DOCSLIB.ORG

Size Distribution Measurements and Chemical Analysis of Aerosol Components

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Size Distribution Measurements and Chemical Analysis of Aerosol Components FINNISH METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE CONTRIBUTIONS No. 15 SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AEROSOL COMPONENTS Tuomo A. Pakkanen DISSERTATION To be presented, with the permission of the Faculty of Science of the University of Helsinki for public criticism in main Auditorium of the Department of Chemistry on June 19, 1995, at 12 o'clock noon. Finnish Meteorological Institute Helsinki 1995 ISBN 951-697-433-3 ISSN 0782-6117 Yliopistopaino Helsinki 1995 Published by Series title, number and report code of publication Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions No. 15, FMI-CONT-15 P.O. Box 503 FIN-00101 HELSINKI Date Finland June 1995 Name of project Tuomo Pakkanen Comissioned by Title Size distribution measurements and chemical analysis of aerosol components Abstract The principal aims of this work were to improve the existing methods for size distribution measurements and to draw conclusions about atmospheric and in-stack aerosol chemistry and physics by utilizing size distributions of various aerosol components measured. A sample dissolution with dilute nitric acid in an ultrasonic bath and subseguent graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric analysis was found to result in low blank values and good recoveries for several elements in atmospheric fine particle size fractions below 2 pm of equivalent aerodynamic particle diameter (BAD). Furthermore, it turned out that a substantial amount of analytes associated with insoluble material could be recovered since suspensions were formed. The size distribution measurements of in-stack combustion aerosols indicated two modal size distributions for most components measured. The existence of the fine particle mode suggests that a substantial fraction of such elements with two modal size distributions may vaporize and nucleate during the combustion process. In southern Norway, size distributions of atmospheric aerosol components usually exhibited one or two fine particle modes and one or two coarse particle modes. Atmospheric relative humidity values higher than 80% resulted in significant increase of the mass median diameters of the droplet mode. Important local and/or regional sources of As, Br, I, K, Mn, Pb, Sb, Si and Zn were found to exist in southern Norway. The existence of these sources was reflected in the corresponding size distributions determined, and was utilized in the development of a source identification method based on size distribution data. On the Finnish south coast, atmospheric coarse particle nitrate was found to be formed mostly through an atmospheric reaction of nitric acid with existing coarse particle sea salt but reactions and/or adsorption of nitric acid with soil derived particles also occured. Chloride was depleted when acidic species reacted with atmospheric sea salt particles. The chloride loss was found to decrease with increasing particle size suggesting that surface reaction mechanisms were important. Overall, the results obtained in this work describe the present methods used in all steps of accurate size distribution measurements of aerosol components and demonstrate the usefulness and possibilities of size distribution measurements in various scientific studies. Publishing unit Finnish Meterorological Institute,Air Quality Department Classification (UDC) Key words 504.064.2, 541.182.2/.3 aerosol, atmosphere, in-stack, impactor, Berner impactor, 543.2 dissolution, analysis, spectroscopy, GFAAS, ETAAS, particle, particle size, size distribution, element, air pollution 551.510.42 ISSN and series title ISSN 0782-6117 Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions Language ISBN English 951-697-433-3 Sold by Pages Price 157 Note Julkaisija Julkaisun saija, numeroja raporttikoodi llmatieteen laitos Contribution No 15, FMI-CONT-15 Vuorikatu 24 PL 503 Julkaisuaika 00101 HELSINKI Kesakuu 1995 Teklja(t) Projektin nimi Tuomo Pakkanen Toimeksiantaja i Nlmlke Aerosolikomponenttien kokojakaumamittauksetja kemiallinen analyysi i i TllvIstelmS Taman tyon tarkoituksena oli kehittaa aerosolien kokojakaumamittauksissa kaytettavia menetelmia i seka kayttaa ilmakehasta ja savupiipuista mitattuja aerosolikomponenttien kokojakaumia aerosolien i kemiallistenja fysikaalisten ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen. Laimeaan typpihappoon liuotetuista, halkaisijaltaan alle 2 pm Mukkasista pystyttiin analysoimaan useita metalleja grafiittiuuniatomiabsorptiomenetelmalla. Liuotusmenetelmaa kaytettaessa nollanay- tearvot olivat pienia ja liukenemattomat hiukkaset muodostivat suspension, mika mahdollisti pienten j pitoisuuksien seka liukenemattoman materiaalin analysoinnin. i Savupiipuista keratyissa naytteissa olivat useat aerosolikomponentit jakautuneet kahteen moodiin. Pienempien hiukkasten (halkaisijaltaan noin 0.05 - 0.2 pm) moodin ilmeneminen voidaan selittaa siten, etta komponentti ensin hoyrystyy palamisprosessissa ja sitten nukleoituu. Etela-Norjassa oli ilmakehan aerosolikomponenteilla tavallisesti yksi tai kaksi moodia pienissa (halkaisija < 2 pm) hiukkasissa ja yksi tai kaksi moodia suurissa (halkaisija > 2 pm) hiukkasissa. Ilmakehan suhteellisen kosteuden ollessa yli 80% kasvoi pisaramoodin hiukkaskoko. Etela-Noijassa havaittiin olevan paikallisia ja/tai alueellisia eri alkuaineiden paastdlahteita. Nama paastdlahteet i vaikuttivat mitattuihin kokojakaumiin, mita kaytettiin hyvaksi kehitettaessa uutta kokojakamniin perustuvaa paastolahteiden paikallistamismenetelmaa. Suomen etelarannikolla muodostui nitraattia ilmakehan suuriin hiukkasiin paaasiassa typpihapon reagoidessa suurten merisuolahiukkasten kanssa, seka pienemmassa maarin typpihapon ja suurten maaperahiukkasten vuorovaikutuksesta. Kloridi vaheni merisuolahiukkasista kun happamat aineet reagoivat merisuolan kanssa. Kloridin vaheneminen oli pienempaa suuremmilla hiukkasilla, mika viittaa pintareaktiomekanismeihin. Tassa tyossa kuvataan aerosolikomponenttien kokojakaumamittauksien eri vaiheissa kaytettavia menetelmia seka esitellaan kokojakaumamittauksien kayttomahdollisuuksia erilaisissa tutkimuksissa. Julkalsljayksikko llmatieteen laitos, Ilmanlaatuosasto t Luokitus (DDK) Asiasanat 504.062.2, 541.182.2/.3 aerosolit, ilmakeha, paastot, naytteenotto, impak- i 543.2 torit, liuotus, analyysimenetelmat, spektroskopia, 551.510.42 hiukkaskoko, alkuaineet, ilmanlaatu ISSN Ja avalnnlmlke ISSN 0782-6117 Finnish Meteorological Institute Contributions Kiel! ISBN i Suomi 951-697-433-3 Myynti Sivumaard Hinta llmatieteen laitos, Kirjasto 157 PL 503 Lisatietoja 00101 Helsinki 'Y. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The work described in this thesis was carried out at the Finnish Meteorological Institute and at the University of Ghent, Belgium. The directors of these institutes are acknowledged for providing the research environment needed in this work. The encouragement and comments of Prof. Lauri Halonen are acknowledged. I thank Prof. Maija-Liisa Riekkola and Doc. Erkki Hasanen for their constructive and valuable comments about the manuscript. I am deeply indebted to Dr. Risto Hillamo for his continuing co-operation, ideas and encouragement and to Dr. Esko Kauppinen and Dr. Willy Maenhaut for their extensive co­ operation concerning aerosol sampling and analysis and preparation of the manuscripts. I thank Mr. Petri Keronen, Dr. Geert Ducastel and Dr. Jozef Pacyna for their co-operation and help in performing the PIXE analysis and inversions of the size distribution data. I thank also Doc. Yqo Viisanen, Dr. Philippe Comille, Dr. Geert Hebbrecht and Mr. Veli-Matti Kerminen for their useful comments and help and Mr. Arto Jappinen, Mr. Jan Cafmeyer, Mr. Kari Markkanen, Mr. Juha Hatakka, Mr. Jukka Kiiski and Mrs. Helena Saari for their assistance during this work. The members of the aerosol research group and the laboratory group at the Finnish Meteorological Institute are acknowledged for their help and support. Special thanks are given to Doc. Sylvain Joffre for his guidance and help in getting financial support for this work. The Academy of Finland, the Maj and Tor Nessling Foundation and the Nordic Council of Ministers are acknowledged for their financial help. Finally, I thank my wife Eija for her understanding and support during this work. May 1995 Tuomo Pakkanen NOMENCLATURE The following abbreviations are used in the text most frequently. Abbreviation Meaning BLPI Berner low-pressure impactor BAD equivalent aerodynamic particle diameter FAAS flame atomic absorption spectrometry GFAAS graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry IC ion chromatography ICP-AES inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma - mass spectrometry INAA instrumental neutron activation analysis Milli-Q water distilled, deionized water MOUDI micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology PIXE particle induced X-ray emission RSD-method relative size distributions method SDI small deposit area low-pressure impactor SFU stacked filter unit (=two stage filter sampler) SRM standard reference material STPF-method stabilized temperature platform furnace method XRF X-ray fluorescence CONTENTS LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 6 1. INTRODUCTION 7 2. GENERAL BACKGROUND 9 3. A REVIEW FOR SIZE DISTRIBUTION MEASUREMENTS 14 3.1. Background 14 3.2. Features of some experimental details of the papers reviewed 15 3.3. Applications of size distribution measurements 15 4. CONTAMINATION CONTROL 16 4.1. Choosing collection substrate materials 16 4.2. Preparation and storage of polycarbonate substrates 17 4.3. Reagents and cleaning the equipment 17 4.4. Washing and storage of Berner low-pressure
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aerosol Effective Radiative Forcing in the Online Aerosol Coupled CAS
    atmosphere Article Aerosol Effective Radiative Forcing in the Online Aerosol Coupled CAS-FGOALS-f3-L Climate Model Hao Wang 1,2,3, Tie Dai 1,2,* , Min Zhao 1,2,3, Daisuke Goto 4, Qing Bao 1, Toshihiko Takemura 5 , Teruyuki Nakajima 4 and Guangyu Shi 1,2,3 1 State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; [email protected] (H.W.); [email protected] (M.Z.); [email protected] (Q.B.); [email protected] (G.S.) 2 Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters/Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China 3 College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China 4 National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba 305-8506, Japan; [email protected] (D.G.); [email protected] (T.N.) 5 Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-8299-5452 Received: 21 September 2020; Accepted: 14 October 2020; Published: 17 October 2020 Abstract: The effective radiative forcing (ERF) of anthropogenic aerosol can be more representative of the eventual climate response than other radiative forcing. We incorporate aerosol–cloud interaction into the Chinese Academy of Sciences Flexible Global Ocean–Atmosphere–Land System (CAS-FGOALS-f3-L) by coupling an existing aerosol module named the Spectral Radiation Transport Model for Aerosol Species (SPRINTARS) and quantified the ERF and its primary components (i.e., effective radiative forcing of aerosol-radiation interactions (ERFari) and aerosol-cloud interactions (ERFaci)) based on the protocol of current Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6).
    [Show full text]
  • Aerosols, Their Direct and Indirect Effects
    5 Aerosols, their Direct and Indirect Effects Co-ordinating Lead Author J.E. Penner Lead Authors M. Andreae, H. Annegarn, L. Barrie, J. Feichter, D. Hegg, A. Jayaraman, R. Leaitch, D. Murphy, J. Nganga, G. Pitari Contributing Authors A. Ackerman, P. Adams, P. Austin, R. Boers, O. Boucher, M. Chin, C. Chuang, B. Collins, W. Cooke, P. DeMott, Y. Feng, H. Fischer, I. Fung, S. Ghan, P. Ginoux, S.-L. Gong, A. Guenther, M. Herzog, A. Higurashi, Y. Kaufman, A. Kettle, J. Kiehl, D. Koch, G. Lammel, C. Land, U. Lohmann, S. Madronich, E. Mancini, M. Mishchenko, T. Nakajima, P. Quinn, P. Rasch, D.L. Roberts, D. Savoie, S. Schwartz, J. Seinfeld, B. Soden, D. Tanré, K. Taylor, I. Tegen, X. Tie, G. Vali, R. Van Dingenen, M. van Weele, Y. Zhang Review Editors B. Nyenzi, J. Prospero Contents Executive Summary 291 5.4.1 Summary of Current Model Capabilities 313 5.4.1.1 Comparison of large-scale sulphate 5.1 Introduction 293 models (COSAM) 313 5.1.1 Advances since the Second Assessment 5.4.1.2 The IPCC model comparison Report 293 workshop: sulphate, organic carbon, 5.1.2 Aerosol Properties Relevant to Radiative black carbon, dust, and sea salt 314 Forcing 293 5.4.1.3 Comparison of modelled and observed aerosol concentrations 314 5.2 Sources and Production Mechanisms of 5.4.1.4 Comparison of modelled and satellite- Atmospheric Aerosols 295 derived aerosol optical depth 318 5.2.1 Introduction 295 5.4.2 Overall Uncertainty in Direct Forcing 5.2.2 Primary and Secondary Sources of Aerosols 296 Estimates 322 5.2.2.1 Soil dust 296 5.4.3 Modelling the Indirect
    [Show full text]
  • Shortwave Radiative Forcing
    International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 4, No. 2, April 2013 Sea Salt Aerosols: Shortwave Radiative Forcing Winai Meesang, Surat Bualert, and Pantipa Wonglakorn (AOD) (Haywood et al. 1999).Sea salt aerosols play a dual Abstract—Effect of sea salt aerosol on short wave spectrum role in affecting the atmospheric radiative balance. Directly, energy is the study of solar reduction and the reduction sea salt particles interact with the incoming solar radiation percentage due to sea salt aerosol. The research measured short and the outgoing terrestrial radiation. Unlike the more wave radiation from the sun by using spectroradiometer, model hydrophobic soil dust aerosol, sea salt particles uptake water MS700. The spectroraiometers were installed at two levels: the first level was set at 10 meters height from ground that called readily and, hence, are highly scattered at shortwave (SW; “control unit” representing the rays of the sun directly (direct solar) wavelengths with virtually no absorption (e.g., Incoming) and the second level was set at one meter height that Takemura et al. 2002). Sea salt aerosol is not absorptive of called “blank unit” measuring radiation from the sun passed solar radiation; it causes similar direct radiative perturbations through the blank chamber (Representing a decrease in solar at the surface and at the top of the atmosphere (TOA). In radiation on Chamber / blank) and “laboratory unit” was a addition, sea salt aerosol can influence the formation and chamber with dry sea salt aerosol (Representing a decrease of the radiation from the sun and dried sea salt), then the study lifetime of clouds by acting as cloud condensation nuclei would find the percent reduction of solar radiation.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Spray Aerosol Concentration Modulated by Sea Surface Temperature
    Sea spray aerosol concentration modulated by sea surface temperature Shang Liua,b,1,2,3, Cheng-Cheng Liuc,1, Karl D. Froyda,b, Gregory P. Schilla,b, Daniel M. Murphyb, T. Paul Buid, Jonathan M. Dean-Daye, Bernadett Weinzierlf, Maximilian Dollnerf, Glenn S. Disking, Gao Cheng, and Ru-Shan Gaob aCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309; bNOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80305; cSchool of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; dAtmospheric Science Branch, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035; eBay Area Environmental Research Institute, Moffett Field, CA 94035; fUniversity of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Aerosol Physics and Environmental Physics, 1090 Vienna, Austria; and gChemistry and Dynamics Branch, Science Directorate, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23681 Edited by John H. Seinfeld, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, and approved December 29, 2020 (received for review October 1, 2020) Natural aerosols in pristine regions form the baseline used to evaluate other laboratory (12, 21–23) and field measurements (3, 5) the impact of anthropogenic aerosols on climate. Sea spray aerosol suggest that SSA production increases monotonically with water (SSA) is a major component of natural aerosols. Despite its impor- temperature. Furthermore, recent observations in the remote tance, the abundance of SSA is poorly constrained. It is generally Atlantic Ocean shows that increasing SST enhances the modal accepted that wind-driven wave breaking is the principle governing mean diameter of SSA (24). On the other hand, model simula- SSA production. This mechanism alone, however, is insufficient to tions have demonstrated that incorporating SST into SSA source explain the variability of SSA concentration at given wind speed.
    [Show full text]
  • First Direct Observation of Sea Salt Aerosol Production from Blowing Snow Above Sea Ice
    Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 2549–2578, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-2549-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. First direct observation of sea salt aerosol production from blowing snow above sea ice Markus M. Frey1, Sarah J. Norris2, Ian M. Brooks2, Philip S. Anderson3, Kouichi Nishimura4, Xin Yang1, Anna E. Jones1, Michelle G. Nerentorp Mastromonaco5, David H. Jones1,a, and Eric W. Wolff6 1Natural Environment Research Council, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK 2School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK 3Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, UK 4Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan 5IVL Swedish Environmental Institute, Stockholm, Sweden 6Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK anow at: Neptec, UK Ltd., Oxford, UK Correspondence: Markus M. Frey ([email protected]) Received: 18 March 2019 – Discussion started: 3 April 2019 Revised: 8 January 2020 – Accepted: 21 January 2020 – Published: 2 March 2020 Abstract. Two consecutive cruises in the Weddell Sea, crease in aerosol concentrations with wind speed was much Antarctica, in winter 2013 provided the first direct obser- larger above sea ice than above the open ocean, highlighting vations of sea salt aerosol (SSA) production from blowing the importance of a sea ice source in winter and early spring snow above sea ice, thereby validating a model hypothesis to for the aerosol burden above sea ice. Comparison of absolute account for winter time SSA maxima in the Antarctic. Blow- increases in aerosol concentrations during storms suggests ing or drifting snow often leads to increases in SSA during that to a first order corresponding aerosol fluxes above sea and after storms.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sensitivity of Southern Ocean Aerosols and Cloud Microphysics to Sea Spray and Sulfate Aerosol Production in the Hadgem3-GA7.1 Chemistry-Climate Model Laura E
    https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-629 Preprint. Discussion started: 15 August 2019 c Author(s) 2019. CC BY 4.0 License. The sensitivity of Southern Ocean aerosols and cloud microphysics to sea spray and sulfate aerosol production in the HadGEM3-GA7.1 chemistry-climate model Laura E. Revell1, Stefanie Kremser2, Sean Hartery1, Mike Harvey3, Jane P. Mulcahy4, Jonny Williams3, Olaf Morgenstern3, Adrian J. McDonald1, Vidya Varma3, Leroy Bird2, and Alex Schuddeboom1 1School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand 2Bodeker Scientific, Alexandra, New Zealand 3National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand 4Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom Correspondence: Laura Revell ([email protected]) Abstract. With low concentrations of tropospheric aerosol, the Southern Ocean offers a ‘natural laboratory’ for studies of aerosol-cloud interactions. Aerosols over the Southern Ocean are produced from biogenic activity in the ocean, which generates sulfate aerosol via dimethylsulfide (DMS) oxidation, and from strong winds and waves that lead to bubble bursting and sea- spray emission. Here we evaluate the representation of Southern Ocean aerosols in the HadGEM3-GA7.1 chemistry-climate 5 model. Compared with aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations from two satellite instruments (the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, MODIS-Aqua c6.1 and the Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer, MISR), the model simulates too-high AOD during winter and too-low AOD during summer. By switching off DMS emission in the model, we show that sea spray aerosol is the dominant contributor to AOD during winter. In turn, the simulated sea spray aerosol flux depends on near- surface wind speed.
    [Show full text]
  • Salt Aerosols in the Atmosphere: 1. Model Development
    JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 102, NO. D3, PAGES 3805-3818, FEBRUARY 20, 1997 Modeling sea-salt aerosols in the atmosphere 1. Model development S. L. Gong and L. A. Bartie AtmosphericEnvironment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada J.-P. Blanchet Earth SciencesDepartment, University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada Abstract. A simulationof the processesof sea-saltaerosol generation, diffusive transport, transformation,and removal as a function of particle size is incorporatedinto a one- dimensionalversion of the Canadiangeneral climate model (GCMII). This model was then run in the North Atlantic betweenIceland and Ireland during the period of January- March. Model predictionsare comparedto observationsof sea-saltaerosols selected from a review of availablestudies that were subjectedto strict screeningcriteria to ensure their representativeness.The number and masssize distributionand the wind dependencyof total sea-saltaerosol mass concentrations predicted by the model comparewell with observations.The modeled dependenceof sea-saltaerosol concentration in the surface layer(X,/xg m -3) on 10-mwind speed (U•0, m s-•) is givenby X = beaU•ø.Simulations showthat both a and b changewith location.The value a and b range from 0.20 and 3.1 for Mace Head, Ireland to 0.26, and 1.4 for Heimaey, Iceland. The dependenceof X on surfacewind speedis weaker for smallerparticles and for particlesat higher altitudes.The residencetime of sea-saltaerosols in the first atmosphericlayer (0-166 m) rangesfrom 30 min for large particles(r = 4-8/xm) to -60 hoursfor smallparticles (r = 0.13-0.25/xm). Although somerefinements are required for the model, it forms the basisfor comparing the simulationswith long-term atmosphericsea-salt measurements made at marine baselineobservatories around the world and for a more comprehensivethree-dimensional modelingof atmosphericsea-salt aerosols.
    [Show full text]
  • Ocean-Derived Aerosol and Its Climate Impacts PK Quinn and TS Bates, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA
    5.12 Ocean-Derived Aerosol and Its Climate Impacts PK Quinn and TS Bates, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, USA Published by Elsevier Ltd. 5.12.1 Introduction 317 5.12.2 Ocean-Derived Aerosol Production Mechanisms 317 5.12.3 Radiative Effects of Ocean-Derived Aerosol 319 5.12.3.1 Aerosol Direct Effects 319 5.12.3.2 Aerosol–Cloud Interactions 319 5.12.4 Sources and Composition of Ocean-Derived CCN 320 5.12.4.1 The Dimethylsulfide Source of Ocean-Derived CCN 320 5.12.4.1.1 Production of DMS-derived CCN 321 5.12.4.2 The Sea Spray Source of Ocean-Derived CCN 322 5.12.4.2.1 Sea salt aerosol 322 5.12.4.2.2 Organic aerosol 322 5.12.5 The MBL CCN Budget 325 5.12.5.1 Production Fluxes of Sea Spray Aerosol 325 5.12.6 The CLAW Hypothesis 327 5.12.7 Concluding Comments 328 Acknowledgments 328 References 328 5.12.1 Introduction 5.12.2 Ocean-Derived Aerosol Production Mechanisms Atmospheric aerosols observed over the ocean are derived from continental and marine sources. Aerosols emitted from conti- Bubble bursting at the ocean surface results in the production nental sources (fossil fuel combustion, biomass burning, dust, of sea spray particles composed of inorganic sea salt and and biogenic emissions) can be transported across ocean organic matter. This process of wind-driven particle produc- basins since aerosol lifetimes and atmospheric transport tion is one of the largest global sources of primary atmospheric times often are similar.
    [Show full text]
  • Atmospheric Aerosol Properties and Climate Impacts
    Atmospheric Aerosol Properties and Climate Impacts U.S. Climate Change Science Program Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.3 January 2009 FEDERAL EXECUTIVE TEAM Director, Climate Change Science Program: ................................William J. Brennan Director, Climate Change Science Program Office: .....................Peter A. Schultz Lead Agency Principal Representative to CCSP, Associate Director for Research, Earth Science Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration: .........................Jack Kaye Lead Agency Point of Contact, Earth Science Division, National Aeronautics and Space Administration: ...........................Hal Maring Product Lead, Laboratory for Atmospheres, Earth Science Division, Goddard Space Flight Center, National Aeronautics and Space Administration: ..........................Mian Chin Chair, Synthesis and Assessment Product Advisory Group Associate Director, National Center for Environmental Assessment, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: ....................Michael W. Slimak Synthesis and Assessment Product Coordinator, Climate Change Science Program Office: ......................................Fabien J.G. Laurier EDITORIAL AND PRODUCTION TEAM Editors: ..........................................................................................Mian Chin, NASA ..........................................................................................Ralph A. Kahn, NASA ..........................................................................................Stephen E. Schwartz, DOE Graphic Design:
    [Show full text]
  • Global Simulation of Nitrate and Ammonium Aerosols and Their Radiative Effects and Comparison of Satellite-Based and Modeled Aerosol Indirect Forcing
    GLOBAL SIMULATION OF NITRATE AND AMMONIUM AEROSOLS AND THEIR RADIATIVE EFFECTS AND COMPARISON OF SATELLITE-BASED AND MODELED AEROSOL INDIRECT FORCING by Li Xu A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Atmospheric and Space Sciences) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Professor Joyce E. Penner, Co-Chair Assistant Professor Xianglei Huang, Co-Chair Associate Professor Christopher J. Poulsen Assistant Professor Derek J. Posselt © Li Xu 2012 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Professor Joyce Penner, for her insightful guidance and continuous encouragement, which motivate and inspire me to conduct and finish this research work. I felt very fortunate just to be around her all these years, observing how she thinks, how she approaches the problem and solves it, and how she dedicates to science. It really helps me grow intellectually. I am sure I am going to benefit from this in my future career. I would like to thank my co-advisor, Assistant Professor Xianglei Huang, for sharing his own research experience and for his numerous help and enthusiastic encouragements towards the completion of this dissertation. I also wish to thank all committee members, collaborators, group members, and friends who helped me and encouraged me during the accomplishment of this dissertation. Finally, I am grateful of countless support from my family. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………………..ii LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………………………....vi
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Atmospheric Dry Deposition on External Nitrogen Supply and New Production in the Northern South China Sea
    Article Effects of Atmospheric Dry Deposition on External Nitrogen Supply and New Production in the Northern South China Sea Hung-Yu Chen 1,2,* and Shih-Zhe Huang 1 1 Department of Marine Environmental Informatics, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan; [email protected] 2 Center of Excellence for the Oceans, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 August 2018; Accepted: 1 October 2018; Published: 3 October 2018 Abstract: The South China Sea (SCS) is one of the world’s largest oligotrophic marginal seas. Increases in biomass and primary production in the surface layer of the northern SCS are affected by anthropogenic aerosol use among north Asian peoples. The seasonal variation of dry deposition and its contribution to new production in the ocean are vital to determining the effect that such dry deposition has on the biogeochemical cycle of the SCS. This study collected 240 samples of total suspended particles at Dongsha Island in the northern SCS from April 2007 to March 2009; the major ions and water-soluble nitrogen species in the samples were analyzed. The analysis results indicated that the concentration distributions of major water-soluble ions and nitrogen species in total suspended particles exhibited significant seasonal (source) variation. The north-east monsoon seasons (autumn to spring) brought relatively high concentrations because most air masses during this period arrived from the northern continental region. We found that the concentration of nitrogen species shows a latitude distribution, gradually decreasing from north to south. In addition, this study also discovered that the ratio of organic nitrogen to total dissolved or water- soluble nitrogen also varies in a similar manner, resulting in a concentration of <20% for locations north of 30° N and >30% for those south of 30° N.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Salt Aerosol Response to Climate Change: Last Glacial Maximum, Pre-Industrial
    Sea salt aerosol response to climate change: last glacial maximum, pre-industrial, and doubled-carbon dioxide climates To be submitted to GRL, Natalie M. Mahowald1, Jean-François Lamarque1, Xue Xi Tie1, Eric Wolff2 1National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado 80307, USA. 2British Antarctic Survey, Natural Environment Research Council, Cambridge, UK. Abstract Sea salt aerosols represent a significant fraction of the aerosol optical depth over the oceans, and thus their response to changes in climate represents an important potential feedback on climate. We show model results for sea salt aerosols for last glacial maximum, pre-industrial, current and doubled-carbon dioxide climate model simulations. Our model results suggest that sea salt sources, deposition and loading are not very sensitive to climate change and globally change <5% for these disparate climates. While ice core studies show 2-5-fold changes in sea salt fluxes between last glacial maximum and the current climate, our simulations cannot reproduce these changes, even after including a proposed sea ice source of sea salts. 1.0 Introduction Sea salt aerosols are the leading contributor to the global-mean clear-sky radiative balance over oceans [Haywood et al., 1999] and can modulate cloud radiative properties [O'Dowd et al., 1999]. Ice core records indicate large changes in deposited sea salts, indicating a strong sensitivity of sea salt aerosols to climate [DeAngelis et al., 1997; Petit and al., 1999; Roethlisberger et al., 2002]. Sea salt entrainment into the atmosphere is proportional to surface winds cubed, suggesting that small changes in surface winds can impact the source of this aerosol.
    [Show full text]