Uticaj Rudničkih Objekata Rtb Bor Na Zagađenje Okolnih Površinskih Vodotokova**

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Uticaj Rudničkih Objekata Rtb Bor Na Zagađenje Okolnih Površinskih Vodotokova** INSTITUT ZA RUDARSTVO I METALURGIJU BOR YU ISSN: 1451-0162 KOMITET ZA PODZEMNU EKSPLOATACIJU MINERALNIH SIROVINA UDK: 622 UDK: 622.841:504.06(28)(045)=861 doi:10.5937/rudrad1204185O Ljubiša Obradović*, Mile Bugarin*, Vladan Marinković* UTICAJ RUDNIČKIH OBJEKATA RTB BOR NA ZAGAĐENJE OKOLNIH POVRŠINSKIH VODOTOKOVA** Izvod Otpadne vode koje se generišu u pogonima RTB-a Bor, bilo direktno tokom tekuće proizvodnje ili indirektno usled razlaganja odložene rudničke raskrivke i flotacijske jalovine formiranjem kiselih drenažnih voda, zagađuju Borsku i Kriveljsku reku, koja se dalje uliva u reku Timok, od- nosno reku Dunav. Ključne reči: kisele rudničke vode, teški metali, RTB Bor, zagađenje reka UVOD Procenjuje se da iz deponija u Republici sko-toplotnoj proizvodnji (termoelektrane i Srbiji nastane oko 890.000 m3 procednih toplane). voda dnevno, koje sadrže 41.590 tona raznog organskog i neorganskog zagađenja, STANJE POVRŠINSKIH 389 tona azota i 426 tona fosfora, kao i VODOTOKOVA U ZONI teške metale kao što su bakar, cink, nikl i UTICAJA RTB BORA hrom. Značajno mesto u zagađenju voda zauzimaju prostori deponovane flotacijske i Otpadne vode koje se generišu u po- rudničke jalovine nastale u procesu rudar- gonima RTB-a Bor slika 1, (bilo direktno sko-prerađivačke industrije (flotacijska tokom tekuće proizvodnje ili indirektno jalovišta i odlagališta Bora i Majdanpeka, usled razlaganja odložene rudničke Rudnika, Velikog Majdana, Zajače, Raške, raskrivke i flotacijske jalovine formira- Vranja, i dr.), deponije nastale pri meta- njem kiselih drenažnih voda) zagađuju lurškoj preradi mineralnih sirovina i de- Borsku i Kriveljsku reku, koja se dalje ponije pepela i šljake nastale pri energet- uliva u reku Timok, odnosno reku Dunav. * Institut za rudarstvo i metalurgiju Bor ** Ovaj rad je proistekao iz Projekta broj TR: 37001 „Uticaj rudarskog otpada iz RTB-a Bor na zagađenje vodotokova sa predlogom mera i postupka za smanjenje štetnog dejstva na životnu sredinu“ koji je finansiran sredstvima Ministarstva prosvete, nauke i tehnološkog razvoja Republike Srbije. Broj 4, 2012. 185 RUDARSKI RADOVI Ova zagađenja su najčešće predstavljena Timočkom slivu, odnosno slivu Dunava. niskom pH vrednošću, povećanim sadr- Slivu Bele reke pripadaju: žajem jona teških metala, suspendovanim 1. Kriveljska reka sa svojim česticama i finim česticama flotacijske pritokama; jalovine koja je deponovana u dolinama 2. Cerova reka sa svojim pritokama; navedenih reka na površini od preko 2000 3. Borska reka sa svojim pritokama; hektara. Osim što drenažne vode sa aktiv- 4. Ravna reka sa svojim pritokama. nih i neaktivnih jalovišta i kopovskih od- lagališta pogona RTB-a direktno zagađuju Izvore zagađenja ovih vodotokova površinske vodotokove, pod direktnim predstavljaju aktivni i neaktivni rudarski štetnim uticajem površinskih voda su i radovi (površinski i podzemni), flotacijska aluvijalne izdani u rečnim dolinama kroz jalovišta, odlagališta kopovske jalovine, koje navedene reke protiču. otpadne vode nastale u procesu prerade Vodotokovi na prostoru Mali Krivelj – rude bakra i komunalne otpadne vode, Zagrađe pripadaju slivu Bela reka, slika 1. Sl. 1. Hidrološka mreža u domenu rudnika Bakra Bor Broj 4, 2012. 186 RUDARSKI RADOVI Kriveljska reka je ugrožena od izvorišta navedenih reka, a samim tim i slivu Bele prema ušću: od strane površinskog kopa reke. Cerovo, od strane odlagališta kopovske Potok Valja Lutarica, koji sa potocima jalovine površinskog kopa Cerovo, od Bigar i Deljboka formira Cerovu reku strane površinskog kopa Veliki Krivelj, od ugrožen je od strane: površinskog kopa strane odlagališta kopovske jalovine povr- Cerovo i od strane odlagališta kopovske šinskog kopa Veliki Krivelj (odlagalište jalovine površinskog kopa Cerovo. Saraka) i od strane flotacijskog jalovišta Saraka potok koji pripada slivu Kri- Veliki Krivelj (polje I i II). veljske reke ugrožen je od strane: Cerova reka je ugrožena od izvorišta površinskog kopa Veliki Krivelj i od strane prema ušću: od strane površinskog kopa odlagališta kopovske jalovine površinskog Cerovo i od strane odlagališta kopovske kopa Veliki Krivelj (odlagalište Saraka). jalovine površinskog kopa Cerovo. Borski potok koji posle izvršenog Borska reka je ugrožena od izvorišta izmeštanja iz prirodnog korita takođe prema ušću: od strane grada Bora (komu- pripada slivu Kriveljske reke ugrožen je nalne odpadne vode), od strane pogona za vodama koje se ispumpavaju iz pogona za preradu rude bakra (odpadne vode TIR-a), podzemnu eksploataciju bakra „Jama Bor“ od strane odlagališta kopovske jalovine kao i odložene kopovske jalovine, ispod starog Borskog kopa (severo-istočno odla- kojih jednim delom potok protiče. galište) i od strane flotacijskog aktivnog U Republici Srbiji, zaštita površinskih jalovišta Borske flotacije (jalovište RTH) voda vrši se zakonskom regulativom, koja kao i starog flotacijskog jalovišta u Boru. se zasniva na klasifikaciji voda na četiri Ravna Reka je u prethodnom periodu klase prema nivou zagađenosti i upotrebi. bila ugrožena otpadnim vodama pogona Granične vrednosti elemenata date su u za preradu kvarcnog peska „Belorečki Službenom listu Socijalističke Republike Peščar“. Sa sanacijom pogona za preradu, Srbije br. 31/82 (parametri hemijskog kva- Bela reka više nije ugrožena. liteta). U vezi sa parametrima hemijskog Pored gore pobrojanih reka, na ovom kvaliteta, izbor najreprezentativnijih – prostoru postoji i niz potoka koji su takođe karakterističnih elemenata je prikazan u ugroženi, a pripadaju slivovima gore tabeli 1. Tabela 1. Maksimalne količine opasnih materija u vodama u mg/l vode po klasama određenim propisima o klasifikaciji voda Količina mg/l Br. Opasne materije i rN Klase I / II III / IV 1. Kadmijum 0.005 0.01 2. Olovo 0.05 0.1 3. Živa 0.001 0.001 4. Arsen 0.05 0.05 5. Hrom 0.1 0.5 6. Nikl 0.05 0.1 7. Fluor 1.0 1.5 8. Bakar 0.03 1.0 9. Cink 0.2 1.0 Broj 4, 2012. 187 RUDARSKI RADOVI 10. Bor 0.3 1.0 11. Gvožđe 0.3 1.0 12. Selen 0.01 0.01 13. rN 6.8-8.5 6-9 Ovim Pravilnikom propisuju se opasne materije koje se ne smeju direktno ili indirektno unositi u vode. Navedene klase su: Klasa I: voda koja u prirodnom stanju ili posle dezinfekcije može da se koristi za piće, prehrambenu industriju; Klasa II: voda koja je odgovarajuća za kupanje, rek- reaciju, sportove na vodi, uključujući vodu koja posle osnovnog prečišćavanja (koagulacija, fil- tracija i dezinfekcija) može da se upotrebi za piće i prehrambenu industriju; Klasa III: voda koja može da se koristi za navodnjavanje i industrije izuzev prehrambene industrije; Klasa IV: voda koja može da se koristi samo posle posebne obrade. Pravilnik koji propisuje maksimalno fabrika i izlivanjem iz deponija, dat je u dozvoljenu količinu opasnih i štetnih ma- Službenom listu Socijalističke Republike terija u zemljištu i vodi koje mogu da Srbije br. 23/94. U tabeli 2 prikazani su oštete ili promene proizvodnu sposobnost podaci o maksimalno dozvoljenim količi- zemljišta i koje dolaze ispuštanjem iz nama opasnih i štetnih materija u vodi. Tabela 2. Maksimalno dozvoljena količina opasnih i štetnih materija Br. Parametar MDK u vodi (mg/L) 1. Kadmijum Do 0.01 2. Olovo Do 0. 1 3. Živa Do 0.001 4. Arsen Do 0.05 5. Hrom Do 0.5 6. Nikl Do 0. 1 7. Fluor Do 1.5 8. Bakar Do 0.1 9. Cink Do 1.0 10. Bor Do 1.0 Opasne materije, u smislu ovog pravilnika su: kadmijum, olovo, živa, arsen, hrom, nikl i fluor, a štetne materije su: bakar, cink i bor. Površinski vodotokovi u borskom Krivelja da bi oformila Kriveljsku reku kompleksu se karakterišu malim protokom koja teče u svom prirodnom basenu do i kolebljivim nivoima vode. površinskog kopa Veliki Krivelj. Rudarske Najvažnije reke su Zlotska reka, aktivnosti su proteklih godina veoma Borski potok koji posle uliva u RTB Bor uticale na prirodne tokove reka, posebno na industrijske otpadne vode postaje Borska Borsku reku. Borska reka je prvobitno tekla reka, Kriveljska reka, Ravna reka i Timok. sa severozapada na jugoistok i dalje do U oblasti rudnika Cerovo prisutne su dve Bora, koja je pre oko 30 godina skrenuta reke: Valja Mare, jugoistočno od povr- tunelom sagrađenim severno od starog šinskog kopa i reka Cerovo zapadno od borskog kopa, tako da ona sada utiče u njega. Ova dva toka se spajaju kod Malog Kriveljsku reku ispred tunela za devijaciju Broj 4, 2012. 188 RUDARSKI RADOVI Kriveljske reke ispod polja 1 flotacijskog utiče u reku Timok i dalje odlazi u jalovišta Veliki krivelj. Tok Kriveljske Dunav. reke je takođe izmenjen u odnosu na prvobitni tok i to kod površinskog kopa REZULTATI I DISKUSIJA Veliki Krivelj gde sada oivičava kop, i kod jalovišta Veliki Krivelj gde je U tabelama 3 i 3a su prikazani rezultati skrenut u podzemni kolektor koji prolazi fizičko hemijskih ispitivanja uzoraka sa ispod flotacijskog jalovišta. lokacije ušća Borske i Kriveljske reke, Kriveljska reka sa Borskom i koje se ulivaju u Belu reku. Uzorci voda Ravnom rekom čini Belu reku, koja su prikupljeni 18. 05. 2012. godine. Tabele 3 i 3a. Rezultati fizičko hemijskih ispitivanja uzoraka sa lokacije ušća Borske i Kriveljske reke koji su uzorkovani 18.05.2012.god T (oC) T (oC) Boja/ El.provod. Cu Pb Zn Parametar pH vazduha vode miris µS/cm mg/dm3 mg/dm3 mg/dm3 Borska reka 19 19.3 tamno siva/da 1813 5.40 8.7 0.32 2.8 Svetlo braon/ Kriveljska reka 19 14.6 1307 5.01 12.5 <0.1 0.4 bez Borska i Svetlo braon/ Kriveljska reka 19 15.7 1598 4.99 12.2 <0.1 1.7 nakon ušća bez Cr Ni Cr Se As Fe-uk Sus.mater. SO -2 Parametar 4 (mg/dm3) (mg/dm3) (mg/dm3) (mg/dm3) (mg/dm3) (mg/dm3) (mg/dm3) (mg/dm3) Borska reka <0.1 0.2 <0.1 0.25 0.27 11.8 194.0 1268.5 Kriveljska reka <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 2.4 294.0 779.2 Borska i Kriveljska reka <0.1 0.15 <0.1 <0.2 <0.1 4.9 199.0 1103.1 nakon ušća Za analizu kvaliteta površinskih voda, borskog regiona Borska reka, Kriveljska u borskom regionu, uzeti su kao hemijski reka i Bela reka po svom sastavu ne mogu parametri prvenstveno teški metali.
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