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Synthesis of Acetonitrile by Dehydration of Acetamide

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Synthesis of Acetonitrile by Dehydration of Acetamide Indian Journal of Chemical Technology Yol. 5, November 1998, pp. 405-406 NOTE. Synthesis of acetonitrile by dehydration circulating ice cold water. The analysis of products of acetamide on an active ZnO catalyst: A was carried out on a Chemito 8610 Gas comparison with zeolite catalysts. chromatograph. Acetonitrile was analysed on SE ,30 column using FID detector whereas Sajo P Naik & Julio B Femandes· decomposition products from propan-2-01 were Department of Chemistry, Goa University, Talegao analysed on a CarboWax column using TCD Plateau, Goa, 403206, India detector. TPD of the catalyst was carried out using Received 25 November 1997; accepted 2 July 1998 NH3 as a probe molecule. Before carrying out adsorption of ammonia, the catalysts were Catalytic activities of three different zinc oxides is activated at 393 K in a. stream of oxygen gas. evaluated in dehydration of acetamide reaction at 723 K. Dried ammonia gas was then passed over the It is seen that an oxide of zinc, ZnO(u) prepared by catalyst for 30 min at a flow rate of 5 mUmin. decomposition of a mixture of zinc nitrate, urea and The amount of ammonia desorped at various oxalic acid method showed much higher activity than temperatures gave measure of catalyst acidity other zinc oxides. Also the activity of ZnO(u) was comparable with the reported activities of zeolite which was expressed in mmollg of catalyst. catalysts. The activity of the catalysts could be correlated with their acidity. Results and Discussion Activity data' for zinc oxides and some zeolite catalysts in dehydration reaction of acetamide are presented in Table 1, where as activity of zinc Organic nitriles are synthesised from a number of oxides4 in decomposition of propan-2-01 is reagentsl• The synthesis of nitriles from esters and presented in Table 2. The zeolites namely HY, amides on various zeolite catalysts has been reported by many investigators2.3. Nitrites are Table 1--Catalytic activity of different catalysts in important intermediates in the synthesis of several dehydration of acetamide organic compounds; also nitriles like acetonitrile Catalyst %C %S Acetamide are well known as solvents in chemical industry. In ZnO(u) ~4.32 100 this paper the catalytic activity of various zinc ZnO(n) 20.18 100 oxides vis a vis HY and HZSM-5 zeolite catalysts, ZnO(e) 30.02 100 towards dehydration of acetamide, has been HY 95.46 100 discussed. HZSM-5(Si/AI=40) 95.62 100 HZSM-5(Si/AI=225) 96.16 100 HZSM-5(ref2) 94 90 Experimental Procedure ZnO(u}was prepared by heating at 653 K for 6 h Reaction temperature = 723 K, feed ""50% aqueous acetamide in air, an intimate solid mixture of Zn2+(from solution, nitrate), oxalic acid and urea in the molar ratio Weight of the catalyst = 2 g , flow rate = 4 mUh. Total acidity of ZnO(u) = 7.7210 mmol/g, % C and % S refer to 1:1:2. percentage conversion of acetamide and percentage selectivity ZnO(n) was prepared by heating Zn(N03).6H20 to acetonitrile. % purity ofthe ZnO samples is close to 99 %. in air at 723 K. ZnO(e) is commercial sample Table 2--Cata1ytic activity of zinc oxides in decomposition of obtained from e-Merck. Catalytic activities were propan-2-o1. studied in a flow type of reactor system; a known Catalyst % C %Dehy- %Dehydro- Acidity amount of the catalyst was packed in the reactor dration genation (mmoVg) and was activated in air at 773 K; the temperature ZnO(u) 92 63 37 7.0145 ZnO(n) 37 16 84 0.1630 was then decreased to the desired value, reactants ZnO(e) 92 17 83 0.5642 were then passed through the reactor by means of a Reaction temperature = 733 K, weight of the catalyst = 19 syringe feed pump, the products were cooled by Flow rate = 5 mL/h, feed = propan-2-01. % dehydration and % dehydrogenation refer to selectivity to *For correspondence. propene and acetone, respectively 406 INDIAN J. CHEM. TECHNOL., NOVEMBER 1998 zinc oxide catalysts are reflected in decomposition reaction of propan-2-01 (Table l), ZnO(u) shows percentage conversion of 92 with 62% selectivity to dehydration whereas ZnO(n) and ZnO(e) shows percentage conversion of 37 and 92 with selectivity of 16 and 17 to dehydration. It is noteworthy that all the conversions obtained in this work are 100% selective towards production of acetonitrile. Further it can be seen from Table 1, that almost all the zeolite catalysts are equally active in the. dehydration of acetamide. Comparison of results of HZSM-(40) and HZSM-5(225), indicate that the zeolite of high Si/Al ratio (225), which has no significant Bronsted acidity is slightly more active than the more B-acidic HZSM-5(40). Hence it is reasonable to conclude that the L-sites are active in the dehydration of acetamide . Now this argument ·01 may be 'extended to the ZnO catalysts. ZnO(u) catalyst prepared using oxalic acid! urea decomposition method should be rich both in Band L sites; while ZnO(n), prepared by thermal 'decomposition of pure zinc nitrate, will obviously have only L-sites, in a small concentration. TPD o profile of this zinc oxide (Fig. 1) shows two small 03 45! 473 51! au SlI! 833 but distinct peaks: LT peak at - 510 K and HT Temp.ra"'r., K peak at - 590 K. There is no such LT peak Fig. 1- TPD profiles of zinc oxides maximum for ZnO(u), but has a large HT peak • 590 K. Hence, one may tentatively conclude that HZSM-5( Si/Al=40) and HZSM-5(Si/Al=225) dehydration of acetamide is catalysed by strong L• show % conversion of acetamide as 95.46, 95.62 acid centers in ZnO(u) and HZSM-5 (Si/AI=225). and 96.16% respectively' whereas ZnO(u), ZnO(n) Infrared spectroscopic investigation is underway and ZnO(e) showed conversion of 94.32, 20.18 for further investigation of these acid centers. and 30% respectively. It is previously reported3 In conclusion the paper describes application of that zeolites because of their high acidity are good a highly active ZnO catalyst obtained by a simple catalysts in dehydration of acetamide reaction and method for dehydration of acetamide. The activity hence thqir high activity in this reaction is or this catalyst is found nearly the same as that of understandable. However, the high activity of zeolite catalysts.. ZnO(u) is little surprising as ZnO catalysts are generally known to be dehydrogenating catalysts. Acknowledgments However, the activity of the zinc oxides could The authors are grateful to DST, New Delhi for be correlated with the total acidity as shown in the financial assistance vide SP/Sl/H-30/94. Tables 2. The exceptionally high catalytic activity of ZnO(u),(oonversion>94%) can be attributed to References its unusually high acidity (7.7203 mmol g-l); in 1 Holderich S T, Hesse M & Naumann F, Angew Chern.,27 comparison the other zinc oxides ZnO(n) and (1988),226. ZnO(e) have much lower values of acidities 2 Nagaih K, Kulkarni S J, Subramaniyam M & Rama Rao A (0.1630 and 0.5642 respectively) and hence lower V, Indian J Chern Technol, 3 (1996) 128-130. 3 Subramaniyam M, Kulkarni S J, B Srinivas & A R Prasad, catalytic activities. It is also clear from Fig. 1. that J Indian Chern Sac, October (1992) 69. compared to ZnO(n) and ZnO(e) , ZnO(u) has 4 Naik S P & Fernandes J B, Stud Surf Sci Catal,113 strong acid sites above 673 K. The acidities of the (I 998) 513. t II I~ 1 I 'I I' Il"I'!'II'1 'I.
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