Graphical Microcode Simulator with a Reconfigurable Datapath
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Microcode Revision Guidance August 31, 2019 MCU Recommendations
microcode revision guidance August 31, 2019 MCU Recommendations Section 1 – Planned microcode updates • Provides details on Intel microcode updates currently planned or available and corresponding to Intel-SA-00233 published June 18, 2019. • Changes from prior revision(s) will be highlighted in yellow. Section 2 – No planned microcode updates • Products for which Intel does not plan to release microcode updates. This includes products previously identified as such. LEGEND: Production Status: • Planned – Intel is planning on releasing a MCU at a future date. • Beta – Intel has released this production signed MCU under NDA for all customers to validate. • Production – Intel has completed all validation and is authorizing customers to use this MCU in a production environment. -
On the Hardware Reduction of Z-Datapath of Vectoring CORDIC
On the Hardware Reduction of z-Datapath of Vectoring CORDIC R. Stapenhurst*, K. Maharatna**, J. Mathew*, J.L.Nunez-Yanez* and D. K. Pradhan* *University of Bristol, Bristol, UK **University of Southampton, Southampton, UK [email protected] Abstract— In this article we present a novel design of a hardware wordlength larger than 18-bits the hardware requirement of it optimal vectoring CORDIC processor. We present a mathematical becomes more than the classical CORDIC. theory to show that using bipolar binary notation it is possible to eliminate all the arithmetic computations required along the z- In this particular work we propose a formulation to eliminate datapath. Using this technique it is possible to achieve three and 1.5 all the arithmetic operations along the z-datapath for conventional times reduction in the number of registers and adder respectively two-sided vector rotation and thereby reducing the hardware compared to classical CORDIC. Following this, a 16-bit vectoring while increasing the accuracy. Also the resulting architecture CORDIC is designed for the application in Synchronizer for IEEE shows significant hardware saving as the wordlength increases. 802.11a standard. The total area and dynamic power consumption Although we stick to the 2’s complement number system, without of the processor is 0.14 mm2 and 700μW respectively when loss of generality, this formulation can be adopted easily for synthesized in 0.18μm CMOS library which shows its effectiveness redundant arithmetic and higher radix formulation. A 16-bit as a low-area low-power processor. processor developed following this formulation requires 0.14 mm2 area and consumes 700 μW dynamic power when synthesized in 0.18μm CMOS library. -
18-447 Computer Architecture Lecture 6: Multi-Cycle and Microprogrammed Microarchitectures
18-447 Computer Architecture Lecture 6: Multi-Cycle and Microprogrammed Microarchitectures Prof. Onur Mutlu Carnegie Mellon University Spring 2015, 1/28/2015 Agenda for Today & Next Few Lectures n Single-cycle Microarchitectures n Multi-cycle and Microprogrammed Microarchitectures n Pipelining n Issues in Pipelining: Control & Data Dependence Handling, State Maintenance and Recovery, … n Out-of-Order Execution n Issues in OoO Execution: Load-Store Handling, … 2 Reminder on Assignments n Lab 2 due next Friday (Feb 6) q Start early! n HW 1 due today n HW 2 out n Remember that all is for your benefit q Homeworks, especially so q All assignments can take time, but the goal is for you to learn very well 3 Lab 1 Grades 25 20 15 10 5 Number of Students 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 n Mean: 88.0 n Median: 96.0 n Standard Deviation: 16.9 4 Extra Credit for Lab Assignment 2 n Complete your normal (single-cycle) implementation first, and get it checked off in lab. n Then, implement the MIPS core using a microcoded approach similar to what we will discuss in class. n We are not specifying any particular details of the microcode format or the microarchitecture; you can be creative. n For the extra credit, the microcoded implementation should execute the same programs that your ordinary implementation does, and you should demo it by the normal lab deadline. n You will get maximum 4% of course grade n Document what you have done and demonstrate well 5 Readings for Today n P&P, Revised Appendix C q Microarchitecture of the LC-3b q Appendix A (LC-3b ISA) will be useful in following this n P&H, Appendix D q Mapping Control to Hardware n Optional q Maurice Wilkes, “The Best Way to Design an Automatic Calculating Machine,” Manchester Univ. -
Subchapter 2.4–Hp Server Rp5400 Series
Chapter 2 hp server rp5400 series Subchapter 2.4—hp server rp5400 series hp server rp5470 Table 2.4.1 HP Server rp5470 Specifications Server model number rp5470 Max. Network Interface Cards (cont.)–see supported I/O table Server product number A6144B ATM 155 Mb/s–MMF 10 Number of Processors 1-4 ATM 155 Mb/s–UTP5 10 Supported Processors ATM 622 Mb/s–MMF 10 PA-RISC PA-8700 Processor @ 650 and 750 MHz 802.5 Token Ring 4/16/100 Mb/s 10 Cache–Instr/data per CPU (KB) 750/1500 Dual port X.25/SDLC/FR 10 Floating Point Coprocessor included Yes Quad port X.25/FR 7 FDDI 10 Max. Additional Interface Cards–see supported I/O table 8 port Terminal Multiplexer 4 64 port Terminal Multiplexer 10 PA-RISC PA-8600 Processor @ 550 MHz Graphics/USB kit 1 kit (2 cards) Cache–Instr/data/CPU (KB) 512/1024 Public Key Cryptography 10 Floating Point Coprocessor included Yes HyperFabric 7 Electrical Characteristics TPM estimate (4 CPUs) 34,500 AC Input power 100-240V 50/60 Hz SPECweb99 (4 CPUs) 3,750 Hotswap Power supplies 2 included, 3rd for N+1 Redundant AC power inputs 2 required, 3rd for N+1 Min. memory 256 MB Current requirements at 200V 6.5 A (shared across inputs) Max. memory capacity 16 GB Typical Power dissipation (watts) 1008 W Internal Disks Maximum Power dissipation (watts) 1 1360 W Max. disk mechanisms 4 Power factor at full load .98 Max. disk capacity 292 GB kW rating for UPS loading1 1.3 Standard Integrated I/O Maximum Heat dissipation (BTUs/hour) 1 4380 - (3000 typical) Ultra2 SCSI–LVD Yes Site Preparation 10/100Base-T (RJ-45 connector) Yes Site planning and installation included No RS-232 serial ports (multiplexed from DB-25 port) 3 Depth (mm/inches) 774 mm/30.5 Web Console (including 10Base-T port) Yes Width (mm/inches) 482 mm/19 I/O buses and slots Rack Height (EIA/mm/inches) 7 EIA/311/12.25 Total PCI Slots (supports 66/33 MHz×64/32 bits) 10 Deskside Height (mm/inches) 368 mm/14.5 2 Hot-Plug Twin-Turbo (500 MB/s) and 6 Hot-Plug Turbo slots (250 MB/s) Weight (kg/lbs) Max. -
Analysis of GPGPU Programs for Data-Race and Barrier Divergence
Analysis of GPGPU Programs for Data-race and Barrier Divergence Santonu Sarkar1, Prateek Kandelwal2, Soumyadip Bandyopadhyay3 and Holger Giese3 1ABB Corporate Research, India 2MathWorks, India 3Hasso Plattner Institute fur¨ Digital Engineering gGmbH, Germany Keywords: Verification, SMT Solver, CUDA, GPGPU, Data Races, Barrier Divergence. Abstract: Todays business and scientific applications have a high computing demand due to the increasing data size and the demand for responsiveness. Many such applications have a high degree of parallelism and GPGPUs emerge as a fit candidate for the demand. GPGPUs can offer an extremely high degree of data parallelism owing to its architecture that has many computing cores. However, unless the programs written to exploit the architecture are correct, the potential gain in performance cannot be achieved. In this paper, we focus on the two important properties of the programs written for GPGPUs, namely i) the data-race conditions and ii) the barrier divergence. We present a technique to identify the existence of these properties in a CUDA program using a static property verification method. The proposed approach can be utilized in tandem with normal application development process to help the programmer to remove the bugs that can have an impact on the performance and improve the safety of a CUDA program. 1 INTRODUCTION ans that the program will never end-up in an errone- ous state, or will never stop functioning in an arbitrary With the order of magnitude increase in computing manner, is a well-known and critical property that an demand in the business and scientific applications, de- operational system should exhibit (Lamport, 1977). -
System Design for a Computational-RAM Logic-In-Memory Parailel-Processing Machine
System Design for a Computational-RAM Logic-In-Memory ParaIlel-Processing Machine Peter M. Nyasulu, B .Sc., M.Eng. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Ottaw a-Carleton Ins titute for Eleceical and Computer Engineering, Department of Electronics, Faculty of Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada May, 1999 O Peter M. Nyasulu, 1999 National Library Biôiiothkque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et Bibliographie Services services bibliographiques 39S Weiiington Street 395. nie WeUingtm OnawaON KlAW Ottawa ON K1A ON4 Canada Canada The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence allowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, ban, distribute or seU reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microform, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de microficbe/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fkom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son permission. autorisation. Abstract Integrating several 1-bit processing elements at the sense amplifiers of a standard RAM improves the performance of massively-paralle1 applications because of the inherent parallelism and high data bandwidth inside the memory chip. -
Micro-Circuits for High Energy Physics*
MICRO-CIRCUITS FOR HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS* Paul F. Kunz Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Stanford University, Stanford, California, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Microprogramming is an inherently elegant method for implementing many digital systems. It is a mixture of hardware and software techniques with the logic subsystems controlled by "instructions" stored Figure 1: Basic TTL Gate in a memory. In the past, designing microprogrammed systems was difficult, tedious, and expensive because the available components were capable of only limited number of functions. Today, however, large blocks of microprogrammed systems have been incorporated into a A input B input C output single I.e., thus microprogramming has become a simple, practical method. false false true false true true true false true true true false 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 BRIEF HISTORY OF MICROCIRCUITS Figure 2: Truth Table for NAND Gate. The first question which arises when one talks about microcircuits is: What is a microcircuit? The answer is simple: a complete circuit within a single integrated-circuit (I.e.) package or chip. The next question one might ask is: What circuits are available? The answer to this question is also simple: it depends. It depends on the economics of the circuit for the semiconductor manufacturer, which depends on the technology he uses, which in turn changes as a function of time. Thus to understand Figure 3: Logical NOT Circuit. what microcircuits are available today and what makes them different from those of yesterday it is interesting to look into the economics of producing microcircuits. The basic element in a logic circuit is a gate, which is a circuit with a number of inputs and one output and it performs a basic logical function such as AND, OR, or NOT. -
Arithmetic and Logical Unit Design for Area Optimization for Microcontroller Amrut Anilrao Purohit 1,2 , Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed 2 and R
et International Journal on Emerging Technologies 11 (2): 668-673(2020) ISSN No. (Print): 0975-8364 ISSN No. (Online): 2249-3255 Arithmetic and Logical Unit Design for Area Optimization for Microcontroller Amrut Anilrao Purohit 1,2 , Mohammed Riyaz Ahmed 2 and R. Venkata Siva Reddy 2 1Research Scholar, VTU Belagavi (Karnataka), India. 2School of Electronics and Communication Engineering, REVA University Bengaluru, (Karnataka), India. (Corresponding author: Amrut Anilrao Purohit) (Received 04 January 2020, Revised 02 March 2020, Accepted 03 March 2020) (Published by Research Trend, Website: www.researchtrend.net) ABSTRACT: Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) can be understood with basic knowledge of digital electronics and any engineer will go through the details only once. The advantage of knowing ALU in detail is two- folded: firstly, programming of the processing device can be efficient and secondly, can design a new ALU architecture as per the various constraints of the use cases. The miniaturization of digital circuits can be achieved by either reducing the size of transistor (Moore’s law) or by optimizing the gate count of the circuit. The first has been explored extensively while the latter has been ignored which deals with the application of Boolean rules and requires sound knowledge of logic design. The ultimate outcome is to have an area optimized architecture/approach that optimizes the circuit at gate level. The design of ALU is for various processing devices varies with the device/system requirements. The area optimization places a significant role in the chip design. Here in this work, we have attempted to design an ALU which is area efficient while being loaded with additional functionality necessary for microcontrollers. -
Datapath Design I Systems I
Systems I Datapath Design I Topics Sequential instruction execution cycle Instruction mapping to hardware Instruction decoding Overview How do we build a digital computer? Hardware building blocks: digital logic primitives Instruction set architecture: what HW must implement Principled approach Hardware designed to implement one instruction at a time Plus connect to next instruction Decompose each instruction into a series of steps Expect that most steps will be common to many instructions Extend design from there Overlap execution of multiple instructions (pipelining) Later in this course Parallel execution of many instructions In more advanced computer architecture course 2 Y86 Instruction Set Byte 0 1 2 3 4 5 nop 0 0 addl 6 0 halt 1 0 subl 6 1 rrmovl rA, rB 2 0 rA rB andl 6 2 irmovl V, rB 3 0 8 rB V xorl 6 3 rmmovl rA, D(rB) 4 0 rA rB D jmp 7 0 mrmovl D(rB), rA 5 0 rA rB D jle 7 1 OPl rA, rB 6 fn rA rB jl 7 2 jXX Dest 7 fn Dest je 7 3 call Dest 8 0 Dest jne 7 4 ret 9 0 jge 7 5 pushl rA A 0 rA 8 jg 7 6 popl rA B 0 rA 8 3 Building Blocks fun Combinational Logic A A = Compute Boolean functions of L U inputs B 0 Continuously respond to input changes MUX Operate on data and implement 1 control Storage Elements valA A srcA Store bits valW Register W file dstW Addressable memories valB B Non-addressable registers srcB Clock Loaded only as clock rises Clock 4 Hardware Control Language Very simple hardware description language Can only express limited aspects of hardware operation Parts we want to explore and modify Data -
Unit 8 : Microprocessor Architecture
Unit 8 : Microprocessor Architecture Lesson 1 : Microcomputer Structure 1.1. Learning Objectives On completion of this lesson you will be able to : ♦ draw the block diagram of a simple computer ♦ understand the function of different units of a microcomputer ♦ learn the basic operation of microcomputer bus system. 1.2. Digital Computer A digital computer is a multipurpose, programmable machine that reads A digital computer is a binary instructions from its memory, accepts binary data as input and multipurpose, programmable processes data according to those instructions, and provides results as machine. output. 1.3. Basic Computer System Organization Every computer contains five essential parts or units. They are Basic computer system organization. i. the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) ii. the control unit iii. the memory unit iv. the input unit v. the output unit. 1.3.1. The Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) The arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) is that part of the computer that The arithmetic and logic actually performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. All other unit (ALU) is that part of elements of the computer system - control unit, register, memory, I/O - the computer that actually are there mainly to bring data into the ALU to process and then to take performs arithmetic and the results back out. logical operations on data. An arithmetic and logic unit and, indeed, all electronic components in the computer are based on the use of simple digital logic devices that can store binary digits and perform simple Boolean logic operations. Data are presented to the ALU in registers. These registers are temporary storage locations within the CPU that are connected by signal paths of the ALU. -
P4080 Development System User's Guide
Freescale Semiconductor Document Number: P4080DSUG User Guide Rev. 0, 07/2010 P4080 Development System User’s Guide by Networking and Multimedia Group Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. Austin, TX Contents 1Overview 1. Overview . 1 2. Features Summary . 2 The P4080 development system (DS) is a high-performance 3. Block Diagram and Placement . 4 computing, evaluation, and development platform 4. Evaluation Support . 6 supporting the P4080 Power Architecture® processor. The 5. Architecture . 8 P4080 development system’s official designation is 6. Configuration . 40 7. Programming Model . 45 P4080DS, and may be ordered using this part number. 8. Revision History . 58 The P4080DS is designed to the ATX form-factor standard, A. References . 58 allowing it to be used in 2U rack-mount chassis, as well as in a standard ATX chassis. The system is lead-free and RoHS-compliant. © 2011 Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. All rights reserved. Features Summary 2 Features Summary The features of the P4080DS development board are as follows: • Support for the P4080 processor — Core processors – Eight e500mc cores – 45 nm SOI process technology — High-speed serial port (SerDes) – Eighteen lanes, dividable into many combinations – Five controllers support five add-in card slots. – Supports PCI Express, SGMII, Nexus/Aurora debug, XAUI, and Serial RapidIO®. — Dual DDR memory controllers – Designed for DDR3 support – One-per-channel 240-pin sockets that support standard JEDEC DIMMs — Triple-speed Ethernet/ USB controller – One 10/100/1G port uses on-board VSC8244 PHY -
The Central Processor Unit
Systems Architecture The Central Processing Unit The Central Processing Unit – p. 1/11 The Computer System Application High-level Language Operating System Assembly Language Machine level Microprogram Digital logic Hardware / Software Interface The Central Processing Unit – p. 2/11 CPU Structure External Memory MAR: Memory MBR: Memory Address Register Buffer Register Address Incrementer R15 / PC R11 R7 R3 R14 / LR R10 R6 R2 R13 / SP R9 R5 R1 R12 R8 R4 R0 User Registers Booth’s Multiplier Barrel IR Shifter Control Unit CPSR 32-Bit ALU The Central Processing Unit – p. 3/11 CPU Registers Internal Registers Condition Flags PC Program Counter C Carry IR Instruction Register Z Zero MAR Memory Address Register N Negative MBR Memory Buffer Register V Overflow CPSR Current Processor Status Register Internal Devices User Registers ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit Rn Register n CU Control Unit n = 0 . 15 M Memory Store SP Stack Pointer MMU Mem Management Unit LR Link Register Note that each CPU has a different set of User Registers The Central Processing Unit – p. 4/11 Current Process Status Register • Holds a number of status flags: N True if result of last operation is Negative Z True if result of last operation was Zero or equal C True if an unsigned borrow (Carry over) occurred Value of last bit shifted V True if a signed borrow (oVerflow) occurred • Current execution mode: User Normal “user” program execution mode System Privileged operating system tasks Some operations can only be preformed in a System mode The Central Processing Unit – p. 5/11 Register Transfer Language NAME Value of register or unit ← Transfer of data MAR ← PC x: Guard, only if x true hcci: MAR ← PC (field) Specific field of unit ALU(C) ← 1 (name), bit (n) or range (n:m) R0 ← MBR(0:7) Rn User Register n R0 ← MBR num Decimal number R0 ← 128 2_num Binary number R1 ← 2_0100 0001 0xnum Hexadecimal number R2 ← 0x40 M(addr) Memory Access (addr) MBR ← M(MAR) IR(field) Specified field of IR CU ← IR(op-code) ALU(field) Specified field of the ALU(C) ← 1 Arithmetic and Logic Unit The Central Processing Unit – p.