough, Leics, LEI 1 2, UK. puters The full version, which costs S50, re- selecting hardware and software. Available > The Research Institute for Newspaper quires computer graphics capability, a in English, French and Spanish for US De%elopment in India publishes a monthly CD-ROM drive, and a modern for access to S12 80 from WHO Distribution and Sales bulletin, RIND Survey, that promotes tools the database For more information or to Unit, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland, or from of the trade among printers, graphic artists, order, contact National Technical Informa- local WHO distributors. and publishers in the newspaper industry. tion Service, Computer Products Center, > The Board on Science and Technol- It reviews the latest technology in the in- 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia ogy for International De% elopment, US Na- dustry and offers tips for improving the 22161, USA Telephone ("03) 48"-4"63. tional Research Council (see p. -f), has quality of the printed product Recent is- Fax ('03)321 -854' Telex 89-9405 produced a series of books on how sues hate reviewed new technology rang- microcomputers and information tech- ing from desktop publishing programs to Further Reading nologies can stimulate and enhance the the use of lasers to bum photographic im- In obsenance of the launching of the process of soeia, el n ci economic de% elop- ages on the page. Although the majority of International Decade for Natural Disaster ment in less de% eloped countnes. Focusing the articles are reprinted from American Reduction in 1990, the Annenberg Program on microcomputer applications, the hooks and European trade journals, the bulletin of Northwestern University has published go beyond a discussion of their traditional serves to transfer technological know-how a collection of papers, Communication uses in education and administration to dis- to the newsprintint industry in developing 1Then It's Needed Most How New Technol- cuss applications in manufacturing, produc- countries Contact. Research Institute for ogy Could Help in Sudden Disaster.. More tion and natural resources management. New spaper Development, Madras 000 008, than a dozen specialists in satellite corn- The books incliide Microcomputers and India.

Development Communication Report 1989/4 INNIMMIL

(GARRIOTr,from p/6) d' not ha% c the luxun of squandering Women and Microcomputers ters and receivers with lap-top com- those remaining resources in search of com- putersin a similar way, building putopias. Let us take our precious informa- The University of Illinois is offering a camaraderie among users. tion technology and press it into service for course June 18 -13. 1990. for those who want to improve their ability to use microcom- I believe that the key to applying infor- problem-solving objectives, collaborating with the individual information puters and databases for research relevant mation technology to Third World develop- to women in development Participants will ment goals while simultaneously solving all entrepreneur working on behalf of a development agency or advocacy group. learn the new UN Women's Statistics data the attendant st, regulatory and technical set and gain skills in word processing and problems is, first, to work with an existing "National Information and Communication Plans" and other imponderables like the data analysis. Contact the University's sub-culture in which development informa- Department of Agricultural Economics, 437 tion needs are clearly identified and, "New World Information Ordcr" will hardly be legislated into existence. As desirable as Mumford Hall, 1301 \V. Gregory Drive, Ur- second, to identify enthusiastic "Informa- bana, Illinois 61801 USA. Telephone (217) tion entrepreneurs" within this sub-culture. they might be, the only way to create such structures in a meaningful way is through 333-1977 Fax: (217) 244-02-19. Telex: 206- If these individuals also can be made 597 INTEG URBA central contacts in the electronic networks, grassroots, purposeful communication the results will be more powerful among people dealing with actual Attention Viewers! Latin American social scientist Juan Rada problems. On January 19, 1990, television once said, "The proliferation information Finally, we need to remind ourselves viewers in more than 50 countries tuned technology is a consequence, not a cause, that information technologies are, after all, into a two-hour program featuring Mik- of developmentIf he is right, then much mere extensions of our abilities (and frail- hail Gorbachev, Carl Sagan and other of the present promotion of information ties) at manipulating the data we create notables who were gathered in Moscow technology as a new means toward nation- The use of those data depend on people, al d 'relopment is wrong-headed. Given usually as individuals, and not on the tech- for a conference on 'Envirotim!.....t and' Development for SurviVar"Thanks to our nouveaumanic tendencies, it is under- nologies themselves To expect more may donated satellite time from both INTEL- standable why we promote information well overstate the relationship 01 technol- SAT and INTERSPUTNIK,,the.program technology innovation. Given the in- ogy to development and confuse 'com- credible difficulties and high costs of putopias" with reality. also featured live satellife.4i6615=nPs from a Costa Rican rain development, it is likewise easy to see why Gary Garriott rs Director of Informatics sunrise in AuStralla and StitiAesIMs the rhetoric of optimism serves as a at Volunteers in Technical Assistance Senegal, and shots of Om the defense mechanism agalst harsh realities (VITA) ;i1 Arlington, Vug,ima. 7be MU'S ex- Challenger But we live in a time of enormous need pressed in this article are his and not neces- The broadstkokfial=?ortm://=. when resources are scarcer than ever. We sarily those of VITA. Moscow: World Skiriesfra nia Surviving MEM Planet, was the latest in a_ eries of global telecasts dekignediOiaigelitiblic aware- (PLILIA afrom p. 7) Significant problems remain, however ness and, inseyirateaSes;tb.:olieii.- If the system is to be widely available to fun's. Among'thein were Live Aid and small organizations in locat,,,..s that are not testing the technology in countries under- Band-Aid, which drew,worldwide atten- well served by public data networks or served by international data transmission tion to the 19e4-Eihlopian famine, and even telephone service, several technical networks Currently, IGC is working on a Our Common Future, which alSo focused refinements, and in some cases, technologi- portable version of the system to be used in on the global environmental crisis. The cally appropriate and creative solutions are demonstrations and on-s,te tests in Bolivia. success of such telecasts depends not necessary And, until automatic translation Ecuador and Peru. Where public data net- only on the quality of programming but programs become available, the lack of a works do not exist, these visits might in- also on the willingness of national broad- common language represents a significant clude the installation of small satellite earth casters to carry the show and on ade- constraint to conducting international com- stations; the University of Hawaii, which quate publicity. As an approach to public puter conferences Finally, there is still coordinates the Peacesat education project, education, it has also come under room to increase the system's cost-effective- has apreed to let the Alternex project use its criticism partly because it is costly and ness through improved operations and satellite free of charge. partly because the mass media format methods of bulk data transfer; the Alternex !BASE is likely to become a regional cen- cannot communicate complex subjects. project continues to experiment with these ter of expertise, It has already assisted one The Development Communication approaches Uruguayan NGO in setting up an electronic Report is curious to know viewers' reac- mail and bulletin board system. It has also tion to the recent telecast. We invite com- Enzo Puliatti is an officer of the worked withe Brazilian Interdisciplinary Regional Bureau for Latin America at the ments on the following quest:lens: AIDS Association and the Brazilian chapter United Nations Development Program in Did you watch the program? If so), of the Internam IA Interdisciplinary AIDS New York The riews mpressed in ;his ar- how did you near about it? Foundation to set up SIDSA, a com- ticle are Ins and not necessarily those of the puterized database on AIDS, and to make UADP The Institute for Gloval Com- In your opinion, was the program ef- the database accessible to those in other munications can be contacted at 3228 fective? Why or why not? parts of the country via telex, public data Sacramento Street, San Francisco, Cahfor Please address responses to the ad- networks, or telephone lines, ma 94115 Thlephone (4!923 0900 dress or fax number listed on page 2. Fax: (415) 923-1665

9 Development Communication Report 1989/4 15 = Yes. but...

Computopians and Nouveaumanics

by Gary Garriott ment holds an irresistible attraction for But just as the perception began to The introduction of information technol- many people. change, the new information technologies, ogy into development planning, particular- The sense that somehow we have been especially communication satellite tech- ly computer-based communications, has here before is inescapable. Simple solu- nologies, exploded onto the scene. The taken ,. tions to complex problems were also Missionary -like zeal. Self- seductive appeal of these new tech- proc. .d visionaries call for "corn- proposed by zealous individuals in the nologies combined with our nouve-u- putopias" as the healers of all ills. 1950s and 1960s promoting the mass media manic tendencies seem to have smothered Why is this? One value baried deep in as instruments of modernization. The mod- the emerging analyses concerning the role the Western psyche is "nouveaumania" ,^rnization paradigm called for substantial - a of the older information technologies need for, indeed obsession with, technical investment in and use of mass media to (radio and television) in maintaining lop- innovation and achievement. Nouveau- break down traditional habits of thinking sided socio-economic systems. mania is rooted in the belief that novelty is and behaving, which were seen as respon- If social scientists were the prophets of a panacea. Nouveaumanics promote techni- sible for the Third World's backwardness. the 1960s and 1970s, then surely today the cal innovation for its own sake. They ex- Radio stations distributed thousands of prophets are physical scientists and en- perience psychological discomfort unless single-frequency radio receivers in attempts gineers. The danger is that their progress in they are constantly acquiring or promoting to create captive listening audien simultaneously increasing the power and the latest gadget. lowering the cost of computerized com- Yet, as we have discovered, much of the munications - which is nothing short of appropriate technology appearing during Today, a metaphor for miraculous - may postpone the day of reck- the 1960s and 1)70s was little more than development failure is the oning when structural inequalities between well-intentioned gimmickry, which had the haves and have-nots must again be limited utility even for its advocates, much computer which is never scrutinized. less for others. Inmore ad-,,anced form, turned onor left in its box. nouveaumania becomes the familiar "solu- Toward People-Centered Technology tion in search of a problem Where once Eventually, however, the modernization Meanwhile, there are important reasons the image of donated tractors rusting in paradigm fell out of favor with the realiza- why the development community will fields was a metaphor for development tion that development was more complex need to rediscover the earlier interest in in- failures, now it is the computer which is than had been originally thought, not easily terpersonal networks never turned on - or left in its box. explained or measured by variables like There is a trend toward use of trusted Nouveaumania Revisited communication. Similarly, the "diffusion of experts as sources of quality technical innovations" model associated with mod- All of us are afflicted with nouveau- information, instead of impersonal ernization ideas, which sought widespread mania to a greater or lesser degree I data bases. Even when people use adoption of new technology througho- it data bases, they often rely on inter- suspect that many utopian thinkers are real- society, collapsed during the late 1970s mediaries who can help them refine ly advanced nouveiumanics in disguise Is with the criticism from social scientists that their information needs This also it any wonder that the) crowd the field of individuals with higher socio-economic reduces the cost of prohibitively expen- those advocating information technology as status tend to adopt technology, increasing sive on-line data base searching trom the latest salvation for the Third World? the gap between the rich and the poor. international locations Those of us who consider ourselves These criticisms caused some important For the foreseeable future, multiple in- development professionals also bear an ad- modifications to the modernization model ternational electronic networks linking cational burden the constant quest for the by embracing other values such as equality colleagues around common interests "Holy Grail" from which all "real" (or "sus- of distribution, popular participation, local or problems will exist, instead of a tainable," the latest acceptable modifier) invention and re-invention of technology single network or even just a few. In- development flows. The promotion of infor- dividuals set up tiny, non -:rnrnercial as people-serving tools. What emerged was electronic networks, sow...times with mation technology is just the latest in a long the recognition that bamers to develop- string of "leading sector" approaches to lightning speed. This suggests that ment were more structural in nature than solving the development dilemma. users prefer to deal"%h one another originally perceived, and that a basic as individuals rather a as an imper- But development is difficult work, and restructuring of society might be needed sonal mass audience. positive results are not always discernible. before technology could enhance the If they arc, they can be erased in an instant O Rural communication is more development process. Even research began by a natural or human-made disaster or amenable to person-to-person styles, to shift, as social scientists began to look at through a sudden shift in political winds. It as the use of amateur radio the nature of interpersonal networks in- demonstrates is no wonder that the oft-repeated promise Early experiments indi- volved in communicating innovations, cate that rural dwellers use new com- that the information revolution will allow rather than simply the speed at which they munication technology, such as packet poor societies to "skip stages" of develop- move through society. radio-linking low-cost radio transmit- 70 (Continued on p. 15)

16 Development Communication Report 1989/4