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Water Smart Solution Reports by Cohort 2.0 WATER SMART SOLUTION REPORTS BY COHORT 2.0 Partners #Water Smart Solution Final Reports by Cohort 2.0 of C4Y-IWP Water Champions Youth Fellowship Programme 2020 I The water smart solution reports presented in this publication are developed as part of the Cohort 2.0 Fellow’s deliverables under C4Y-IWP Water Champions Youth Fellowship Programme 2020. Copyright: Ideas, Innovations and Work presented in this publication belongs to the respective partner organisations - © CSE 2020; © CEEW 2020; © DA 2020; © Taru Leading Edge; © J S Water Life Co. and © WaterAid 2020 This publication also represents the opinions of the fellows of Cohort 2.0. This report does not represent the position or opinions of Centre for Youth (C4Y), India Water Partnership (IWP), WAPCOS and Department of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India, nor of the official position of any staff members in this publication. Disclaimer All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying or recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system without the prior permission of the fellowship partners and the respective partner organisations. #Water Smart Solution Final Reports by Cohort 2.0 of C4Y-IWP Water Champions Youth Fellowship Programme 2020 II CONTENTS 1.0 PROJECT: SHIT FLOW DIAGRAM (SFD) TO UNDERSTAND THE SANITATION STATUS OF THE LAKHIMPUR CITY BY ABHISHEK BHARTI 2 2.0 PROJECT: DECENTRALISED WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT AND LOCAL REUSE by PREETHI VASUDEVAN ........................................ 16 3.0 PROJECT: DEVELOPING SHIT FLOW DIAGRAM (SFD) TO UNDERSTAND THE SANITATION STATUS OF THE DHARAMSHALA CITY BY SAIYAMI BHARDWAJ .................................................................................................................................................................... 35 4.0 PROJECT: PREPARATION OF SHIT FLOW DIAGRAM (SFDS) FOR FARIDABAD, HARYANA BY NIHARIKA KAUSHIK ............................. 49 5.0 PROJECT: WEB-BASED COMPENDIUM- GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE AND WATER SENSITIVE URBAN DESIGN AND PLANNING BY UPMA GARG ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 68 6.0 PROJECT: CLIMATE PROOFING OF WATER INFRASTRUCTURE BY LIPI GANDHI ............................................................................... 84 7.0 PROJECT: WATER SECURITY PLANNING FOR RURAL WATER ACCESS BY NIHARIKA NITIN LABHSETWAR ....................................... 100 8.0 PROJECT: SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL HIERARCHY PROCESS FOR GROUNDWATER STUDIES IN INDIA BY EKANSHA KHANDUJA ................................................................................................................................................................. 114 9.0 PROJECT: PHYCO-REMEDIATION OF WTP POND, DELHI GOLF CLUB (DGC), DELHI, INDIA BY AMRITA SINGH ................................ 136 10.0 PROJECT: ENHANCING PARTICIPATORY PLANNING AND COMMUNICATION IN WASH TO ADDRESS PERIOD POVERTY AMID COVID- 19 BY ANANYA MUKHERJEE ....................................................................................................................................................... 152 11.0 PROJECT: INCLUDING THE EXCLUDED: PROVIDING WATER ACCESS TO PERSON WITH DISABILITIES BY AJAY KUMAR ................... 168 12.0 PROJECT: DUG-WELL BASED MINI PIPE WATER SUPPLY IN NUAPADA, ODISHA BY SHWETA CHOUBEY ........................................ 178 13.0 PROJECT: WATER SECURITY IN SLUMS AMID COVID-19 BY ANUBHAV ......................................................................................... 189 14.0 ABOUT PARTNER ORGANISATION .............................................................................................................................................. 200 #Water Smart Solution Final Reports by Cohort 2.0 of C4Y-IWP Water Champions Youth Fellowship Programme 2020 III WATER SMART SOLUTION REPORTS by Fellows Placed with Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) #Water Smart Solution Final Reports by Cohort 2.0 of C4Y -IWP Water Champions Youth Fellowship Programme 2020 1 1.0 PROJECT: SHIT FLOW DIAGRAM (SFD) TO UNDERSTAND THE SANITATION STATUS OF THE LAKHIMPUR CITY BY ABHISHEK BHARTI Fellowship Theme: Water Policy and Governance ABHISHEK BHARTI MA Environmental Studies Department of Environmental Studies University of Delhi #Water Smart Solution Final Reports by Cohort 2.0 of C4Y -IWP Water Champions Youth Fellowship Programme 2020 2 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BGL : Below Ground Level BIS : Bureau of Indian Standard CDP : City Development Plan CGWB : Central Ground Water Board CPCB : Central Pollution Control Board CSE : Centre for Science and Environment CSP : City Sanitation Plan EA : Extended Aeration FS : Faecal Sludge MoEFCC : Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change MoUD : Ministry of Urban Development NGO : Non-governmental Organisation OP : Oxidation Pond OSS : On-site Sanitation System STP : Sewage Treatment Plant SWM : Solid Waste Management WTP : Water Treatment Plant LIST OF DEFINITIONS Blackwater: A mixture of urine, faeces and flush water along with anus-cleansing water (if water is used for cleansing), and dry cleansing materials used to clean anus after defecation. Black water contains pathogens (of faeces) and nutrients (of urine) that are diluted in the flush water. Desludging: The operation, performed by a licenced operator or trained sanitary workers, of removing FSS from onsite sanitation system (OSS). Disposal: Transportation and discharge or transfer of FSS to notified locations. Effluent: The supernatant (liquid) discharged from an OSS. The liquid separated out from the septage is also referred to as effluent. Faecal sludge: The settled contents of onsite sanitation systems. The characteristics of faecal sludge can differ widely from household to household, city to city, and country to country. The physical, chemical and biological qualities of faecal sludge are influenced by the duration of storage, temperature, soil conditions, intrusion of groundwater or surface water into onsite sanitation systems, desludging technology and pattern. #Water Smart Solution Final Reports by Cohort 2.0 of C4Y -IWP Water Champions Youth Fellowship Programme 2020 3 Greywater: The total volume of water generated from washing food, clothes and dishware, as well as from bathing, but not from toilets. It may contain traces of excreta and, therefore, also pathogens. Insanitary latrines: A latrine which requires human excreta to be cleaned or otherwise handled manually, either in situ, or in an open drain or pit into which the excreta is discharged or flushed out, before the excreta fully decomposes in such manner as may be prescribed. Provided that a water flush latrine, when cleaned by an emptier with the help of such devices and using such protective gear as notified in relevant guidelines is not to be deemed an insanitary latrine. Leach pit or soak pit: An underground pit that is used where there is no sewer and household wastewater is drained into them to permit leaching of the liquid into the surrounding soil. Night soil: Human excreta, with or without anal cleansing material, deposited into a bucket or other receptacle for manual removal. Pit latrine: A form of on-site sanitation with one or two pits for accumulation and decomposition of excreta from which liquid infiltrates into the surrounding soil. Sanitary latrine: A latrine which is not an insanitary latrine. Scum: Extraneous or impure matter like oil, hair, grease and other light material that floats on the surface of a liquid in septic tanks. Septage: The faecal sludge desludged from a well-designed septic tank. Septic tank: A water-tight, onsite treatment system of domestic sewage, single-storied tank in which sanitary flow is retained long enough to permit sedimentation and digestion. Sewage: Wastewater transported through sewers. Sewers: Underground pipelines provided for the purposes of carrying liquid waste (wastewater) of a community. Transportation: Safe transfer of FSS through CNPP-registered vacuum tanker from the place of desludging to the notified location. Treatment: Any scientific method or process designed to alter the physical, chemical or biological and radiological character or composition of FSS, sewage and wastewater to reduce or prevent pollution. Vacuum tanker: It is a vehicle that has a pump and a tank, designed to pneumatically suck FSS from the OSS. These vehicles are also used to transport desludged FSS. Wastewater: Liquid effluent from domestic or commercial human activity including effluent from toilets, kitchen and cleaning activity, which does not include effluent from manufacturing and industrial activity. Usually such effluent flows through stormwater drains, thus it includes stormwater as well. #Water Smart Solution Final Reports by Cohort 2.0 of C4Y -IWP Water Champions Youth Fellowship Programme 2020 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Although sanitation legislation and regulations are available, enforcement is lacking. Wastewater is most often discharged into the environment directly, or through the open drainage system with practically no treatment processes in place. Until now no proper and satisfactory solution for wastewater management has been developed in Lakhimpur city of Uttar Pradesh. While most individual or shared toilets are connected to septic tanks, their disposal or outlets
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