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Trous D'archives, Trous De Mémoire? 1 Trous d’archives, trous de mémoire? Lacune degli archivi, vuoti della memoria? Actes du 9e colloque des archivistes de l’Arc alpin occidental Avignon – Rasteau – Vaison-La-Romaine (Vaucluse), 17 – 19 octobre 2019 Avignon - Chambéry - Lausanne – Torino septembre 2020 © Archivistes de l’Arc alpin occidental 2 Avertissement Seuls les résumés des interventions de Marie-Claire Pontier, Claude-France Hollard et d’Emmanuelle Combet apparaissent dans les actes, en raison de la destination de leur texte à des revues ou autres publications spécialisées. Avvertenza Gli interventi di Marie-Claire Pontier, Claude-France Hollard e di Emmanuelle Combet compaiono negli atti solo in forma di sintesi in ragione della destinazione dei loro testi a riviste o altre pubblicazioni specializzate. 9e Colloque des archivistes de l’Arc alpin occidental, Rasteau, 17-19 octobre 2019 SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE 3 Pouvoir, mémoire, histoire : archives nécessairement lacunaires ? Marco CARASSI, Sylvie CLAIR, Gilbert COUTAZ, Jean LUQUET et Christine MARTELLA page 5 Première session – Archives publiques – Pratiques professionnelles Modérateur : Jean Luquet, directeur des Archives départementales de la Savoie Erika CRISTINA (Archives d’État de Turin) : Lacune, mancanze, tracce. Perdite, dispersioni, recuperi di documenti all’Archivio di Stato di Torino page 9 Bernard THOMAS (Archives départementales de Vaucluse) : Les archives de la légation d’Avignon. De la perte d’un fonds à sa « reconstruction » virtuelle page 21 Antonella PIERI (Surintendance archivistique du Piémont et de la Vallée d’Aoste) : Un fromage virtuel avec des trous réels. Ou comment sélectionner les archives numériques ? page 33 Marie-Claire PONTIER (Archives départementales des Bouches-du-Rhône) : L’expérience du groupe de travail pour la rédaction du cadre méthodologique pour l'évaluation, la sélection et l'échantillonnage des archives publique page 43 Barbara KRÄUCHI et Guido KOLLER (Archives fédérales suisses) : L’évaluation prospective page 45 Deuxième session – Archives privées et communautaires Modérateur : Marco Carassi, ancien directeur des Archives d’État de Turin Gabriella BALLESIO (Archives de la Table Vaudoise, Torre Pellice) : Perdere degli Archivi per salvarli. Le carte dell’Archivio valdese affidate a Cambridge nel 1658 page 53 Davide BOBBA (Archives d’Etat d’Asti) : La costruzione dell’autobiografia personale e familiare dell’aristocratico Giuseppe Adolfo Roero di Cortanze attraverso la selezione e il riordinamento del suo archivio fatto dallo stesso produttore page 61 Federica TAMMARAZIO (archiviste et historienne de l’art, Turin) : « Un artista senza bohème et senza strambezze » : le lacune nell’archivio delle scultore Michelle Guerrisi page 67 Renzo IACOBUCCI (Archivio del Moderno, Accademia di architettura, Università della Svizzera Italiana) : Vuoti documentari in fondi di architetti : alcune casi dall’ « Archivio del Moderno » page 75 9e Colloque des archivistes de l’arc Alpin occidental, Rasteau, 17-19 octobre 2019 SOMMAIRE Troisième session : Archivistes et historiens s’efforcent de combler les lacunes 4 Modérateur : Gilbert Coutaz, directeur honoraire des Archives cantonales vaudoises Paola CAROLI (Archives d’État de Turin) : Il fondo Casa di Sua Maestà all’Archivio di Stato di Torino : storie di vuoti, di assenze e di dispersioni, il caso dell’Archivio dell’Intendenza generale della Casa Eugenio di Savoia-Carignano (1834-1888) page 87 Claude-France HOLLARD (conservateur en chef du patrimoine honoraire) : Une histoire de disparitions : le cas des archives des Baux, princes d’Orange (mi-XIIe-1417) page 103 Stefano GARDINI et Valentina RUZZIN (Archives d’État de Genova et Université de Genova) : « Inquiratur in curia romana ». Iacopo Doria, annalista e archivista, e l’integrazione delle lacune documentarie dell’Archivio del Comune di Genoa (sec. XIII) page 105 Modérateur : Sylvie Clair, directrice des Archives municipales de Marseille Gilbert COUTAZ (Archives cantonales vaudoises) : L’Histoire de la Suisse soumise aux « trous de mémoire » page 113 Rosanna COSENTINO et Marinella BIANCO (archivistes indépendantes en Piémont) : Gli archivi d’impresa di ambito tessile : colmare le lacune in modo creativo page 124 Emmanuelle COMBET (Archives départementales de Savoie) : Sur la collecte mémorielle de la Première Guerre mondiale page 135 Emilie POIRSON (Institut National des Sciences Appliquées, Lyon) : Mai 1968 à l’INSA de LYON : comment organiser une exposition sans archives insaliennes ? page 137 En guise de conclusion. L’appel à l’Histoire et aux pratiques professionnelles, les jeux de miroir entre les « trous d’archives » et les « trous de mémoire » Marco CARASSI, Sylvie CLAIR, Gilbert COUTAZ et Jean LUQUET page 145 Intervenant.e.s page 149 9e Colloque des archivistes de l’Arc alpin occidental, Rasteau, 17-19 octobre 2019 Marco CARASSI, Sylvie CLAIR, Gilbert COUTAZ, Jean LUQUET et Christine MARTELLA POUVOIR, MÉMOIRE, HISTOIRE, ARCHIVES NÉCESSAIREMENT LACUNAIRES ? 5 Marco CARASSI, Sylvie CLAIR, Gilbert COUTAZ, Jean LUQUET et Christine MARTELLA « … la destruction d’une archive, d’un musée, d’une ville – ces témoins de l’histoire passée – vaut oubli. Il y a oubli là où il y a eu trace. Mais l’oubli n’est pas seulement l’ennemi de la mémoire et de l’histoire. Il existe aussi un oubli de réserve qui en fait une ressource pour la mémoire et pour l’histoire. » Paul Ricœur. La mémoire, l’histoire, l’oubli. Paris, Seuil, 2000, p. 374. Depuis 1993, à des intervalles irréguliers, les archivistes de l’arc alpin occidental se réunissent alternativement dans un des pays frontaliers : France, Italie et Suisse. Mus par des liens d’amitié et la curiosité professionnelle, ils se sont à nouveau retrouvés, en octobre 2019, dans la région d’Avignon, pour un neuvième colloque, sur le thème « Trous d’archives, trous de mémoire ? ». Pendant deux jours, ils ont débattu devant une quarantaine de participants d’une problématique au cœur de leur métier, la constitution de la mémoire, et encombrante à porter, puisqu’ils ont droit de vie ou de mort sur les documents par l’évaluation. Notre réflexion s’est nourrie de plusieurs considérations professionnelles et de nos échanges d’expériences qui n’ont pas nécessairement débouché sur un exposé lors du colloque. Il est judicieux de les rappeler ici, pour mesurer la distance avec ce qui a été programmé. La première considération tient au fait qu’au fil des siècles, mais surtout dans la période récente, les guerres, les incendies les inondations, les tremblements de terre, les catastrophes naturelles, la bêtise et la négligence des hommes ont engendré des pertes irréversibles. Les « trous d’archives » ne peuvent être que constatés et regrettés. Ils constituent souvent un affaiblissement de l’audience de l’institution d’archives, son rôle de mémoire s’en trouve péjoré. Autre constat : les archives résultent de processus intentionnels et accidentels, transparents ou non documentés. Elles sont le fruit de l’évaluation avec sélection, elles sont ce qui reste après avoir abandonné des parts à l’oubli ou avoir accepté des brèches dans la constitution de la mémoire Conserver sans choisir n’est pas encore un travail de mémoire, ce qui hérisse ceux qui pensent que le numérique peut tout enregistrer, sans effort, par ses capacités de captation automatique. Dès lors, faut-il entretenir ce fantasme ou le fuir ? Faut-il s’en remettre au fait que les archives historiques ne pourront jamais couvrir le champ complet des témoignages réellement produits ou souhaités ? En raison d’archives fragmentaires, doit-on accepter les « trous de mémoire » ? Sont-ils inévitables, une fatalité consentie, « par-delà les lacunes, l’accès à l’essentiel » ? La « chose archivée » ne 9e Colloque des archivistes de l’arc Alpin occidental, Rasteau, 17-19 octobre 2019 Pouvoir, mémoire, histoire, archives nécessairement lacunaires ? doit-elle pas être mise en cause ? Si les archives sont riches, on s’en réjouit. Par contre, si leur 6 nombre est modeste, on s’en contente, sans s’interroger davantage sur les raisons de l’amnésie. Autant de questions dérangeantes sur tout acte de réminiscence ou de mise en accusation de l’oubli. L’histoire des archives nous enseigne que des « trous d’archives », pour certains occasionnels et momentanés, pour d’autres coupables, tiennent à la nature et à l’existence des inventaires. Ceux rédigés jusque dans le courant du XVIIIe siècle ne reflétaient pas la richesse documentaire conservée jalousement et à l’écart de toute indiscrétion, dans les locaux d’archives. Ils s’en tenaient aux droits réels et utiles à la gestion administrative, délaissant, sans pour autant les éliminer, les documents sans portée juridique. C’est au moment de la reconnaissance de leur valeur patrimoniale, au XIXe siècle, sous l’influence des sociétés d’histoire, que les parts écartées furent le plus souvent intégrées aux inventaires. Les archivistes ont été alors considérés comme les agents de la conservation qui, confrontés aux masses, ont momentanément vanté les avantages du microfilmage de substitution pour en garder la trace (on est dans les années 1950), avant de se résoudre à procéder à de fortes éliminations, encadrées par des outils méthodologiques. L’évaluation s’est imposée comme le cœur du métier d’archivistes. Elle est une réalité incontournable et au bénéfice d’un corpus doctrinal qui s’est étoffé depuis ses premiers balbutiements. Selon les tendances professionnelles, on évalue pour conserver, on évalue pour éliminer, on met les ressources et les énergies sur ce qu’il faut garder plutôt
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