Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48157-1 — Judicial Review

Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48157-1 — Judicial Review of Administrative Action Across the Common Law World Edited by Swati Jhaveri , Michael Ramsden Index More Information

Index

AAA Investments (Pty) Ltd v. Micro Finance Regulatory Affirmation of Faith (Kalimah Shahadah), 246–248 Council, 189 Africa, South African administrative law influence in, Abdul Aziz Mohammad JCA, 243–246 179–181, 354 Aboriginal rights, in Canadian administrative law, 138 Ahmad, Kassim, 249–250 Act of 1706 (Scotland), 84–85 Ahmed, Farrah, 273–288, 356 adjectival law, English judicial review and, 35 Ahmed, Shahabuddin (Justice), 303 adjudication Ahmed and Others v. HM Treasury, 334 Administrative Procedure Act 1946 and, 134–136 Ahrons, Constance, 372 US bureaucracy and role of, 130–131 Airedale N.H.S. Trust v. Bland, 262–263 Administration of Islamic Family Law (Malaysia), Ajay Hasia v. Khalid Mujib Sehravardi, 275–276, 239–240 284–286 Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act Akech, Migai, 191–211, 354 of 1938 (UK), 206 Alex Malikha Wasubwa & 7 others v. Elias Nambkha Administrative Appeals Tribunal (AAT) (Australia), Wamita & 4 others, 206–207 312–313, 315–318 Ali, Imman (Justice), 304 Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 ambiguity principle (Cth) (ADJR) (Australia), 13–14, 314–315, 317–318, duality in judicial review and, 63, 68 319–320, 357 international human rights law and, 75–76 Administrative Justice and the Supremacy of Law in the New Zealand administrative law abandonment of, United States (Pound), 131–133 332–333 administrative law. See also judicial review; specific Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902, 173 countries administrative law, e.g., Canadian Anglo-Irish Treaty 1921, 99–100 administrative law Anisminic Ltd v. Foreign Compensation Commission. common law systems, comparative analysis, 4–5, See also Wednesbury principle 350–358, 371–373 Australian jurisdiciational error and, 316 constitutional entrenchment and, 14–16 Bangladesh judicial review and, 297–298, 305–306 constitutional foundations of, 13–14, 362–363 Canadian divergence from, 141–142 defined, 117–118 contested legacy of, 144–145 dualism in, 69–71, 350–351 English law and legacy of, 145 English vs. US jurisprudence, 117–137 Hong Kong judicial review and, 264–266 future research issues, 373 Israeli administrative law and, 164–165 international law and, 66–67, 75–76 judicial error and, 53–56, 58–59, 111–112 multiple legal orders and, 19–20 judicial rewiew and, 46–48 post-colonial evolution of, 360, 367–371 jurisdicational issues and, 134 substance-based judicial review and, 46–59, 350–351 Malaysian religious conversion cases and, 245 temporal aspects of, 361 New Zealand administrative law and, 343–344 trans-Atlantic scholarship concerning, 128–133 Singapore ouster clause enforceability and, transitional development and, 365–367 223–228 typology of systems, 21–23, 358–367 South African administrative law and, 188–189 administrative law judges (ALJs) (US), 126–127 ultra vires doctrine and, 49 Administrative Procedure Act 1946 (US), 22, 125, 130–131, Anwar Hossain Khan v. Speaker Jativa Sangsad 134–136, 352–353 (Parliament Boycott), 301–306 Administrative Review Council (Australia), 319–320 anxious scrutiny review, 64–65, 70–71 Administrator, Transvaal v. Traub, 188–189 Canadian administrative law and, 154 Advocate-General (South Africa), 175–176 Hong Kong judicial review and, 265–266

374

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-108-48157-1 — Judicial Review of Administrative Action Across the Common Law World Edited by Swati Jhaveri , Michael Ramsden Index More Information

Index 375

apartheid international instruments and, 267–268, 269–270 South African judicial review and, 175–176, 354 basic structure doctrine South African legal system and, 171–172, 174–177 Bangladesh administrative law and, 299, 304 Union of South Africa formation and, 173–174 Singapore statutory interpretation and, 229–230 arbitrariness doctrine, Indian administrative law and, Bastarache J, 142–144 273–274, 275–281, 283–286, 356 Bato Star Fishing (Pty) Ltd v. Minister of Environmental Asmabi J, 250 Affairs, 184–185 Associated Provincial Picture Houses v. Wednesbury Baxi, Upendra, 274–275, 286–287 Corporation, 141–142, 244–246. See also Wednesbury Baxter, L. G., 48–49, 175–176, 188–189 principle Beetz, Jean, 142 A. Taib v. Minister for Local Government, 202 Beg (Justice), 278 Attorney-General v. Ng Yuen Shiu, 256–258 Beinart, B., 174–177, 180–181 Attorney-General (NSW) v. Quin, 310, 315–318 Bejerano v. Minister of Police, 163 audi alteram partem, 103–104 Ben Gurion, David, 163 Australia Berman v. Minister of Interior, 165 common law in, 10–11 Bhagwati (Justice), 284–286 international-domestic law dualism in, 69–71 Bharat Bank Ltd Delhi v. The Employees of the Bharat jurisdiction in law of, 134 Bank Ltd Delhi, 244–246 ratification theory in legitimate expectations doc- Bhuwania, Anuj, 281–282 trine, 63 Bill of Rights Ordinance (BORO) (Hong Kong), UK public law influence in, 310–311 258–261, 267–268, 270–271 Australian administrative law Bingham (Lord), 18–19, 62, 64–65, 75 constitutional entrenchment and, 13–16, 124, 309–326, Births and Deaths Registration Act (BDRA) (Malaysia), 362–363 251–253 natural justice and legitimate expectation and, Blackstone, William, 121–122, 128–131 321–325 Board of Education v. Rice, 188–189 overview of, 13–14, 357 Boddington v. British Transport Police, 189 public law and, 310–311, 312–313, 357 Boer republics, 173 rise of constitutional review and, 315–318 Bokhary (Justice), 269–270 statutory reform of, 314–315 Bradley, A. W., 89–90 Awami League (AL) (Bangladesh), 298–300 Brennan J, 315–318, 324 AXA General Insurance v. Lord Advocate, 89–90 Bridge (Lord), 63 British Mandate in Palestine, English law influence Baker v. Canada, 66–67, 75–76 during, 159–161 Baker v. Carr, 166–167 Brodie (Lord), 93–94 BALCO Employees Union v. Union of India, 287 Browne-Wilkinson (Lord), 61 Bangalore Priinciples, 63, 68 Bryce, James, 128–131 Bangladesh Bugdaycay v. Secretary of State for the Home judicial review in, 17, 295–298 Department, 63, 358–359 transitional development in, 365–367 Bulk Gas Users Group v. Attorney-General, 343–344 Bangladesh administrative law, 289–306 bureaucracy colonization and, 289–291 in colonial Kenya, 194–198 decolonization and, 300–306 politicisation in US of, 127–128 historical development, 291–295, 302–306, 356–357 US administrative control of, 126–127, 135–136 jurisdictional reach and, 301–302 US scholarship concerning, 131–133 Bangladesh National Party, 298–300 Byrne v. Ireland, 104–105 Bangladesh v. Advocate Asaduzzaman Siddiqui, 299, 304 bankruptcy legislation, English law and, 41–42 Calvin v. Carr, 343 Bankrupts Act of 1603 (UK), 41–42 Canada Barak, Aharon (Justice), 167–168 convergence of English and domestic law in, 147–155 Barak-Erez, Daphne, 159–170, 353–354, 363–365 divergence from English law in, 138–156 Barisan Nasional coalition (Malaysia), 238–240 international human rights law and domestic law in, Barrington J, 112–113 66–67 Barton-Prescott v. Director-General of Social Welfare, judicial reasoning in, 21 331–332 legal change in, 367 Basic Law (Hong Kong) Canadian administrative law Article 39, 258–261 Bangladesh and influence of, 304 Chinese power over, 258–261 convergence with English law in, 150–152, 353 continuity of, 255–261, 355–356 divergence from English law in, 141–142, 353 divergence from English law in, 266–271 evolution of, 138–156, 353

376 Index

Canadian administrative law (cont.) South African legal system and, 171–173 future trends in, 153–155 US legal system in, 120–122 legal community criticism of, 145–147 Commentaries on the Laws of England (Blackstone), New Zealand administrative law and, 343 121–122, 128–131 Parliamentary sovereignty and, 75–76 Commissioner for Religious Affairs v. Tengku Mariam, substantive review in, 140–141, 145–147 248–250 Supreme Court of Canada complexity concerning, Commissioners of Sewers (UK), 41–42 152–153 commissions Canadian International Development Agency, 304 English administrative law and role of, 39–41 Canadian Union of Public Employees v. New Brunswick remedial powers of, 41–42 Liquor Corporation, 142–144 Commissions of Plantation of Kirks and Valuation of Cane, Peter, 9–11, 22, 31–32, 117–137, 312–313, 352–353 Teinds (Scotland), 84–85 caretaker government (Bangladesh), 298–300 common law Carnwath (Lord), 58–59, 155, 184–185 administrative law and framework of, 4–5, 350–358, Cart v. The Upper Tribunal, 53–56, 58, 155 371–373 case law volume, English judicial review and, 33–34, arbitrariness doctrine and, 284–286 35–36 Australian constitution and, 323–325 Centre for Public Law (University of Cambridge), 8 Australian judicial review and, 314–315 Certiﬁcate of Renunciation, Malaysian religious Bangladesh administrative law and, 291–295, 306 conversion and, 243–246 Bangladesh judicial review and, 295–298 certiorari, writ of comparative studies of, 5–11, 76–77, 350–358 Australian jurisdictional error and, 318–321 constitutionalised systems of, 21–23, 30–31 Bangladesh administrative law and, 293–295 constraint of public power and, 128–131 Canadian administrative law and, 139 courts vs. executive and, 16–17 case law volume, 33–34 cultures of development and, 365–367 in English law, 33–34, 35, 111–112, 119–120 diversity in, 11–12 in Scottish law, 87–88 dualism in English judicial review and, 65–71 Chairman, All India Railway Recruitment Board executive power and, 16–17 v. K Shyam Kumar, 277–278 future research issues, 373 Charter Holdings Ltd v. Commissioner of Inland government systems and, 10–11 Revenue, 339 Hong Kong colonial law and, 255 Charter of Rights and Freedoms (Canada), 139 Hong Kong judicial review and, 267–268 Cheong Chun Yin v. Attorney-General, 224–225 Indian administrative law and, 274–275 Cheung (Justice), 269–270 Indian judicial review and, 277–278, 356 Chevron doctrine, 22 indigenous legal systems and, 19–20 A Child & Ors v. Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara & Ors, international law dualism with, 60–61 251–253 in Ireland, 99–100 Chiu Teng @ Kallang Pte Ltd v. Singapore Land judicial review and, 3–23 Authority114 (Chiu Teng), 231–232 Kenyan judicial review and, 208–209 Chng Suan Tze v. Minister of Home Affairs31 (Chng legal change theory and, 367–371 Suan Tze), 219–222, 224, 228–231 Malaysian Islamic Law reforms and, 239–240 Civilian tradition in Scottish law, 95–96 multi-layered legal systems and, 10–11, 19–20, 21–23, civil law 363–365 Malaysian fatwa administrative ﬁat and, 248 post-colonialism and, 162–163, 360 Malaysian religious conversion laws and, 246–248 separation of powers in, 16–17 multi-layered legal systems and, 363–365 South African judicial review and, 176–177, 178–179 US scholarship concerning, 131–133 substantive review and, 18–19 Civil Law Enactment (Malaysia), 235–236 transitional development and, 365–367 Civil Law (Extension) Ordinance (Malaysia), 235–236 typology of systems, 21–23, 358–367 Civil Procedure Act (Kenya), 201 UK-European relationship and, 72–77 clemency, Singapore judicial review and, 222–223 US Constitution and, 124–126, 136–137 Cohn, Margit, 22–23, 349–373 US scholarship concerning, 131–133 Coke, Edward (Sir), 52, 132–133 comparative administrative law studies College of Justice Act 1532 (Scotland), 84–85 common law systems and, 5–11, 76–77, 350–358 colonization constitutional vs. administrative law, 12–16 Bangladesh administrative law and, 289–291 judicial reasoning styles and, 20–21 common law and, 367–371 legal change theory and, 367–371 Islam and Malaysian Syariah law and, 237–238 multiple legal orders and, 19–20 in Kenya, 191–194 comparative constitutional law, comparative Malaysian Islamic law and, 239–240 public law and, 3

Index 377

Comptroller of Customs v. Terminals (NZ) Ltd, 337–338 Malaysian religious conversion laws and, 246–248 Confederation of the Canadian provinces, 138–141 Constitution of the United States Congress (US) common law and, 124–126, 136–137, 352–353 administrative control and, 126–127 distribution of power in, 122–124 US Constitution and powers of, 122–124 separation of powers in, 130–131 Conservation Act (New Zealand), 330 Controlling Administrative Power: An Historical Constitution Act 1867 (Canada), 138–141 Comparison (Cane), 9–11 Constitution Act 1982 (Canada), 139 control regimes, administrative law and, 9–11 constitutional competence, Canadian administrative Convention Against Torture (CAT), 70–71, 265–266 law and, 153–154 Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 66–67, Constitutional Court (South Africa), 178–179, 183–185 68, 72, 76–77 constitutional law. See also specific constitutions, e.g., Cooke, Robin (Lord), 68, 184–185, 343–344 Constitution of Bangladesh Cooper (Lord President), 81–82 administrative law and, 13–16, 362–363 coram non judice, Bangladesh judicial review and, Australian judicial review and, 309–310, 315–318, 305–306 362–363 Corbett CJ, 188–189 Bangladesh administrative law and, 289–291, 293–295, Corder, Hugh, 5–6 298–300 correctness standard, Canadian judicial review and, Bangladesh judicial review and, 295–298 150–152 in Canada, 138–141 Costello J, 112–113 common law systems and, 14–16, 21–23 Coughlin principle, 262–263 dualism and, 66–67, 69–71, 73 Council for Civil Service Unions & Ors v. Minister for the human rights norms in, 14 Civil Service, 274–275 Indian administrative law and, 273–274, 275–278, 280, Council of Civil Service Unions (CCSU) v. Minister for 282–283 the Civil Service, 188–189, 218, 245 in Ireland, 98–99, 100–110 Court of Appeal (Singapore), 220–222 Irish judicial review and, 98–114 Court of Final Appeal (CFA) (Hong Kong) Islam and Malaysian Syariah law and, 237–238 Basic Law continuity and, 258–261 Israeli administrative law and, 169 English law relevance and, 264–266 Kenyan constitutional petition jurisdiction, 203–204 judicial review and, 262–263 Kenyan judicial review and, 203–204, 209–211 Court of First Instance (Hong Kong), 265–266 Kenyan parallel constitutions and applications Court of Session (Scotland), 84–85 jurisdictions in, 204–207 courts. See also Supreme Courts, specific countries, e.g., Malaysian administrative law and, 240–253 Supreme Court (Canada) Malaysian Syariah law and, 236–237 Australian administrative law and, 311–313 New Zealand administrative law and, 327–329 Australian judicial review and, 314–315 religious conversion and Malaysian Syariah law and, Bangladesh judicial review and, 295–298 242–246 in colonial Kenya, 194–198 in Scotland, 92–96 distrust of administrative law in, 30–31 in Singapore, 215–216, 217–218, 220–222 executive power and, 16–17 in South Africa, 174, 177–179, 362–363 history in English law of, 119–120 transitional development and, 365–367 Hong Kong colonial government and, 255–261 in United States, 124–126, 131–133, 352–353 Indian administrative law and, 282–287 Constitution of 1961 (South Africa), 174 in Ireland, 98–100 Constitution of 1983 (South Africa), 174 Irish supervisory jurisdiction and, 101–103 Constitution of 1996 (South Africa), 177–179 judicial reasoning in, 20–21 Constitution of Australia Kenyan democracy movement and, 201–203 judicial review and, 309–310 Malaysian Syariah law and formation of, 235–236, public law and, 310–311 238–239 Constitution of Bangladesh, 289–291, 293–295, 298–300 New Zealand judicial review and access to, 340–342 Article 102, 293–295, 301–302 in post-independence Kenya, 199–201 historical jurisprudence and foreign jurisdiction rule of law in South Africa supported by, 182–183 influence in, 303 scope of substantive review in, 18–19 jurisdictional reach and, 301–302 South African common-law tradition in, 181–187 Constitution of Canada, 138–141 South African judicial review and role of, 176–177 Constitution of Kenya 2010, 203–211 in United States, 124–127 Article 47, 203–204 Courts of Sewers (UK), 41–42 Constitution of Malaysia Courts Reform (Scotland) Act 2014, 93, 351–352 Article 121(1A), 240–253 Craig, Paul, 25–45, 149–150, 350–351, 367 fatwa administrative fiat and, 248–250 Craig v. South Australia, 316

378 Index

Criminal Justice and Courts Act (New Zealand), human rights law and, 64–65, 359–362 340–342 Indian administrative law, 66–67, 69–71 Criminal Law (Temporary Provision) Act (CLTPA) international law and, 60–61 (Singapore), 219–222, 228–231 in Israeli administrative law, 168 Crown Redress Act 1877, 328–329 judicial review and, 60–61, 65–71 Curia Regis (Ireland), 102 in New Zealand administrative law, 68 custody cases, Malaysian religious conversion laws and, parliamentary sovereignty and, 75–76 246–248 in Scottish administrative law, 69–71 customary law in Singapore administrative law, 67 of African indigenous peoples, 173 in South African administrative law, 66–67 legal change theory and, 364 sovereigntist foundations and, 75–76 in Malaysia, 235–236 in Sri Lankan administrative law, 67 UK-European legal debate over, 72–77 Daly, Paul, 98–114, 138–156, 352, 353 Westminster model and, 358–359 Dapei Zahav Ltd v. Broadcasting Authority, 167–168 in Zimbabwe administrative law, 69–71 Davidson v. Scottish Ministers, 95–96 due process, in Fifth Amendment (US Constitution), Declaration of Independence, 122–124 130–131 decolonization, Bangladesh administrative law and, Dugard, J., 67 300–306 Dumani v. Nair, 184–185 de Freitas v. The Permanent Secretary of Ministry of Dunedin (Lord), 89–90 Agriculture, Fisheries, Lands and Housing and Dunsmuir v. New Brunswick, 21, 150–152 Others (Antigua and Barbuda), 57 Dutch East India Company, 172 democracy duty to act fairly, South African administrative law and, Bangladesh judicial review and, 298–300 188–189 Canadian administrative law and, 153–155 Dykes, Philip QC, 265–266 in colonial US, 121–122 US administrative law and, 127–128 East African Order in Council (1902), 197–198 Democratic Alliance v. President of the Republic of South East Donegal Co-operative Livestock Mart Ltd Africa, 185–187 v. Attorney General, 106–107 Denning MR (Lord), 144–145, 192 efﬁcacy, of English judicial review, 36–37, 64–65 Department of Islamic Development (Jabatan Elias CJ, 334 Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM)), 249–250 Elliott, Mark, 153–154 Derrynaﬂan Horde, 105 English Administration of Justice (Miscellaneous detention orders, Singapore judicial review of, 219–222 Provisions) Act 1938, 198 development, administrative law and culture of, English administrative law 365–367 during British Mandate in Palestine, 159–161 Dicey, Albert Venn, 5–6, 13–14, 16–17, 28–32, 128–131, Canadian law convergence with, 147–155 132–133, 350–351 Canadian law divergence from, 138–156 on parliamentary sovereignty, 50–53 classical administrative law, 46–49 Dickinson, John, 131–133 common law framework and, 4–5 Dickson, Brian (Justice), 142–144, 145 complexity of, 152–153 Diplock (Lord), 46–48, 111–112, 145, 218, 261–263, 316 constitutional entrenchment and, 14–16 Director General of National Registration (Malaysia), constitutional principles and, 13–14 251–253 control regimes in, 9–11 discretionary power, rule of law and, 46–48 distrust of, 30–31 D & J Nicol v. Dundee Harbour Trustees, 88–92 doctrinal features in, 46–48 domestic law, dualism with international law, 60–61 dualism in, 61–65, 71–77, 350–351 Donoughmore Report. See Report of the Committee on ECHR and, 64–65 Ministers’ Powers (Donoughmore Report) evolution of, 4–5, 13–14, 25–45 droit administratif, French principle of, 28–30, 128–131, expanding systems of, 4 350–351 government systems and, 9–11 dualism history of, 25–45, 118–120, 350–351 in Australian administrative law, 69–71 human rights and, 14 British origins of, 60–61 Irish law and, 99–100 comparative approaches to, 71–77, 350–351 Israeli administrative law and, 159–170 constitutional law and, 66–67, 69–71, 73 judicial decision-making vs., 141–142 English administrative law and, 60–61, 64–65, 71–77 judicial review doctrine in, 28–31, 32–39 exportability of, 65–71 legacy of Anisminic case in, 144–145 Hong Kong administrative law, 67 misperceptions about, 44–45 Hong Kong judicial review and, 265–266 multiple legal orders, 19–20

Index 379

post-independence Israel and legacy of, 162–163 Human Rights Act 1998 (UK) and, 147–150 regulation and, 31–32 Irish law and, 108–109 Scottish judicial review and, 83–87, 88–92 judicial effect in, 61–65 South African judicial review and, 184–185, 187–189 New Zealand administrative law and, 333–335 substantive review in, 140–141 UK withdrawal from, 72–77 threats to, 50–57, 58 Westminster model and, 360 ultra vires doctrine and, 48–49 European Court of Human Rights, 64–65, 267–268, US law compared with, 117–137 333–335 English law. See also United Kingdom European Union law, 108–109, 147–150, 351–352, Australian Constitution and, 311–313 360, 364 Australian judicial review and, 309–310, 314–315, 316 Evans v. Attorney-General, 51–53, 58 Australian public law and, 310–311, 357 Evidence Act 1950 (Malaysia), 239–240 Bangladesh administrative law and, 292, 304, 306, evolutionist legal scholarship, 369–371 356–357 E v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, 184–185, British colonial law in US, 118–120 262–263, 338–339 case law volume in, 33–34 Exchequer Court Act 1856 (Scotland), 84–85 continued relevance in Hong Kong of, 264–266 excise collection, English regulatory policy and, 41–42 dualism in, 60–61, 65–77 exclusivity principle, Hong Kong judicial review and, ECHR and, 61–65 262–263 exportability of, 60–77 executive power history of, 25–45, 350–351 Bangladesh administrative law and, 292 Hong Kong administrative law and, 261–263, 355–356 Bangladesh judicial review and, 295–298 Hong Kong colonial law and, 255–261 in colonial US, 121–122 international law and, 351 common law suspicion of, 16–17 judicial reasoning in, 20–21 courts and, 16–17 Kenya colonial law and, 191–198 Hong Kong colonial law and, 255–261 Kenyan democracy movement and inﬂuence of, 202 Hong Kong under PRC and, 256–258 legal doctrine in, 34–39 Kenyan constitutional law and, 210–211 legislation and, 31–32, 39–41 Kenyan judicial review and, 200–201 Malaysian Syariah law and, 237–238 non-justiciability and, 222–223 misperceptions about, 44–45 Parliamentary supremacy and, 51–53 New Zealand administrative law and, 327–329, scope of substantive review by courts of, 18–19 357–358 Singapore judicial-executive separation and judicial Scottish administrative law and, 81–83 co-equality and, 219–222 Singapore administrative law and, 215–216, 233 Singapore judicial review and, 216–218 in South Africa, 172–173 Singapore statutory interpretation of, 228–231 Syariah law and, 234–236 in South Africa, 175–176, 182–183 Westminster model and, 359–362 suspicion of, 16–17 Entick v. Carrington, 162–163 US administrative law scholarship on, 131–133 EP Royappa v. State of Tamil Nadu, 273–274 US suspicion of, 122–124 error of fact extraterritorial asylum screening, EU-UK dualism Irish supervisory jurisdiction concerning, 101–103 concerning, 75 New Zealand administrative law, 338–339 South African administrative law and, 189 Fair Administrative Act 2015 (FAAA) (Kenya), 180–181, South African judicial review and, 183–185 203–211, 354 error of law. See also jurisdictional error fairness doctrine, substantive review and, 18–19 Anisminic case and, 144–145 Fairuz, Ahmad CJ, 244–246 Australian constitutional review and, 315–318 Faiza Tamby Chik J, 242–246 Australian judicial review and, 314–315, 318–321 Farid, Cynthia, 289–306, 356–357 Bangladesh administrative law and, 292 Farikullah, Hanipah J, 250 Irish Constitution and, 111–112 fatwa, Malaysian administrative law and, 236–237, Irish supervisory jurisdiction concerning, 101–103 248–250, 355 judicial discretion concerning, 53–56, 58–59 federal common law (US), English law and, 124–126 scholarship on, 14 federalist governmental system, US adoption of, 122–128 South African administrative law and, 188–189 Federalist Papers, 122–124 Ershad, Hussain Mohammed, 298–300 Federal Territories Religious Department (JAWI) European Communities Act 1972, 147–150 (Malaysia), 249–250, 251–253 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) Federation of Malaya, 217–218, 234–236 administrative law and, 56–57, 61 Firman, P. L., 188–189 Hong Kong judicial review and, 264–266 First Charter of Justice (British South Africa), 173

380 Index

First Nations, Canadian administrative law and role Himsworth, C. M. G., 93 of, 138 Hira v. Booysen, 188–189 ﬂood defences, English law and, 41–42 Hodge (Lord), 64–65 Foreign Jurisdiction Act (UK), 192 Hoexter, Cora, 171–189, 354 foreign jurisdictions, Bangladesh reliance on, 304 Hoffman (Lord), 63, 73, 74 Forsyth, Christopher, 20–21, 46–59, 177, 350–351, 360, 367 Hong Kong Frankfurter, Felix, 132–133 Chinese absorption of, 255, 258–261 Frankfurter J, 319–320 refugee screening law, 70–71 Freedom of Information Act 2000 (FOIA, UK), 51–53 transitional development in, 365–367 Free State (South Africa), 173 Westminster model in, 358–359 French law, droit administratif in, 28–30, 128–131, Hong Kong administrative law 350–351 common law in, 22–23 Freund, Ernst, 132–133 dualism in laws of, 67 evolution of, 355–356 Gageler, Stephen SC, 317–318, 319–320, 324 excutive vs. courts in, 17 Gardner, John, 280 judicial review in, 14, 355–356 Gilbert Hezekiah Miya v. Advocates Disciplinary substantive review in, 18–19 Committee, 206–207 time limit for judicial review in, 91 Gledhill, Kris, 327–345, 357–358 Hope (Lord), 85–87, 89–90, 93–95 Gleeson CJ, 324 Horowitz, Donald, 369–371 Glorious Revolution of 1689, 119–120 House of Lords (UK) Goodnow, Frank, 5–6 administrative law exportability and, 62 Gopal Sri Ram JCA, 243–246 reshaping of administrative law by, 141–142 Government of Bangladesh and Others v. Sontosh Kumar How, Yong Pung, 229–230 Shaha and Others, 305 Huang v. The Home Secretary, 57 government systems hukum syarak, (laws of Islam), 242–246, 251–253 administrative law and, 9–11, 31–32, 130–131 human rights in colonial Kenya, 191–194 constitutional law and norms of, 14 in colonial US, 121–122 Irish constitutional protections for, 105–109 judiciary tensions with, 58 New Zealand administrative law and, 333–335, New Deal government scholarship and, 131–133 357–358 regulation and, 39–41 proportionality doctrine and, 56–57 US federal government structure, 122–124 UK-European split on, 73, 358–359 Greene MR (Lord), 141–142 Human Rights Act 1996 (New Zealand), 18–19 green-light theory of administrative law, 30–31, 216–218, Human Rights Act 1998 (UK), 18–19 350–351, 355. See also red-light theory of adminis- ECHR and, 64–65, 358–359 trative law English administrative law and impact of, 108–109 Grifﬁths (Lord), 145 exportability of, 61 Griswold v. Connecticut, 105 Hong Kong judicial review and, 264–266 Groves, Matthew, 13–14, 309–326, 357 judicial reasoning and, 20–21 Gummow (Justice), 69–71, 325 New Zealand administrative law and, 333–335 political destiny of, 72–77 habeas corpus proportionality doctrine and, 56–57, 147–150 Bangladesh judicial review and, 297–298 Hume, David, 41–42 Bangladesh jurisdictional reach and, 293–295, 301–302 identity, in Scottish law, 95–96 in US law, 124 immunity. See public interest immunity; royal Hale (Baroness), 15–16, 55, 59, 73 immunity Hamburger, Philip, 132–133 HKSAR doctrine of absolute immunity, 258–261 Hamilton, Alexander, 122–124 Imperial British East Africa Company, 192 Harlow, C., 3, 30–31 incorporation, doctrine of, 64–65 Hawke’s Bay Regional Investment Co Ltd v. Royal Forest Independence Constitution of 1963 (Kenya), 198 and Bird Protection Society of New Zealand Inc, India 342–344 common law in, 22–23 Hazare, Anna, 281–282 constitutionalisation of judicial review in, 15–16, heightened scrutiny, New Zealand administrative law, 336 229–230 Henry VIII clauses, Irish law-making power and, 110 courts vs. executive in, 16–17 High Court of Justice (Palestine), 160–161 dualism and constitution of, 66–67, 69–71 high seas, freedom of, New Zealand administrative law transitional development in, 365–367 and, 332–333 Westminster model in, 358–359

Index 381

Indian administrative law, 273–288 Ireland, Republic of access to justice and, 280–281 constitutional continuity and change in, 100–110 arbitrariness doctrine and, 273–274, 275–281, constitutional justice, 103–104 283–286, 356 error of law and constitution of, 111–112 common law and, 274–275 fundamental rights protections in, 105–109 constitutional law and, 273–274, 275–278, 280, 282–283 history of law and justice in, 99–100 doctrinal uncertainty concerning, 279–280 law-making power in, 109–110 indigenisation and, 281–287 supervisory jurisdiction in, 101–103 lack of guidance for, 279 Irish administrative law, 98–99, 352 legal norms and, 278–279 fundamental rights protection in, 105–109 public awareness of, 281–282 history of, 99–100 strengthening of, 286–287 judicial error and, 111–112 Indian Express Newspapers (Bombay) v. Union of India, judicial review in, 98–114 286–287 Irish Constitution, 98–99, 110–113 indigenisation Irish Permanent Building Society v. Caldwell, 112–113 common law and, 19–20, 74 Irvine (Lord), 62 Hong Kong judicial review and, 266–271 Is Administrative Law Unlawful? (Hamburger), 132–133 Indian administrative law and, 281–287 Islamic Law Malaysian judicial review culture and, 240–253, 355 Malaysian administrative law and, 236–237, 253 multi-layered legal systems and, 363–365 Malaysian fatwa administrative fiat and, 236–237, South African administrative law and, 181–187 248–250 indigenous peoples, customary law of, 173, 364 Malaysian reforms, 239–240 Indira Gandhi a/p Mutho v. Pengarah Jabatan Agama Malaysian Syariah law and, 235–236, 237–238 Islam Perak, 246–248, 250, 253 religious conversion in Malaysia and, 242–248 injunction, writ of, Australian judicial review and, Syariah courts resurgence and, 238–239 314–315 Israel Inland Revenue Commissioners v. National Federation of human rights and constitutional law in, 14 Self-Employed and Small Businesses Ltd, 262–263 public and private law in, 162–163, 363–365 Innes CJ, 173 Israeli administrative law, 159–170 In re Racal Communications Ltd, 188–189, 316 constitutionalization of, 169 institutional competence, Canadian administrative law departure from English law, 163–165, 353–354 and, 153–154 future trends in, 169–170 instrumentality of state, Bangladesh administrative law international law and, 168 and, 301–302 judicial review and, 166–167, 353–354 Interim Constitution (South Africa), 15–16 post-independence evolution of, 162–163, 364 Internal Security Act (Singapore), 219–222 privatization of, 169 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights substantive review and, 167–168 (ICCPR) US influence in, 164–165 Art. 25, 64–65 extraterritorial asylum screening, 75 Jabatan Agama Islam Wilayah Persekuthuan v. Berjaya Hong Kong Bill of Rights Ordinance and, 258–261 Books Sdn Bhd, 251–253 Hong Kong judicial review and, 267–268, 269–271 Jabotinski v. Weitzman, 164–165 immigration policy and, 68 Jackson, Vicki, 66–67 New Zealand administrative law and, 333–335 Jalan, Prateek, 276–277 Optional Protocol of, 67, 68 Jhaveri, Swati, 3–23, 215–233, 273–288, 349, 355, 356, International Covenant on Economic, Social and 358–367, 371–373 Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 267–268, 269–270 Jones (Caldwell) v. First Tier Tribunal, 155 International Criminal Court (ICC), South African Jowell, Jeffrey, 153–154 defiance of, 182–183 Judges and Magistrates Vetting Board (Kenya), 210–211 international human rights law, dualism with common judical co-equality, Singapore judicial review and, law, 66–67 219–222, 355 international law Judicatur Act (Kenya), 200–201, 209 dualism with domestic law, 60–61 Judicature (Ireland) Act 1877, 99–100 English law and, 60–77, 351 Judicature Amendment Act 1972, 340–342 Israeli administrative law and, 168 Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (Hong Kong), New Zealand administrative law intervention and, 256–258 332–333 judicial discretion Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) (US), 133–134 law replaced with, 53–56, 58–59 invalidity, theory of, New Zealand administrative law Singapore statutory interpretation of, 228–231 and, 343–344 judicial error. See error of law

382 Index

judicial independence, Bangladesh administrative law independence and changes to, 198–203 and, 301–302 irrelevance in colony of, 194–198 judicial reasoning, cross-national comparisons of, 20–21 parallel constitutions and applications jurisdictions judicial removal, in Bangladesh jurisprudence, 304 and, 204–207 judicial review. See also administrative law post-Constitutional growth of, 209–211 common law approaches to, 3–23 in post-independence period, 199–201 constitutional entrenchment of, 12–16 judicial review (Malaysia) dualism and, 60–61, 65–71 constitutional amendments to, 240–253 English law and origins of, 11–12, 28–31, 32–39, 350–351 fatwa fiat and, 236–237, 248–250, 355 of executive power, 16–17 indigenising culture and, 240–253 future research issues, 373 Indira Gandhi case and, 246–248 international human rights law and, 60–77 Syariah law and, 234 normative dimension in English law of, 38–39 judicial review (New Zealand) regulation and, 39–41 human rights and, 333–335 rule of law and, 58–59 liberal access to courts and, 340–342 tribunals and, 53–56 sociopolitical factors in, 334–335 Wednesbury principle and, 46–48 judicial review (Scotland), 81–97 judicial review (Australia) judicial review (Singapore) administrative law and, 13–14, 357 autochthonous administrative law adaptations and, common law and, 10–11 218–232 constitutional entrenchment and, 14–16 green-light approach to, 216–218 dualism in, 69–71 judicial-executive separation and judicial co-equality English law influence in, 309–310 and, 219–222 jurisdictional error and, 318–321 non-justiciability and, 222–223 legitimate expectations doctrine and, 63 ouster clause enforceability and, 223–228 limits of, 312 statutory interpretation in, 228–231 natural justice and legitimate expectation and, judicial review (South Africa) 321–325 apartheid-era evolution of, 174–177 rise of constitutional review and, 315–318 constitutionalisation and codification of, 177–179, statutory reform of, 314–315 362–363 judicial review (Bangladesh), 289–306 courts’ approach to, 176–177 foreign influences in, 305–306 dominance in post-apartheid era of, 175–176, 182–183 historical jurisprudence and influence of outside jur- expansion of, 183–185 isdictions, 302–306 legality principle and, 185–187 judicial autonomy and, 298–300 judicial review (United Kingdom), 11–12, 28–31, 32–39 post-independence evolution of, 295–298 administrative decision-making vs., 141–142 Supreme Court and, 289–306 Anisminic case and, 144–145 judicial review (Canada) supremacy of Parliament and threat of, 50–53 convergence with English law in, 150–152 judicial review (United States) divergence from English law in, 141–144 Administrative Procedure Act 1946 and, 134–136 English law influence on, 139–140, 144–145 ascendancy of, 133–134 renovation of, 152–153 origins of, 122–124 substantive review divergence from English law in, Judicial Review Procedure Act 2016 (NZ), 340–342 145–147 Judicial Service Commission (JSC) (Kenya), 199–201, judicial review (Hong Kong) 210–211 in colonial era, 255–261 Judiciary Act 1903 (Cth) (Australia), 13–14, 314–315, comparative influences on, 261–263 317–318, 319–320 divergence from English law in, 266–271 jurisdiction. See also supervisory jurisdiction English law relevance in, 264–266 Australian judicial review and, 314–315 judicial review (India) Bangladesh administrative law and, 301–302 arbitrariness doctrine and, 275–278 Bangladesh historical jurisprudence and influence of unreasonableness doctrine and, 277–278, 356 outside jurisdictions, 302–306 judicial review (Ireland), 98–114 Canadian administrative law and, 142–144 judicial review (Israel), evolution of, 166–167 English common law limits on, 134 judicial review (Kenya), 191–211 judicial discretionary power and, 46–48, 53–56, 59 in colonial era, 193 judicial review (Malaysia) and, 240–253 constitutional petition jurisdiction and, 203–204 Kenyan constitutional petition jurisdiction, 203–204 Constitution of Kenya 2010 and, 203–211 Malaysian Constitutional article 121(1A) and, 250–253 democracy movement and, 201–203 Malaysian religious conversion jurisprudence and, Fair Administrative Action Act 2016 in, 207–209 242–248

Index 383

Scottish judicial review and, 85–87 labour cases, Canadian Supreme Court intervention in US constitutional law, 124–126 in, 142 jurisdictional error. See also error of law Laskin, Bora CJ, 142, 145 Australian constitutional review and, 315–318, Launder principle, 64–65, 66–67 357 Law of the Constitution (Dicey), 129–131 Australian judicial review and, 318–321 Law Reform Act (Kenya), 200–201, 203–204, 205, Bangladesh administrative law and, 292, 293–295 208–209 Canadian administrative law and, 142–144, 145, 155 Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act (1976) English law and, 111–112 (Malaysia), 239–240, 246–248 Irish administrative law and, 112–113 Law Reform Ordinance (Kenya), 198 vs. non-jurisdictional error, 20–21, 141–142, 144–145 Laws, John LJ, 62, 63, 73, 148 in Singapore, 226–227 leave/permission stage, Scottish judicial review, 92 Justice of the Peace (JP), English law and, 119–120 Lee Hsien Loong v. Review Publishing Co Ltd, 222–223 justiciability doctrine, 164–165 Lee Swee Seng JC, 247 Israeli judicial review and, 166–167 legal change theory, comparative administrative law studies and, 367–371 Kadis’ courts (Malaysia), 238–239 Legal Control of Government (Schwartz & Wade), 136 kaitiakitanga (Ma¯ori stewardship concept), 330 legal doctrine, English judicial review and, 34–39 Kassim @ Osman bin Ahmad v. Dato’ Seri Jamil Khir bin legality, principle of Baharom Menteri di Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Australian constitutional law and, 13–14, 323–325, 249–250 334–335 Kasturilal v. State of J&K, 284–286 Hong Kong judicial review and, 262–263 Keith, Ken (Sir), 332–333 human rights and, 63 Kenya in Israeli administrative law, 162–163 colonial governance in, 191–194 Singapore administrative law and, 218 constitutional petition jurisdiction in, 203–204 South African administrative law and, 185–187 democracy movement in, 201–203 legal scholarship, legal change theory and, 369–371 Fair Administrative Action Act 2016 in, 207–209 legislation and legislative power independence government in, 193 administrative rule-making and, 129–131 judicial review in, 15–16, 191–211 Australian judicial review and, 314–315, 317–318 parallel constitutions and applications jurisdictions Bangladesh judicial review and, 295–298 in, 204–207 in colonial US, 121–122 postcolonial legal system in, 191–194 empirical assumptions concerning, 39–41 Kenya administrative law English judicial review of, 145 in colonial era, 197–198 Hong Kong colonial law and, 255–261 Constitution of Kenya 2010 and, 203–211 Hong Kong under PRC and, 256–258 evolution of, 180–181, 354 international human rights law in, 68 Fair Administrative Action Act 2016 in, 207–209 Irish law-making powers, 109–110 Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU), 198 judicial discretion as replacement for, 53–56 Kenya African National Union v. Mwai Kibaki, 202 judicial review and, 32–39 Kenya National African Union (KANU), 198 New Zealand administrative law and, 333–335 Keong, Chan Sek, 217–218, 222–223 normative dimension in English law of, 41–44 Kerr (Lord), 59, 76–77 regulation and, 31–32, 350–351 Kesavannada Bharati v. State of Kerala, 229–230 Singapore ouster clause enforceability and, Khaitan, Tarunabh, 276–277 223–228 Khan, Ayub, 293–295 Singapore statutory interpretation of, 228–231 Khan, Yahya, 293–295 South African judicial review and, 178–179, 182–183 Khobesh Agencies Limited & 32 others v. Minister of threats to supremacy of Parliament and, 50–53 Foreign Affairs & International Relations & 4 Legislative Council (Hong Kong), 255–261 others, 205 legislative intent Khoisan people, South African law and, 172 in Australian constitutional law, 13–14 Kim v. Minister of Justice of New Zealand, 336 in Canadian judicial review, 151 Kioa v. West, 321–325 legitimate expectations doctrine, 63 Kirby J, 319–320 Australian judicial review and, 321–325, 357 Kirk v. Industrial Court (NSW), 321 Bangladesh judicial review and, 297–298 Koinange Mbiu v. Rex, 197–198 dualism and, 69–71 Kol Ha’am Ltd. Minister of Interior, 164–165 in Hong Kong, 18–19 Kruse v. Johnson, 167–168, 188–189 Hong Kong judicial review and, 267–268 Kumari Shrilekha Vidyarthi v. State of Uttar Pradesh & New Zealand administrative law and, 337–338 Ors, 276–277, 285–286 Singapore judicial review and, 231–232

384 Index

Lett & Co v. Wexford Borough Council, 113 McHugh (Justice), 69–71, 325 Letters Patent 1843 (Hong Kong), 255–261 mercantilism, English legislative policy and, 41–42 L’Heureux-Dube, Claire (Justice), 66–67, 142, 145 Merrill, T.W., 135–136 Li (Chief Justice), 70–71 Meshack Ageng’o Omondi v. Eldoret Municipal Council Lina Joy v. Majlis Agama Islam Wilayah Persekutuan, and another, 206–207 242–246, 253 Metropolitan Life Insurance Co v. International Union of Lina Joy v. The Federal Territory Islamic Council & Ors, Operating Engineers, 142, 145 19–20 M. H. Chowdhury v. Titas Gas Transmission and Lindseth, Peter, 6–7 Distribution Company Ltd, 301–302 Lloyd Jones (Lord), 59 Michael Mungai v. Attorney General, 204 Loughlin, M., 30–31 migration law, Australian judicial review and, 314–315 military intervention, Bangladesh administrative law MacCormick v. Lord Advocate, 81–82 and, 293–295 Maharashtra Ekta Hawkers Union, 278–279 Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v. Teoh, 63, mala ﬁde 69–71, 72, 75–76, 267–268, 324 Bangladesh judicial review and, 305–306 Ministry of Transport v. Noort; Police v. Curran, 333–335 South African judicial review and, 176–177, 183–185 Misuse of Drugs Act (Singapore), 220–222, 224–225, Malanjum, Richard CJ, 19–20, 245 230–231 Malawi, administrative law in, 180–181 Mitchell, J. D. B., 29, 87–88 Malaysia Mohammad Faizal bin Sabtu v. PP, 224 common law and Islamic Law reforms in, 239–240, 364 Mohan J, 284–286 constitutional amendment of 1988 in, 236–237 Mohd Faizal Musa v. Minister of Home Affairs, 249–250 history of Syariah law in, 234–236 Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka, 279–280 Islam and Syariah law in, 237–238 monarchy, English law under, 119–120 Singapore administrative law and, 233 Montesquieu, 122–124 Syariah law and judicial review in, 234 Moohan v. Lord Advocate, 64–65 Westminster model in, 358–359 Moonen v. Film and Literature Board of Review, 333–335 Malaysian administrative law, 19–20 mora, taciturnity and acquiescence, Scottish common constitutional amendment of 1988 and, 236–237 law rules on, 90–92 fatwa ﬁat and, 236–237, 248–250, 355 Muhammad Ridzuan bin Mohd Ali v. Attorney-General, history of Syariah law and, 234–236, 355 224–225, 226–227 implementation of Constitutional article 121(1A) and, multi-layered legal systems 250–253 common law and, 21–23 indigenising judicial review culture and, 240–253 comparative analysis of, 10–11, 19–20, 21–23, 363–365 Indirah Gandhi case and, 246–248 multi-party consensus, common law and, 10–11 religious conversion and, 242–246 multiple legal orders, administrative law, 19–20 Mamdani, Mahmood, 195–197 Mance (Lord), 64–65, 147–150 Nagaenthran a/l K Dharmalingam v. Attorney-General, Manchester City Council v. Pinnock, 270–271 226–227 mandamus, writ of Namibia Australian judicial review and, 314–315 administrative law in, 180–181 Australian jurisdictional error and, 318–321 constitution in, 177 Bangladesh administrative law and, 293–295 Natal, native courts in, 173 Canadian administrative law and, 139 National Fatwa Council (Malaysia), 249–250, 251–253 case law volume, 33–34 National Registry Department (NRD) (Malaysia), in English law, 33–34, 35, 119–120 242–246, 251–253 in Scottish law, 87–88 Nation Media Group Limited v. Cradle – the Children’s in US law, 122–124, 126–127 Foundation Suing through Geoffrey Maganya, 205 Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, 278 natural justice Manji, Irsyad, 251–253 Australian judicial review and, 310, 321–325, 357 Ma¯ori rights, New Zealand administrative law and, Bangladesh judicial review and, 297–298 328–329 Indian judicial review and, 277–278 Marbury v. Madison, 122–124, 126–127 Irish constitutional law and, 103–104 Marsh v. Alabama, 302 nemo iudex in sua causa, 103–104 Mashaw, Jerry, 126–127 Neuberger (Lord), 52 Mason, Anthony (Sir), 268–271 Newbold, Charles (Sir), 200–201 Mason J, 321–322 New Deal government, administrative law scholarship Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 (UK), 239–240 concerning, 131–133 McDonald v. Bord nag Con, 103–104 New Horizons Ltd v. Union of India, 284–286 McHarg, Aileen, 95–96 new institutionalism, legal change theory and, 368–369

Index 385

New Zealand Padfield v. Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, common law vs. indigenous legal systems in, 19–20 46–48, 141–142, 262–263 dualism in law of, 68 Palestine, British Mandate in, 159–161 legal change in, 367 Palestine Order in Council 1922, 159–161 Ombudsman office in, 313 Parliament (UK) Parliamentary sovereignty in, 75–76 regulation by, 39–41 substantive review in, 18–19 threats to supremacy of, 50–53, 58–59 New Zealand administrative law, 327–345 parliamentary sovereignty conservatism and substantive review in, 339–340 Australian judicial review and, 311–313, 323–325 doctrinal relaxation in, 342–344 British scholarship concerning, 129–131 error of fact and, 338–339 in Canada, 139 heightened scrutiny in, 336 in colonial Kenya, 194–198 historical background and constitutional structure, dualism and, 75–76 327–329, 357–358 formation of United Kingdom and, 81–82 human rights legislation and, 333–335 Irish parliamentary sovereignty, 100–110 international law and interventionist approaches in, judicial review and, 50–53 332–333 New Zealand administrative law and, 334–335, substantive legitimate expectations and, 337–338 339–340 substantive review and, 335–340 Singapore judicial review and, 217–218 Treaty of Waitangi and, 329–332 in South Africa, 175–176 New Zealand Association for Migration and Investments Union of South Africa formation and, 173–174 Inc v. Attorney-General, 337–338 Parti Islam se-Malaysia (PAS), 238–239, 253 New Zealand Bill of Rights 1990, 18–19, 333–335 Partition of India and Pakistan, 289–291 New Zealand Maori Council v. Attorney-General patent unreasonableness, 150–152 (Lands), 330 pedigree, in Socttish judicial review, 94–96 Ngaı¯Tai ki Ta¯maki v. Minister of Conservation, 330 Pension Rules 1972 (India), 277–278 Nicholls v. Registrar of the Court of Appeal, 343 People’s Republic of China (PRC) Nicholson v. Haldimand-Norfolk Regional Police Hong Kong Basic Law and takeover by, 256–258, 271 Commissioners, 142 sovereignty over Hong Kong of, 258–261 non-delegation doctrine, Irish law-making power and, Pepcor Retirement Fund v. Financial Services Board, 109–110 183–185 non-jurisdictional error, vs. jurisdictional error, 20–21, Per Ah Seng & Another v. Housing Development Board & 141–142, 144–145 Another, 224 non-justiciability, Singapore judicial review and, 222–223 Peter Muchiri Muhura v. Teachers Service Commission, non-refoulement principle, 70–71, 262–263, 265–266 206–207 Novak, William, 136–137 Pham v. Home Secretary, 148 Nyali Ltd v. Attorney-General, 192 Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association of SA: In re Ex parte President of the Republic of South Africa, O’Donnell J, 113 185–187 O’Donnell v. Corporation of Duń Laoghaire, 112–113 Plaintiff M61/2010E v. Commonwealth (Offshore Oireachtas (Irish Parliament), 100–110 Processing Case), 322–323 Irish courts and, 101–103 Plaintiff S157/2002 v. Commonwealth, 321 law-making power of, 109–110 Plasket, C. M., 188–189 Okoth-Ogendo, H. W. O., 193 Policy on Urban Street Vendors 2009 (India), Ombudsman (Australia), 313 278–279 Om Kumar v. Union of India in Delhi Development political patronage, administrative law and, 127–128 Authority, 284–286 political question doctrine, 164–165, 305–306 Orange River Colony, 173 political science, legal change theory and, 368–369 Order 53 of the Civil Procedure Rules (Kenya), polycentricity, Canadian administrative law and, 154 201–211, 354 popular sovereignty constitutional petition jurisdiction and, 203–204 in colonial US, 121–122 parallel constitutions and applications jurisdictions in Irish Constitution, 100–110 under, 204–207 prerogative power in Irish law and, 104–105 O’Regan J, 184–185 Port FJ, 130–131 O’Reilly v. Mackman, 112–113, 262–263 post-colonialism Osborne v. Worksafe New Zealand, 343 administrative law evolution and, 162–163, 360, Ottoman Empire, law during, 160–161, 363–365 367–371 Oudekraal Estates (Pty) Ltd v. City of Cape Town, 189 Bangladesh administrative law and, 295–298 ouster clauses, Singapore judicial review and enforce- Hong Kong administrative law and, 258–261 ability of, 223–228 Kenyan administrative law and, 191–194, 199–201

386 Index

Pound, Roscoe, 117–118, 131–133 Hong Kong judicial review and, 266–271 Practice and Procedure Rules, Kenyan constitutional human rights and, 56–57 petition jurisdiction and, 203–204 Indian judicial review and, 277–278 Practice Direction to CPR Part 54 (New Zealand), Irish law and, 108–109 333–335 Israeli substantive review and, 167–168 prerogative writs and powers. See also speciﬁc writs, e.g., judicial review and, 63 mandamus, writ of Kenyan judicial review and, 208–209 English judicial review and, 35 New Zealand administrative law and, 334–335, 336 history of, 119–120 normative values and, 153–154 Irish constitutional law and, 98–99, 104–105 reasonableness standard and, 186–187 Kenyan judicial review and, 204–207 Wednesbury principle vs., 147–150 Scottish judicial review and, 87–88 prosecutorial discretion, Singapore judicial review and, South African administrative law and, 187–189 220–222 Presidency, US Constitution and powers of, 122–124 protective costs orders, 262–263 principal ofﬁcials accountability system (POAS), public interest immunity 256–258 administrative law and, 36 Printing Presses and Publications Act 1984 (Malaysia), Singapore ouster clause and, 227–228 249–250 public interest litigation (PIL) Privacy International, R (on the application of) Bangladesh administrative law and, 301–302 v. Investigatory Powers Tribunal & Ors [2019] courts vs. executive and, 16–17 UKSC 22, 58–59 English law and, 63 private law in Hong Kong, 262–263 Irish judicial review and, 113 Indian administrative law and, 281–282 Israeli administrative law and, 169 Irish judicial review and, 102 public law and, 363–365 Kenyan constitutional petition jurisdiction and, title and interest test and, 89–90 203–204 Privy Council (Singapore), 218 legal doctrine and, 34–39 Privy Council (UK), 121–122 New Zealand judicial review and, 340–342 Australian public law and, 310–311 in Singapore, 218–232 New Zealand administrative law and, 328–329 South African administrative law and, 184–185 procedural excusivity public law in Irish constitutional law, 112–113 Administrative Procedure Act (US) and, 136 US administrative law and, 135–136 in Australia, 310–311, 312–313, 357 procedural fairness British human rights law and, 64–65, 359–362 Australian judicial reviw and, 321–322 common law systems and, 8 Canadian vs. English law on, 139 Irish judicial review and, 113 in Irish constitutional law, 98–99, 103–104 in Israel, 162–163 Kenyan judicial review and, 208–209 normative dimension in English judicial review and, Singapore administrative law and, 218 38–39 Singapore ouster clause enforceability and, 226–227 postwar decline in, 46–48 South African administrative law and, 185–187, public-private law and, 363–365 188–189 Scottish judicial review and, 83–87 procedural rationality, South African administrative law in South Africa, 171–172, 354 and, 185–187 title and interest test and, 89–90 prohibition, writ of in US, 124 Australian judicial review and, 314–315 Public Protector (South Africa), 182–183 Australian jurisdictional error and, 318–321 Pushpanathan v. Canada (Minister of Citizenship and case law volume, 33–34 Immigration), 142–144 in English law, 33–34, 35, 119–120 in Scottish law, 87–88 Queen v. Burah, 292 in US law, 124 quo warranto writ Promotion of Administrative Justice Act 3 (2000) (PAJA, Bangladesh administrative law and, 293–295, 301–302 South Africa), 15–16, 178–179, 180–181, 182, Canadian administrative law and, 139 184–187, 354 case law volume and, 33–34 proportionality, doctrine of Bangladesh judicial review and, 297–298 Rahman, Ziaur, 298–300 Canadian substantive review and, 140–141 Rai, Ritin, 276–277 court review of, 18–19 Rajan v. Minister of Immigration, 341 English judicial review and, 34–39 Rajeevan Edakalavan v. Public Prosecutor, 229–230 European Union law and, 360 Ramalingam Ravinthran v. Attorney-General, 220–222

Index 387

Ramsden, Michael, 60–77, 255–272, 351, 355, 359–362 Ririnui v. Landcorp Farming Ltd, 338–339 Rand J, 142 Rodger (Lord), 64–65 ratification theory, legitimate expectations doctrine Roman-Dutch law and, 63 South African judicial review and, 176–177, rationality 362–363 Singapore administrative law and, 218 South African legal system and, 171–172, 354 US administrative law and, 135–136 Roncarelli v. Duplessis, 142 Rawlings, R., 3, 30–31 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 131–133 real likelihood test, Bangladesh judicial review and, Rose-Ackerman, Susan, 6–7 297–298 royal immunity, 100–110, 119–120, 328–329. See also reasonableness standard immunity Bangladesh administrative law and, 292 rule-making Canadian administrative law and, 140–141, 153–155 Administrative Procedure Act 1946 and, 134–136 Canadian judicial review and, 150–152 British scholarship on, 129–131 in Israeli administrative law, 165 in colonial Kenya, 195–197 Israeli substantive review and, 167–168 in US administrative law, 126–127 New Zealand administrative law, 336 rule of law proportionality and, 186–187 in Australian constitutional law, 13–14 red-light theory of administrative law, 30–31, 38–39, as common law value, 76–77 350–351 judicial discretionary power and, 46–48, reduction remedy, in Scottish judicial review, 87–88 58–59 Reed (Lord), 59, 89–90 South African courts and, 182–183 reformist approach, legal change theory and, 369–371 US scholarship concerning, 132–133 refugee screening, dualist approach in laws concerning, Russell (Lord), 188–189 70–71 Russell v. Duke of Norfolk, 103–104, 188–189 Registrar of Muallafs (Malaysia), 246–248 R v. Chief Constable of Sussex, ex parte International Regulating Act 1773 (British India), 303 Trader’s Ferry Ltd, 154, 184–185 regulation. See legislation and legislative power R v. Criminal Injuries Compensation Board, Ex parte A, Reid (Lord), 31–32, 36, 316 184–185 Religion of Islam Enactment 2004 (Perak R (Corner House Research) v. Director of the Serious Enactment), 248 Fraud Office, 64–65 religious conversion R v. Gough., 297–298 Malaysian administrative law and, 242–246 R v. Hansen, 334–335 Malaysian Indira Gandhi case and, 246–248 R. v. Home Secretary, ex parte Pierson, 48–49 religious law R v. Hull University Visitor, ex p Page, 145 Malaysian administrative law and, 242–248 R (European Roma Rights Centre) v. Immigration Officer multi-layered legal systems and, 363–365 at Prague Airport, 75 remedy-driven case law R v. Lambert, 334–335 Canadian vs. English law on, 139 R. v. Ministry of Defence, Ex p. Smith, 358–359 English judicial review and, 35–36 R v. North and East Devon Health Authority ex Irish judicial review and, 113 p Coughlan, 337–338 Kenyan constitutional petition jurisdiction and, R v. Oakes, 57 203–204 R v. Panel on Take-overs and Mergers, ex parte Datafin Scottish judicial review and, 81–83, 87–88, 94–95 plc, 93–94, 189, 302 South African judicial review and, 176–177 R v. Pora, 334 Re Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and R (Miller) v. Secretary of State for Exiting the European Indigenous Affairs; ex parte Lam, 69–71, 325 Union, 50–53, 75–76 Report of the Committee on Ministers’ Powers R (Keyu) v. Secretary of State for Foreign and (Donoughmore Report), 130–131, 313 Commonwealth Affairs, 64–65 Report of the Scottish Civil Courts Review of 2009, R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex 81–83, 89–92 p Brind, 62, 72–77, 332 Republic v. Kahindi Nyafula & 3 others ex parte Kilifi R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department, ex South East Farmers Cooperative, 205 p Launder, 63–64 Resource Management Act 1991, 329–331 R (Daly) v. Secretary of State for the Home Ressler v. Minister of Defense, 166–167 Department, 148 reviewability, test of, Scottish law and, 93–94 R (Mahmood) v. Secretary of State for the Home Ribeiro PJ, 261 Department, 148 Ridge v. Baldwin, 46–48, 141–142, 164–165 R v. Secretary of State for the Home Department; Ex parte rights-based judicial review, proportionality and, 56–57 Simms, 323–325 Right to Information Act 2005 (India), 281–282 R v. The Home Secretary ex parte Daly, 57

388 Index

Saeed v. Minister for Immigration and Citizenship, Sino-British Joint Declaration of 1984, 256–258, 259 322–323, 324 Siracusa Principles, 267–268 Saunders, Cheryl, 6, 8 SIS Forum (M) v. Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Scarman LJ, 62, 184–185 Selango, 250 Schwartz, Bernard, 136 Sisters in Islam (SIS), 250 Sci-tex Corporation Ltd. v. Minister of Commerce and SLADE project, 366 Industry, 165 Slynn (Lord), 154, 184–185 Scotland, administrative law in Smith, Adam, 41–42 distinctiveness of law in, 92–96 social science, legal change theory and, 368–369 dualism in laws of, 69–71 societal change, legal change theory and, 369–371 judicial review in, 81–97 South Africa legal system evolution in, 171–172, 351–352, 364 British colonial rule in, 172–173 procedural convergence in judicial review of, 88–92 common law in, 22–23 public/private distinction in judicial review of, 83–87 constitution of, 66–67 remedies in public law in, 87–88 courts and judicial review in, 176–177 scope and availability of judicial review in, 83–87 dualism in laws of, 67 Sebongkah Batu di Kuala Berang, Karbala, Tiga Kali human rights and constitutional law in, 14 Seminggu, and Ingin Jadi Nasrallah, 249–250 judicial review constitutionalisation in, 15–16 second actor theory, South African administrative law legal system evolution in, 171–172 and, 189 ultra vires doctrine in, 49 Second Charter of Justice (Malaysia), 235–236 South Africa Act, 174 Secretary, Ministry of Finance v. Md. Masdar Hossain South African administrative law and Others, 17, 300, 302–306 apartheid-era evolution of, 174–177, 354 Secretary for Security v. Prabakar, 70–71, 75–76 constitutional entrenchment and, 14–16, 174, 177–179, Secretary of State for Education and Science v. Tameside 362–363 Metropolitan Borough Council, 184–185 English law inﬂuence in, 187–189 Sedition Act in 1798 (US), 124 indigenised system and, 181–187 Sedley LJ, 62 international inﬂuence of, 179–181 Seidman, Robert B., 196 judicial review in apartheid era, 175–176 Selangor Fatwa Council, 250 legality review and, 185–187 Sellers v. Maritime Safety Inspector, 68, 332–333 in post-apartheid era, 5–6 Senior Courts Act 1981 (UK), 94–95, 340–342 Union of South Africa formation and, 173–174 separation of powers VOC rule and, 172 Administrative Procedure Act 1946 and, 134–136 South African Republic, 173 in common law, 16–17 Srikrishna, BN, 275–278 Singapore ouster clause enforceability and, 224 Sri Lanka in Treaty of Waitangi, 331–332 dualism in laws of, 67 Service Employees’ International Union, Local No 333 legal system evolution in, 171–172 v. Nipawin District Staff Nurses Association, 142 standing, barrier of Shah, Dian A., 234–254, 364 Australian judicial review and, 314–315 Shamala a/p Sathiyaseelan v. Dr Jeyaganesh a/l Israeli judicial review and, 166–167 C Mogarajah, 246–248 Kenyan constitutional petition jurisdiction and, Sheib v. Minister of Defense, 163 203–204 Sheikh Brothers Limited v. Hotels Authority, 197–198 South African judicial review and, 176–177 Shia Islam, Malaysian administrative law and, 249–250 State (Abenglen Properties Ltd) v. Dublin Corporation, Singapore 112–113 common law in, 22–23 State Information Technology Agency Soc Ltd v. Gijima divergence from English law in, 233 Holdings (Pty) Ltd, 186–187 dualism in laws of, 67 State (Lynch) v. Cooney, 107 judicial reasoning in, 21 State of UP v. Vijay Kumar Tripathi, 277–278 judicial review in, 16–17 state-owned enterprises (SOEs), Treaty of Waitangi substantive review in, 18–19 and, 330 Singapore administrative law, 215–233, 355 State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986 (New Zealand), 330 autochthonous adaptations in, 218–232 Statute of Sewers (UK), 41–42 green-light for judicial review in, 216–218, 355 Statute of Westminster 1947 (UK), 327–329 judicial-executive separation and judicial co-equality statutory compatibility, court review of, 18–19 and, 219–222, 355 statutory provision, purpose of ouster clause enforceability and, 223–228 in English vs. Canadian law, 141–142 statutory interpretation in, 228–231 New Zealand administrative law and, 333–335, 341 substantive review expansion and, 231–232 Stephens, Robert, 117–118, 136–137

Index 389

Stewart, Richard, 135–136 Malaysian Constitutional article 121(1A) and, 250–253 Steyn (Lord), 48–49, 148, 149–150 religious conversion and, 242–248, 364 Stininato v. New Zealand Boxing Association Inc, 341 Syariah Technical Committee, 239–240 Straits Settlements, 235–236 symptomatic unreasonableness, South African judicial strict positivistic approach to judicial review, Singapore review and, 176–177 statutory interpretation and, 228–231 Subashini a/p Rajasingam v. Saravanan a/l Tan, Kevin Y. L., 234–254, 364 Thangathoray and Other Appeals, 246–248 Tan Seet Eng v. Attorney-General28 (Tan Seet Eng), substantive legitimate expectations. See legitimate 219–223, 228–231 expectations doctrine Tata Cellular v. Union of India, 284–286 substantive rationality, South African administrative law Tavita v. Minister for Immigration, 68, 72, 75–76 and, 185–187 Taylor v. The Chief Executive of the Department of substantive review Corrections, 339 in Canada, 21, 140–141 Teo Soh Lung v. Minister for Home Affairs, 224, 229–230 in common law, 18–19 Thio, Li-ann, 241–248 divergence between English and Canadian law on, Thomas J, 69–71 145–147 Thomson, Stephen, 81–97, 351–352, 364 in Hong Kong, 265–266 time limits, in Scottish judicial review, 90–92 Israeli administrative law and, 167–168 Tipping J, 333–335 New Zealand administrative law, 335–340 title and interest test, Scottish judicial review and, 88–92 in Singapore, 231–232 Tormey v. Attorney General, 102 sub-Wednesbury review, 148 Toulson (Lord), 75 sufficient interest test transitional systems, common law in, 21–23 Hong Kong judicial review, 262–263 transmission-belt theory, US administrative law and, Scottish judicial review and, 88–92 135–136 Sumption (Lord), 59, 73, 149–150 Transvaal Colony, 173 Sunni Islam, Malaysian administrative law and, 249–250 treaty law supervisory jurisdiction. See also jurisdiction mandatory consideration and consistency presump- Australian judicial review and, 309–310, 315–318 tion in, 331–332 in Irish Constitution, 101–103 non-justiciability and, 222–223 in Scottish law, 84–85, 86, 89–90, 91, 94–95 Treaty of Waitangi and, 329–331 super-Wednesbury review, 148 Treaty of Union 1707 (United Kingdom), 81–83, 93 Supreme Court (Bangladesh), 303, 306, 356–357 Treaty of Waitangi (New Zealand), 19–20, 69–71, Supreme Court (Canada), 66–67, 142 357–358 convergence with English law and, 150–152 English law and, 327–329 divergence from English law by, 142–144 mandatory consideration and consistency presump- legal community criticism of, 145–147 tion on, 331–332 renovation of judicial review and, 152–153 statutory references in, 329–331 Supreme Court (India) Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975, 329–331 administrative law and, 16–17, 284–286 Tribunal and Inquiries Act 1958 (UK), 313 instrumentality of state and, 302 tribunals Supreme Court (Zimbabwe), 221–222 Australian administrative law and, 312 Supreme Court (Israel), post-independence establish- Australian judicial review and, 314–315 ment of, 162–163 Bangladesh administrative law and, 305 Supreme Court (Pakistan), 293–295 in Canadian administrative law, 138–141 Supreme Court (UK), judicial discretion and, 53–56 Canadian judicial review of, 142–144 Supreme Court (US), 124–126 English administrative law and role of, 39–41 administrative law and role of, 134–136 impact on common law of, 53–56 Supreme Court Act 1981, 261–263 Malaysian administrative law and, 235–236 Supreme Court of Mandatory Palestine, 164–165 Supreme Court of Canada intervention in, 145 Survey Nelson Ltd v. Maritime New Zealand, 341 Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007 (UK), 54 Syariah Criminal Offences (Federal Territories) Act tripartite relationship test, Scottish judicial review and, 1997 (Act 559), 249–250, 251–253 85–87 Syariah law (Malaysia) Trudler v. Elections Officer to the Agricultural administrative law and, 19–20, 355 Committees, 164–165 constitutional amendment of 1988 and, 236–237, 253 Tucker LJ, 103–104 fatwa administrative fiat and, 236–237, 248–250 two-party competition, common law and, 10–11 historical background, 234–236 indigenising judicial review culture and, 240–253 UDF case (South Africa), 49 Islam and role of, 237–238 Uganda, administrative law in, 180–181

390 Index

ultra vires doctrine Indian judicial review and, 277–278, 356 in Australian constitutional law, 13–14, 315–318 Kenyan judicial review and, 208–209 Australian judicial review and, 314–315 South African administrative law and, 188–189 Australian jurisdictional error and, 318–321 South African judicial review and, 176–177, 183–185 Bangladesh administrative law and, 292 utilitarian legal scholarship, 369–371 Bangladesh judicial review and, 297–298 classical administrative law and, 48–49 Vakil, Raeesa, 279–280 Irish human rights protections and, 108–109 Varuhas, Jason, 29 in Israeli administrative law, 162–163 Vellama d/o Marie Muthu v. AG, 230–231 jurisdictional error and, 319–320 Vetting of Judges and Magistrates Act of 2011 (Kenya), Kenyan judicial review and, 193 210–211 natural justice and, 323–325 Viran Nagapan v. Deepa Subramaniam and Other Scottish judicial review and, 86, 89–90 Appeals, 246–248 South African judicial review, 175–176 uncertainty, proportionality and human rights and, Wade, William, 30–31, 136 56–57 Waitangi Tribunal, 329–331 Unfederated Malay States, 235–236 War of Independence (Ireland), 99–100 Union of South Africa, 173–174 Warren, Earl (Chief Justice), 105 United Kingdom. See also English law Waters, M., 66–67 administrative law and regulation in, 31–32 Waung (Justice), 267–268 British colonial rule in South Africa, 171–173 Webb, Beatrice, 41–42 classical administrative law in, 46–49 Webb, Sidney, 41–42 common law in, 10–11 Wednesbury principle, 46–48. See also Associated comparison of US administrative law with, 117–137 Provincial Picture Houses v. Wednesbury constitutional foundation of judicial review in, 15–16 Corporation dualism in law of, 351–352 Bangladesh judicial review and, 297–298 Handover of Hong Kong to China by, 255 Canadian divergence from, 145–147 Hong Kong post Handover law and, 258–261 Canadian vs. English law and, 141–142, 145, 147–155 judicial review influence in Scotland from, 81–97 ECHR and, 62 misperceptions of administrative law in, 44–45 Hong Kong judicial review and, 264–266 politicisation of bureaucracy in, 127–128 Indian administrative law and, 284–286 public law of, influence in Australia, 310–311 Indian judicial review and, 277–278 trans-Atlantic administrative law scholarship and, Irish human rights protections and, 108–109 128–131 Israeli substantive review and, 167–168 ultra vires in, 323–325 Malaysian religious conversion law and, 244–246 United States normative values and, 153–154 administrative power in nineteenth century in, post-colonial administrative law and, 361 126–127 proportionality as alternative to, 147–150 ascendancy of judicial review in, 133–134 reasonableness principle and, 155 Australian Constitution and law of, 311–313 South African judicial review and, 184–185 colonial-era legal system in, 120–122 Weeks, Greg, 13–14, 309–326, 357 common law in, 10–11, 22 Westminster model comparison of UK administrative law with, 117–137 Bangladesh administrative law and, 289–291 constitutional influence on, 105, 352–353 modification of common law and, 21–23, 359–362 distribution of power in, 122–124 Singapore statutory interpretation and, 230–231 English colonial law in, 118–120 Union of South Africa formation and, 173–174 federal system in, 122–128 West v. Secretary of State for Scotland, 85–87, 89–90 Israeli administrative law and influence of, 164–165 white supremacy, in colonial Kenya, 195–197 trans-Atlantic administrative law scholarship in, Wilberforce (Lord), 94–95, 144–145 131–133 Wilberg, Hanna, 327–345, 357–358 United States administrative law Wilson (Lord), 52, 59 administrative power in nineteenth century, 126–127 Wilson, Bertha (Justice), 142 Administrative Procedure Act 1946 enactment and, Wolf v. Minister of Immigration, 336 134–136 Woolf (Lord), 62, 262–263, 267–268 colonial development of, 121–122 World Bank, 365–367 comparison of UK law with, 117–137, 352–353 Wyman, Bruce, 117–118 democracy and, 127–128 positivist vs. process tradition concerning, 135–136 Yehoshua v. Appeals Tribunal Under the Invalids unreasonableness (Pensions and Rehabilitations) Law, 165 Canadian administrative law and, 150–152, 154 Yes Minister, 127–128

Index 391

Yew, Lee Kuan, 215–216 Zenit Mataplas, 285–286 Yong Vui Kong v. Attorney-General, 222–223 Zerubavel v. Appeals Tribunal under the Families of Yong Vui Kong v. Public Prosecutor, 230–231 Fallen Soldiers Law, 165 Y.Srinivasa Rao v. J Veeraiah, 276–277 Zestra Asia Ltd v. Commissioner for Transport, 265–266 Zimbabwe Zainun Ali FJ, 247 administrative law in, 180–181 Zaoui v. Attorney General, 68 dualism in law of, 69–71 Zaoui v. Attorney-General (No 2), 332–333 Zuma, Jacob, 182–183