Tracheal Intubation Intubação Traqueal
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Tracheal Intubation Following Traumatic Injury)
CLINICAL MANAGEMENT UPDATE The Journal of TRAUMA Injury, Infection, and Critical Care Guidelines for Emergency Tracheal Intubation Immediately after Traumatic Injury C. Michael Dunham, MD, Robert D. Barraco, MD, David E. Clark, MD, Brian J. Daley, MD, Frank E. Davis III, MD, Michael A. Gibbs, MD, Thomas Knuth, MD, Peter B. Letarte, MD, Fred A. Luchette, MD, Laurel Omert, MD, Leonard J. Weireter, MD, and Charles E. Wiles III, MD for the EAST Practice Management Guidelines Work Group J Trauma. 2003;55:162–179. REFERRALS TO THE EAST WEB SITE and impaired laryngeal reflexes are nonhypercarbic hypox- Because of the large size of the guidelines, specific emia and aspiration, respectively. Airway obstruction can sections have been deleted from this article, but are available occur with cervical spine injury, severe cognitive impairment on the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS] score Յ 8), severe neck injury, Web site (www.east.org/trauma practice guidelines/Emergency severe maxillofacial injury, or smoke inhalation. Hypoventi- Tracheal Intubation Following Traumatic Injury). lation can be found with airway obstruction, cardiac arrest, severe cognitive impairment, or cervical spinal cord injury. I. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Aspiration is likely to occur with cardiac arrest, severe cog- ypoxia and obstruction of the airway are linked to nitive impairment, or severe maxillofacial injury. A major preventable and potentially preventable acute trauma clinical concern with thoracic injury is the development of Hdeaths.1–4 There is substantial documentation that hyp- nonhypercarbic hypoxemia. Lung injury and nonhypercarbic oxia is common in severe brain injury and worsens neuro- hypoxemia are also potential sequelae of aspiration. -
Statement on Safe Use of Propofol 2019
Statement on Safe Use of Propofol Committee of Origin: Ambulatory Surgical Care (Approved by the ASA House of Delegates on October 27, 2004, and amended on October 23, 2019) Because sedation is a continuum, it is not always possible to predict how an individual patient will respond. Due to the potential for rapid, profound changes in sedative/anesthetic depth and the lack of antagonist medications, agents such as propofol require special attention. Even if moderate sedation is intended, patients receiving propofol should receive care consistent with that required for deep sedation. The Society believes that the involvement of an anesthesiologist in the care of every patient undergoing anesthesia is optimal. However, when this is not possible, non-anesthesia personnel who administer propofol should be qualified to rescue* patients whose level of sedation becomes deeper than initially intended and who enter, if briefly, a state of general anesthesia.** • The physician responsible for the use of sedation/anesthesia should have the education and training to manage the potential medical complications of sedation/anesthesia. The physician should be proficient in airway management, have advanced life support skills appropriate for the patient population, and understand the pharmacology of the drugs used. The physician should be physically present throughout the sedation and remain immediately available until the patient is medically discharged from the post procedure recovery area. • The practitioner administering propofol for sedation/anesthesia should, at a minimum, have the education and training to identify and manage the airway and cardiovascular changes which occur in a patient who enters a state of general anesthesia, as well as the ability to assist in the management of complications. -
Basic Life Support + First Aid for Healthcare Providers 2020 Course Introduction
Basic Life Support + First Aid for Healthcare Providers 2020 Course Introduction SECTION 1: Foundational concepts of BCLS SECTION 2: Response to an adult in cardiac arrest SECTION 3: Basic Life Support for infants and children SECTION 4: Automated external defibrillation in infants and children SECTION 5: Preventing cardiac arrest SECTION 6: First aid for adults SECTION 7: First aid for children Activity Summary • Activity Title: Basic Life Support (BLS) & First Aid (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR), Automated External Defibrillator (AED), and First Aid) • Release date: 2021-06-01 • Expiration date: 2024-06-01 • Estimated time to complete activity: 8 hours • This course is accessible with any web browser. We recommend recent versions of • Google Chrome, Internet Explorer 9 and later, or Apple iPad. • This course is jointly provided by Pacific Medical Training and Postgraduate Institute for Medicine (PIM). You may reach PIM at [email protected]. Target Audience This activity has been designed to meet the educational needs of physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, registered nurses, pharmacists and dentists involved in the care of patients who require advanced life support. 3103 Philmont Ave, Suite 308 • Huntingdon Valley, PA 19006 • 800-417-1748 page 1 Educational Objectives After completing this activity, the participant should be better able to: • Explain the change in emphasis from airway and ventilation to compressions and perfusion. • Select the correct order of interventions for the victim of cardiopulmonary arrest. • List the steps required to safely operate an AED. • Differentiate between adult and pediatric guidelines for CPR. • Explain how to apply the various first aid interventions. • Describe how to apply the various pediatric first aid interventions. -
Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality 1
Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality 1 Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Quality Web-based Integrated 2010 & 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Key Words: cardiac arrest cardiopulmonary resuscitation defibrillation emergency 1 Highlights & Introduction 1.1 Highlights: Lay Rescuer CPR Summary of Key Issues and Major Changes Key issues and major changes in the 2015 Guidelines Update recommendations for adult CPR by lay rescuers include the following: The crucial links in the out-of-hospital adult Chain of Survival are unchanged from 2010, with continued emphasis on the simplified universal Adult Basic Life Support (BLS) Algorithm. The Adult BLS Algorithm has been modified to reflect the fact that rescuers can activate an emergency response (ie, through use of a mobile telephone) without leaving the victim’s side. It is recommended that communities with people at risk for cardiac arrest implement PAD programs. Recommendations have been strengthened to encourage immediate recognition of unresponsiveness, activation of the emergency response system, and initiation of CPR if the lay rescuer finds an unresponsive victim is not breathing or not breathing normally (eg, gasping). Emphasis has been increased about the rapid identification of potential cardiac arrest by dispatchers, with immediate provision of CPR instructions to the caller (ie, dispatch-guided CPR). The recommended sequence for a single rescuer has been confirmed: the single rescuer is to initiate chest compressions before giving rescue breaths (C-A-B rather than A-B-C) to reduce delay to first compression. The single rescuer should begin CPR with 30 chest compressions followed by 2 breaths. -
Intravenous Sedation and Preparing for Your Procedure
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Intravenous sedation and preparing for your procedure Information for patients Please ensure that you read this leaflet before you come to hospital for your operation What is sedation? Sedation is a way of using drugs (sedatives) to make you feel relaxed and sleepy during your procedure. We will give you your sedatives through an injection into a vein. Sedation is not a general anaesthetic and you will not be unconscious. You may not remember much of what happens during the procedure and directly afterwards. This is quite normal. Local anaesthetic will be given once you have been sedated. Do not drive, operate machinery or sign important documents for at least 24 hours after your procedure. You must make sure that you have a responsible adult with you who can stay in the department for a couple of hours and take you home by car or taxi. Someone must also stay with you for at least 24 hours after your procedure. Your procedure will be cancelled if you do not bring someone with you who can do this. Preparation for your procedure and what to bring with you • Patients having a procedure under sedation must follow the current fasting guidelines for general anaesthesia. You must not eat or drink for 6 hours before your procedure but you may have water up to 2 hours before. If you do eat or drink after these times your surgery will be cancelled. • Avoid alcohol for 24 hours before your procedure. • Bring with you a list of any medication or drugs you are taking. -
Moderate Sedation Study Guide 11-17-10
PROCEDURE RELATED SEDATION Outline I Introduction II Definitions: The 5 Levels of Sedation and Anesthesia III Emergency Procedures, Critical Care Areas and Policy Exclusions IV The Pre-Sedation Assessment V NPO: The Timing of Eating and Drinking before Sedation VI Review of Some Agents Used for Sedation VII Orders for Procedure Related Sedation VIII Environmental Requirements and Monitoring During Sedation IX Post-Procedure Monitoring and the PAR Score X Discharge Criteria and Concluding Post-Procedure Monitoring 1 PROCEDURE RELATED SEDATION Lance Brown, MD, MPH I. Introduction The purpose of this tutorial is to familiarize the reader with the Loma Linda University Medical Center Policy M-86 for Procedure Related Sedation. Procedure related sedation is used to make necessary medical procedures as comfortable as possible for patients and to facilitate the performance of necessary medical procedures by health care providers (typically physicians). It is important for health care providers performing procedure related sedation to be familiar with the pharmacologic characteristics of the agents being used, to understand the risk factors for complications related to procedure related sedation, and to individually plan the sedation for each patient. Each health care practitioner privileged to provide procedure related sedation takes responsibility for both the comfort and safety of the patients in their care. II. Definitions At Loma Linda University Medical Center, we have defined five distinct levels of sedation and anesthesia. Familiarity with the definitions of these levels of sedation is important for safely providing procedure related sedation and for complying with the policy of the Medical Center. It must be recognized, however, that sedation occurs along a continuum and that individual patients may have different degrees of sedation for a given dose and route of medication. -
The Laryngeal Mask Airway: Potential Applications in Neonates
F485 Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed: first published as 10.1136/adc.2003.038430 on 21 October 2004. Downloaded from PERSONAL PRACTICE The laryngeal mask airway: potential applications in neonates D Trevisanuto, M Micaglio, P Ferrarese, V Zanardo ............................................................................................................................... Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2004;89:F485–F489. doi: 10.1136/adc.2003.038430 The laryngeal mask airway is a safe and reliable airway 2.5–5 kg.11 It has been postulated that a smaller size (0.5) could be useful in preterm management device. This review describes the insertion newborns. However, there are reports of techniques, advantages, limitations, and potential successful use of size 1 in preterm neonates applications of the laryngeal mask airway in neonates. weighing 0.8–1.5 kg.12–15 ........................................................................... (2) Fully deflate the cuff as described in the manual, and lubricate the back of the mask tip (for neonates in the labour ward, he ability to maintain a patent airway and lubrication may not be necessary, as oral provide effective positive pressure ventilation and pharyngeal secretions may reproduce T(PPV) is the main objective of neonatal this function). resuscitation and all anaesthesiological proce- (3) Press (flatten) the tip of the LMA against the dures.1–6 This is currently achieved with the use hard palate. During this manoeuvre, the of a face mask or an endotracheal tube. Both of these devices have major limitations from a operator should grasp the LMA like a pen strictly anatomical point of view and require with the index finger at the junction adequate operator skills. In certain situations, between the mask and the distal end of the both face mask ventilation and tracheal intuba- airway tube. -
Post-Intubation Analgesia and Sedation
POST-INTUBATION ANALGESIA AND SEDATION August 2012 J Pelletier Intubated patients experience pain and anxiety Mechanical ventilation, endotracheal tube Blood draws, positioning, suctioning Surgical procedures, dressing changes Awareness during neuromuscular blockade Invasive catheters Loss of control Unrelieved pain and anxiety cause adverse effects Self-injury and removal of life-sustaining devices Increased endogenous catecholamines Sleep deprivation, anxiety, and delirium Impaired post-ICU psychological recovery Emotional and posttraumatic effects Ventilator dysynchrony Immunosuppression Treating pain and anxiety improves outcomes Use of pain and sedation scales in critically ill patients allows: precise dosing reduced medication side effects reduced ICU and hospital length of stay shorter duration of mechanical ventilation Analgesics should be provided first, then anxiolysis If you were intubated, how much lorazepam or midazolam, and fentanyl would you want per hour? Intubated ED patients receive inadequate analgesia and sedation Retrospective study, tertiary ED 50% received no analgesia, 30% received no anxiolytic Of patients receiving postintubation vecuronium, 96% received either no or inadequate anxiolysis or analgesia Overall, 3 of 4 patients received no or inadequate analgesia and an equivalent number received no or inadequate anxiolysis Bonomo 2007 Analgesia: opioids Bind CNS and peripheral tissue receptors Mu-1 receptors: analgesia Mu-2 receptors: respiratory depression, vomiting, constipation, and -
Intravenous Alfaxalone Anaesthesia in Two Squamate Species: Eublepharis Macularius and Morelia Spilota Cheynei
INTRAVENOUS ALFAXALONE ANAESTHESIA IN TWO SQUAMATE SPECIES: EUBLEPHARIS MACULARIUS AND MORELIA SPILOTA CHEYNEI Tesi per il XXIX Ciclo del Dottorato in Scienze Veterinarie, Curriculum Scienze Cliniche Veterinarie Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Universita’ degli Studi di Messina Tutor: Prof. Filippo Spadola Cotutor: Prof. Zdenek Knotek Dr. Manuel Morici Sommario L’anestesia negli Squamati è una costante sfida della medicina e chirurgia dei rettili. Le differenze morfo-fisiologiche di questi taxa, rendono difficilmente applicabile i comuni concetti di anestesiologia veterinaria usati con successo negli altri animali da compagnia. Diversi protocolli anestetici sono stati utilizzati, sia per l’induzione che per il mantenimento, sia negli ofidi che nei sauri, ma con risultati variabili. Di fatti la maggior parte dei protocolli risultano in induzione o recuperi troppo brevi o troppo lunghi. L’obbiettivo di questa tesi dottorale è di valutare l’efficacia di un anestetico steroideo (alfaxalone), somministrato per via endovenosa in due specie di squamati usati come modello: il geco leopardo (Eublepharis macularius) e il pitone tappeto (Morelia spilota cheynei). Due metodi di somministrazione endovenosa (vena giugulare nei gechi e vena caudale nei serpenti) sono stati analizzati e descritti, usando un dosaggio di anestetico di 5 mg/kg in 20 gechi leopardo, e di 10 mg/kg in 10 pitoni tappeto. Nei gechi il tempo di induzione, il tempo di perdita del tono mandibolare, l’intervallo di anestesia chirurgica e il recupero completo sono stati rispettivamente di 27.5 ± 30.7 secondi, 1.3 ± 1.4 minuti, 12.5 ± 2.2 minuti and 18.8 ± 12.1 minuti. Nei pitoni tappeto, il tempo di induzione, la perdita di sensazione, il tempo di inserimento del tubo endotracheale, l’intervallo di anestesia chirurgica e il recupero sono stati rispettivamente di 3.1±0.8 minuti, 5.6±0.7 minuti, 6.9±0.9 minuti, 18.8±4.7 minuti, e 36.7±11.4 minuti. -
Tracheal Intubation
//Tracheal Intubation http://www.expertconsultbook.com/expertconsult/b/book.do?m... Tracheal Intubation Technique As previously discussed, because of differences in anatomy, there are differences in techniques for intubating the trachea of infants and children compared with adults.[1–4,17–19,99,114,115] Because of the smaller dimensions of the pediatric airway there is increased risk of obstruction with trauma to the airway structures. A technique to be avoided is that in which the blade is advanced into the esophagus and then laryngeal visualization is achieved during withdrawal of the blade. This maneuver may result in laryngeal trauma when the tip of the blade scrapes the arytenoids and aryepiglottic folds. There are several approaches to exposing the glottis in infants with a Miller blade. One philosophy consists of advancing the laryngoscope blade under constant vision along the surface of the tongue, placing the tip of the blade directly in the vallecula and then using this location to pivot or rotate the blade to the right to sweep the tongue to the left and adequately lift the tongue to expose the glottic opening. This avoids trauma to the arytenoid cartilages. One can thus lift the base of the tongue, which in turn lifts the epiglottis, exposing the glottic opening. If this technique is unsuccessful, one may then directly lift the epiglottis with the tip of the blade (see Video Clip 12-1, Coming Soon). Another approach is to insert the Miller blade into the mouth at the right commissure over the lateral bicuspids/incisors (paraglossal approach). The blade is advanced down the right gutter of the mouth aiming the blade tip toward the midline while sweeping the tongue to the left. -
Tracheotomy in Ventilated Patients with COVID19
Tracheotomy in ventilated patients with COVID-19 Guidelines from the COVID-19 Tracheotomy Task Force, a Working Group of the Airway Safety Committee of the University of Pennsylvania Health System Tiffany N. Chao, MD1; Benjamin M. Braslow, MD2; Niels D. Martin, MD2; Ara A. Chalian, MD1; Joshua H. Atkins, MD PhD3; Andrew R. Haas, MD PhD4; Christopher H. Rassekh, MD1 1. Department of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 2. Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 3. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 4. Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia Background The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) global pandemic is characterized by rapid respiratory decompensation and subsequent need for endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation in severe cases1,2. Approximately 3-17% of hospitalized patients require invasive mechanical ventilation3-6. Current recommendations advocate for early intubation, with many also advocating the avoidance of non-invasive positive pressure ventilation such as high-flow nasal cannula, BiPAP, and bag-masking as they increase the risk of transmission through generation of aerosols7-9. Purpose Here we seek to determine whether there is a subset of ventilated COVID-19 patients for which tracheotomy may be indicated, while considering patient prognosis and the risks of transmission. Recommendations may not be appropriate for every institution and may change as the current situation evolves. The goal of these guidelines is to highlight specific considerations for patients with COVID-19 on an individual and population level. Any airway procedure increases the risk of exposure and transmission from patient to provider. -
Goals of Care and End of Life in the ICU
Goals of Care and End of Life in the ICU Ana Berlin, MD, MPH, FACS KEYWORDS Goals of care Shared decision making ICU Functional and cognitive outcomes End-of-life care Palliative care Communication KEY POINTS The trauma and long-term sequelae of critical illness affect not only patients but also their families and caregivers. Unrealistic expectations and erroneous assumptions about the outcomes acceptable to patients are important drivers of misguided and goal-discordant medical treatment. Compassionately delivering accurate and honest prognostic information inclusive of func- tional, cognitive, and psychosocial outcomes is crucial for helping patients and families understand what to expect from an episode of surgical crticial illness. Skilled communication and shared decision-making strategies ensure that treatments provided in the ICU are aligned with realistic and attainable patient goals. Attentive management of physical and nonphysical symptoms, including the psychosocial and spiritual needs of families and caregivers, eases suffering in the ICU and beyond. INTRODUCTION There is little doubt that the past half-century has seen tremendous advances in surgical critical care. The advent of lung-protective ventilation in the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the evolution of balanced resusci- tation strategies for the reduction of abdominal compartment syndrome, and the aggressive deployment of prevention and treatment strategies against the systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis, along with many other technological innovations, have markedly reduced the morbidity and mortality associated with critical illness and multiorgan system failure. Nevertheless, at times even the Disclosure Statement: Support for Dr A. Berlin’s preparation of this article was provided by the New Jersey Medical School Hispanic Center of Excellence, Health Resources and Services Administration through Grant D34HP26020.