DOCSLIB.ORG

Chemotherapeutic Agents for Internal Parasites

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chemotherapeutic Agents for Internal Parasites 80 Yearbook of Agriculture 1956 tion of the magnitude of preventable search Service, He was trained as a para- loss from parasites is the chief stimulus sitologist in the Johns Hopkins University to an awakened interest. School oj Hygiene and Public Health. He received the degree of doctor oj science from AuREL O. FOSTER is head of the Para- that institution in igjj- He taught in Balti- site Treatment Section^ Animal Disease aiid more and conducted research in Panama be- Parasite Research Branchy Agricultural Re- fore entering the Department in ig^g. Chemotherapeutic Agents for Internal Parasites AUREL O. FOSTER CHEMICALS are our oldest weapons significant as new drugs. Today, in for combating the parasitic infections. consequence of a better understanding They arc also the most practicable and of the nature and gravity of para- powerful weapons in modern use. sitism, the strictly curative use of anti- The Ebers Papyrus—the oldest parasitic chemicals is becoming rare. medical document, dating from about Emphasis is on prevention rather than 1550 B. C.—mentions the use of cure, and the concept of parasite pomegranate against intestinal worms. control embraces all feasible steps that Pomegranate is listed for the same minimize economic losses from para- purpose in a late edition of the United sites. States Dispensatory, an official docu- A corollary viewpoint is that anti- ment, which gives ''original informa- parasitic chemicals may attack any tion about new drugs and current vulnerable stage of a parasite and are data about drugs already in use." best and most efficiently employed as Both volumes also mention castor oil adjuncts to other control measures as a purgative. rather than as substitutes for them: Pomegranate is listed because of However necessary and useful these longevity, not because of newness or agents are for treating heavily infested because of uses that we can recom- animals, they are used most profitably mend. Castor oil is still without a peer in proved programs of systematic, in its line. preventive medication. We see this at But specific treatments ordinarily its highest development in the exten- arc products of the times and for the sive use of free-choice and low-level times. None of the treatments current- systeiTis of medication to control ly in wide use against internal para- the gastrointestinal parasites of cattle, sites was known two decades ago. sheep, and horses, and in programs of There is the probability and the hope, continuous and intermittent medica- therefore, that we shall have many tion for controlling coccidiosis and new and better ones a decade or two blackhead of chickens and turkeys. hence. Chemotherapeutic agents, or chemi- Methods of using drugs against para- cals used in treatment or control of sites also change. The effects of new parasitic infestations and infectious approaches and viewpoints are fully as diseases, ordinarily come into use only Chemotherapeutic Agents for Internal Parasites 81 after critical evaluation from stand- ship of particle size to therapeutic points of safety and efficiency. Never- efficiency of the chemical and to low- theless, the most widely used drugs are level and free-choice use of it; those about which we are constantly The versatility and mode of action learning most. Phenothiazine, for ex- of programs of systematic, preventive ample, has been in wide and increas- medication; ing use throughout the w^orld for The applicability of these programs more than 15 years, yet the scientific to parasite control in dairy cattle and literature now contains more accounts goats; of research and experience with it The economic benefits of periodic than with all other anthelmintics medication and of low-level and free- combined. In the last analysis, then, choice methods of administration for treatments, like the language, are the control of subclinical parasitism; made by use. The significance of catalytic iodine in commercial products; PHENOTHIAZINE is a synthetic organic The net longtime efifects of low-level compound prepared by the union of and free-choice medication; and diphenylamine and sulfur in the pres- The evolution and occurrence of ence of iodine as a catalyst. It has well phenothiazine-resistant strains of para- established applications in horses, cat- sites. tle, sheep, goats, swine, and poultry. New problems arise, but sound usage Against many of the damaging gastro- of the chemical depends largely on intestinal roundworms, it is the most solving the old problems. effective treatment—and for some spe- Of the remarkable anthelmintics that cies the only known treatment. have been developed—carbon tetra- Phenothiazine evolved in three pe- chloride in 1921, tetrachloroethylene riods: The discovery of its application in 1925, and hexachloroethane, sodium as a standard anthelmintic (1938- fluoride, lead arsenate, toluene, and 1940); standardization and develop- many others in later years—phenothia- ment of methods of using the drug to zine must be ranked as outstanding. achieve efifective control of parasites It combines a unique range of applica- (1941-1948); and its greatly increased tion, a high degree of efficiency, an use (from 1948 on) in cattle, particu- unusual margin of safety, an ease and larly free-choice and low-level systems versatility of administration, and a of preventive medication of beef ani- variation and range of antiparasitic mals and dairy calves. The third stage actions not found in any other anthel- marks an awakening to the importance mintic. of parasitism in cattle and a recogni- But phenothiazine has some disad- tion of the benefit that may be derived vantages. It is comparatively expen- from controlling subclinical parasitism sive. Therapeutic doses are very bulky. in cattle and other livestock. A few animals, especially horses and Despite the extensive use and study swine, are rather susceptible to in- of phenothiazine and despite the well- toxication by it. Treated animals elim- marked stages in its evolution, many inate breakdown products as a red problems remain unsolved. They have dye, in the urine and feces, which is grown in importance. Among them sometimes alarming, although harm- are: less. The dye temporarily stains the The mechanism of action of pheno- wool of treated sheep, which are ani- thiazine against parasites; mals in which the drug has great over- Subjective factors that influence its all usefulness. The dye also discolors therapeutic efficiency, such as diet and the milk of dairy animals. Finally, the condition of animals requiring treat- drug is deficient in desired efficacy ment; against some important parasites, such Physical factors, such as the relation- as the trichostrongylcs of sheep and 300304"--56 7 82 Yearbook of Agriculture 1956 several gastrointestinal ncmatodes of Because of disadvantages of the cattle. These considerations make it treatment, researchers have looked to clear that there is a place for an even other chemicals, including cadmium better drug. salts and piperazine derivatives, as possible substitutes. SODIUM FLUORIDE is a very efficient chemotherapeutic agent for removing CADMIUM SALTS, the oxide and the large roundworms from swine. As de- anthranilate, showed promise of su- veloped in 1945 and later, the admin- perseding sodium fluoride as treat- istration of the chemical (technical ments to remove large roundworms grade, tinted) in dry, ground feed at from swine. Cadmium oxide was first a concentration of i percent for i day marketed in 1953. Cadmium anthrani- is a safe treatment for growing pigs. late was marketed in 1954. Both salts The treatment removes immature are administered in feed for 3 con- and mature parasites and is more ef- secutive days, the former at a con- fective than ascaricides that formerly centration of 0.015 percent and the were available. Because the round- latter at 0.044 percent. worms take about 10 weeks to mature These compounds are as effective in pigs, effective chemotherapeutic and simple as the sodium fluoride attack on it requires strategic dosing treatment; and they are also safer and at intervals just short of 10 weeks. more palatable, although they pre- For systematic control, therefore, pigs sent the similar problem of poten- should be treated when they are about tial residues in tissues. Our limited .8 weeks old, or at weaning time, and data, however, suggest that the residues again at about 16 weeks. are not dangerous to consumers. Never- The treatment is not safe unless theless, it is recommended that treated properly administered—sodium fluo- animals not be slaughtered within 30 ride is poisonous. Some pigs have been days. Retreatment is not recommended killed by incorrect dosage and by add- for hogs intended for food for people. ing the chemical to slops, garbage, Cadmium treatments are more ex- milk, water, and wet feed. Properly pensive than the sodium fluoride treat- administered, the treatment has nat- ment, but, despite their excellence and ural safeguards. Its taste is unpleasant, popularity, seem destined to be sur- and it irritates the stomach—factors passed by chemicals, such as the piper- that prevent excess consumption of azines, which have become prominent medicated feed and cause reflex vom- in the experimental field. iting if too much is taken in. Sodium fluoride has other disad- PIPERAZINE COMPOUNDS were first in- vantages. It presents the hazard of vestigated for antiparasitic action by a poisoning not only to pigs but to users, commercial company in the United children, and pets. Transient diarrhea States. A useful
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Investigation of Antidiarrheal and Hypoglycemic Activities of Clerodendrum Viscosum Root Extract in Mice
    Investigation of antidiarrheal and hypoglycemic activities of Clerodendrum viscosum root extract in mice A project submitted by Sadia Masood Saara ID: 13146056 Session: Spring 2013 to The department of pharmacy in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons.) Dhaka, Bangladesh July, 2017 This work is dedicated to my parents and brother for their love and support Certification Statement This is to certify that this project titled ‘Investigation of antidiarrheal and hypoglycemic activities of Clerodendrum viscosum vent. root extract in mice’ submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Pharmacy (Hons.) from the Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University, constitutes my own work under the supervision of Dr. Hasina Yasmin, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, BRAC University and this project is the result of the author’s original research and has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, the project contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the project paper itself. Signed, __________________________________ Countersigned by the supervisor ____________________________________ Page | i Acknowledgement I would like to thank Dr. Hasina Yasmin madam, Associate Professor of Pharmacy Department, BRAC University for giving me direction and persistent support since the first day of this project work. As a person, she has motivated me with her insight on phytochemistry, which made me more enthusiastic about the project work when it started. In addition, I would like to express my gratitude toward her for her unwavering tolerance at all the stages of work.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascaris Lumbricoides"
    Effect of levamisol on tissues of "Ascaris lumbricoides" Autor(en): El Boulaqi, H.A. / Dar, F.K. / Hamdy, E.I. Objekttyp: Article Zeitschrift: Acta Tropica Band (Jahr): 36 (1979) Heft 1 PDF erstellt am: 29.09.2021 Persistenter Link: http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-312510 Nutzungsbedingungen Die ETH-Bibliothek ist Anbieterin der digitalisierten Zeitschriften. Sie besitzt keine Urheberrechte an den Inhalten der Zeitschriften. Die Rechte liegen in der Regel bei den Herausgebern. Die auf der Plattform e-periodica veröffentlichten Dokumente stehen für nicht-kommerzielle Zwecke in Lehre und Forschung sowie für die private Nutzung frei zur Verfügung. Einzelne Dateien oder Ausdrucke aus diesem Angebot können zusammen mit diesen Nutzungsbedingungen und den korrekten Herkunftsbezeichnungen weitergegeben werden. Das Veröffentlichen von Bildern in Print- und Online-Publikationen ist nur mit vorheriger Genehmigung der Rechteinhaber erlaubt. Die systematische Speicherung von Teilen des elektronischen Angebots auf anderen Servern bedarf ebenfalls des schriftlichen Einverständnisses der Rechteinhaber. Haftungsausschluss Alle Angaben erfolgen ohne Gewähr für Vollständigkeit oder Richtigkeit. Es wird keine Haftung übernommen für Schäden durch die Verwendung von Informationen aus diesem Online-Angebot oder durch das Fehlen von Informationen. Dies gilt auch für Inhalte Dritter, die über dieses Angebot zugänglich sind. Ein Dienst der ETH-Bibliothek ETH Zürich, Rämistrasse 101, 8092 Zürich, Schweiz, www.library.ethz.ch http://www.e-periodica.ch Acta Tropica 36. 85-90 (1979) 1 Faculty of Medicine. University of Garyounis. Benghazi. Libya 2 Department of Parasitology. Faculty of Medicine. Cairo University Effect of levamisol on tissues of Ascaris lumbrieoides H. A. El Boulaqi1, F. K. Dar1, E. I. Hamdy2, E. G.
    [Show full text]
  • ANTIPARASITAIRES Mécanismes D’Action
    ANTIPARASITAIRES Mécanismes d’action Pr Ag Anis KLOUZ Service de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre National de Pharmacovigilance & Faculté de Médecine de Tunis DDÉÉFINITIONSFINITIONS Antiparasitaires : substances d’origine naturelle ou de synthèse capables de détruire différents organismes ayant un développement parasite Regroupe des médicaments et des pesticides : insecticides, anthelminthiques, antifongiques, protozoocides Critères d’efficacité 1- Agir sur le parasite 2- Atteindre des localisations parfois profondes 3- Etre actif sur différents stades Critères de sélectivité 1- Mécanisme d’action spécifique 2- Pharmacocinétique particulière Facteurs liés à l’hôte • Anatomie, physiologie –mammifères – oiseaux (reptiles …) • Diversité des espèces atteintes – animaux de compagnie – animaux de production • Diversité de localisation • Impératifs économiques • Protection de l’environnement • Absence de toxicité Facteurs liés aux parasites • Anatomie, physiologie • Diversité des espèces pathogènes – Insectes, acariens – Nématodes, trématodes, cestodes • Diversité de localisation – Ex des gales: invasion variable de l’épiderme – Ex des nématodes: digestifs, respiratoires, sanguins … • Diversité des stades d’évolution – œufs, larves, adultes – contamination de l’hôte et de l’environnement • Difficulté des études in vitro Anatomie Organe de prédation, fixation TD, organe de reproduction Cuticule CT Helminthe Structure de la cuticule Perméabilité de la cuticule • Perméabilité : – Aux composés lipophiles (diffusion des acides gras volatils à travers
    [Show full text]
  • Avermectins, New Family of Potent Anthelmintic Agents: Efficacy of the Bla Component Downloaded from J
    ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS AND CHEMOTHERAPY, Mar. 1979, p. 372-378 Vol. 15, No. 3 0066-4804/79/03-0372/07$02.00/0 Avermectins, New Family of Potent Anthelmintic Agents: Efficacy of the Bla Component Downloaded from J. R. EGERTON,* D. A. OSTLIND, L. S. BLAIR, C. H. EARY, D. SUHAYDA, S. CIFELLI, R. F. RIEK, AND W. C. CAMPBELL Merck Institute for Therapeutic Research, Rahway, New Jersey 07065 Received for publication 15 November 1978 When given to sheep as a single oral dose at 0.1 mg/kg, the Bia component of http://aac.asm.org/ the avermectins caused a reduction of >95% in the numbers of Haemonchus contortus, Ostertagia circumcincta (including inhibited L4 larvae), Tricho- strongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, and Oe- sophagostomum columbianum. When given to cattle as a single oral dose at 0.1 mg/kg, avermectin B1a was >95% effective in reducing the numbers of Haemon- chus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi (including inhibited L4 larvae), T. axei, T. colubriformis, C. oncophora, Cooperia punctata, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Dictyocaulus viviparus. Avermectin B1, was similarly effective, with the exception of a detectable loss in activity against adult C. oncophora, when on January 14, 2016 by Washington University in St. Louis administered to cattle as a parenteral injection. Some of these ruminant parasites were fully susceptible to dosages of avermectin Bia at 0.025 mg/kg, e.g., D. viviparus, 0. radiatum, 0. ostertagi, and H. contortus. Avermectin B18 removed 83 to 100% of Ancylostoma caninum from dogs given a single oral dose of 0.003 to 0.005 mg/kg.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacological and Clinical Evaluation Of
    PHARMACOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL EVALUATION OF THE ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ALBIZIA ANTHELMINTICA BROGN, MAERUA EDULIS DE WOLF AND MAERUA SUBCORD AT A DE WOLF PLANT EXTRACTS IN SHEEP AND MICE If DANIEL WAWERU GAKUYA, BVM, MSc. UNIVERSITY 5 F n\ ir#w gABEIL U1RAJLX A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of Doctor of Philosophy Degree in Veterinary Clinical Studies Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Nairobi 2001 DECLARATION This thesis is my original work and has not been presented for a degree in any other University. Signed T** NniAUJM- Date 4 ^ 2 ^ .1s>ol. DANIEL WAWERU GAKUYA, BVM, MSc I his thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as University supervisors. _________ Date c 3 - C f l2* PROF. P.M.F. MBITH1, BVM, MSc., MVSc., PhD \ _______ Date L z t S ^ ■ i - e o l . PROF. T.E. MAITHO, BVM. MSc., PhD — U J t$ A A /V ) <o>*_________ Date__ PROF. N.K.R MUSIMBA, BSc., MSc., PhD Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi, KENYA. li DEDICATION TO MV LOVlNQ PARENTS, THE LATE JAMES QAKUVA AND MUM MARVtfANJIKU ill TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DECLARATION........................................................................................................ii DEDICATION...........................................................................................................iii TABLE OF CONTENTS?^.. C ..................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Parasitology/Helminths
    Parasitology/Helminths 1.Nematodes Helminths • all helminths are relatively large (> 1 mm long); • some are very large (> 1 m long). • all have well-developed organ systems and most are active feeders. • the body is either flattened and covered with plasma membrane (flatworms) • or cylindrical and covered with cuticle (roundworms). • some helminths are hermaphrodites; • others have separate sexes. Helminths • Helminths are worldwide in distribution; infection is most common and most serious in poor countries. • The distribution of these diseases is determined by climate, hygiene, diet, and exposure to vectors. • The mode of transmission varies with the type of worm; – ingestion of eggs or larvae, – penetration by larvae, – bite of vectors, – ingestion of stages in the meat of intermediate hosts. Worms are often long-lived. Helminths • Helminth is a general term for a parasitic worm. • The helminths include – the Platyhelminthes or flatworms (flukes and tapeworms) – the Nematoda or roundworms Nemathodes (roundworms) • nematodes are cylindrical rather than flattened • the body wall is composed of – an outer cuticle that has a noncellular, chemically complex structure, – a thin hypodermis, – musculature. • The cuticle in some species has longitudinal ridges called alae. • The bursa, a flaplike extension of the cuticle on the posterior end of some species of male nematodes, is used to grasp the female during copulation. Nematodes • Ascaris lumbricoides • Dracunculus medinensis • Enterobius vermicularis • Wuchereria bacrofti • Ancylostoma duodenale • Toxocara spp. • Loa loa • Strongyloides stercoralis • Trichinella spiralis • Trichuris trichiura • Nematodes are usually bisexual. • Males are usually smaller than females, • a curved posterior end, and possess (in some species) copulatory structures, such as spicules (usually two), a bursa, or both.
    [Show full text]
  • JOÏ]Rmofa(L(Limresearca
    JOÏ]RmOFA(l(limRESEARCa VOL. XII WASHINGTON, D. C, FEBRUARY I8, 1918 No. 7 EFFICACY OF SOME ANTHEI^MINTICS By MAURICE C. KAU,,1 formerly Assistant Zoologist, and WINTHROP D. FOSTER, Junior Zoologist, Zoological Division, Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture INTRODUCTION Although the use of anthelmintic treatment is an old practice in human and veterinary medicine, the efficacy of the various substances employed as anthelmintics is not well known. What information is available is based largely on clinical observations, efficacy being judged to a large extent on a consideration of the improvement or lack of improvement in the patient's health after treatment. In other instances the efficacy of the treatment has been checked by fecal examinations for worms passed and for eggs persisting in the feces; but, while this method gives real and valuable information, it is somewhat inexact. The methods employed for examining feces for worms passed are often rather casual; and nega- tive findings in examining feces for eggs, especially when a small number of preparations are examined for only a few days after treatment, are not always conclusive. A more satisfactory method of investigating anthelmintic efficacy is to administer treatment to animals, to collect all feces passed for a number of days, to recover from them all worms present, and then to kill the animals and collect all worms remaining. In this way it is possible to arrive at a fair idea of the anthelmintic effect to be expected from a drug, the correctness of the conclusions depending, of course, on the number of experimental animals used and their degree of infestation.
    [Show full text]
  • Intestinal Geohelminth Nematodes Infections in Langas
    INTESTINAL GEOHELMINTH NEMATODES INFECTIONS IN LANGAS PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN ELDORET MUNICIPALITY, KENYA BY LUVISIA MARK MURANDA SC/PGZ/07/2003 A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE SCHOOL OF SCIENCE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF A DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ZOOLOGY (PARASITOLOGY) OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ELDORET. AUGUST , 2013 i DECLARATION DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE This thesis is my original work and has never been presented for a degree in any other University. No part of this thesis may be reproduced without the prior written permission of the author and/or University of Eldoret. Luvisia Mark Muranda………………………………. Date………………………… DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISOR This thesis has been submitted for examination with my approval as University supervisor. Dr.Moses M.Ngeiywa………………………………..Date……… ……………………… University of Eldoret, Eldoret, Kenya ii ABSTRACT The prevalence and intensity of intestinal geohelminth nematodes was assessed among school children in Langas Primary School in Eldoret Municipality. The main objective of the study was to determine the relationships between the prevalence and intensities of soil transmitted intestinal geohelminthiases with sanitary resources and conditions, personal hygiene and behavioral habits, and socio- economic status of households.This was a cross-sectional study on randomly selected 285 primary school children. A semi- structured questionnaire was used for the collection of qualitative data. The formal ether concentration technique was used for concentrating helminthes eggs in stool samples and Stoll‟s technique for approximating the number of eggs per gram of faeces. Chi-square was used to test for differences in proportions, while kruskal-wallis test was used to compare mean rank intensities between groups.
    [Show full text]
  • Ascaris and Growth Rates: a Randomized Trial of Treatment
    Ascaris and Growth Rates: A Randomized Trial of Treatment WALTER C. WILLETT, MD, MPH, W. L. KILAMA, PHD, AND C. M. KIHAMIA, MD, DPH Abstract: Three hundred forty-one Tanzanian pre- placebo-treated controls (p = .06). In 78 children school children were randomly assigned to levamisole known to be infected with Ascaris at baseline, the rate or placebo treatment given at three-month intervals. of weight gain was 21 per cent greater in children Weights and heights were measured at the tri-monthly treated with levamisole than in those receiving placebo treatment visits for a period of one year. Among the (p = .03). The rate of height gain was no different for 273 children who were seen and weighed at the one- treatment and placebo groups. (Am J Public Health year follow-up visit, the rate of weight gain was 8 per 69:987-991, 1979.) cent greater for those receiving levamisole than for Although ascariasis is very common, affecting perhaps there were approximately 600 preschool children, mothers one-fourth of humanity,' the importance of its effect on the were encouraged to bring their preschool children to the clin- nutritional state of the host remains unclear.2 Ascariasis has ic along with a stool specimen. The entire study was re- been reported to be associated with anthropometric3 4 and viewed and conducted ih conformance with Tanzanian biochemical5 indicators of malnutrition in endemic areas, but guidelines for the protection of human subjects (see Appen- other studies have failed to confirm these associations.6' 7 dix). Studies of infected children on metabolic wards have demon- Three-hundred sixty-seven children enrolled in the two strated a malabsorption state, reversible with treatment, for initial clinic visits in April and July 1976.
    [Show full text]
  • ATTEMPTS to SYNTHESISE KAINIC ACID Thesis Submitted to The
    ATTEMPTS TO SYNTHESISE KAINIC ACID Thesis submitted to the University of Stirling for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Calum H. Strachan Department of Chemistry University of Stirling September 1982 To Emma "lateral knowledge is like the archer discovering that although he has hit the bull's-eye and won the prize, his head is on a pillow and the sun is coming in the window" R. M. Pirsig (Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank Dr. J. S. Roberts and Dr. A. E. A. Porter for their supervision and encouragement throughout this work. I also thank Ted for his unshakable faith that the work would eventually 'click' - even if he was wrong. Thanks to Dr. F. G. Riddell for advice on nmr spectra and his invaluable coaching services to the 'Pot Residues'. Thanks to Don Dance for his speedy mass spec. service, to Gerry Castle, bastion of the chemical stores (yes, I have spelt that correctly! ), and to Campbell for keeping me on the road. I am grateful to Tom Moodie, Joe Rechka, and John Cuffe for their friendship throughout my stay at Stirling, and to Bob Cain for reminding me of the precedent. I thank Pfizer for the Case Award given for this work and finally a special thanks to Joan Weber who typed this thesis. Not only was her work speedy and extremely accurate in the face of ridiculous hand- writing, but she even corrected many of my mistakes in the process. ABSTRACT Attempts were made to synthesise a conformationally restricted analogue of kainic acid wherein the double bond was confined in a ring-system.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Assessment Report
    European Chemicals Bureau Institute for Health and Consumer Protection European Union Risk Assessment Report European Chemicals Bureau CAS No: 110-85-0 EINECS No: 203-808-3 Existing Substances piperazine European Union Risk Assessment Report Report Assessment Risk Union H p i p N erazine N H CAS: EC: 203-808-3 110-85-0 rd 3 Priority List EUROPEAN COMMISSION JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE Volume: 56 PL-3 EUR 21642 EN 56 European Union Risk Assessment Report PIPERAZINE CAS No: 110-85-0 EINECS No: 203-808-3 RISK ASSESSMENT 1 LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of the following information A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa Server (http://europa.eu.int). Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2005 © European Communities, 2005 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. Printed in Italy 2 PIPERAZINE CAS No: 110-85-0 EINECS No: 203-808-3 RISK ASSESSMENT Final Report, 2005 Sweden The rapporteur for the risk assessment on piperazine is the National Chemicals Inspectorate, Sweden National Chemicals Inspectorate Box 2 S-172 13 SUNDBYBERG SWEDEN e-mail: [email protected] Tel: 0046 8 519 41 100 Fax: 0046 8 735 76 75475 3 Date of Last Literature Search: 2003 Review of report by MS Technical Experts finalised: 2004 Final report: 2005 4 Foreword We are pleased to present this Risk Assessment Report which is the result of in-depth work carried out by experts in one Member State, working in co-operation with their counterparts in the other Member States, the Commission Services, Industry and public interest groups.
    [Show full text]
  • HEXYLRESORCINOL AS an ANTHELMINTIC by P
    HEXYLRESORCINOL AS AN ANTHELMINTIC By P. A. MAPLESTONE, d.s.o., m.b., ch.u., d.t.m. and A. Iv. MUKERJI, m.b. (Cal.) (From the Hookworm Research Laboratory, School oj Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Calcutta) The history of the use of hexylresorcinol as an anthelmintic is only of about two and a half years duration, and, up to date, all that has been published on the subject is by Lamson and his co-workers in America. The study of this drug in the treatment of intestinal worm infections is part of an extensive systematic search for efficient and non-toxic anthelmin- tics that is being carried out in America. This is an extremely valuable investigation, and one which in the end we hope will furnish us with much improved remedies for the treatment of these conditions. Lamson, Ward and Brown (1930) in a pre- liminary paper first drew attention to the possi- bilities of hexylresorcinol as an anthelmintic, and this paper was followed by one written by Lamson, Caldwell, Brown and Ward (1931) giving details of treatment and its results. They found that doses of one gramme were the optimum for adults, and they gave the drug in hard gelatine capsules, to avoid its irritating action on the buccal mucous membrane. It was also soon discovered that food cither shortly Nov., 1932] HEXYLRESORCINOL : MAPLESTONE & MUKERJI 611 before or after the treatment lowered greatly moisture, so they now recommend using sugar- its In one of cases on efficiency. series treated coated pills. In our use of the drug this recent the above with a of lines, purgative magnesium finding is of no importance for the capsules two sulphate hours after the drug was given, were only filled as required and administered seven out of ten cases of ascariasis were com- immediately.
    [Show full text]