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The Interactive Space Book THE INTERACTIVE SPACE BOOK Compiled by Graham K Wright Chapter 1 Studying Space Pre-telescopic Astronomy Early Astronomical Sites The Dunhuang map from the Tang Dynasty (North Polar region). This map is thought to date from the reign of Emperor The Goseck circle is a Neolithic structure in Goseck in the Zhongzong of Tang (705–710). Founded in Dunhuang, Gansu. Burgenlandkreis district in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. It is considered the earliest sun observatory currently known in the Constellations of the three schools were distinguished with world. different colors: white, black and yellow for stars of Wu Xian, Gan De and Shi Shen respectively. The whole set of star maps contained 1,300 stars. 2 Early Astronomical Observatory Cheomseongdae is an astronomical observatory in Gyeongju, South Korea.Cheomseongdae is the oldest surviving observatory in East Asia, and one of the oldest scientific installations on Earth. It dates to the 7th century to the time of kingdom of Silla, which had its capital in Gyeongju. 3 Philosophy of Space Astronomy Astronomy is a natural science that deals with the study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the atmosphere of Earth (such as cosmic background radiation). It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the formation and development of the universe. Physicists, philosophers, mathematicians & astronomers Galileo's sketches and observations of the Claudius Ptolemaeus known in English as Ptolemy, was an ancient Greek geographer, astronomer, and astrologer. Moon revealed that the surface was mountainous. 4 Timeline of Astronomy Astronomy through the ages Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist and astronomer. 5 Modern Observatories & Telescopes The Sphinx Observatory at the Jungfraujoch in the Swiss Alps; high altitude observatories are less affected by the atmosphere. RT-70 planetary radar 6 Hubble Space Telescope Construction of Hubble. The optical metering truss and secondary baffle are visible. 7 Cosmology cosmology 1. The study of the physical universe, its structure, dynamics, origin and evolution, and fate. 2. A metaphysical study into the origin and nature of the universe. 3. A particular view (cultural or religious) of the structure and origin of the universe. Distant galaxies in a Hubble Ultra-Deep Field photograph 8 Galaxies NGC 4414, a typical spiral galaxy in the constellation Coma Berenices, is about 55,000 light-years in diameter and approximately 60 million light-years away from Earth. 9 The Milky Way An image of the Milky Way's Galactic Center in the night sky above Paranal Observatory 10 Chapter 2 Discovering our Solar System The Sun 12 Photosphere Convective Zone Granules Radiative Zone Sunspot Core Chromosphere Prominence Corona 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Sun Prominences sun prominence 14 Interactive Journey of the Planets Uranus Mars Earth Neptune Venus Saturn Mercury Jupiter 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 15 Mercury Image from MESSENGER's second Mercury flyby. Kuiper crater is just below center. An extensive ray system emanates from Hokusai crater near the top. 16 Mars Earth in comparison to Mars 17 Earth This view from orbit shows the full Moon partially obscured and deformed by the Earth's atmosphere. 18 Venus Global radar view of the surface (from Magellan radar imaging) 19 Jupiter Approximate size comparison of Earth and Jupiter, including the Great Red Spot 20 Saturn A rough comparison of the sizes of Saturn and Earth. 21 Uranus Size comparison of Earth and Uranus 22 Neptune A size comparison of Neptune and Earth 23 Moons of the Solar System Moons The Solar System is known to contain 176 natural satellites, or moons, excluding those in orbit around small Solar System bodies. 19 moons in the Solar System are large enough to have achieved hydrostatic equilibrium, and thus would be considered planets or dwarf planets if they were in direct orbit around the Sun. Moon, Earth 24 Chapter 3 Space Missions Timeline of Discovery: Early Exploration Early exploration of the solar system (1950’s - mid 1960’s) 26 Early Space Race: 1950’s A replica of Sputnik 1 at the U.S. National Air and Space Museum Sputnik Transmitting Signal 27 First Manned Flight The first human to travel into orbit, Yuri Gagarin, launched in 1961. Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1 28 The Race to the Moon “We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the John F. Kennedy Space Race Moon Speech 1962 other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.” John F. Kennedy Speech at Rice University, Houston, 12 September 1962 29 Timeline of Discovery: The Moon and Beyond Exploring the moon and beyond (late 1960’s) 30 Early USSR and USA Programs USA USSR Launch of a Proton rocket Gemini 12 lifts off 31 Saturn V Rockets A montage of all Saturn V launches, 1967–1973. 32 Apollo Program Mission Patches Mission Crews Apollo 1 - Grissom, White, and Chaffee pose in front of their Apollo 1 space vehicle on the launch pad on January 17, 1967 33 Landing on the Moon - Apollo 11 Thousands of spectators camp out adjacent to Kennedy Space Center to watch the launch of Apollo 11. 34 Timeline of Discovery: The 1970’s Exploration in the 1970’s 35 Timeline of Discovery: The 1980’s to date Exploration in the 1980’s, 1990’s and 2000’s 36 Chapter 4 Living in Space Space Stations Mir & Atlantis .. 1995 38 Space Shuttle An overhead view of Atlantis as it sits atop the Mobile Launcher Platform (MLP) before STS-79. 39 Chapter 5 The Future New Frontiers New Horizons is a NASA robotic spacecraft mission currently en route to the dwarf planet Pluto. 41 Chapter 6 Credits Video and Image Credits I NASA images courtesy of http://www.nasaimages.org/ © 2012 Graham K Wright (CC BY-SA 3.0) All images, text, videos and sounds in this book are collected and Front Cover presented in verbatim form by permission from their respective STS120 Launch - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS120LaunchHiRes-edit1.jpg authors. Derivative works are available under CC BY-SA share alike Chapter 1 license. Studying Space Stars in the Sky - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starsinthesky.jpg Goseck - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goseck-2.jpg Abu Simbel - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abu_Simbel_Temple_May_30_2007.jpg Stonehenge - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stonehenge2007_07_30.jpg Ankor Wat - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat.jpg Kokino - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Megalithic_Observatory_Kokino.jpg Su Song Star Map - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG Cheomseongdae - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cheomseongdae-1.jpg Galileo Moon Phases - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galileo_moon_phases.jpg Ptolemaeus - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ptolemaeus.jpg Copernicus - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nikolaus_Kopernikus.jpg Kepler - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johannes_Kepler_1610.jpg Gauss - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Friedrich_Gauss.jpg Huygens - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christiaan_Huygens-painting.jpeg Leibniz - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gottfried_Wilhelm_von_Leibniz.jpg Newton - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg Kant - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Immanuel_Kant_(painted_portrait).jpg Poincare - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Young_Poincare.jpg Hubble - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Edwin_Hubble_with_pipe.jpg Einstein - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Einstein_1921_portrait2.jpg Galilee - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Galilee.jpg PT70 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:70-м_антенна_П-2500_(РТ-70).jpg Large Array - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:USA.NM.VeryLargeArray.02.jpg Sphinx - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sphinx_Observatory.jpg xliii Video and Image Credits II Chapter 1 continued Studying Space Parkes - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parkes.arp.750pix.jpg Arecibo - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arecibo_naic_big.gif HST - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HST-SM4.jpeg Hubble Construction - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Early_stages_of_Hubble_construction.jpg Hubble Mirror - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hubble_mirror_polishing.jpg IMAX HST - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1990_s31_IMAX_view_of_HST_release.jpg Hubble Mirror 2 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hubble_backup_mirror.jpg Hubble SM1 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Upgrading_Hubble_during_SM1.jpg Hubble SMM1 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Improvement_in_Hubble_images_after_SMM1.jpg Main Payload Bay - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:149304main_payload_bay_medb.jpg STS 103 - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:STS-103_Hubble_EVA.jpg Hubble Telescope - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hubble_telescope_2009.jpg Deep Field - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hubble_ultra_deep_field_high_rez_edit1.jpg Spitzer - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/spitzer/multimedia/pia15253.html Herschel - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/herschel/multimedia/pia15254.html WISE - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/multimedia/pia15256.html Herschel 2 - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/herschel/multimedia/pia15260.htm WISE 2 - http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/WISE/multimedia/pia14884.html Eagle Nebula - http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eagle_nebula_pillars.jpg PhilcUK
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