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Current Status of Sunday Closing Laws in the United States and Their Am Rketing Implications in Selected Metropolitan Areas

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Current Status of Sunday Closing Laws in the United States and Their Am Rketing Implications in Selected Metropolitan Areas Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1967 Current Status of Sunday Closing Laws in the United States and Their aM rketing Implications in Selected Metropolitan Areas. Fred R. Endsley Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Endsley, Fred R., "Current Status of Sunday Closing Laws in the United States and Their aM rketing Implications in Selected Metropolitan Areas." (1967). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 1246. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/1246 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been fi7~8777 microfilmed exactly as received ENDSLEY, Fred R., 1930- CURRENT STATUS OF SUNDAY CLOSING LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES AND THEIR MARKETING IMPLICATIONS IN SELECTED METROPOLITAN AREAS. Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, Ph.D., 1967 Business Administration University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan CURRENT STATUS OF SUNDAY CLOSING LAWS IN THE UNITED STATES AND THEIR MARKETING IMPLICATIONS IN SELECTED METROPOLITAN AREAS A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Management and Marketing by Fred R. Endsley B.A., Grinnell. College, 1952 M.B.A., Indiana University, 1958 January, 1967 ACKNOWLEDGMENT The writer wishes to express appreciation to Dr. Raymond V. Lesikar for his patient guidance and suggestions for the improvement and conclusion of this study. Appreciation is also extended to Drs, Herbert G. Hicks, Lee J. Melton, Stanley W. Preston, and Charles G, Walters for their suggestions and criticisms. Special recognition for secretarial assistance and for suggestions is given to Miss June Guillot and Mrs. Jane Parker, who devoted many hours to preparation of the manuscript. The writer also wishes to express appreciation to Drs. Lionel 0. Pellegrin and William D. Ross for their patience dur­ ing the preparation of the study. Further, the writer expresses his gratefulness to his wife and children for their patience and understanding. TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..................................................... ii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................viii LIST OF CHARTS ..................................................... xv ABSTRACT ................ xvii CHAPTER I. NATURE OF THIS S T U D Y ................................... 1 The Purpose of This S t u d y ......................... 1 Classification of Definitions .... 3 The Selection of Metropolitan Areas .............. 5 Hartford, Connecticut ............................ 6 Columbus, Ohio ..... ....................... 7 Memphis, Tennessee ............................ , 7 New Orleans, Louisiana ......................... 7 San Antonio, T e x a s ........... 7 Denver, Colorado ................................ 9 San Jose, California ............................ 9 Use of a Pilot Study ................................ 9 Sources and Methods of Collecting Data ...... 10 Limitations of the Study ............................ 13 History of Sunday S e lling ............. 16 The Evolution of Blue L a w s ..................... 16 The Religious Connotation of Sunday Legislation ................................... 18 iii iv CHAPTER PAGE The Six Day Work Week ......... 19 The Sunday Postal L a w .................... 20 The Era of Changes in Sunday Entertainment , , 20 The Period of Status Quo ........... 22 The Sunday Retailing Era 22 Preview .................... .......... 23 II. PRESENT STATUS OF SUNDAY LEGISLATION .............. 25 Factors Influencing Sunday Selling ...... 26 Modern Sunday Closing Legislation 27 The Geographic Concentration of Sunday Legislation ........... 29 Types of Sunday Legislation ........... 30 Local Option Clauses ............ 37 Restriction on Size of Store Clauses .... 37 Saturday-Sunday Closing Options .............. 38 Supreme Court Ruling on Sunday Closing Legislation ............. 39 Are Sunday Closing Laws Enforceable? ............ 42 The Character of Legislation in the Selected Areas Sampled 43 Connecticut .......... , 43 Louisiana . .................................. 45 Ohio ......... ............... 47 Tennessee ................ 50 V CHAPTER PAGE Texas ................................ 52 C a l i f o r n i a ................................ 57 Colorado ................................ 57 A Summary of the Findings ........... 58 III. LOCATIONS OF RETAILERS SURVEYED ..................... 62 Introduction ..... ............................ 62 How Locations Are Classified ..................... 62 Subdivisions of the Locations ............. 64 The Role of Shopping Centers in Locations . 75 Where Are Stores Open on Sundays?. ......... 76 The Aggregate Picture of Sunday Openings . 77 Sunday Openings in Locations With and Without Sunday Legislation ............ , . 79 Locational Differentiations in Metropolitan A r e a s ....................................... 81 Shopping Center Sunday Openings .............. 83 A Review of the Findings ................ 83 IV. STORE HOURS ....................... 85 Ordinary Store Hours .............................. 85 Evening Store Hours ............................ , 88 Total Store Hours Per Week .................... 92 Average Store Hours Per Day.... ....... ..... 99 Conclusions on Store Hours ...... 106 vi CHAPTER PAGE V. MANAGERIAL OPINIONS TOWARD SUNDAY OPENINGS.... 108 Comparison of Retailer Opinions . t —. , . , 109 Opinions of Owners Versus Managers ......... 109 Opinions of Retailers Open or Closed on S u n d a y ............................ 109 The Significance of Retailer Opinions ..... 110 Retailer Attitudes Toward Sunday Openings , . 110 Retailer Opinion Toward More Store Openings on Sunday and Resulting Effects ......... 117 Retailer Opinion on Employee Attitudes . 121 Reasons for Sunday Openings or Closings .... 125 Influence of Unions on Employee Attitudes . 128 Summary of the Findings on Attitudes ......... .. 130 VI. RETAILERS' IMPRESSIONS OF CONSUMER DEMAND AND TRENDS TOWARD OR AWAY FROM SUNDAY OPENINGS . 133 Retailers' Attitudes Toward Consumer Demand . 134 A Look at Consumer Demand ................ 134 Average Sale Per Sunday Customer ........... 138 Family Purchases on Sunday .................. 141 Sunday Telephone Sales ....................... 145 Trends in Sunday Selling 'and Legislation .... 145 Sales Occurring on Sunday .................... 146 Knowledge of Sunday Closing Laws ........... 155 Attitudes of Retailers Toward Effects of Sunday Legislation on Sales .............. 157 vii CHAPTER , PAGE Attitudes of Retailers Toward Competitors' Compliance with Sunday Legislation .... 158 Retailer Impressions of Sunday Closing L a w s ......................... 158 Summary of Facts on Customer Desires and Trends in Sunday Selling .............. ....... 160 VII. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..... 164 Survey of the History and Development of Sunday Closing L a w s ............................ 164 Location of Retailers Surveyed .................. 168 Store Hours of Retailers Surveyed .............. 170 Managerial Opinions Toward Sunday Openings . 171 Impressions of Retailers on Consumer Demand and Trends Regarding Sunday Openings .... 173 Conclusions ...................................... 176 Recommendations 177 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................ 180 APPENDICES ....................................................... 190 VITA .............................................................. 249 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1.1- Selected Metropolitan Area Sample Design ............ 12 1.2 95 Percent Confidence Intervals Show Reliability of Aggregate Survey .............................. 14 2.1 Summary of Present Status of Sunday Closing Laws in the United States .............. 34 3.1 Location Within Metropolitan Areas of the Total Number of Retailers Interviewed . ......... 64 3.2 Percentage Relationship by Total Type of Retail Stores to the Location Within Metropolitan A r e a s .............................................. 65 3.3 Percentage Relationship of Retailers Interviewed by Location in Areas With and Without Sunday Closing Laws . 66 3.4 Percentage Relationship of Retailers Interviewed by Loca;ion in Metropolitan Areas 75 3.5 Retailers Located in Shopping Centers by Metropolitan Areas ............................. 76 3.6 Percentage Relationship of Sales Volume to Type Retail Stores Opened on Sunday by Location . 78 3.7 Percentage of Retailers Surveyed Open on Sunday by Location With and Without Sunday Legis­ la t i o n . ..................................... 79 viii ix t a b l e : p a g e 3.8 Percentage of Metropolitan Area Stores Sampled Open on Sunday by lype and Location ...... 81 3.9 Percentage Relationship of Sales Volume to Type Retail Store by Location With and Without Sunday Laws .................. 82 4.1 H'veriugs Opened by Type Store for Total Sample and for Areas With and Withoat Sunday Legislation . 89 4.2 Evening Hours by Type Store for Selected Metro­ politan Areas ........................ 91 4.3
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