Juja Area Sewer Line

EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF KIAMBU

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROJECT REPORT FOR THE

PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF SECONDARY SEWER LINE AT MUIGAI INN,

CHIEFS AREA, DAIMA ESTATE THIKA MUNICIPALITY

Proponent: Submitted by: County Government of Kiambu, Mary N. Kamau P.O. Box 2344- 00900, Lead Expert Kiambu, Kenya No. 7071

April 2020

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

DECLARATION

This Environmental Impact Assessment project report has been prepared by registered and licensed EIA /EA lead and Associate Experts in accordance with the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 (amended 2015) and the Environmental (Impact Assessment) and Audit regulations 2003 which requires that every development project must have an EIA report prepared for submission to the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA). We the undersigned, certify that the particulars in this report are correct and righteous to the best of our knowledge.

EIA TEAM

Name Designation Reg.No

Mary Kamau Lead Expert 7071

Date……………………………

Signature……………………..

Martin Kiambati Associate Expert 9827

PROPONENT On Behalf Of COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF KIAMBU:

CHIEF OFFICER MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT P.O. BOX 2344- 00900, Kiambu

Name: John M Mutie

Authorized Signature………………………..……………………………………….

Date/ Official stamp: ……………………………………………………………..

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION ...... 2

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... 7

LIST OF TABLES ...... 7

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 8

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 15

1.1 Background and Rationale for the EIA ...... 15

1.2 Scoping Process ...... 16

1.3 Terms of Reference ...... 16

1.4 Scope of EIA study ...... 18

1.5 Methodology ...... 19

1.5.1 Desktop Reviews ...... 19

1.5.2 Field site Visits ...... 20

1.5.3 Public Consultation and Participation ...... 20

1.6 Objectives and Scope of the Proposed Project ...... 20

1.7 Project Justification ...... 21

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ...... 23

2.1 Introduction ...... 23

2.2 Location of the Project ...... 23

2.3 Nature Design and Description of the proposed Project………………….. 23

2.3.1 Project Activities ...... 23

2.3.2 Project Inputs ...... 25

2.4 Project Justification ...... 26

2.5 Project Budget and Duration ...... 26

3.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS OF THE PROJECT ...... 27

3.1 Introduction ...... 27

3.1.1 Demographics of Thika Town ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Juja Secondary Sewer System EIA Report- 2020 Page 3

EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

3.2 Current Sewerage Situation ...... 27

3.3 Topography ...... 28

3.4 Climate ...... 28

3.5 Hydrology ...... 29

3.6 Geology and Soils ...... 29

3.7 Vegetation ...... 30

4.0 RELEVANT POLICY, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ...... 31

4.1 Introduction ...... 31

4.2PolicyFramework…………………………………………………………………………31

4.2.1 The constitution of Kenya 2010………………………………………...... …. 31

4.2.3 Vision 2030…………………………………………………………………………. 32

4.2.4 National Environment Policy………………………………………...... …… 33

4.2.5 National Land Policy………………………………………………...... ………... 33

4.3 World Bank Operational Policies………………………………………...... …………… 33

4.4 Legal framework ...... 34

4.5 World Bank Policies ...... 42

4.5.1 Operational Policy (OP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment, 2001 ...... 42

4.5.2 OP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement ...... 43

4.5.3 OP 4.04: Natural Habitats ...... 43

4.5.4 OP 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources ...... 43

4.5.5 OP 4.36: Forests ...... 44

4.6 Institutional framework ...... 44

4.6.1 The National Environment Council ...... 44

4.6.2 The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Committees ...... 45

4.6.3 Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA) ...... 45

4.7 International Conventions 46

4.7.1 The 1985 Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer ...... 46 Juja Secondary Sewer System EIA Report- 2020 Page 4

EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

4.7.2 The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer ...... 46

4.7.3 The United Nations Convention on Climate Change (1992 UNFCCC) ...... 47

4.7.4 The Kyoto protocol ...... 47

5.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION...... 48

5.1 Introduction ...... 48

5.2 Objectives of the Public Participation and Consultation ...... 48

5.2 Outcome of the Consultation………………………………………………………… 49

6.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES ...... 50

6.1 Introduction ...... 50

6.2 Impacts of the Construction Phase………………………………………………...... … 50

6.2.1 Positive impacts ...... 50

6.2.2 Negative Impacts ...... 52

6.3 Impacts during the Operation Phase ...... 56

6.3.1 Positive Impacts ...... 56

6.3.2 Negative Impacts ...... 58

6.4 Negative Impacts Cross Cutting between Construction and Operation Phases ...... 59

6.5 Decommissioning Phase ...... 60

7.0 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ...... 62

7.1 Introduction ...... 62

7.2 No Project Alternative ...... 62

7.3 Project as Described in the Report ...... 62

7.4 Location Alternative ...... 63

7.5 Alternative Construction Resources, Equipment and Technology ...... 63

8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN ...... 64

8.1 Introduction ...... 64

8.2 Purpose and Objectives of EMMP ...... 64

8.3 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan during Construction phase ... 65 Juja Secondary Sewer System EIA Report- 2020 Page 5

EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

8.4 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan during Operation Phase ...... 70

8.5 EMP during Decommissioning Phase……………………………………………. 73

9.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION………………………………… 74

9.1 Conclusions ...... 74

9.2 Recommendations ...... 75

REFERENCES ...... 76

LIST OF ANNEXURES ...... 77

ANNEX 1: NEMA LICENCES...... 77

ANNEX 2: SEWERLINE DESIGNS ...... 78

ANNEX 3: BILLS OF QUANTITIES ...... 78

ANNEX 4: MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 80

ANNEX 5: PLATES OF THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE AREA ...... 80

ANNEX 6: QUESTIONNAIRES AND INTERVIEW SCHEDULES ...... 81

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

BoQs Bill of Quantities CIDP County Investment Development Plan EA Environmental Audit EHS Environment Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan GOK Government of Kenya KNBS Kenya National Bureau of Statistics KUSP Kenya Urban Support Program NEMA National Environmental Management Authority OP World Bank Operational Policy SDG Sustainable Development Goal ToR Terms of Reference

LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.2: Area Covered by Various Water and Sewerage Companies

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

i. Introduction

This EIA study was undertaken in line with the requirements of Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 and its Amendment 2015; and Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Gazetted Regulations, Guidelines among other legal and regulatory frameworks. The study adopted the standard methodology that included screening, scoping, baseline studies, consultative public participation and desktop study.

The SDG 6 on clean water and sanitation envisages that every individual should have access to water and improved sanitation by the year 2030. Though Kenya has made remarkable milestones in improving access to safe water and sanitation services, there are some areas of the Country that are still lacking adequate sanitation services. Thika Municipality in Kiambu County is one of these areas that are underserved. There has been evidence of sewerage and sanitation problems in some sub-towns of Thika for instance Kiganjo and Kisii areas, which are target areas for the proposed project. There are 21 public sanitation facilities in Thika Sub- County which are not adequate considering the high population in the area and thus the need to build more facilities such as the proposed sanitation facility (GOK, 2018).

Sanitation facilities are key ingredients to economic development and public health in Kenya. Many Kenyans continue to drink unsafe waters, live near open sewage and as a result suffer and die from water-borne diseases, which account for 60% of all diseases in Kenya. However Access to a combination of water and hygienic sanitation facilities is a precondition for health success in the fight against poverty, hunger, infant mortality, and gender inequality and thus without a strategy to deal with this situation, rapid urbanization and population growth mean worsening conditions for millions of Kenyans and as a result we need to work against this vice.

ii. Objectives of the Project Study

The EIA was carried out to identify and predict the potential environmental and social impacts associated with the construction of a secondary sewerage drainage systems and street light installation in selected areas and to recommend the requisite measures. The key outcome for the study is an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the project. The specific objectives of this EIA study were:

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

 To identify environmental, economic, social and health impacts,

 To solicit views/opinion of the public and neighbors on the impacts of the project, and

 Develop an Environmental Management Plan for the project. iii. Scope of the Study Report

This Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) project report was prepared as per the provisions of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act No. 8, 2015 and more specifically to Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2003. It is also in line with the World Bank Safeguard Policies and specifically OP4.01 (Environmental Assessment). These Safeguard policies are a set of instruments to ensure that the Bank supported lending operations minimize any adverse impacts on local people, their livelihoods, culture and the environment and are a mandatory mechanism for evaluating Bank financed projects during design, implementation and completion, mainly through environmental and social impact assessments.

The study process leading to this project report was further designed to address client expectations as stipulated in the Terms of Reference. iv. Study Approach and Methodology

The study adopted an investigative approach as specified under the legal notice 101 of EMCA 1999, (amended in 2015) was adopted. The following methodology was adopted for the EIA project:

 Desktop Review

Relevant documents relating to the proposed project was conducted to gain an in-depth understanding and to gain sufficient background information regarding the project. A review of engineering drawings, various policies, regulatory and relevant legal documents was also carried out.

 Field Survey and Public Consultation

A survey and a physical inspection for the project was conducted to allow gathering of information on the biophysical, a biophysical and social aspects of the proposed project site. The study also sought public opinion/views through Consultation and Public Participation

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

(CPP) exercise. Questionnaires were administered to the public and interviews held with neighbors. The questionnaires have been attached in the appendices section of this report.

v. Public Consultation and Participation

Consultations were held with the project proponent to deliberate on the TORs, the content, the quality and the focus of the EIA. The outcome of the consultations is incorporated as part of this report. Various consultative forums incorporating the proponent, the Kenya Urban Support Program (KUSP) team and senior staff of Kiambu County were held with the aim of agreeing on the modalities that would inform the project design process. On their part, the County Government identified and nominated staff who would provide focal points in respective departments of the County Administration. Key Informant Interviews were also conducted with various key stakeholders. The stakeholders helped in the drafting of the checklists used to predict the impacts for this study. Questionnaires were also used to collect opinions from the residents of Thika Municipality neighboring the project sites. The members of the public consulted were in full support of the proposed project.

vi. Policy, Legal and Regulatory Framework

The policies, the legal framework and the institutional framework relevant for this study were reviewed. The review was to ensure that the proposed construction of secondary sewer distribution systems and public sanitation facilities in juja area of Thika Municipality is in conformity with national policy aspirations towards securing sustainable development. Specifically, this Report has been developed to ensure compliance with requirements of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999 (amended in 2015) -Kenya’s supreme environmental law and the National Constitution. In accordance with Section 58 of EMCA, all development projects are supposed to be subjected to an EIA.

vii. Project Description

The proposed project involves the construction of secondary sewer distribution systems in selected Juja estate areas of Thika Municipality.

viii. Project Justification

Most of Juja town areas presently do not have a planned waterborne sewerage collection. The residents currently use on-plot sanitation facilities which include simple pit latrines, ventilated

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality improved pit latrines, septic tanks as well as soakage pits. However most of these fills up very fast due to infiltration/inflows and due to high cost of septage Most residents within the town pump their raw sewage/ sullage especially at night to save on cost which is far beyond for many. Pumping is done into roadside storm water drains; open spaces causing a lot of health and environmental risk.

To some desludging of septic tanks is carried out using lorry drawn exhausters owned and operated by Thika water and Sanitation Company and others owned by individuals. The Septage is disposed into sewage channels draining into the treatment ponds located at Kangoki which is 7km to the south of Juja Town. Both the dumpsite and accompanying sludge drying beds are not fenced and are a health hazard to surrounding communities.

ix. Alternatives to the Proposed Project

The project alternatives that were assessed and considered for this project are:

 No project alternative

 Alternative location

 Alternative construction resources, equipment and technology

 The project as described in this project.

x. Potential Project Impacts

The proposed construction of secondary sewer distribution systems and public sanitation facilities project juja area has the potential to impact the area both positively and negatively.

Positive impacts

➢ Upgrading the quality of life

➢ Preservation of the natural environment

➢ Saving, recycling and processing of used water

➢ Savings on money

➢ Economic development and tourism

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

➢ Improved standards of living

➢ Reduction in the incidences of flooding

➢ Reduction in the amount of waste

Potential Negative impacts

 Loss of vegetation  Power breaks during installation

 Environmental degradation risks

 Dust emissions

 Labour related conflicts

 Risk of non-compliance to existing standards

 Health and safety issues

 Air pollution

 Loss of biodiversity

 Soil erosion

 Loss of vegetation cover

 Risk of ground and surface water contamination

 Accidents, injuries and death risks

 Noise and vibration

 HIV/AIDs infections

xi. Mitigation measures

The following mitigation measures were recommended to help reduce the likelihood of occurrence and the magnitude of the predicted impacts:

 The Contractor shall ensure that all pertinent permits, certificates and licenses have been obtained prior to any activities commencing on site and are strictly enforced/ adhered to

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

 Utilize as much as possible the existing public roads to avoid social –economic interference and reduce dust emissions  Contractor will use local labour available in the community encouraging women and youth to provide labour  The contractor shall also ensure compliance to gender rule as enshrined in the Constitution of Kenya 2010  The updated version of the EMP should be uploaded and be kept on site  Copies of all necessary permits and licenses will be kept on site and adhered to  Properly demarcate the project area to be affected by the construction works to avoid spill-over effects to neighboring areas  Conduct awareness campaigns in the areas surrounding the project sites to inform immediate communities and stakeholders of the activities  Provide notices, signage and information to the public for their safety at all locations  Install barriers along walkways affected by the works for public safety  Ensure earth moving and excavation is done under dump conditions by watering where necessary.  Limit construction activities to project sites and routes and rehabilitate affected areas through planting of native plants like grass, flowers and trees  Construction wastes will be disposed safely  Promote recycling of wastes where applicable  Dispose waste materials in accordance waste management regulations  Offer construction workers with personal protective gear including gloves, gum boots, overalls and helmets  Offer construction workers with personal protective gear including gloves, gum boots, overalls and helmets  Provide movable toilets and bathrooms for the staff at the project work sites  Provide onsite first aid kit and services for needy workers in project sites  Limit access of the project site f by the community during construction for their safety and health  Contractor to develop and provide a Healthy and Safety Plan before initiating any works for approval by relevant authorities  Contractor shall provide the requisite awareness and training on HIV/AIDS

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate Thika Municipality

xii. Environmental Management Plan

The environmental and social management measures proposed are generally easy to implement. The majority of the measures relate directly to sound operating practices both during the construction phase and subsequently over the operational life of the road. Provided the road is upgraded with due attention to the mitigation and management measures outlined, the project will have a positive impact on both the bio-physical and socio-economic environment of the project area.

xii. Environmental Management Plan

xiii. Project budget

The proposed project budget is attached in the annexes.

xiv. Conclusions and Recommendation

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background and Rationale for the EIA

An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) determines the significant impacts of a project early enough in the project cycle. It is an important process that ensures that adverse and significant environmental concerns are identified before project implementation. The assessment also develops appropriate environmental management and monitoring plan with suitable mitigation measures for addressing the issues identified. Further, the assessment process results in recommendations that may include a call for redesigning of specific project activities/components, more research and other changes aimed at lessening the degree or extent of the identified environmental impacts of the project. An EIA can be described as a comprehensive process that is flexible and keen to ensure that a project is environmentally sustainable as well as cost effective. It involves various stages including screening, scoping, prediction, and mitigation of project impacts, management and monitoring and audit. It is a requirement for a development projects to be subjected to an EIA according to the Environmental Management Coordination Act (EMCA) 1999, (amended in 2015). This EIA was conducted in accordance with Environmental regulation outlined under (EMCA) 1999, (amended in 2015). According to EMCA, 1999, (amended in 2015) an EIA is expected to ensure sustainability of a project by ensuring that it minimizes adverse impacts to both people and environment through various specific objectives including:  Identification of potential significant environmental and social impacts of the proposed project  Recommend possible mitigation measures for identified significant environment and social impacts  To evaluate and predict potential impacts of the project during implementation phase  To ensure that project activities comply with environmental regulations  To generate baseline data and information for use during monitoring and evaluation during project cycle-to track implementation of the proposed mitigation measures  To provide an opportunity for public participation in the project design and implementation  To develop an environmental and social impact management/rehabilitation Plan to mitigate identified adverse impacts of the project

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

1.2 Scoping Process

Scoping refers to the process of determining the most significant issues for assessment and suitable methods of engaging the community in the EIA process. Scoping is done after screening process, which determines whether an EIA is required for a project. During the scoping process, major environmental concerns are identified, defined and used to make major revisions on the project proposal. It is important to note that scoping involves public participation where the local communities, scientific, civil society, decision makers, and other project stakeholders are consulted and engaged to collect their views and opinions about the project.

Scoping is undertaken in the early stages of the project cycle and is as important as pre-feasibility study. It is an important process necessary for early identification of environmental to allow changes in mitigation design before huge investments are done. It is also during scoping when determination of important issues that require detailed studies is done. This process informs the TORs for further assessments if there is need for a full EIA.

Scoping was one of the methods used during the assessment. Scoping entails identification of considerable negative environmental and social impacts of a proposed project. The assessment conducted reviews of secondary data sources (including published journals, reports) and other relevant documents to collect relevant information. Some of the information that was collected through this process included status of sewerage distribution system (infrastructure) in the project area, current sanitation infrastructure and its accessibility, the capacity of the current systems and customer needs and preferences and possible mitigation measures. Further, the information collected form literature review was validated through key informant interviews with relevant stakeholders. Discussions with project beneficiaries also provided information on possible significant impacts of the proposed project and were used in development of the management plan for the project.

1.3 Terms of Reference

The terms of reference for this EIA were but not limited to:

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

 A critique of the proposed project location of the site in tandem with the proposed project objectives  The evaluation of ecological effects of the proposed project.  Assessment of social implications of the development within the locality and the general region.  Assessment and giving a detailed description of economic implications to result from the project locally and nationwide.  A concise description of the baseline information, national environmental legislative and regulatory framework, and any other relevant information related to the project.  Evaluation of the procedures and processes to be used, in the implementation and operation phases of the project.  Evaluation of materials used during operation of the project and their extended sources.  Description, evaluation and analysis of the foreseeable potential environmental effects of the project broadly classified into physical, ecological/biological and socio- economic aspects (direct, indirect, cumulative, irreversible, short-term and long-term effects anticipated).  Evaluation of the products, by-products and wastes to be generated by the project during the landscaping and beautification phase and operation phase.  Determination of the effects on Landscape and land use.  Effects of the development on current demands on water sources as well as possible implications on surface water quality  Proposition of mitigation measures to be undertaken during and after implementation of the project.  Development of an EMMP with mechanisms for monitoring and evaluating the compliance and environmental performance.  Evaluation and analysis of alternatives including the proposed project, no project alternative, project site, design and technologies. Such other matters as NEMA may require.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

1.4 Scope of EIA study

This Environmental Impact Assessment was conducted through various steps. Screening was the first step and involved preparation of initial environmental evaluation and classification of the project based on environmental sensitivity. From the scoping process, a decision on whether there was need to conduct a full EIA was made, which necessitated the current study. Then scoping was done to identify and define key environmental issues that were considered in revising the project proposal. Scoping was followed by prediction and mitigation of impacts, where which involved identification of impacts and proposing mitigation measures, which is part of this assessment and involved preparation of management and monitoring plan. The final product is the current EIA study report, which will be submitted to NEMA for review and Approval. During the preparation for this report, the screening procedure, as specified in NEMA’s Legal Notice 101 of June 2003 was adopted. This project report, as required therefore incorporates the following:

i) The nature of the project; ii) The Division of the project including the physical area that may be affectedbythe project’s activities; iii) The activities that shall be undertaken during the project construction, operation and decommissioning phases; iv) The nature and design of the project; v) The materials to be used, products, by-products, including waste to be generated by the project and the methods of disposal; vi) The potential environmental impacts of the project and the mitigation measures to be taken during and after implementation;

vii) An action plan for the prevention and management of possible accidents during the project cycle;  A health and safety policy for the workers and neighboring communities;  The economic and socio-cultural impacts to the local community and the nation in general;

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

 The project budget;  Any other information that NEMA may require

1.5 Methodology

The EIA was undertaken in a structured approach as outlined under the EMCA, 1999, (amended in 2015) and EIA regulations specified under Gazette Notice No. 56, 2003. The methodology was comprehensive and entailed an understanding of the project background, proposed interventions and mitigation measures and implementation plan of the proposed project. In addition, baseline information was obtained through:

 Physical investigation of the site and surrounding areas with checklists  Interviews with a sample surrounding community through circulated questionnaire,  Photography and  Discussions with the proponent and the design team.

Basic document and data were also consulted. A summary of the key activities undertaken during the assessment were’

 Preparation and elaboration of suitable EIA checklists,  Field evaluations,  Consultation of direct and indirect stakeholders,  Review of available documentation,  Review of the social and economic baseline of the area.

1.5.1 Desktop Reviews

The assessment also involved desktop reviews where various documents were analyzed according to the objectives of the study. Literature reviews pertaining to the project development and operation activities were conducted. This included the review of the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act, (EMCA) 1999 (revised in 2015), the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Guidelines of 2003, the Physical Planning Act, relevant studies and reports on the construction of the sewerage system. Reports and reference materials on physical and biological

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

areas were also reviewed. Other documents reviewed include secondary data sources such as the Kenya Constitution, 2010, Vision, 2030, SDGs and Project feasibility study reports

1.5.2 Field site Visits

Visits to the project site were made to conduct physical assessment of the area where the project will be implemented with a keen focus on the possible environmental and social impacts. There was examination of the water sources, drainage and sewer systems, air quality, sanitation and hygiene facilities, biodiversity, land use patterns as well as human settlement patterns and socio- economic activities in the project areas. Sources of environmental pollution from the project were identified and how they will impact on the population settled in the area recorded. Observation and photography was also a major method utilized to gathering information. The field visits were conducted in August 2018.

1.5.3 Public Consultation and Participation

Relevant questions were posed to populations living in the project areas concerning how the project would affect their livelihoods and the environment. was to; understand demographic and economic profile of households within the project locations, know status of and issues related to ownership and tenancy structure, assess resident’s access to infrastructure, social amenities, understand environmental conditions, health and various social issues. Socio-cultural issues of importance in the project were also noted during the survey. Stakeholder consultation was conducted using various modes which included the following:  Interviews and discussion  Questionnaire administration to the residents and stakeholders The questionnaires distributed to various stakeholders have been included in the Annexes.

1.6 Objectives and Scope of the Proposed Project

The specific objectives of the sewer project to increase access to sewerage services, reduce liquid- waste related pollution cases and improve access to sanitation facilities in public places through construction of secondary sewer lines in Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

The overall objective of the study on the other hand is to ensure that all environmental concerns are integrated in all the development activities in order to contribute to sustainable development. Specifically, the EIA is expected to achieve the following objectives: i) To identify all potential significant environmental and social impacts of the proposed project and recommend measures for mitigation. ii) To assess and predict the potential impacts during site preparation, construction and operational phases of the project. iii) To verify compliance with environmental regulations. iv) To generate baseline data for monitoring and evaluation of how well the mitigation measures will be implemented during the project cycle. v) To allow for public consultation and participation. vi) To give an Environmental Management Plan to mitigate the identified impacts so as to ensure sustainability of the proposed project. vii) To recommend cost effective measures to be implemented to mitigate against the expected impacts.

1.7 Project Justification

Thika Municipality covers the Thika sub-county and its environs which cover an area of approximately 254 kilometers. The Kiambu County water and sewerage company, Thika regional office currently has approximately 24,000 water connections and 14,000 sewerage connections. The sewer connections accounts for only 45% of the populations residing in the County, which implies that approximately 55% of the population has no access to sewer services. There exist key trunk lines, which include: i) Kamunguti River Trunk Sewer Route which connects from Thika Super highway and runs along a normal and existing natural drain for about 6 kilometers and drains into Komu river trunk Sewer which in turn empties directly into a sewerage treatment plant located at Kiganjo Location ii) Komu river trunk sewer route which connects from Karimenu village in Ngoingwa Area cutting across the Thika superhighway to Witeithie location on the left and runs along a normal and existing natural drain for approximately 10 km and links to

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

Kamunguti river trunk sewer. This sewer later cuts across1.5 kilometers of private land and finally drains directly to the proposed expansion of the existing Thika Treatment works. The proposed project proposes to provide access to sewer services through construction of a sewer upgrade and extension system in these areas. Unlike the Town’s future water requirement, which can be calculated quite accurately because all Urban residents will have access to the piped Water Supply System, the likely volume of wastewater flows in a new Sewerage System is more difficult to estimate. The increase in wastewater collected in a Town rarely matches the growth in the water demand of the population. The provision of a Sewerage Collection System generally does not keep pace with the provision of the piped Water Supply and it is very uncommon for all of the wastewater that is produced in a Town to be collected and treated. The build-up of the flows arriving at a Treatment Plant site is dependent upon the phasing of provision of sewers and the rate at which households connect their premises to the sewers. The implementation of Wastewater Treatment Facilities should therefore be phased and their design should incorporate a degree of flexibility so that they can be expanded without difficulty as the need arises. The proposed project aims to increase access to sewerage services and sanitation facilities in public areas as well as decreased waste pollution with the ultimate aim of improving livelihoods and reduced environmental degradation.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

2.1 Introduction

The SDG 6 on clean water and sanitation envisages that every individual should have access to water and improved sanitation by the year 2030. Though Kenya has made remarkable milestones in improving access to safe water and sanitation services, there are some areas of the Country that are still lacking adequate sanitation services. Thika town in Kiambu County is one of these areas that are underserved. There has been evidence of sewerage and sanitation problems in some sub- towns of Thika for instance Juja areas, which are target areas for the proposed project. There are 21 public sanitation facilities in Thika Sub-County which are not adequate considering the high population in the area and thus the need to build more facilities such as the proposed sanitation facility (GOK, 2018).

2.2 Location of the Project

The proposed project is located in Juja Estate in Thika Municipality. Juja estate is a middle class estate located approximately ten kilometers from the central business district. It is about 15 minutes’ drive from Thika CBD. Juja Population stood at 300,948 AS per 2019 census, the rapid population growth being a response to the shortage of available housing in Nairobi .The town is currently enjoying a housing boom, as many coffee estates are converted into residential areas The town covers an area of 342 km2. This increase in population of the town has strained available services

2.3 Nature Design and Description of the proposed Project

The proposed project is construction of a sewer upgrade and extension system in Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate areas in jujaTown. The project is located in an area with high urban population distribution. The population of juja is estimated at 118,796 as at 2009 which was projected to be 183, 053 by 2019

2.3.1 Project Activities

The following project activities and inputs describe the proposed project

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

i) Class A- Preliminaries

The preliminaries for the project will include:

 Contractual agreements

 Performance bonds

 Insurance of work and against damage to persons and staff

 Establishment of the campsite

ii) Class B activities- Site/ground investigations

Activities under site investigation will include sinking of trial holes to prove location, construction size etc of pipelines, services or existing structures’ depth n.e 5m (provisional).

iii) Class D activities- Demolition and site clearance

Activities and inputs under this class include:

 General site clearance through undeveloped land over the wayleave, include for any additional clearance required

 Removal of trees, girth 0.5-1m

 Buildings of indeterminate construction. Volume n.e 50m3

 Other structures of indeterminate construction. Volume n.e 50m3

iv) Class I activities- pipes and Pipe works

Activities under this class shall include but not limited to:

 Stripping of topsoil

 Laying aside and subsequently replacing over refilled trench

 Excavation in trench in material other than rock

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

 Refilling and compacting

 Spreading surplus soil evenly over and alongside pipe trench

 Spreading surplus soil evenly over and alongside pipe trench compacting

 Manholes and pipe work ancillaries

 The activities associated with this class include but are not limited to:

 Manhole concrete slabs and covers

 Step irons or ladder

 Trimming the base of the excavation

 Refilling and compacting around the finished manholes and disposal of surplus spoil to the trench

 All works associated with the crossings and reinstatement

v) Class L- Activities and inputs associated with supports and protection ancillaries to laying and excavation

 Includes all the extra activities associated with excavation and backfilling in manholes and other chambers

 All the activities associated with the bed haunches and surrounds including granular materials

2.3.2 Project Inputs

 Construction raw materials i.e. sand, cement, stones, crushed rock gravel, murram, steel metals and metal products, plastic and PVC pipes and materials, timber and timber products, precast and in situ concrete products, iron sheets and iron products. It is worthwhile noting that most of the construction materials are locally available.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

 Construction machines: They include machinery such as excavators, graders, mixers, and bulldozers and other tools and equipment. These will be used for the transportation of materials, clearing of the vegetation and debris, and in the construction of the project. Such machinery will use petroleum products to provide energy.

 A construction labour force (both skilled and non-skilled workers). These will require services such as energy, water supply and sanitation facilities.

 Water for construction purposes

 Power from the mains grid or provided by generator.

2.4 Project Justification

Most of Juja town areas presently do not have a planned waterborne sewerage collection. The residents currently use on-plot sanitation facilities which include simple pit latrines, ventilated improved pit latrines, septic tanks as well as soakage pits. However most of these fills up very fast due to infiltration/inflows and due to high cost of septage Most residents within the town pump their raw sewage/ sullage especially at night to save on cost which is far beyond for many. Pumping is done into roadside storm water drains; open spaces causing a lot of health and environmental risk.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

3.0 BASELINE CONDITIONS OF THE PROJECT

3.1 Introduction

The following section describes the physical and the non-physical conditions of the proposed street lighting and construction of the secondary sewer distribution system and public sanitation facilities in Juja, Thika Municipality.

3.2 Current Sewerage Situation

The current systems have not been able to meet the sanitation needs of the growing population in various municipalities of Kiambu County. Improvement of sanitation is one of the County’s development priorities outlined in the County’s CIDP. There was enactment of the Kiambu Water and Sanitation Services Act, 2015. According to Kiambu CIDP (2018 - 2022) the County is served by eight major registered water management institutions, which include: Table 3.2: Area Covered by Various Water and Sewerage Companies No. Water management Institution Area Covered KM2 1. Kikuyu Water and sewerage Company 41 2. Kiambu Water and sewerage Company 32 3. Limuru Water and sewerage Company 108 4. Karuri Water and sewerage Company 18 5. Githunguri Water and sewerage Company 98 6. Ruiru Juja Water and sewerage Company 175 7. Gatundu Water and sewerage Company 150 8. Thika Water and sewerage Company 254

It is worth noting that ruiru juja Water and Sewerage Company serves the second largest area of approximately 175square kilometers. This implies that that there is a high demand for water and sewerage services in areas served by the Company. Currently the sewerage companies are only able to serve 46% of the population in Kiambu County. There are convectional sewer distributions and treatment systems in juja town as there are in other main urban centers in Kiambu County. However, According to the CIDP (2018-2022), the current sewer systems are old having been

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

constructed during 1970 and 1980s. Most of them have a low capacity and are not able to meet the increasing demand of the centers.

3.3 Topography

Juja Town lies in Kiambu County which is broadly classified into four topographical Zones including: Upper Highland, Lower Highland, Upper Midland and Lower Midland Zones. These zones lie between altitudes of 1200 in the lower midland areas to 2550 meters in the upper highland. Juja town is located in the lower midland zone that lies between 1,200 to 1,360 metres above the sea level. The midland zone is dissected and is prone to soil erosion. This Zone is characterized by other physical characteristics such as steep slopes and valleys while some parts are covered by forests.

3.4 Climate

The climate of Juja is influenced by Aberdares Forest Ecosystem and to a lesser extent the Mt. Kenya forest Ecosystem. Juja area is characterized by equatorial climatic conditions which is experienced in Kiambu County and Central region as a whole. The area experiences Bi-modal type of rainfall. Rainfall is received in two seasons namely long and short rains/ The long rains comes between the months of March and May while the short rains are received between the Months of October and December. The annual rainfall in the County ranges from 2000 to 600 millimeters depending on altitude with the average rainfall being 1200 millimeters. The County also receives a cold season usually exemplified with drizzles and frost between the months of June and August. Juja town is one of the areas that receive lesser rainfall with the lower areas of town receiving as low as 600 mm of rainfall. The mean temperatures of Kiambu County is 26oC with the higher areas having a temperature of as low as 7oC and areas midland zone including juja Town experiencing higher temperatures of 34oC. The temperatures vary depending on months where months of July and August experience the lowest months while January and February months are some of the months with the highest temperatures. The average relative humidity of Kiambu County also ranges from 54 % in the dry months and 300 % in the wet months between March and August.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

3.5 Hydrology

The County is bestowed with both surface and ground water resources and has various rivers that came from Aberdare ranges, which is the major water tower. The County is located in Upper Athi Water Catchment area, which has two main aquifers namely Nairobi Suite and Basement Athi Suite. Basement Athi Suite is the main water aquifer for Thika town and the proposed project area. The main water resource in Thika Town is surface water from various rivers such as Chania, Thika, and Karimenu. These rivers drain into Athi-river which later drains into the Indian Ocean. Thika town also has wetlands including Kiganjo and Theta. Kiganjo wetland is one of the wetlands in the proposed project area. It is worth noting that the location of the proposed project is found in sub-Catchment 3DA (Athi River)

3.6 Geology and Soils

Kiambu County has three broad kinds of soils that are characteristic of the various topographical zones in this County. These soils are High level upland soils and volcanic footbridges soils present in the highland zone and plateau soils in the midland zone. The three types of soils vary in fertility levels with the upland and volcanic soils being fertile and favorable for agriculture including livestock keeping and crop cultivation. Some of the animals reared include cattle, sheep and goats while tea, coffee, horticultural crops, maize, beans, peas, potatoes are some of the crops grown. These soils are found in the highland areas of the County such as Gatundu, Githunguri, Kiambu, and Limuru. Thika town is characterized by two types of soils namely plateau soils and volcanic footbridges soils. Plateau soils are poor in fertility and are found in the middle and eastern areas of the County, which is relatively semi-arid. The areas with the plateau soils have low rainfall measures and are unfavorable for agricultural development. The soils in the area are either sandy or clay in nature and thus the kinds of crops grown are those that need less water including soya beans and sunflower and pastoralism (including ranching). This type of soil is also found in areas such as Juja, Ruiru, Kabete, and some parts of Gatundu. Volcanic soils are found in most areas of the County at large. These soils are moderately fertile and include red and dark brown clay soils and suitable for cash and food crops.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

3.7 Vegetation

Juja area is predominantly characterized by agricultural land, which is the main livelihood source in the area. The main vegetation thus include cultivated crops such as coffee, cabbages, irish potatoes, trees and shrubs and sisal plantations owned by bondage kenya ltd. However, the specific project sites are located in peri-urban areas where the major vegetation is grass, weeds and other short plants.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

4.0 RELEVANT POLICY, LEGISLATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

4.1 Introduction

Various legal and regulatory frameworks guide Environmental Impact Assessment in Kenya. The assessment conducted an analysis of the existing acts of parliament and policies that are relevant in environmental management and protection. It is paramount to ensure that development projects meet the set and laid down environmental management guidelines and standards. The assessment analyzed the various relevant regulations categorized as either policy, legislative, institutional frameworks, World Bank operational policies, Environmental Health, and safety guidelines.

4.2 Policy Framework

4.2.1 The constitution of Kenya 2010

The constitution of Kenya 2010 provides that every citizen has ‘a right to a clean and healthy environment’. It provides that development should be sustainable to preserve the environment for both the present and future generations under article 42 of the bill of rights. Chapter 5 of the constitution addresses sustainability issues around Land and environment. Part 1 of this chapter is devoted to equity and sustainability issues of land where it is a requirement that land be utilized ‘in a manner that is equitable, efficient, productive and sustainable.’ The section indicates that specific principles be taken into consideration while using land including: equitable land access, security of land rights, sustainable and productive management of land resources, transparency or accountability in land administration process and conservation and protection of ecologically sensitive land areas. On the other hand, Part 2 of chapter 5 focuses on the conservation and protection of environment and natural resources as outlined in article 69. The article provides that the government have the obligation to:  Guarantee sustainable exploitation, use , management and conservation of the environment and natural resources and ensure there is equitable benefit sharing of the benefits accumulating from the same  Initiate activities aimed at achieving and sustaining at least 10% tree cover on land area in Kenya Secondary Sewer EIA Project Report- 2020 Page 31

EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

 Ensure public participation in the management , conservation and protection of the environmental and natural resources  Conserve genetic resources and other biodiversity  Institute environmental and Social Impact Assessments and audits systems  Reduce activities and processes that pose a danger to the environment  Exploit the environment and natural resources in an approach that benefits the people of Kenya

 Further, it is worth noting that article 70 of the constitution provides for redress in a court of law if they that allege that their right to a clean and healthy environment provided for under article 42 is violated. It is therefore important that the proposed project is implemented in compliance with the highlighted sections of the constitution of Kenya. The project should ensure active participation of the public to consider their views in project implementation and the public have the right to seek legal redress if they believe that their right was violated.

4.2.3 Vision 2030

Vision 2030 is the country’s development blue print that which underpins the country’s development agenda up to the year 2030. The ultimate goal of Vision 2030 is to spur economic growth in Kenya to become a middle-income country with improved livelihoods by the year 2030. The blue print is founded on three major pillars explicitly economic, social and political. The economic pillar seeks to achieve 10 percent economic growth per year while the social pillar targets to have a just and cohesive society benefiting equitable development in a clean and secure environment. The political pillar aspires to have a country that is people-centered, accountable, and democratic. The three pillars of vision 2030 seeks to have socio-economic transformation in a sustainable manner. The Vision also provides for public participation in governance as well as other development activities

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

4.2.4 National Environment Policy

The National Environment policy revised in 2012 puts in place guidelines on sustainable management and utilization of natural resources in the country. It seeks to protect and conserve nature from the increasing pressure from human activities. The policy seeks to develop an integrated approach to environmental management and strengthen the legal and institutional structures for effective coordination and promotion of environmental management. The proposed project shall develop and implement an Environment and Social Management and monitoring plan in accordance to mitigate identified significance impacts of the project. The plan will ensure that susceptible ecosystems are protected from during project implementation and after its completion.

4.2.5 National Land Policy

This policy provides for property rights of private land as well as environmental management principles. Chapter 4 of the policy offers actions for tackling environmental problems including degradation of environment including water and air pollution. The policy calls development proponents to ensure that there is no discharge of untreated waste water into water sources by recommending for suitable waste management systems. The proposed project has an ultimate goal of improving wastewater distribution and sanitation and is thus aligned to this policy. The policy further calls for an environmental assessment and audit to be undertaken before and after a development to identify and mitigate potential significant environmental impacts of a project. The proponent of the project conducted an EIA and Audit where public participation as the policy provides for.

4.3 World Bank Operational Policies

The World Bank puts emphasis on the need to ensure environmental conservation and protection during the implementation of all project activities. The World Bank has environmental and social policies which are the keystone for the support for sustainable development and poverty eradication.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

These policies are set to safeguard both people as well as the environment from dangers that may arise from development activities as well as inform decisions that affect environment and people. The specific policy is called (OP/BP) 4.01 which aims to reduce risks on both people and environment which is the goal of sustainable development and consists of various elements which include:  Screening  Environmental Assessment documentation  Disclosure  Review and approval of E.A documents  Conditionality  Supervision, Monitoring and reporting framework The World Bank policies are fundamental in the entire project cycle including the planning, design and real project implementation stages to ensure that the positive effects of a project are upheld while mitigating the negative impacts.

4.4 Legal framework

The Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 Revised 2015

EMCA 1999, (amended 2015) is a fundamental Act in Kenya that is critical in advocating for environmental management and conservation. Section 3 of the Act provides that each individual in Kenya has the right to have a clean and healthy environment. This is the Supreme Act which seeks to conserve and protect the environment. The Act sets guidelines on environmental issues, and specifies offences and penalties that can be applied in case of breaching of the set guidelines. The legislation also provides for establishment of National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) whose role is to review EIA reports and provide licenses for development. The Act requires that every project proponent conducts an Environmental Impact Assessment for every project under section 58, 138 and 3 of the EIA, 2003 and submit it to NEMA. The Act also outlines various categories of projects that require to be subjected to an EIA. Relevance The proposed project is among those that require compliance with this Act and thus the proponent engaged a registered EIA expert to conduct it. Secondary Sewer EIA Project Report- 2020 Page 34

EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

The Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality Regulations, 2006), Legal Notice No. 120 This regulation sets out guidelines for management of both domestic and wastewater. The regulation also sets standards for water pollution control and protection of water sources. The proposed project is on the construction of a sewer distribution system and sanitation facilities and shall incorporate the water quality regulations Act to water sources and points are protected and ensure that the system will be efficient without leaks and blockages. The proponent will uphold this regulation to ensure that the proposed sewerage and sanitation facilities will manage waste water and wastes respectively without or minimal pollution to the environment. Environmental Management and Coordination (Noise and Excessive Vibrations Pollution Control) regulations, 2009

This regulation requires that development agents control noise and excessive vibrations related to development activities. It requires that noise and vibrations are reduced to the greatest level possible and set the limits that should not be exceeded. The proposed project will remain guided by this the provisions of this regulation and the project activities will be only be conducted during working hours. Deliberate efforts will also be undertaken to ensure the machinery and equipments used will be properly maintained and services for instance through greasing and oiling to reduce noise emission among other relevant efforts. The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2009 Legal Notice No. 101 This regulation provides that should conduct an EIA before undertaking a development project and follow all the laid guidelines during preparation, submission, approval and review of EIA reports. Part 4 of this regulation indicates, “No Proponent shall implement a project” that have a likelihood to have a negative environmental effect and for which an EIA have not been conducted and the report approved. The project proponent has complied to this regulation by undertaking an EIA and will submit the report for review and approval.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) regulations, 2006 (Legal No. 121)

This regulation provides in-depth information on waste management through a value chain approach from handling, storage, transportation, treatment, and disposal. The regulation comprehensively addresses management of various wastes such as domestic, industrial, hazardous, and toxic, pesticides biomedical and radioactive wastes. Regulation No. 4 part 1 states that it is an offence for people and developers to dispose any waste on highways, roads, streets, and public areas except in selected areas meant for disposal. Further, the regulation provides for cleaner production technologies that various projects should consider and implement to minimize the volume of waste generated. The proposed project will comply with the provisions of this regulation and wastes generated during project implementation and after project completion will be disposed as per the guidelines of this regulation. The County Government Act, 2012 The County Government Act 2012 was passed by parliament which provides for devolved governance structures namely the Counties. The Act led to devolution of various government institutions and functions including NEMA, which instituted County Directorates of Environment who are in charge of review and approval of EIA reports. The proponent is aware of the role of the County Directorates and will submit the assessment report for review and approval. It should also be noted that the Act calls the county governments to ensure sustainable management and protection of natural resources including Land and Water, which the proponent will adhere to. Part VII of this Act in section 87(a) and (b) makes it obligatory for development projects to ensure participation of citizens in their endeavors. This Act calls for public participation, which the proponent of the proposed project have adhered to. During the EIA, the proponent conducted awareness campaigns of the project and offered opportunity to the residents of the project area to give their inputs and ideas on potential project impacts through interviews and questionnaires, which are considered in this report.

Public Health Act (Cap. 242)

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

This Act provides for conditional securing of health and safety while undertaking development activities. Part IX of this Act on Sanitation and Housing is concerned with protection of public health by providing that no individual should encounter health problems and insecurity as a result of any development. The County has the obligation to ensure that no development activities in their jurisdiction pose a danger to people and the environment. The proposed project is founded and guided by this Act as it seeks to reduce wastewater emissions and other waste, which pose a danger to human health and environmental integrity. The proponent will also ensure that the proposed project will have no leakages that might result to offensive emissions, smell and water from the projects. The Act comprehensively ensures that safety and health are upheld during development and projects set up facilities that are secure which the proponent will abide by. The Public Health (Drainage and Latrine) Rules

Rule 85 provides that every owner or occupier of every workshop, workplace or other premises where persons are employed shall provide proper and sufficient latrines for use by employees.

Rule 87 requires every contractor, builder or other person employing workmen for the demolition, construction, reconstruction or alteration of any building or other work in any way connected with building to provide in an approved position sufficient and convenient temporary latrines for use by such workmen. Rule 91 provides that no person shall construct a latrine in connection with a building other than a water closet or a urinal, where any part of the site of such building is within 200 feet of a sewer belonging to the local authority which is at a suitable level, and where there is sufficient water supply.

Relevance

This Act is applicable to the project since the contractor for civil works will be required to construct toilets for use by workers and visitors to the site during construction phase of the proposed project. Sufficient latrines will also be required should there be a camp site for project staffs.

The Water Act 2016

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The Water Act No. 8 of 20 16 provides for the management, conservation, use and control of water resources and for acquisition and regulation of rights to use water; to provide for the regulation and management of water supply and sewerage services. Section 18 of this Act provides for national monitoring and information systems on water resources. Following on this, subsection 3 mandates the Water Resources Management Authority (WRMA) to demand from any person or institution, specified information, documents, samples or materials on water resources. Under these rules, specific records may require to be kept by a site operator and the information thereof furnished to the authority.

Section 73 of the Act provides that a person who is licensed to supply water has a responsibility of safeguarding the water sources against degradation. According to section 75 (1) such a person is required to construct and maintain drains, sewers and other works for intercepting, treating or disposing of any foul water arising or flowing upon land for preventing pollution of water sources within his/her jurisdiction.

Section 94 of the Act also makes it an offence to throw or convey or cause or permit to be thrown or conveyed, any rubbish, dirt, refuse, effluent, trade waste or other offensive or unwholesome matter or thing into or near to water resource in such a manner as to cause, or be likely to cause, pollution of the water resource.

Relevance

The proposed project will require water for use at various stages especially during construction period and at the camp site. A possible source could be underground water abstraction from boreholes or from the rivers.

The Land Act 2012

This is an Act of Parliament intended to give effect to Article 68 of the Constitution, to revise, consolidate and rationalize land laws; to provide for the sustainable administration and management of land and land based resources, and for connected purposes. It provides the following:

 Principles and values to guide land management and administration;

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

 Acquisition of private land for public use; and  Compensation in respect of public right of way.

 The following Acts were in effect in 2010 but have since been repealed through the Land Act 2012:  The Way leaves Act, Cap 292;  The Land Acquisition Act, Cap 295

Relevance

The Land Acts will therefore guide the CGK if land will need to be acquired to pave way for the construction of the drainage system and street lights.

Sessional Paper No. 6 (1999) Policy guidelines on environment and development – the key policy objectives of this paper includes:

i) Ensuring that all development projects at the inception stage and programs, as well as policies consider environmental considerations. ii) Ensuring that an EIA report is prepared for any undertaking or development project before implementation. iii) Coming up with effluent treatment standards that will conform with acceptable health guidelines. Urban Areas and Cities Act, 2011

This is an Act of parliament (No. 13 of 2011) that came into operation on the repeal of the Local Government Act (Cap. 265) as per section 1(2) Subject to subsection (3); this Act shall come into operation after the first elections held under the Constitution. (3) Part VIII of this Act shall come into operation on the repeal of the Local Government Act (Cap. 265).

Section 36, sub section (1) Every city and municipality established under this Act shall operate within the framework of integrated development planning which shall—(d) be the basis for—(i) the preparation of environmental management plans;(vi) overall delivery of service including provision of water, electricity, health, telecommunications and solid waste management. In

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addition, section 37, sub section (1) A city or urban area integrated development plan shall be aligned to the development plans and strategies of the county governments.

Legislations are yet to be set that might influence the road projects during the construction and operational phases. This is because when cabinet secretaries have been chosen or the senators hold their first meeting, the legislation set might influence the proposed project in the County. This is as per section 53. Sub section (1) The Cabinet Secretary may make regulations, for the better carrying out of the provisions of this Act, or for prescribing anything which is required to be prescribed under this Act. (2) Regulations made under this section shall be tabled before the Senate for approval, and shall not take effect until such approval is obtained.

Relevance

The proposed construction and operation phases of this project should be in line with the regulations of this Act set by the senate and the cabinet secretary.

Physical planning Act 1996 (Cap. 286) Section 29 of this Act gives power to County governments to preserve and maintain all land planned for development meant to benefit the public including social amenities. The Act permits the local government to control the use and development of areas under their jurisdiction. The Act provides and regulates that any development and land use in a County should be consistent with its provisions. The proposed project concerns improving a sewer distribution will be undertaken in compliance with stipulations of this Act Occupation and Safety Act (OSHA, 2007) Occupation and Safety Act requires that all workers involved in project implementation and after completion are safe. The Act obligates that project proponents implement an occupational HEALTH and safety plan that outlines specific activities or guidelines that will be undertaken to safeguard health and safety of the workers. The proposed project will adhere to the guidelines of the Act and ensure that the contractors and supervisors of the project implement the guidelines to protect both workers and the community.

Employment Act

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This is an Act of parliament that applies to all employees employed by any employer under a contract of service. The Act came in operation in June 2008. Employment of children in the following forms is prohibited in the following sections of the Act:

53. (1) Notwithstanding any provision of any written law, no person shall employ a child in any activity which constitutes worst form of child labour.

56. (1) No person shall employ a child who has not attained the age of thirteen years whether gainfully or otherwise in any undertaking.

(2) A child of between thirteen years of age and sixteen years of age may be employed to perform light work which is;

(a) Not likely to be harmful to the child’s health or development; and

(b) Not such as to prejudice the child’s attendance at school, his participation in vocational orientation or training programmes approved by Minister for labour or his capacity to benefit from the instructions received.

Relevance

This Act will guide the management of workers, especially during the construction period.

Work Injury Benefits Act (WIBA)

It is an Act of Parliament to provide for compensation to workmen for injuries suffered in the course of their employment. It outlines the following:

 Employer’s liability for compensation for death or incapacity resulting from accident;

 Compensation in fatal cases;

 Compensation in case of permanent partial incapacity;

 Compensation in case of temporary incapacity;

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

 Persons entitled to compensation and methods of calculating the earnings;

 No compensation shall be payable under this Act in respect of any incapacity or death resulting from a deliberate self-injury;

 Notice of an accident, causing injury to a workman, of such a nature as would entitle him for compensation shall be given in the prescribed form to the director.

Relevance

As workers are employed by project contractors, they face myriad challenges to their health, safety and security, either from the equipment of use or work processes. WIBA offers legal backing on the incidents or accidents at the workplace or while on duty, including First Aid and compensation aspects. It is thus important to integrate the relevant provisions of this Act in the proposed project Activities.

4.5 World Bank Policies

4.5.1 Operational Policy (OP) 4.01: Environmental Assessment, 2001

According to the World Bank (WB), Environmental Assessment is used in the World Bank to identify, avoid, and mitigate the potential negative environmental associated with Bank lending operations. The purpose of Environmental Assessment is to improve decision making, to ensure that project options under consideration are sound and sustainable and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted.

The WB has well-established environmental assessment procedures, which apply to its lending activities and to the projects undertaken by borrowing countries, in order to ensure that development projects are sustainable and environmentally sound. Although its operational policies and requirements vary in certain respects, the World Bank follows a relatively standard procedure for the preparation and approval of an environmental assessment study, which:

 Identifies and assesses potential risks and benefits based on proposed activities, relevant site features, consideration of natural/human environment, social and transboundary issues;

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

 Compares environmental pros and cons of feasible alternatives;  Recommends measures to eliminate, offset, or reduce adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels (sitting, design, technology offsets);  Proposes monitoring indicators to implement mitigation measures;  Describes institutional framework for environmental management and proposes relevant capacity building needs.

4.5.2 OP 4.12: Involuntary Resettlement

The WB policy on involuntary resettlement emphasizes that any development project should avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement and where this is not feasible, it should compensate for lost assets at full replacement cost and assist the displaced persons in improving or at least restoring their livelihoods and standards of living in real terms relative to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher. The project doesn’t involve involuntary resettlement of people.

4.5.3 OP 4.04: Natural Habitats

The policy is aims at promoting environmentally sustainable development by supporting the protection, conservation, maintenance and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions. The policy seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported infrastructure and other development projects take into account the conservation of biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products that natural habitats provide to human society. The policy strictly limits the circumstances under which any Bank-supported project can damage natural habitats (land and water area where most of the native plant and animal species are still present). This project has no significant interaction with natural habitats. The project doesn’t fall within areas considered as natural habitats and therefore this policy is not activated.

4.5.4 OP 4.11: Physical Cultural Resources

This policy serves to assist in preserving physical cultural resources including the movable or immovable (above or below ground, or under water) objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical,

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance including sites and unique natural values. Physical cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic and social development, and as integral parts of a people’s cultural identity and practices. The aim of this policy is to avoid or mitigate adverse impacts on physical cultural resources for development projects. No cultural sites or resources fall within the project area that are likely to be interfered with during the construction process and therefore this policy will not be triggered.

4.5.5 OP 4.36: Forests

The policy on forest safeguards seeks to realize the potential of forests to reduce poverty in sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. Among the principles is to screen as early as possible for potential impacts on forest health and quality and on the rights and welfare of the people who depend on them. The project area is fully habited with intensive social and economic activities and therefore no forest resources are likely to be interfered with.

4.6 Institutional framework

In 2001, the Government established the administrative structures to implement the Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act 2015, (herein referred to as the Act). The main administrative structures are described in the following sections.

4.6.1 The National Environment Council

The National Environmental Council is responsible for policy formulation and directions for the purposes of the Act. The Council also sets national goals and objectives, and determines policies and priorities for the protection of the environment.

Relevance

The CGK should ensure that the project abides by the set goals and objectives of the council.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

4.6.2 The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) Committees

The responsibility of NEMA is to exercise general supervision and co-ordination over all matters relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of Government in the implementation of all policies relating to the environment.

a) Standards and Enforcement Review Committee (SERC)

EMCA provides for the establishment and enforcement of environmental quality standards to be set by a technical committee of NEMA known as the Standards and Enforcement Review Committee (SERC).

b) Public Complaints Committee (PCC)

EMCA has also established a PCC, which provides the administrative mechanism for addressing environmental harm. The Committee has the mandate to investigate complaints relating to environmental damage and degradation. The members of the Public Complaints Committee include representatives from the Law Society of Kenya, NGOs and the business community.

Relevance

The County Government of Kiambu should address all issues arising from the project in accordance with the above committees.

4.6.3 Water Resource Management Authority (WRMA)

WRMA is responsible for regulation of water resources issues such as water allocation, source protection and conservation, water quality management and pollution control and international waters. Its roles and responsibilities are as follows:

 Planning, management, protection and conservation of water resources;  Planning, allocation, apportionment, assessment and monitoring of water resources;  Issuance of water permits;  Water rights and enforcement of permit conditions;  Regulation of conservation and abstraction structures;

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

 Catchment and water quality management;  Regulation and control of water use;  Coordination of the Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) Plan

Relevance

The contractor should ensure that the water sources are not polluted and to apply for water abstraction permit where applicable.

4.7 International Conventions

4.7.1 The 1985 Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer

The Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1985 was adopted after consensus was reached on 22nd March 1985. The overall objective of the Vienna Convention is to protect human health and the environment against the effects of ozone depletion. As a framework convention, it does not establish any specific controls on ozone depleting substances. Instead, it establishes a general obligation upon the parties to protect the ozone layer (article 2) and emphasizes the need for international cooperation. For instance Green House Gases might be released from the asphalt fumes at the asphalt plants.

Relevance

The County Government of Kiambu and the contractor will be required to observe the above convention in all its operations throughout the project cycle.

4.7.2 The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer is a significant milestone in international environmental law. It establishes firm targets for reducing and eventually eliminating consumption and production of a range of ozone depleting substances. These substances are enumerated in Annexes A-E to the Protocol and are to be phased out within the schedule given in article 2A-2I. Secondary Sewer EIA Project Report- 2020 Page 46

EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

Relevance

The CGK and the contractor will be required to observe the above convention in all its operations throughout the project cycle.

4.7.3 The United Nations Convention on Climate Change (1992 UNFCCC)

The objective of the 1992 UNFCCC is to tackle the negative effects of climate change. The Conventions’ stated aim is to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that allows ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change so that food production is not threatened, while enabling economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.

Relevance

There will be need to employ domesticated versions of the agreed carbon-curbing measures to protect the ozone layer from further depletion.

4.7.4 The Kyoto protocol

The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in December 1997 at the Third Conference of the Parties held in Kyoto. The Kyoto Protocol requires stronger commitments from Annex 1 parties to achieve quantified emission reductions within a specific timeframe. These commitments cover the six Green House Gases (GHGs) listed in Annex A of the Kyoto Protocol (Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide, Hydrochlorocarbons, Perfluorocarbons and Sulphur hexafluoride).

Relevance

The CGK and the contractor will be required to carry out regular inspection and maintenance of construction equipment in order to reduce the levels of GHGs emissions into the atmosphere.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

5.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

5.1 Introduction

According to Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) regulations, 2003, every development project affects the lives (livelihoods, health, and safety) of the community in which it is set up, and thus the public should be involved. The regulation clearly outlines the procedure for notifying the public about a development and ways in which they can participate. The members of the public particularly in the area where development is to be undertaken are expected to participate by providing views on how they think the project will affect them. Public participation is a fundamental activity of this environmental assessment.

5.2 Objectives of the Public Participation and Consultation

Public participation promotes transparency, accountability, and acceptability of a project, which promotes sustainable environmental management. Some of the specific objectives of public participation include:

i) Public participation ensures that the public and community is actively involved in environmental decision making ii) The process enhances public confidence and support for projects by considering public views on how a project affects people and environment which is fundamental in ensuring ownership iii) Public participation provides a platform for the public to provide and access environmental information that is important in environmental management iv) The process reduces conflicts by identifying controversial issues early enough before project implementation v) The process provides baseline information and criteria for environmental monitoring and evaluation vi) The process is critical in identification of local and regional issues that should be dealt with

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

5.2 Outcome of the Consultation

The public participation process raised the following issues:

 Will the local citizens especially the youths be employed?

 How many people will be served by the sewer line?

 How long will the project take to be completed?

 Will the project involve the acquisition of land from the locals?

 If the proponent can consider awarding the contract to the local people

 The capacity of the sewer line

 The residents recommended that the sewer line should be constructed according to the required standards

 That the project should be implemented to completion and should not be left as a white elephant

 The stakeholders also recommended that all the potential negative impacts be addressed in totality to avoid any harm on the environment and on the local people.

Stakeholders consulted were in agreement the project should be fully implemented as the positive impacts far outweigh the negative impacts. They also unanimously agreed that the project should be given priority as the area really needs it.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

6.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

6.1 Introduction

This EIA study was carried out to determine whether the proposed project will have adverse impact on the environment as required under the legal and regulatory framework, EMCA No. 8 2015. The proposed project will have varied impacts on both environment and community, which can be classified as either negative or positive impacts. The impacts have been identified based on a comprehensive analysis of the proposed environment and project. Further, the impacts categorized as either positive if they are beneficial to or negative if they are detrimental. The following section with discuss the impacts of the project at various phases from pre-construction phase to decommissioning phase.

6.2 Impacts of the Construction Phase

The construction phase of a project usually include Pre-Construction phase and thus the impacts of the two phases will be discussed together under the construction phase. The construction phase of the project will include different activities that will have either positive or negative impact on various natural resources and people.

6.2.1 Positive impacts

Employment opportunities Both the preconstruction and construction phases of the proposed project will offer job opportunities to professionals and unskilled workers. Formal, semi and unskilled employees will get employed on the project sites during pre and construction period. Professionals as well unskilled people (casual workers) including youth from both from within and outside the community where the project will be undertaken will work in the project in various capacities. People who will be employed by the project will earn either salaries or wages, which will improve their living standards. Casual laborers involved in clearing and excavation of trenches for sewer pipes and holes, plumbers, engineers, supervisors are some of the people who will benefit from employment opportunities.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

Creation of market for materials used during construction The project will utilize various materials such as pipes, pumps, valves, Cement, Sand, stones chemicals among others which will be sources in markets located in and outside the project area. The usage of these materials will provide a ready market for the local and regional suppliers. Improvement of the local economy and wealth creation A considerable amount of the project budget will be discharged into the local economy through various ways during the construction period. Various activities related to construction (such as small food and drinks venturing, fuel and accommodation) will come up along project sites which will improve the local economy. Further, there will payment of workers and purchase of construction materials, which will spur growth of the local economy. Upgrading the Quality of Life The implementation of the proposed project will improve the quality of life and the hygienic conditions in the areas. Currently the operation of the sewerage system has relieved these areas to a great extent from previous problems that were caused by the continuous emptying of cesspools. In the past, hotels and blocks of apartments were required to empty and maintain septic tanks and soak ways. The sewerage system provides a healthier and more appropriate way to manage liquid wastes. Preserving the Natural Environment Previously, all sewage waste was discharged in septic tanks and cesspits, resulting in the pollution of the ground water resources, surface water bodies of the areas where such waste are discharged and other various risks and other environmental problems. Treated sludge is used as a soil- improving substance mainly for tree cultivations whilst methane is being used for electricity generation, covering part of the power, required to operate the plant. Saving and Processing Waters Water is a substantial natural resource for our country and it should be managed in the best possible manner. The tertiary treated effluent at the wastewater treatment plant is reused for agricultural and other purposes. On completion of the project, the amount of water to be saved is expected to exceed 10 million cubic meters per year. Today around 4 million cubic meters of water are reused per annum.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

Saving of Money The implementation of the infrastructure will result to financial savings as the existing means of exhauster is beyond the means of the residents of the area. Economic Development and Tourism The most significant advantage of the system is maintaining sustainable development, the protection of the environment and improvement of the quality of life in our town, with a further impact on the development of tourism and the economy in general. Reduction of Impacts of Flooding Incidences The construction of main storm water drainage systems reduces the social and financial consequences resulting from the direct damage on properties caused by flooding, or even destruction of basic infrastructure such as roads, pavements and underground cables. It also reduces any indirect damage caused by traffic congestion and minimizes pedestrian difficulties. Moreover, uncontrolled flooding and the flow of surface water causes nuisance and public health problems, development of mosquitoes, accumulation of litter, grease and other pollutants. Standard of Living With the implementation of the sewerage system we and our children will enjoy a better quality of life in the years to come and that we will secure a better environment to the forthcoming generations. Waste Reduction Through the treatment of wastewater, the amount of waste that is usually released into the environment is reduced thus improving environment’s health. By doing so, the government in turn reduces the health risks associated with environmental pollution, and reduces the water loss induced through water pollution. Wastewater treatment also reduces the amount of money spent by a country on environmental rehabilitation projects required to battle pollution

6.2.2 Negative Impacts

The construction phase of the project will involve various activities that include:  Transportation /delivery of construction materials(sand, cement, pipes)  Excavation of trenches  Temporary soil stockpiling on soil surface along the trenches

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

Vegetation clearing and Soil erosion During the construction phase, land will be cleared and excavated. There will be clearance of site and excavation activities on the land where sewer distribution lines will penetrate. In addition, vegetation clearance and excavation will occur in specific sites where sanitation facilities will be put up. Clearance of land will affect both small animals (including insects) and plants as well as loosen soils at these sites. Thus, one of the possible negative impact s of the project is interference of the ecosystem and habitat modification. Excavation activities of the project will also disrupt the soil structure and profile as well as surface water run-off direction on sites where this will be undertaken. This might result to soil erosion where soils can be washed and be deposited in lower areas such as rivers if proper mitigation measures are not undertaken. -There will be no significant impact on land during construction and after project completion because except visual changes that alter the aesthetic properties of the land because proper mitigation measures will be undertaken. Mitigation Measures The project will undertake various mitigation measures to limit soil erosion and enhance vegetation cover.  Reduce vegetation clearance as much as possible  Carry out proper disposal of the soil and other materials that will result from land clearance and excavation to avoid sedimentation in river and wind erosion  Plant native grass and trees where appropriate on the bare land after project completion to reduce soil erosion and restore aesthetic appearance on the land  Cement blending will be done in selected areas away from water drains to avoid draining into rivers  Organize for regular disposal of solid waste (Spilled cement and concrete) in proper disposal sites  The employees of the project will be sensitized on proper handling and disposal of cement and concrete spillages

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

Air Quality and Pollution There is a likelihood of air pollution incidences due to emissions from the construction equipments, excavators or even manual excavation, vehicles and trucks coming to the construction site. Piling of soil and sand, cement mixing could also result from the construction activities. There might be occurrence of bad odor resulting from piling of waste construction materials. Mitigation Measures  Conduct regular maintenance of the construction machines during operation to reduce air missions  Sprinkle water on the ground before earth moving to control dust emission into the air  Maintain piled materials dump to reduce dust and particles emissions  Notify close neighbors about air pollution during the period and conduct the project in shortest time possible  Regular sprinkling of the construction site, to lessen dust emission from the construction site Extreme Vibration and Noise Pollution It is difficult to avoid noise during the construction phase of the project. There will be noise emission from the construction activities of the project resulting from the equipment and vehicles visiting the site. Noise levels in construction works are usually below the threshold limit (90 dBA) that workers can be exposed in an 8 hours working day and is consequently not of any major concern. Operations and people in the neighborhood are likely to be affected since noise beyond 85 dBA (can be transmitted up to 30 metres away) is itself a nuisance. The significance of noise impacts depends on whether the project would increase noise levels above the existing ambient levels by introducing new sources of noise. Noise and vibration impacts would be considered significant if the project would result in: a substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels of more than 90 dBA. Extreme vibration and noise pollution can be disruptive to the area residents especially in the early morning and late night periods. Mitigation Measures  Several measures will be undertaken to mitigate against excessive vibration and noise including:  Avoid construction during early morning and late night when noise is loudest

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

 Clearly label high noise areas  Provide hearing protection (PPE) to workers and visitors in high noise areas  Equip the machines to be used with standard noise attenuation features and use machines with the accepted noise limits.  Inform the local residents of the project areas when there is a likelihood of excessive noise generation  Conduct sensitization of the workers such as truck drivers to minimize unnecessary noises like hooting especially in sensitive areas (schools, hospitals) Oil waste pollution During the construction, the equipment/Machinery will require greasing for maintenance while vehicles and trucks working on project site might require petroleum oils and greases. Spilling of the Oils and Grease on the ground may result to both soil and water system in the system. This impact will be managed appropriately during construction and will not be a significant problem during the operation phase of the project. Mitigation Measures The workers and operators of construction machines and vehicles will be educated on efficient and effective maintenance to reduce spillage. Solid Waste Generation There will be generation of solid wastes during construction including papers used for packaging, plastics, stones, cuttings among other materials. Dumping of these materials in the project sites will interfere with the aesthetic value and condition of the surrounding environment. Some of the materials like plastics may collect water when it rains and act as breeding grounds for pests and mosquitoes which are vectors to diseases. Mitigation Measures

 Proper solid waste collection and storage containers ought to be provided at the project sites to reduce littering of the site  The contractor should take initiative to arrange with the county government waste management officials for regular collection of the wastes from the site  Promote recycling and re-use of wastes wherever possible

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

Water Quality pollution There will be loosening of soil due to excavation, which may lead to surface water run-off that may end up in rivers and streams. Further, spillage of wastes such as oils, cement, and sand may drain into water sources when it rains. Mitigation Measures  There will be restoration of the vegetation cover of the excavated areas through planting of grass and indigenous trees where applicable will reduce soil erosion and hence control water quality pollution.  Besides, proper management of oil and solid wastes arising from construction activities will be done including sensitization of the workers on waste management.

6.3 Impacts during the Operation Phase

The proposed project’s operation phase will have both positive and negative impacts.

6.3.1 Positive Impacts

The positive impacts will accrue through elimination of discharges of untreated sewage and this (assuming suitable mitigation measures are incorporated) far outweighs the negative impacts associated with the proposed development. Positive impacts of the phase will include the following: Improved health of the people The project will result to access to sanitation services for communities which lacked the services before which will in turn improved health due to reduced water-borne diseases and other unhygienic related diseases. The general hygiene of the project areas will be enhanced because the sewerage distribution system and sanitation facility will ensure the community to access clean environment. Access to a clean environment is one of the rights enshrined under article 42 of the Constitution of Kenya.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

Improved living standards The project will result to reduced diseases outbreaks and hence improved health which will translate into increased work productivity. Local People will be able to work better and earn an income that will enhance their livelihoods. Besides, people will be employed for maintenance of the completed sewer system and sanitation facility such as plant operators and thus earn an income to improve their standards with the ultimate impact being poverty alleviation Enhanced sustainability of Ruiru Juja Water and Sewerage Company The proposed project will result to increased revenue collection in the County inform of service and maintenance fees which will enhance sustainability of the involved company reduce strain on the current sewerage and sanitation system. Improved wastewater infrastructure

Improved pollution control and monitoring The proposed project will centralize the town’s wastewater treatment and will make pollution monitoring easy and more effective. Progress in achievement of Vision 2030 and SDGs The operation phase of the project will facilitate access to sanitation services as envisioned in the social pillar of Vision 2030. Access to these services will spur economic growth through employment opportunities and improved living standards and health hence facilitating achievement of the economic pillar of the country’s development blue print. Further, potential investors will develop the region as they will be guaranteed of good infrastructure of sewer disposal.

Improved aesthetic value The operation phase of the project will drain waste water in the target areas that currently lack a sewer distribution network which will result to cleaning up of the mess that is currently experienced in storm water drains in the target towns.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

6.3.2 Negative Impacts

The operation phase might also have negative impacts such as: Public health issues Public health concerns might arise during the operation phase from either blockage or leakage of the sewerage system. Poor hygiene in the sanitation facility that is set to be built also poses health risks to the public using the facility. Contamination of Water Resources There is a possibility of contamination of drinking water sources by sewage from raw sewage overflow, leaking or burst sewer lines and partially treated wastes. Sewage is a complex mixture, which may contain many types of contaminants. The greatest threats posed to water resources arise from contamination by bacteria, nitrates, metals, trace quantities of toxic materials and salts. Sewerage seepage into drinking water sources can cause disease from ingestion of pathogenic microorganisms. Additionally, flooding of the wastewater as well as leakage from the treatment ponds can threaten groundwater resources. Mitigation Measures The treatment pond should be made as impermeable as practically possible in order to prevent possible contamination of ground water or shallow wells in the area. This should be coupled with regular inspection and maintenance of the sewer line to safeguard against sewer line blockages and leakages. There will also be regular monitoring of the quality of effluent and reports submitted to NEMA for approval. The water quality of the receiving streams will be monitored to check on changes on its quality Eutrophication Sewage ending into our water bodies if not treated is known to trigger algae bloom resulting to oxygen depletion which has devastating impact to aquatic life. This will solve the vice Mitigation measures  Ensure that the sewerage is properly treated before disposal  Quality tests should be conducted to ensure that it meets the expected public health standards

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

Odor problems Odor may result from scum, leakage, and blockage of the sewer lines and sewerage treatment ponds/lagoons. Wind plays an important factor in contributing or controlling odor and thus it is best controlled by appropriate design and is reduced by proper alignment of the treatment ponds. The size of the ponds will result in some degree of wave action. Mitigation Measures Mitigating this impact entails ensuring proper design and alignment of the treatment lagoons and planting trees around the area where the ponds/lagoons are located for wind breaking.

6.4 Negative Impacts Cross Cutting between Construction and Operation Phases

Increased demand on water resource-use During the construction phase, both the workers and the construction works will generate increased demand for water. Some of the water uses will include in cleaning activities, mixing of concrete for construction works, dampening the surfaces, curing or cleaning completed structures. The operation phase will also require more water for activity cleaning and waste discharge. The increased water-use may be a source of water-related conflicts within the community. Mitigation Measures  Consider the Water Act, 2016 and EMCA Act 1999, (revised 2015) which govern water abstraction and use and require permits for abstraction of large volumes of water for commercial use.

 Ensure that installation of sewer system follows local government requirements.

 Consider rain water harvesting to have alternative water supply for use at the sanitation facility

Increased demand on energy resource-use There will be increased demand for energy during construction and operation phases. During the construction period, electricity may be utilized to run machines such as soil compacting machines and drills while fuel will be used to run generators, wheel loaders, excavators, and construction vehicles. Since electric and fuel in Kenya are generated mainly through natural resources, namely water and geothermal resources, increased use of electricity have adverse Secondary Sewer EIA Project Report- 2020 Page 59

EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

impacts on these natural resource bases and their sustainability. The project will comply with the government policy to minimize energy consumption. Mitigation Measures The project will minimize energy consumption by:  Switching off all energy using equipment when not in use  Use of florescent tubes and energy saving bulbs for lighting purposes  Using energy efficient night-time lighting only at the premises  Installing alternative energy sources such as solar panels and automatic generators not only for power back-up but also to reduce dependency on electricity  Use of machines and equipment that saves energy without compromising on cost or availability factors.  The management of the sewer plant should be advised to adopt more energy efficient measures to reduce on power consumption which would translate to cost saving and less burden on the insufficient power supply system in the area and County.

6.5 Decommissioning Phase

The decommissioning phase will only have negative impacts as elaborated below: Decommissioning of the proposed project would mean demolition of both the sewer distribution system and sanitation facility. Demolition is the most significant part of decommissioning, as it is associated with various negative impacts. If the project is demolished the likely impacts will include: poor living standards and poverty, dust, noise and vibrations emissions, solid wastes and impacts associated with occupational health and safety among others. Poverty/poor living standards Demolition of the project would result to loss of employment opportunities for the workers of the project and hence loss of livelihood that would result to poor living standards. Noise and vibrations emissions The demolition works of the project may lead to significant deterioration of the environment within the project site and the surrounding areas through noise and vibrations. Noise is a health hazard while vibrations have the effect of lowering the strength of adjacent buildings by creating cracks in the walls.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

Dust and exhaust emissions Large amounts of dust will be generated during demolition works, which would entail excavation to remove the sewer pipes and breakdown of the sanitation facility. Exhaust emissions will also result from the machinery and equipment used in demolition. Such emissions are linked with health problems ranging from respiratory disorders to complex diseases of the respiratory system. Excessive amounts of solid wastes Demolition of the sewer treatment ponds and related infrastructure will result in large quantities of solid wastes. The wastes will contain the materials used in construction including concrete, metals, drywall, wood, glass, paints, adhesives, sealants, and fasteners. While this waste may generally be considered as less harmful to the environment due to its composition of inert materials, there is growing evidence that large quantities of such waste may lead to release of certain hazardous chemicals into the environment. In addition, even the generally non-toxic chemicals such as chloride, sodium, sulphates and ammonia which may be released as a result of leaching of demolition waste are known to lead to degradation of ground water quality. Mitigation Measures for Adverse Impacts during Decommissioning Phase  The proponent should prepare and submit to NEMA a decommissioning report three months before decommissioning takes place

 The use of the site or sanitation building may be changed to other appropriate uses after renovation, rehabilitation and structural changes.

 The decommissioning and alternative land-use options should be facilitated by appropriate professional personnel expertise including county government planners; environmental experts; public works officers and public health officers among others.

 Since decommissioning may take place after a long period of time, the process shall follow the environmental laws and regulation that will be in existence at that time.

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EIA Project Report for the Proposed Construction of Secondary Sewer line at Muigai inn, chiefs area, Daima estate of Juja estates Thika Municipality

7.0 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

7.1 Introduction

An EIA should identify and evaluate alternative project s to the proposed project so that the best alternative is selected. Selection of the best alternative depends on number of adverse impacts and their severity and cost benefit analysis where the best alternative is one with the least adverse effects and less cost. One of the most critical project alternatives is the “no project” which enables the proponent to assess the project impacts in against impacts of not undertaking the project. The following section will discuss the project alternatives of the proposed sewerage distribution system and sanitation facilities.

7.2 No Project Alternative

If the baseline information collected during scoping reveals that the project has extensive adverse environmental and social impacts, this option of “no project alternative” is selected. This option essentially implies that the project is stopped and do not proceed. If the project do not project is stopped, the effect on environment will be neutral; it will neither improve nor deteriorate. However, implementation of the project will improve access to sanitation services in the project areas and thus the “no project option” will generally have negative impacts including the following:  The targeted population will continue to experience poor access to sanitation services  Increased risk to water and poor hygiene related diseases and illnesses  Reduced productivity and deprived wealth creation due to a diseased local population  Stagnated development of the County Considering the outlined, negative impacts of the “no project” alternative, this option is not acceptable on social grounds.

7.3 Project as Described in the Report

The project will provide sanitation services to the target community and significantly contribute directly to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 on Clean water and Sanitation as well as other SDGs such as 1: No poverty, 3: Good Health and Wellbeing, 11:Sustainable cities and

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communities. The construction of a sewer distribution system and will significantly contribute to these SDGs by providing sanitation services in the target areas. Therefore, this project alternative is the best alternative recommended as it has the best social and environmental impacts if implemented with appropriate mitigation measures as recommended in this EIA report.

7.4 Location Alternative

The proposed project sites have been selected based on various technical considerations including elevations needed for wastewater to flow easily through gravity towards the drainage rivers. Proper elevation and natural drain system is a critical consideration in this project as it reduces regular bursting of pipes and damage of materials such as pressure valves resulting to excessive pressure. Further, the project sites of the proposed sewer system follows a natural drain alongside roads and superhighway, which eliminates the need for displacement of people, which is a social concern. Change of the project location, will have various cost and benefit effects such as cost of seeking EIA approval from NEMA and thus this report does not consider this option as the best alternative.

7.5 Alternative Construction Resources, Equipment and Technology

The proposed project will utilize recent, local as well as worldwide acknowledged materials to ensure achievement of public health, security, safety and sustainable environmental conservation /protection. Use of resource efficient machines and equipments will be given first priority where energy and water –saving machines will be utilized during all phases especially during construction and operation. Further, equipments that saves energy and water will be given first priority without compromising on cost or availability factors. The use of locally sourced stones, cement, sand (washed and clean), metal bars, pipes and fittings that meet the Kenya Bureau of Standards requirements is recommended.

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8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

8.1 Introduction

This section aims at providing a brief structure of actions that will be undertaken for the management of the environment during the construction, operation and decommissioning of the proposed project. Environmental management is best achieved by developing and implementation of an Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP), which ensures that environmental impacts are identified and mitigated during all phases of the project. The EMMP presented below has been proposed for this project, outlines corresponding management strategies that will be employed to mitigate potential adverse environmental impacts, and assigns responsibility for the implementation of the mitigation measures.

8.2 Purpose and Objectives of EMMP

The specific objectives of the EMMP are to:  Serve as a commitment and reference for the contractor to implement the EMMP including conditions of approval from NEMA.  Serve as a guiding document for the environmental and social monitoring activities for the supervising consultant, contractor and the client management including requisite progress reports.  Provide detailed specifications for the management and mitigation of activities that have the potential to impact negatively on the environment.  Provide instructions to relevant Project personnel regarding procedures for protecting the environment and minimizing environmental effects, thereby supporting the Project goal of minimal or zero incidents.  Document environmental concerns and appropriate protection measures; while ensuring that corrective actions are completed in a timely manner.

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8.3 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan during Construction phase

The management actions to be undertaken during the construction phase areas presented in the table below: Activity Associated impact Management actions Monitoring indicator Monitoring Responsibility Budget Frequency Delay in The Contractor shall ensure that Continuous Contractor As per the Seeking approvals Number of permits implementation of all pertinent permits, certificates Contractor BoQs from relevant licences /approvals the Project due to and licences have been obtained Authorities acquired review activities prior to any activities including NEMA for and possible commencing on site and are EIA and other plans objections strictly enforced/ adhered to Approval Access to Environmental Utilize as much as possible the Delivery routes used/ Continuous Contractor As per the construction sites degradation risks existing public roads to avoid delivery schedule Proponent BoQs social –economic interference and reduce dust emissions Local labour Delay in project Contractor will use local labour Number of staff/workers One off Contractor As per the /Employment implementation available in the community employed from the local BoQs due to labour encouraging women and youth to community Throughout the related conflicts provide labour Gender incorporation project period in the community -The contractor shall also ensure into the project compliance to gender rule as - Number of persons with enshrined in the Constitution of disabilities incorporated Kenya 2010. into the project

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EMP management Risks of non- The updated version of the EMP Number of available Continuous Contractor As per the records compliance to the should be uploaded and be kept on permits on site BoQs set standards site -Copies of all necessary permits and licenses will be kept on site and adhered to Excavations and -Health and Safety Throughout the Contractor As per the - Properly demarcate the project Presence of a perimeter trenching activities risks project period BoQs area to be affected by the fence -Air pollution Continuous construction works to avoid spill- Absence of air pollution -Social over effects to neighboring areas on site interference -Conduct awareness campaigns Re-vegetation during -Vegetation cover in the areas surrounding the decommissioning degradation project sites to inform immediate Absence of soil erosion -Loss of communities and stakeholders of Lack of complaints/ biodiversity the activities incidences/ accidents -Soil erosion -Provide notices, signage and Presence of signage and

information to the public for their notices on site

safety at all locations Presence of barriers

-Install barriers along walkways along the walkways

affected by the works for public

safety Absence of dust during

-Ensure earth moving and excavation

excavation is done under dump

conditions by watering where Rehabilitation of project

necessary. site

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-Limit construction activities to project sites and routes and rehabilitate affected areas through planting of native plants like grass, flowers and trees

Risks of both -Construction wastes will be Absence of solid waste on Continuous Supervisory As per the Wastes generation, surface and disposed safely the project site team BoQs piling and disposal underground -Promote recycling of wastes Amount of waste

water resources where applicable recycled/ reused pollution -Dispose waste materials in Waste management accordance waste management regulations regulations Maintenance of -Accidents, - Offer construction workers with -Accident and injuries Continuous Contractor and As per the occupational health injuries and death personal protective gear occurrence/incidences Throughout the Supervision BoQs and Safety related risks of including gloves, gum boots, project period Team construction staff/community overalls and helmets Presence of mobile activities members -Provide movable toilets and toilets on site bathrooms for the staff at the Presence of a well- project work sites equipped First Aid Box -Provide onsite first aid kit and Presence of a fence services for needy workers in around the project sites project sites -Limit access of the project site by OHSA Rules the community during

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construction for their safety and health - Contractor to develop and provide a Healthy and Safety Plan before initiating any works for approval by relevant authorities Storage and -Risk of water -Adhere to the occupational Number of reported Continuous Contractor As per the utilization of oils, resources Health and Safety Act, EMCA, incidences BoQs Throughout the grease and contamination 1999 (amended 2015) Presence of a project project period chemicals and hazards of oil store and chemical spillage to health and safety Noise and Vibration Risk to health and -The contractor shall adhere to Amount of decibels of Continuous Contractor As per the control from safety of the acceptable noise and noise generated BoQs construction community and vibration limits as stipulated in Machines and workers relevant regulations Absence of complaints Equipments -Limit construction activities to from the public on noise normal working hours in the pollution residential areas

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Air quality Control Air pollution -Training of workers on air Reported cases of Continuous Contractor As per the causing pollution management pollution BoQs respiratory -Maintenance of construction Equipment/ machine ailments and machinery and equipments in service plans/ schedules diseases accordance to agreed specifications Amount of vegetation -Removal of vegetation will be removed delayed to critical time when it is required and re-vegetation be done as soon as possible

HIV/ AIDS HIV Infections -Awareness creation -Presence of awareness Throughout the Contractor As per the - Sensitization to workers and other campaigns -Number of project period Proponent BoQs persons post- project to reduce or workers trained on HIV eliminate chances of infections of and STDs HIVAIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases Contractor hand Associated risks -Project site clearance of all Closure audit report One off- handover Contractors As per the over and of environmental construction materials before findings Supervisory BoQs reinstatement degradation handing over team -Fences and other barriers related to the construction phase shall be removed from the site -Rehabilitation of the project site will continue until when complete

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8.4 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan during Operation Phase

Management actions Monitoring indicator Monitoring Responsibility Budget Issue frequency -Conduct mapping and fixing Number of encroachment incidences Continuous As per the Risk of encroachment on Contractor of beacons that identify the reported/recorded BoQs the sewer way leaves Proponent width of the pipeline reserve including construction of areas structure -Conduct regular inspection on of the pipeline area/corridor to identify encroachment issues - Prosecute those that encroach the pipeline way leaves -Undertake public awareness campaigns to sensitize the public on -Continuous inspection of the Number of illegal connections detected Continuous Proponent Risk of illegal As per the sewer pipelines by Thika connections to the sewer BoQs Water Sewerage and Company staff to identify and repair leakages and blockage issues - Sensitize the community on importance of not interfering with the sewer pipeline

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Continuous As per the Contamination of water -The treatment pond should be Number of ponds made impermeable Contactor BoQs resources made as impermeable as Supervisory team practically possible in order to Number of sewer blockages and leakage prevent possible contamination incidences of water resources -Regular inspection and Monitoring reports(weekly, Quarterly maintenance of the sewer line and Annual) to safeguard against blockages and leakages -Regular monitoring of the quality of effluent for quality changes and reports submitted to NEMA for approval. -Conduct awareness -Number of blockage incidences Continuous As per the Risk of the sewer line Proponent campaigns on responsible recorded as a result of the project BoQs blockage and overflows waste disposal to the environment -Adopt appropriate designs -Conduct water quality assessments that can withstand anticipated from samples collected from rivers blockage problems where wastes will be drained - Regular monitoring of the system to identify issues -THIWASCO to quickly Continuous As per the Land and soil Soil analysis reports Proponent respond to burst sewer pipes to BoQs degradation Physical examination of the areas reduce excessive soil erosion

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- Provide suitable drainage in high risk areas for effective channeling of burst sewerage Presence of vegetation along the sewer spills line -Educate land owners along sewer systems to enhance vegetation cover along the Manhole marks along the sewerline corridor areas to reduce soil washing - Clearly demarcate the sewer pipelines for ease of identification

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8.5 EMP during Decommissioning Phase

If there is need for demolition of the project, the following are some of the steps that should be considered so as to reduce impacts associated with this phase. Stage Proposed Action Responsibility 1. Initiation of the process-develop an objective worksheet and checklist on legal and policy Contractor relevant for decommissioning process 2. Develop a roadmap for decommissioning design Contractor/ Proponent - Conduct design review to validate elements of the design to ensure their incorporation in the decommissioning process - Conduct public consultations to gather views and opinions 3. Proponent Prepare and Award Contract

Prepare a contract that incorporates validated Project information and award to a contractor as per the Procurement rules. 4. Execute Decommission Works Proponent Implement design elements and criteria on the Project in accordance with specifications and drawings. Inspect during decommissioning and at Project completion to ensure that all design elements are implemented according to design specifications 5. Commissioning Environmental Management Plan

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9.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

9.1 Conclusions

The sewerage schemes are a positive and necessary intervention because while the towns have experienced rapid population growth, solid and wastewater management problems have also grown. The study has identified both positive and adverse impacts of the sewerage schemes, and assessed their significance, and presented mitigation measures for the anticipated adverse environmental impacts of the schemes. Beneficial impacts identified in the assessment included: creation of employment and business opportunities during construction of the schemes, access to improved sanitation through better wastewater handling and disposal, reduction in ground and surface water resource contamination with additional benefits of a reduction in water-borne illnesses, and increase wetland birds diversity around the treatment ponds. Adverse impacts identified include, the potential increase in noise pollution, air pollution, soil and water resources pollution, and increased health and safety hazards during construction phase of the project. The risk of surface water pollution from untreated effluent discharge into the receiving rivers will exist during operations of the schemes, with potential to adversely affect aquatic ecology, and the health of downstream users. Mitigation measures proposed during construction include implementation of a resettlement action plan for the expected displacement/disturbance to communities, institution of noise management mechanisms on machinery at the site, dust control around construction areas and stockpiles, soil and water pollution prevention through proper management of construction wastewater, storage and use of hazardous chemicals, and implementation of health and safety and traffic management plans. During the preparation of this report for the proposed secondary sewer line, it is observed and established that most of the negative impacts on the environment are rated low and short term with no significant effect. The positive impacts are highly rated and will benefit all stakeholders and the residents of Juja area at large.

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9.2 Recommendations

From the foregoing, no adverse environmental impacts are anticipated that cannot be mitigated. An environmental audit is recommended upon the completion of construction works to corroborate the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. Any unforeseen project impacts shall be identified and addressed through annual environmental audits. In conclusion, the Consultant proposes that project approval and an Environmental Impact Assessment license be issued by NEMA based on the environmental management measures contained in this EIA Study Report

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REFERENCES

i) Kenya Law Reports. Found at www.kenyalaw.org ii) Republic of Kenya (2015). The Environmental Management and Coordination Act, No. 8 of 2015. Government Printer, Nairobi. iii) Republic of Kenya (2003). Legislative Supplement No. 31, Legal Notice No. 101: The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003. Government Printer, Nairobi. iv) Republic of Kenya. Laws of Kenya: Employment Act No 11 of 2007. Government Printer, Nairobi. v) Republic of Kenya. Laws of Kenya: Labour Institutions Act No 12 of 2007. Government Printer, Nairobi. vi) Republic of Kenya. Laws of Kenya: Land acquisition Act, Cap 295. Government Printer, Nairobi. vii) Republic of Kenya. Laws of Kenya: Public Health Act, Cap 242. Government Printer, Nairobi. viii) Republic of Kenya. Laws of Kenya: Public Roads and Roads of Access Act, Cap 399. Government Printer, Nairobi ix) Republic of Kenya. Laws of Kenya: Traffic Act, Cap 403. Government Printer, Nairobi. x) Republic of Kenya. Physical Planning Act, CAP 286. Government Printer, Nairobi. xi) Republic of Kenya. The Occupational Health and Safety Act 2007

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LIST OF ANNEXURES

ANNEX 1: NEMA LICENCES

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ANNEX 2: SEWERLINE DESIGNS

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ANNEX 3: BILLS OF QUANTITIES

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ANNEX 4: MAP OF THE PROJECT AREA

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ANNEX 6: QUESTIONNAIRES AND INTERVIEW SCHEDUL

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