Social Disorganization Theory and Broken Windows Theory

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Social Disorganization Theory and Broken Windows Theory Fundamentals of Criminology Bassim Hamadeh, CEO and Publisher John Remington, Senior Field Acquisitions Editor Gem Rabanera, Project Editor Christian Berk, Associate Production Editor Miguel Macias, Senior Graphic Designer Trey Soto, Licensing Coordinator Don Kesner, Interior Designer Natalie Piccotti, Director of Marketing Kassie Graves, Vice President of Editorial Jamie Giganti, Director of Academic Publishing Copyright © 2019 by Cognella, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any informa- tion retrieval system without the written permission of Cognella, Inc. For inquiries regarding permis- sions, translations, foreign rights, audio rights, and any other forms of reproduction, please contact the Cognella Licensing Department at [email protected]. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Cover image copyright © 2015 iStockphoto LP/SEInnovation. Design Image: Source: https://unsplash.com/photos/SSd7foYQD_w. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 978-1-5165-1132-7 (pbk) / 978-1-5165-1133-4 (br) / 978-1-5165-4697-8 (al) Fundamentals of Criminology First Edition Written and edited by Divya Sharma Western Connecticut State University TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................................ix Acknowledgments .................................................................................................xi Introduction ...........................................................................................................xiii Chapter 1 Criminology, Penology, and Victimology ........................................1 Introduction �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������1 Crime and Criminology �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������2 What Is a Theory? ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������4 Theory, Research, and Practice ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������7 Research Ethics�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������8 Penology����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������12 Cost of Crime ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 Victimology �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������19 Key Terms and Concepts ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 Discussion Questions �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 References ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������22 Suggested Readings ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 Figure Credits ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������24 Chapter 2 Sources of Crime Data ....................................................................25 Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 Sources of Crime Data ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������26 Uniform Crime Reporting Program �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 Strengths and Limitations of the UCR Program ���������������������������������������������������������������������34 Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted ��������������������������������������������������������������������36 National Incident-Based Reporting System ���������������������������������������������������������������������������37 Strengths and Limitations of the NIBRS ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������38 National Crime Victimization Survey ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������39 Strengths and Limitations of the NCVS ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������40 Other Sources of Crime Data ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������41 Social Media and Open Sources ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������42 Southern Poverty Law Center �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������43 Global Terrorism Database �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������44 Human Trafficking Data ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������44 Key Terms and Concepts ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45 Discussion Questions �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������45 References ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46 Suggested Readings ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48 Figure Credits ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������48 Chapter 3 The Classical School of Thought ...................................................49 Introduction �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������49 Development of Classical Thought �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������50 Utilitarian Thought, Purpose of Punishment, and Rational Choice ����������������������������������������51 vi | Fundamentals of Criminology Key Principles of the Deterrence Theory �����������������������������������������������������������������������51 Impact on Criminal Justice Policy ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������54 Mandatory Sentencing ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������55 Evaluation of Classical Thought ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57 Neoclassical Criminological Thought ����������������������������������������������������������������������������58 Routine Activities Theory ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������58 Key Principles�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������59 Impact on Criminal Justice Policy ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������61 Rational Choice Perspective ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������63 Key Principles�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������63 Impact of the Rational Choice Perspective �������������������������������������������������������������������69 Evaluation of Neoclassical Thought ������������������������������������������������������������������������������69 Key Terms and Concepts ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71 Discussion Questions ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72 References ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72 Suggested Readings ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������73 Figure Credits �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������73 Chapter 4 The Positivist School of Thought: Trait Theories By Kim Marino ...............................................................................................74 Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������74 Positivism �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������75 Biological Determinism �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������76 Modern Trait Theory ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������78 Biological Trait Theories ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������80
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