Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences, 2016, v. 3, no. 5, p. 45-62. ISSN 2358-2731 http://dx.doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.030505
Inventory in situ of plant resources used as fuel in the Semiarid Region of Northeast Brazil
Gleicy Deise Santos Lima, José Ribamar de Farias Lima, Núbia da Silva, Rodrigo Silva de Oliveira and Reinaldo Farias Paiva Lucena*
Universidade Federal da Paraíba. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Departamento de Fitotecnia e Ciências Ambientais. Laboratório de Etnoecologia. Areia-PB. Brazil (CEP 58397-000). *Email: [email protected].
Abstract. Timber resources are constantly used by traditional communities to meet their everyday needs. Assuming the Received importance and use of these resources for energy purposes, we December 30, 2015 applied the inventory in situ method, over 12 months, aiming to identify the species most used as firewood and charcoal, their Accepted dynamics of renewal, and species availability in the forest fragment April 11, 2016 studied. The study was conducted in the Rural Community of São Released Francisco, Municipality of Cabaceiras (Paraíba State, Northeast June 30, 2016 Brazil). Overall, we recorded 15 species, 14 genera, and 6 botanical families, from which Fabaceae (8 spp) and Anacardiaceae (3 spp) Open Acess Full Text Article were the most prominent, due to having greater diversity of species. The most used native species in the community was Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (aroeira) and we also recorded the constant use of Prosopis juliflora (algaroba), which is an exotic species. The results evidenced the effective use of natural resources, and may complement in general ethnobotanical studies.
Keywords: Caatinga; Ethnobotany; Traditional Populations.
ORCID 0000-0003-4326-5693 Gleicy Deise Santos Lima 0000-0001-5705-0672 José Ribamar de Farias Lima 0000-0001-8558-8250 Núbia da Silva 0000-0002-7322-932X Rodrigo Silva de Oliveira 0000-0003-4775-7775 Reinaldo Farias Paiva Lucena
Introduction timber resources, mainly for energy purposes, leading to the wrong The Caatinga is marked, characterization of this area as poor in historically, by its seasonality, and pressure endemism, animal and plant diversity on its species, due to the removing of (Severo, 2009). This distorted view has
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lbeen modified by studies that show the tool that identifies the resources from the Caatinga as rich in biodiversity (Oliveira et plants currently used (Gaugris and Van al., 2003; Leal et al., 2005). The vegetation Rooyen, 2006), based on the premise that if is known for its use as timber and non- the product is inside a residence, this means timber resource, with great importance for it is effectively used (Lucena et al., 2013). the people who live in the region Studies that employ such a method present (Albuquerque and Andrade, 2002). Thus, different definitions (Kvist et al., 2001; several studies have been performed over Stagegaard et al., 2002; Gavin and the years, in various fields of science, such Anderson, 2005) and several ways of as ethnobiology, which seeks to record and applying it; this lack of standardization can evaluate the empirical knowledge hamper the discussions of recorded concerning natural resources (Ford, 1978; information. Posey and Overal, 1990; Berlin, 1992; Although some researchers do not Balick and Cox, 1996; Diegues and Arruda, emphasize the use of this method, we can 2001). distinguish its application and principles in Within this complex area of ethnobotanical studies of agroforest gardens knowledge, ethnobotany rescues and values (Albuquerque et al., 2005b; Florentino et the traditional knowledge of local al., 2007) and those conducted with specific communities in order to understand the use categories, such as fuel, that require home of plant resources and their management visits and observations (Ramos et al., 2008; day-to-day. Ethnobotany has become a tool Sá et al., 2009). This is because biofuels are that enables the identification of the species the main source of energy in rural areas in most commonly used by people, and developing countries, due to the traditional revealing their great importance to those use of wood, as well as socioeconomic who use them, as well as providing factors. Thus, the collection of firewood important information for the management increases, making deforestation and and conservation of local plant diversity possible local extinctions relevant (Luoga et al., 2000; La Torre-Cuadros and problems. Islebe, 2003; Shanley and Rosa, 2004; This approach was developed in a Albuquerque et al., 2005; Ferraz et al., study conducted in Kenya by Dahdouh- 2005, 2006; Hanazaki et al., 2006; Reyes- Guebas et al. (2006), in which, according to García et al., 2005; Ramos et al., 2008a, the frequency of species in the inventory in 2008b). In this context, studies concerning situ, it was possible to classify the most the use of wood species from Caatinga can important species. However, it is necessary be the basis for understanding the dynamics to provide a detailed description of the use of extraction of these plants (Medeiros et and extraction dynamic of plant resources, al., 2011), providing information that may since their frequency of collection, the contribute to conservation actions, species ecology, and amount of collected investigating social and economic aspects material influence the results, which may of local communities, and ensuring the indicate species that suffer greater perpetuation of knowledge and sustainable extraction (Lucena et al., 2013). use of plant resources (Albuquerque and The results obtained in our study Andrade, 2002b). can corroborate other research already In order to understand these uses, conducted in the Caatinga, providing ethnobotanical inventories are tools relevant information that may assist in the for obtaining knowledge about the development of conservation programs for extraction of plant resources. According to native species, and in the identification of Martins et al. (2006), the inventory is not a species used as fuel, as well as indicate methodology that aims to generate a species that deserve greater attention complete list of species for the studied regarding conservation. areas, but rather provide primordial data Given the above, this study aimed concerning their diversity, so data are to record and monitor the diversity of quickly available. The inventory in situ is a timber plant resources for energy purposes,
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Inventory of plant resources used as fuel in Northeast Brazil 47
which are used by the population of São Comprida”. In Caruatá de Dentro there is a Francisco, municipality of Cabaceiras, in Catholic Church, a room that functions as a the semiarid region of Paraíba, northeast health center, providing care biweekly to Brazil, and to list the species recorded as local communities, and two farmers’ useful for firewood and charcoal, observing associations. the renewal standard of these resources, and Most residences have cisterns for verifying the availability of native species collecting and storing water, given that in the forest fragment studied. drought periods are long. The community is approximately 14 km from downtown Materials and methods Cabaceiras. Most children and young people go to the municipality, to study, on a The regional context bus provided by the town council. The study was conducted in Rural The main activities in the Community of São Francisco, Municipality community are goat and sheep breeding, of Cabaceiras, Paraíba State, Northeast and corn and bean culture. The men of this Brazil (Figure 1). It has an area of 452.920 community are predominantly involved in km² in the Borborema Mesoregion and the non-commercial subsistence farming. Most Cariri Oriental Microregion, at the women work in the home and some provide geographic coordinates of 7º 21’ 32.68” and auxiliary services in local schools. 7º 36’ 04.86” S latitude and 36° 11’ 36.54” The vegetation is predominantly and 3º 26’ 17.48” W longitude. It borders composed of shrubby-arboreal species, the Municipalities of Campina Grande native species such as the juazeiro (Ziziphus (North), Barra de São Miguel and São joazeiro Mart), aroeira (Myracrodruon Domingos do Cariri (South), Boqueirão urundeuva Allemão), and catingueira (East), and São João do Cariri (West). The (Poincianela pyramidalis Tul), among total population is 5,035 inhabitants (2,217 others. There is also a predominance of in the urban area and 2,818 in the rural Cactaceae such as the mandacaru (Cereus area) (IBGE, 2011). jamacaru DC) and coroa-de-frade Rural Community of São Francisco (Melocactus bahiensis (Britton & Rose) is at an average altitude of approximately Luetzelb). 500 m. The climate is hot semiarid Bsh, According to Silva (2012), the according to the Köppen classification, with region is crossed by several rivers and annual average temperatures of around streams, all of them with intermittent 24.5 ºC. The municipality has the lowest character. The Taperoá is the main river, rainfall in Brazil, an average of 250 mm per and receives water from the rivers of Serra year (Alves et al., 2008). The rains are Branca, Gurjão, Soledade, and Riacho do irregular, occurring only during three Farias. All these affluents are part of the months, before the drought begins and lasts Médio Paraíba Basin, the waters of which up to 10 months in drier periods (IBGE, converge with the Epitácio Pessoa 2011). Reservoir, located in the Municipality of Boqueirão. Study area The community borders the Rural Community of São Francisco “Fazenda Pai Mateus”, which is a Private is divided into five locations: Caruatá de Reserve of the Natural Heritage (PRNH), Dentro, Alto Fechado, Jerimum, Rio where the Brazilian Institute of Direito, and Malhada Comprida. In Environment and Renewable Natural Malhada Comprida there is a soccer field Resources (IBAMA) performs the release and an elementary school, named “Escola of wild animals captured in nearby towns. Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Malhada
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48 Lima et al.
Figure 1. Location of Cabaceiras City, State of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil.
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Inventory of plant resources used as fuel in Northeast Brazil 49
Vegetation inventory We applied the inventory in situ in To identify the species found in the the residences, focusing on all plant region and their availability for energy use, material for energy purposes in the houses we carried out vegetation samples in an and external areas of the property, at the area near the community of São Francisco, time of visit. During the observation the in order to collect phytosociological and informants were asked about the name botanical information. Thus, 90 contiguous (vernacular) of the plant found in the plots were delimited, measuring 10 x 10 m firewood stock, charcoal source, as well as each, totaling 0.9 ha. We recorded all the frequency of collection of the material. woody species with a stem diameter ≥ 3 cm After this first contact we visited the at ground level (DGL), excluding cacti, community monthly, over one year 12 bromeliads, vines, lianas, and small months) in order to monitor the renewal herbaceous (Araújo and Ferraz, 2010). We dynamics of these items. also recorded the height of each plant. The material was recorded from The phytosociological indices we photographs; the plants were collected and used - basal area, importance value, relative identified for a possible confirmation density, relative dominance, and relative between vernacular names and the species. frequency - analyzed according to Araújo Subsequently, the harvested plants were and Ferraz (2010), in which the Relative deposited in the Herbarium Professor Density (RD, %) was estimated by the Jayme Coelho of the Federal University of number of individuals from a given taxon, Paraíba, in the Agricultural Science Center. related to the total number of individuals sampled. The Relative Frequency (RF, %) Results was estimated based on TFS (total frequency of the species in question) Vegetation inventory compared with the Total Frequency (TF, From the 15 species recorded in the %), which is the sum of all absolute inventory in situ, seven belonging to six frequencies. The Relative Dominance genera and five families were found in the (RDo, %) represents the percentage of ADo forest fragment studied. They are: (absolute dominance of the species in Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. (pereiro) question) related to the total dominance with 1,450 individuals, Croton (TDo) (Araújo and Ferraz, 2010). blanchetianus Baill. (marmeleiro) with 1,181, Poincianella pyramidalis Tul Inventory in situ (catingueira) with 436, Mimosa To obtain the data regarding species ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth (Jurema use, we applied the in situ inventory de imbira) with 83, Miracrodruon method (Lucena et al., 2013) in 61 urundeuva Allemão (aroeira) with 10, residences in the community of São colubrina Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Francisco. First, there was contact with the Brenan (angico) with 8, and Sideroxylon homeowners (man or woman, in charge of obtusifolium (Roem & Schult.) T. D. Penn the house, who was available at the time of (quixabeira) with only one individual the interview) to clarify the aim of the (Table 1). study. The informants were asked to sign The most relevant botanical the Free and Transparent Consent form that families were Apocynaceae, the National Health Council, through the Euphorbiaceae, and Fabaceae. This is Committee of Ethics in Research explained by checking the large number of (Resolution No. 196/1996) requires. The individuals included in these families. Committee of Ethics in Research with Regarding the phytosociological Human Beings (CEP) of the Lauro parameters, we observed that A. pyrifolium Wanderley Hospital, Federal University of obtained high values of relative importance Paraíba, approved this study, registered in and relative dominance (IV = 115.13, protocol CEP/HULW No. 297/2011. RDo = 45.53), followed by C. blanchetianus (VI = 87.15,
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RDo = 26.30) and P. pyramidalis RF = 25.50, C. blanchetianus RD = 35.92 (VI = 50.39, RDo = 15.03). The same was and RF = 24.93, and P. pyramidalis observed for relative density (RD) and RD = 13.26 and RF = 22.10. relative frequency (RF), in which A. pyrifolium had RD = 44.10 and
Table 1. Woody species with DGL ≥ 3 cm recorded in the forest fragment studied, with effective use for fuel in the Rural Community of São Francisco, Municipality of Cabaceiras (Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil). Taxa No. Ind. RD RF RDo IV Anacardiaceae Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Aroeira) 10 0.30 1.98 4.64 6.93 Apocynaceae Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. (Pereiro) 1,450 44.10 25.50 45.53 115.13 Euphorbiaceae Croton blanchetianus Baill (Marmeleiro) 1,181 35.92 24.93 26.30 87.15 Fabaceae Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan 8 0.24 1.70 1.83 3.77 (Angico) Poincianella pyramidalis Tul. (Catingueira) 436 13.26 22.10 15.03 50.39 Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth. 83 2.52 5.10 2.01 9.63 (Jurema de imbira) Sapotaceae Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult.) T. 1 0.03 0.28 0.01 0.32 D. Penn. (Quixabeira) Results of phytosociological parameters, in which No. Ind = number of individuals; RD = relative density; RF = relative frequency; RDo = relative dominance; IV = importance value.
Inventory in situ exotic species Prosopis juliflora (sw.) DC. In total, 15 species, belonging to 14 (algaroba) had prominence, showing in the genera and six plant families, were recorded first month of the survey (July 2011) a use for energy purposes, in the Rural frequency of 32.79%, followed by the Community of São Francisco, among which native species P. pyramidalis (29.51%), Fabaceae (8 spp) and Anacardiaceae (3 spp) M. urundeuva (27.87%), C. blanchetianus were the most prominent, due to having (22.95%), A. pyrifolium (21.31%), and greater diversity of species (Table 2). Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. (jurema In 54 of the 61 residences where we preta) (16.39%). The other species had use carried out the inventory, energy use was frequency below 3.29%. recorded, with an occurrence frequency of The first time, it was possible to 88.5% for fuel category. We found two register a greater wealth of species in the effective types of uses of timber resources firewood stocks of the residences, and a for this purpose (firewood and charcoal). high frequency of apparitions of these Among the total number of species, 11 are species. In the following months of used exclusively as firewood, and four are inventory, there was a significant decrease used as firewood and also for the in the diversity of species recorded, production of charcoal. especially the species mentioned above, regarding the use of firewood, which Firewood use remained always in the first six places, with Among the 15 species observed in changes only in December 2011 and April the firewood stock of the residences, the 2012, taking the place of the use of
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Craibeira (Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) In some cases, the residents from Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore), which the community, when carrying out replaced the use of M. tenuiflora, and maintenance on the fences on their farms, Piptadenia stipulaceae (Benth.) Ducke took the sticks (material removed from the instead of A. pyrifolium (Table 3). fences) for the stock and subsequently used
Table 2. Species recorded for fuel purposes and their uses assigned in the Rural Community of São Francisco, Municipality of Cabaceiras (Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil).
Vernacular Family/Species Uses/Fuel name Anacardiaceae Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão Aroeira firewood/charcoal Schinopsis brasiliensi Engl. Braúna/Baraúna firewood/charcoal Spondias tuberosa Arruda Umbuzeiro firewood Apocynaceae Aspidosperma pyrifolium Mart. Pereiro firewood Bignoniaceae Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex S. Moore Craibeira firewood Fabaceae Croton blanchetianus Baill Marmeleiro firewood Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell.) Brenan Angico firewood Poincianella pyramidalis Tul. Catingueira firewood/charcoal Piptadenia stipulaceae (Benth.) Ducke Jurema branca firewood Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth. Jurema de firewood imbira Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) Poir. Jurema preta firewood Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit [L. glauca (L.) Benth.] Leucena firewood cv Peru Prosopis juliflora (sw.) DC. Algaroba firewood/charcoal Sapotaceae Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult.) T. D. Penn. Quixabeira firewood Cactaceae Pilosocereus pachycladus F. Ritter Facheiro firewood
them in domestic stoves, so there was no (frequency = 1,64%). During every month record of firewood purchase, just collection. of monitoring, the most relevant species, for We observed a preference for dry firewood this purpose, was P. juliflora, used during collection, conducted mostly once a week three months along with P. pyramidalis by homeowners. (Table 4). Over the course of study, we Charcoal use noticed an oscillation regarding the renewal In the first visit, we recorded a of charcoal stocks; the initial frequency frequency of 70.49% of charcoal use, and decreased to 14.55% in October, remaining among the 15 species recorded, we stable during the other months of study, identified the use of four: P. juliflora ranging only from 22.95% to 14.55%. The (frequency = 57.38%), P. pyramidalis charcoal is produced in the community by (frequency = 8.20%), M. urundeuva some of its residents for family use, and (frequency = 3.28%), and Schinopsis only one informant produces charcoal to be brasiliensis Engl. (Baraúna) sold in the region.
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Use of liquefied petroleum gas issues. The ease of obtaining timber, (LPG) combined with phytofuels combustion property, and the high cost of In the Community Rural of São LPG cylinders reinforce this practice. Francisco, the reasons for the constant use In 7 of the 61 residences in which of wood as an energy source were we conducted the inventory, firewood use associated with traditional and economic was not recoded, while in one residence the
Table 3. Monthly reviews of firewood stocks of the residences in the Rural Community of São Francisco, Municipality of Cabaceiras (Paraíba State, Northeast Brazil). Monthly reviews of firewood Species Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Fev Mar Apr May Jun 2011 2012 Anadenanthera colubrina x x (Vell.) Brenan (Angico) Aspidosperma pyrifolium x x x x x x x x x x x x Mart. (Pereiro) Croton blanchetianus Baill x x x x x x x x x x x x (Marmeleiro) Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit [L. glauca (L.) x x Benth.] cv Peru (Leocena) Mimosa ophthalmocentra Mart. ex Benth. (Jurema de x x x x x x x x x x x Imbira) Mimosa tenuiflora (Willd.) x Poir. (Jurema Preta) Myracrodruon urundeuva x x x x x x x x x x x x Allemão (Aroeira) Piptadenia stipulaceae (Benth.) Ducke (Jurema x x x Branca) Pilosocereus pachycladus F. x Ritter (Facheiro) Poincianella pyramidalis Tul. x x x x x x x x x x x x (Catingueira) Prosopis juliflora (sw.) DC. x x x x x x x x x x x x (Algaroba) Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem & Schult.) T. D. Penn. x (Quixabeira) Spondias tuberosa Arruda x (Umbuzeiro) Schinopsis brasiliensi Engl. x (Baraúna) Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex x x x S. Moore (Craibeira) x = presence of the species.
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Table 4. Monthly review of coal stocks in the households of the Rural Community of São Francisco, Municipality of Cabaceiras (Paraíba, Northeast Brazil). Where (x) indicates the presence of the species.
Monthly review of coal stocks Species Jul Agu Sept Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun 2011 2012 Myracrodruon urundeuva x Allemão (Aroeira) Poincianella pyramidalis Tul. x x (Catingueira) Prosopis juliflora (sw.)DC. x x x x x x x x x x x x (Algaroba) Schinopsis brasiliensi Engl. x (Baraúna)
informant reported that the non-use of identified in the vegetation of Community firewood was because of her respiratory Rural of São Francisco. problems caused by allergic reaction to Aspidosperma pyrifolium and P. smoke produced by the burning of wood. pyramidalis, C. blanchetianus, which had Therefore, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) prominence in Cabaceiras Municipallity, was used. The other six residences were are typically found in abundance in other newly built and inhabited by young areas of the Semiarid Region (Lucena et al., couples, who used only LPG because of its 2008; Guerra et al., 2012). This prominence practicality. can be attributed to their particular We recorded the use of LPG in characteristics, such as resistance to long 100% of the inventoried residences. The dry periods, and adaptation in shallow and combined use of energy sources was stony soils, which means they are easily recorded in 54 residences; in 16 of them found (Maia, 2004). there was also the use of firewood, in 19 Aspidosperma pyrifolium and C. there was the use of charcoal too, and in the blanchetianus were found in significant other 19 residences we recorded the use of number in the vegetation fragment of charcoal and firewood together. Cabaceiras. Therefore, these species are not at risk and do not need immediate Discussion conservation, but should be used sustainably to prevent a future critical Vegetation inventory condition in vegetation, as has already The botanical and ethnobotanical happened locally with other species. These technique for collection may assist species have been mentioned as prominent considerably in the cataloging of natural in other ethnobotanical studies that present resources, and is effective in understanding phytosociological information (Carvalho et the dynamics of use and availability of local al., 2012; Leite et al., 2012). flora in many regions of the Caatinga On the other hand, we verified a (Albuquerque and Andrade, 2002ab; small number of A. colubrina and Florentino et al., 2007; Ramos et al., 2008; M. urundeuva, with eight and 10 Guerra et al., 2012; Leite et al., 2012; individuals, respectively, in the forest Lucena et al., 2014). fragment studied. Such data deserve special Lucena et al. (2013), in an attention, because this reality is evident in ethnobotanical study conducted in two rural other studies (Lucena et al., 2011; Silva et communities, using the inventory in situ al., 2014), which mention some species at method in the forest fragment of Barrocas risk, such as M. urundeuva that has already and Cachoeira (Northeast Brazil), observed been added to the list of endangered species the same prominent families and species we of the Environment Ministry, according to
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Normative Instruction No. 06, of Sept. 23, the Caatinga, has been extensive and, 2008. therefore, concerning due to the major impacts on the native species of this Inventory in situ ecosystem (Braid, 1996; Silva et al., 2014). The inventory in situ method Thus, it is important to notice that about records the plant resources found in the 80% of the wood is consumed for energy residence at the time of the visit, providing propose, making this sector the largest information about the real and current use extractive pressure generator in northeast of the plants. One advantage of using this Brazil (Brito, 1997; Sampaio and method is not depending on interviews for Guamarra-Rojas, 2002). studies that focus on timber uses. Some Many studies have pointed out the studies have already been carried out importance of using firewood to meet the employing this technique, such as those energy needs in rural populations conducted by de Gaugris et al. (2006), (Albuquerque and Andrade, 2002; Albuquerque et al. (2008), Lucena et al. Rodrigues et al., 2002; Ferraz, 2004; (2013), Medeiros (2010), and Ramos et al. Fonseca-Kruel and Peixoto, 2004). (2012). The use of timber resources as fuel However, information is almost always is a common practice in many rural limited to broad ethnobotanical inventories communities, among the most diverse that are restricted to lists of species used in populations, and is evidenced in several this category. Studies regarding the studies conducted mainly in the Caatinga consumption of firewood can produce ecosystem (Cocks and Wiersum, 2003; inaccurate results, since these studies Pérez-Negron and Casas 2007; Ventura- analyze the dynamics of use without Aquino et al., 2008; Lucena et al., 2013; considering the different species, from the Medeiros, 2010; Ramos et al., 2012) most durable and regular (Ramos et al., The wood used for firewood and 2012). However, it is important to add that charcoal should be considered one of the interviews are more technical, with respect most important fuels, since according to the to knowledge, such as that related to the estimates of FAO (1985) and Brito and preferred species or the most sought after in Cintra (2004), at least two of every six a short period of time. Based on this people use the wood as the main source of assumption, the inventory in situ conducted energy. This information was consistent in the community of São Francisco, for 12 with the survey conducted in Cabaceiras months, made it possible to obtain a list of Municipality, where 88.5% of the people species actually used as firewood in the from the community made use of wood for region (15 spp) - 13 native species and two this purpose in their homes. exotic species. The data we recorded in Cabaceiras The diversity of species in firewood Municipality were similar to those that stocks in the inhabitants’ residences of São Ramos et al. (2012) recorded for algaroba Francisco did not change over the year (P. juliflora), aroeira (M. urundeuva), (2011) when the inventory was carried out. catingueira (P. pyramidalis), marmeleiro This may be explained by the fact that 2011 (C. blanchetianus), pereiro (A. pyrifolium), was an atypical year, with high and jurema preta (M. tenuiflora) in the temperatures and low rainfall, which Communities of Barrocas and Cachoeira, according to AESA (Executive Agency for Municipality of Soledade, in Paraíba, Water Management of Paraíba State) was Northeast Brazil. This can be explained by an average rainfall of 27.5 mm³. the similar climatic and vegetation In contrast to Ramos et al. (2012) in characteristics of the communities, since their survey conducted in Soledade they are next to each other. Municipality, our study was not conducted during the rainy season, preventing Firewood use comparisons between opposite climatic Timber extraction, ranked as the periods. However, both studies recorded in largest generator of goods and services in firewood stocks a particular species wealth,
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in all reviews, for P. juliflora, (Campbeel, 1988; Grundy et al., 1993). The C. blanchetianus, M. tenuiflora, preference for firewood can be explained by M. urundeuva, and P. pyramidalis. its fuel value index (FVI), which is Several factors may influence the considered an important tool to classify choice of species used as firewood, as well species according to the physical properties as the renewal of their stocks, such as the of their wood, such as M. tenuiflora, influence of seasonal factors, which, as C. blanchetianus, and P. pyramidalis, regards the region and the population recorded in all reviews of the firewood concerned, can generate different responses, stocks in the Community Rural of São as stated by Ramos (2007). Francisco. These species had prominence in According to Shankar et al. (1998), the study conducted by Ramos (2008), in in India during the rainy season, the use of which M. tenuiflora had high density value, firewood increased due to the increase in C. blanchetianus had one of the lowest consumption of hot drinks. In contrast, moisture, and higher FVI, and Campbell et al. (1997) reported that in P. pyramidalis had one of the highest FVI. Zimbabwe residents were relatively free P. juliflora was also prominent in the study from agricultural work during the dry conducted by Ramos (2007), although it is season, so forest products were the focus. an exotic species of the Caatinga, However, in a study conducted by Ramos et occupying sixth place in terms of FVI, and al. (2008) in Caruaru Municipality characterizing it as one of the best (Northeast Brazil), most of the informants phytofuels from a scientific point of view. stated that firewood was preferably Another relevant factor for the harvested in the summer (95%), and the continued use of firewood for cooking main reason for this seasonal standard was concerns traditional and economic issues, as the ease entering and moving in the forest most of the residents from the community during the dry season. Similar information are farmers and retirees, who have adopted was recorded in the Community Rural of the use of firewood from their ancestors, as São Francisco. well as the accessibility and the local Regarding the consumption availability of resources, which was also standards, dry wood was the most used, observed by Samant et al. (2000) in the because according to the informants it emits Himalayan region. The contribution of less smoke when burnt and its properties cultural elements for the continuity of the facilitate combustion. According to the tradition of using firewood has been shown literature, this preference seems to be in some studies that evidence a preference prevalent in studies on this topic (Campbell for foods cooked in wood stoves, such as et al., 1997; Nagothu, 2001; Tabuti and sweets, beans, and meats (Cocks and Dhilliona, 2003; Medeiros, 2010). Wiersum, 2003; Ventura-Aquino et al., With regard to the frequency of 2008). firewood collection, differences were For live wood extraction, the use of observed over a few months; some P. juliflora, although it is an exotic species informants reported that the firewood that grows rapidly in time and space, collected in a previous month was sufficient according to Pegado et al. (2006), can be an to meet the needs for cooking. This alternative to minimize the extraction of confirms Medeiros (2010) observation that native species, in view of the fact it is found while some people prefer to collect small in large quantities in the community amounts of firewood and increase the studied. However, from an ecological point frequency of collection, others collect large of view of biological invasion, P. juliflora, amounts of wood for storage, thus, due to its allelopathic substances, can be a decreasing the frequency of collection. problem for vegetation formations in the The use of firewood in the home is Caatinga, which are in constant succession closely related to groups of species that are stage due to anthropogenic activities and, preferred by people who collect them therefore, vulnerable.
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Charcoal use extraction of native species, minimizing the Charcoal and firewood are vital impact caused by the constant use of phytofuels to support the cooking processes phytofuels. Besides its essential use, due to in rural families from many communities the supervision, P. juliflora also has a high around the world, as well as, importantly, to fuel value index (FVI), according to Ramos support drying and fermentation processes, (2007). Another factor that can influence and the production of electricity (FAO, this continuous use is its accessibility and 1985, 2003; Biran et al., 2004; Brouwer and availability in the community, as noted by Falcão, 2004). This importance was verified Samant et al. (2000) in the Himalayas. in the Rural Community of São Francisco, However, some informants, over given that 62.28% of the community make the last months of our study, admitted that use of this resource for cooking. The data in charcoal production, in some cases, there are relevant compared with those reported is use of other woods, especially of M. by Ramos (2007) in Caruaru Municipality, urundeuva due to the burning properties of Pernambuco State, in which only about the final product. This species was in the 37% of the families depended on charcoal list of endangered species according to the for cooking, using it at times in conjunction Normative Instruction No. 06 of September with other fuels. Another difference 23, 2008 (Lucena et al., 2011). Some between Ramos’ study and ours is that the ethnobotanical studies have been conducted charcoal consumed in Caruaru is from the focusing on this species, which is well State of Paraíba, thus apparently not known for its many properties that meet the impacting the local vegetation; in our study subsistence needs of rural populations in the charcoal used comes from the local semiarid region (Albuquerque and Andrade, vegetation, produced by some of the 2002a,b; Albuquerque and Lucena, 2005; residents for their own consumption, and Monteiro et al., 2006a; Albuquerque and produced and sold by one resident. Oliveira, 2007; Lucena et al., 2007; In the in situ record appeared four Oliveira et al., 2007; Lucena et al., 2008; species for the production of charcoal, but Monteiro et al., 2008; Ramos et al., only P. juliflora and P. pyramidalis 2008a,b; Lucena et al., 2013). The use of remained in use for this purpose over the M. urundeuva as fuel is also recorded both months. The first was present in the stocks in charcoal production and as firewood during the 12 months, while the second was (Ramos et al., 2008a,b; Sá et al., 2009; found in only four months. In informal Lucena et al., 2013). conversations with the residents, they stated In the study area, these uses may that the charcoal consumed was made from differ in current use, when the informant P. juliflora; because it is an exotic species, confirms the use, and potential use when its use can be explained by the legislation the informant knows the use, but does not that forbids the cutting of native wood from employ it, as in the studies conducted by Caatinga, and the regular visits of IBAMA Sousa et al. (2012), Sá et al. (2009), and (Brazilian Institute for the Environment) to Lucena et al. (2013). This may be indicative the community, since it is near a release of the need for more studies focused on the region of captured wild animals, which fuel category, in particular for contribute to the non-use of native species. M. urundeuva. Regarding the renewal of the Medeiros (2010) in a study community’s charcoal stocks, and conducted in the Community of Três corroborating Sanga (2004), who notes the Ladeiras in Iguarassu in the Pernambuco durability of this product which does not State, observed changes in the behavior of spoil when stored for a long period, the some residents due to the prohibition of the residents of Community Rural of São regular use of native wood. We can note Francisco reported storage and use of that in the Rural Community of São charcoal during long periods, precisely Francisco, the fact that P. juliflora meets because of combined use with other the energy needs of the community sources, which, according to Ramos (2007), suggests that it is an option to reduce the forms a relay system of energy sources in
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the residences. This renewal of stocks when also pointed out that the sources of energy we analyzed its frequency in residences most used for cooking were wood and fossil showed an oscillation of 70.49% in July fuels. 2011, to 14.55% in October. Conclusions Use of liquefied petroleum gas combined with phytofuels This study evidenced the effective In many parts of the world the use of timber resources for energy purposes association of phytofuels with non-forest in the Rural Community of São Francisco, energy sources is common (Bensel and Municipality of Cabaceiras. Although we Remedio, 1995; Brouwer and Falcão, recorded the use of LPG in tall inventoried 2004). Decisive criteria regarding the use of residences, the use of firewood and energy source are related to issues such as charcoal for cooking was not affected, culture, family economy, and availability of given that the use of these phytofuels was the sources. This fact was recorded in the recorded in 88.5% of the inventoried present study, showing that the use of LPG residences. The most recorded species in is very widespread in the community. In firewood stocks were C. blanchetianus, some regions of India, the use of LPG has A. pyrifolium, M. tenuiflora, P. pyramidalis, been recorded, but this fact does not M. urundeuva, and P. juliflora, with the diminish the importance of forest fuels in latter three species also used in the these regions (Misra et al., 1995). production of charcoal. P. juliflora appears The use of LPG is common in a as an option to minimize the pressure due to large part of Latin America, especially in the constant collection of native wood, Brazil, where almost all families have which is really important for the access to gas, even in remote areas community that uses it. (WLPGA, 2004). In the community of São The use of M. urundeuva was Francisco in 100% of residences LPG was important given that it is an endangered used, in some cases combined with species; the data collected may be an firewood and/or charcoal which correspond indication of possible conservation to 88.5%. Moraes et al. (2008) in a study activities as only 10 individuals were conducted in the semiarid region of Piauí recorded in the forest fragment studied. The (northeast Brazil) found equivalent results, inventory in situ was an important tool for noting that there were gas cylinders in 80% obtaining information about the real use of of the residences. However, the gas was the resources in the residences, which intended only to prepare foods that cook complements ethnobotanical studies that faster, while for foods which take longer record the knowledge and preferences of time, such as bean, the residents used traditional populations for phytofuels. firewood. This combined use is considered by Conflict of interest statement the informants as a way to reduce household expenses. Similar practices were Authors declare that they have no observed in other studies (Medeiros, 2010; conflict of interests. Ramos et al. 2012). The presence of a gas stove in the home was also recorded in References studies conducted in Mexico (Cocks and Wiersum, 2003; Pérez-Négron and Villas, Albuquerque, F. J. B.; Lobo, R. J. S. Análise das 2007; Ventura-Aquino et al., 2008), but this repercussões psicossociais decorrentes da did not replace or diminish the importance concessão de benefícios rurais. Psicologia: of firewood and charcoal. The pattern of Reflexão e Crítica, v. 12, p. 503-519, 1999. simultaneous use of firewood and cooking Albuquerque, U. P. Folhas Sagradas: as plantas gas, as in this study, was noted by Ramos et litúrgicas e medicinais nos cultos al. (2008) in studies conducted in the afrobrasileiros. 1. ed. Recife, Editora UFPE, Semiarid Northeast. In Maputo et al. (2004) 1997.
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