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Keonehelelei - the Falling Sands

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Keonehelelei - the Falling Sands Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park Island of Hawaiÿi UNCOVERING THE ORIGIN OF PRESERVED FOOTPRINTS AND ASSOCIATED KAÿÜ DESERT FEATURES: A HISTORICAL OVERVIEW AND ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE KAÿÜ DESERT by Jadelyn Moniz Nakamura, Ph.D. Pacific Island Cluster Publications in Anthropology #2 National Park Service 2003 U.S. Department of the Interior Keonehelelei - The Falling Sands Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park Archeological Inventory of the Footprints National Register By Jadelyn J. Moniz Nakamura, Ph.D. National Park Service Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park 2003 Keonehelelei... the falling sands ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY At the request of the National Park Service (NPS), staff from the Research Corporation of the University of Hawaiÿi (RCUH) and Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park (HAVO) carried out an inventory survey of surface cultural remains. The survey took place within the Footprints National Register parcel, which covers approximately 4,284 acres. Located in the District of Kaÿü, on the Island of Hawaiÿi, Footprints lies within the ahupuaÿa (traditional land unit) of Kapäpala (TMK #399001001 and 398001001). The National Park Service nominated the Footprints area to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. This area was nominated to the Register because of the presence of “fossilized” human footprints (State Site 50-10-61-5505) found in two layers of hardened desert ash. Archeologists carried out a survey of Footprints over a two-year period. Between August and December 1998 archeologist Warren Wulzen, B.A. directed Phase I of the survey. Two goals were identified by Wulzen for his project: 1) to “identify archaeological features in the Kaÿü desert;” and 2) to “record the frequency and location of fossil footprints in the volcanic ash deposits found in the area” (Wulzen unpubl. ms 1999). In four months, Wulzen’s team identified 711 archeological features. The most significant result of the 1998 survey was the discovery and documentation of archeological structures, trails, and historic artifacts in the 1790 Footprints National Register area. Wulzen and his crew were the first archeologists to record and identify these features. Wulzen produced a draft report of his survey results. However, a review of the draft in 2000 suggested that the 1998 crew had not sufficiently documented the archeological features; they did not obtain baseline inventory data and survey methods were inconsistent. In addition, site function and significance was not assessed; more field data needed to be collected. Thus, Phase II was redesigned to collect enough data to complete the survey report. Between June and September 2000 and again between July 10 and August 2, 2001, archeologists from Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park undertook Phase II of the Footprints survey. The 2000 survey relocated many of the features identified in 1998 as well as identified new features in the area. The 2000 survey crew formally recorded these features, conducted two test excavations and started a monitoring program. Combined, the 1998 and 2000 field crews identified 55 sites consisting of 516 individual structures and features. A total of 73 isolated artifacts and 1,773 footprints representing a minimum of 441 individuals were recorded. Keonehelelei... the falling sands iii The results of the 1998 and 2000 survey projects suggest that surface structures cluster along the edge of the Keÿämoku lava flow. The structures are nearly continuous starting from the terminus of the flow, then heading northeast, towards Kïlauea Caldera. At least two trail systems used during the Pre-contact and Post- contact periods parallel the Keÿämoku flow on the east. Archeologists also identified several other trails and road segments in the project area, thus suggesting frequent use in the Pre-contact and Post-contact periods. Results of radiocarbon dating of charcoal collected from a 1998 test unit suggest that construction of the feature occurred some time during a break in the explosive phase of eruptive activity at Kïlauea (between A.D. 1500 and 1790). Archeologists did not find any charcoal during the two excavations conducted in 2000. However, because both excavation units were placed within the features, construction sequences suggested both features were built before the 1790 explosive ash eruption. Finally, a piece of charcoal extracted from a fossilized footprint held in the HAVO museum collection was submitted for radiocarbon dating. The results of the analysis correlated with the data obtained in 1998. The charcoal dated from A.D. 1522 to A.D. 1811. Keonehelelei... the falling sands iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Recognition must foremost be given to the 1998 field crew, Warren Wulzen, Taylor Houston and Jill Rivoli. These individuals were the first to record the architectural structures, resource procurement areas and trails in the Kaÿü Desert. I would also like to express my appreciation to my 2000 - 2001 field crew, Warren Costa, Taylor Houston, Christopher Quiseng and Mara Durst. Their dedication to the project has made the completion of this report possible. A very sincere thanks to Don Swanson, USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory Scientist in Charge. His knowledge of the geologic history of the Kaÿü Desert was an enormous help in understanding the cultural history of the area. Thanks also go to Laura Carter Schuster whose continued support throughout this project has made its successful completion possible. Mahalo to the Administration and Staff at Hawaiÿi Volcanoes National Park for their continued support of the Cultural Resources Management (CRM) program. Thanks to Bobby Camara who provided useful information of the area and to Paul Chattey who reviewed the draft report. Taylor Houston was exceptional in his fieldwork and GIS and drafting production; he produced a majority of the final maps for this report. Keonehelelei... the falling sands v Table of Contents INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................... 1 Scope of Work .......................................................................................................... 5 Project Summary ...................................................................................................... 6 Summary of Field Results ......................................................................................... 7 Report Organization ................................................................................................ 9 NATURAL HISTORY OF THE PROJECT AREA ..................................................................... 10 Boundaries .............................................................................................................. 10 General Environment and Background ............................................................. 11 Geology................................................................................................................... 13 Phreatic and Phreatomagmatic Explosions ................................................. 15 Flora and Fauna...................................................................................................... 18 Development of Soils within Kapäpala ............................................................... 19 CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE PROJECT AREA.................................................................... 20 Early Land Division .................................................................................................. 20 Early Western Contact ........................................................................................... 21 William Ellis – Missionary and Explorer ............................................................ 22 Resources in Kapäpala ......................................................................................... 23 Flora .................................................................................................................... 24 Fauna ................................................................................................................. 24 Eyewitness to an Eruption...................................................................................... 26 The Route to Kïlauea - Following Known Trails .................................................... 27 Popularity of the Volcano and Early Visitors....................................................... 28 The Volcano House .......................................................................................... 30 The Growth of Infrastructure – Roads and Trails ................................................ 31 The Peter Lee Road.......................................................................................... 32 The Kaÿü Half-Way House ................................................................................ 34 LAND TENURE - CHANGE COMES TO KAPÄPALA .......................................................... 35 Hawaiian Land Use ................................................................................................. 36 The Mahele ............................................................................................................. 37 Sandalwood Trade ................................................................................................. 38 Foreign Influence and Investment ....................................................................... 38 Ranching ........................................................................................................... 39 Science .............................................................................................................
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