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Mathematics People NEWS Mathematics People “In 1972, Rainer Weiss wrote down in an MIT report his Weiss, Barish, and ideas for building a laser interferometer that could detect Thorne Awarded gravitational waves. He had thought this through carefully and described in detail the physics and design of such an Nobel Prize in Physics instrument. This is typically called the ‘birth of LIGO.’ Rai Weiss’s vision, his incredible insights into the science and The Royal Swedish Academy of Sci- challenges of building such an instrument were absolutely ences has awarded the 2017 Nobel crucial to make out of his original idea the successful Prize in Physics to Rainer Weiss, experiment that LIGO has become. Barry C. Barish, and Kip S. Thorne, “Kip Thorne has done a wealth of theoretical work in all of the LIGO/Virgo Collaboration, general relativity and astrophysics, in particular connected for their “decisive contributions to with gravitational waves. In 1975, a meeting between the LIGO detector and the observa- Rainer Weiss and Kip Thorne from Caltech marked the tion of gravitational waves.” Weiss beginning of the complicated endeavors to build a gravi- receives one-half of the prize; Barish tational wave detector. Rai Weiss’s incredible insights into and Thorne share one-half. the science and challenges of building such an instrument Rainer Weiss combined with Kip Thorne’s theoretical expertise with According to the prize citation, gravitational waves, as well as his broad connectedness “LIGO, the Laser Interferometer with several areas of physics and funding agencies, set Gravitational-Wave Observatory, is the path toward a larger collaboration. Building such an a collaborative project with over one instrument requires an enormous expertise in many areas thousand researchers from more of physics, astrophysics, mathematics, and engineering. than twenty countries. Together, Thus many more people needed to be hired. they have realized a vision that is “Kip Thorne at Caltech created a gravitational-wave almost fifty years old. The 2017 research group and hired Ron Drever from Glasgow Uni- Nobel Laureates have, with their versity. Very sadly, Drever passed away in early 2017. Ron enthusiasm and determination, each Drever was most crucial to improving the laser technique been invaluable to the success of required by such a detector. Kip S. Thorne LIGO. Pioneers Rainer Weiss and “The group consisting of Rai Weiss, Ron Drever, and Kip S. Thorne, together with Barry C. Kip Thorne was called the ‘LIGO triumvirate.’ Barish, the scientist and leader who brought the project “In 1989 LIGO was funded by NSF, and in 1994 construc- to completion, ensured that four decades of effort led to tion began for the two detectors of LIGO. gravitational waves finally being observed. “In 1994, Barry Barish joined Rai, Kip, and Ron. Barry “Gravitational waves spread at the speed of light, filling became LIGO principal investigator that year. Barry Bar- the universe, as Albert Einstein described in his general ish was the person who transformed the project from a small group into a large team that was required in order theory of relativity. They are always created when a mass to construct such an experiment and lead it to success. accelerates, like when an ice-skater pirouettes or a pair of Barry Barish’s knowledge on building and managing such black holes rotate around each other. Einstein was con- a huge project paired with his vision and ability to realize vinced it would never be possible to measure them. The science led to the construction of the instruments and to LIGO project’s achievement was using a pair of gigantic the creation of the LIGO Scientific Collaboration. He was laser interferometers to measure a change thousands of also crucial in making the successful proposal for building times smaller than an atomic nucleus, as the gravitational Advanced LIGO, which has observed gravitational waves wave passed the Earth.” several times already. Lydia Bieri of the University of Michigan provided the “Rai Weiss, Kip Thorne, Ron Drever, and Barry Barish Notices with the following statement about the prizewin- were all absolutely crucial to make LIGO a success. Each ners, their work, and the LIGO project: one of them contributed in extraordinary ways.” 46 NOTICES OF THE AMS VOLUME 65, NUMBER 1 Mathematics People NEWS Rainer Weiss was born in Berlin, Germany, and received Viazovska was born in Kiev, Ukraine, in 1984. She his PhD in 1962 from the Massachusetts Institute of received her PhD from the University of Bonn in 2013 Technology, where he is currently professor of physics. under the direction of Don Zagier. She has received several Barry Barish was born in Omaha, Nebraska, and received awards and recognitions, such as the Salem Prize (2016), his PhD in 1962 from the University of California. He is the European Prize in Combinatorics (2017), and the Clay Linde Professor of Physics at the California Institute of Research Award (2017). Technology. Kip Thorne was born in Logan, Utah, and The SASTRA Ramanujan Prize was established in 2005 received his PhD in 1965 from Princeton University. He is and is awarded annually for outstanding contributions by Feynman Professor of Theoretical Physics at the California young mathematicians to areas influenced by the genius Institute of Technology. Srinivasa Ramanujan. The age limit for the prize has been set at 32 because Ramanujan achieved so much in his brief — From a Nobel Prize announcement life of 32 years. The prize will be awarded in December, 2017, at the International Conference on Number Theory at SASTRA University in Kumbakonam (Ramanujan's EDITOR’S NOTE. The August 2017 issue of the Notices hometown) where the prize has been given annually. features the articles “How the Green Light Was Given The prize committee for the 2017 SASTRA Ramanujan for Gravitational Wave Search” by C. Denson Hill and Prize consisted of: Paweł Nurowski and “Gravitational Waves and Their • Krishnaswami Alladi, chair Mathematics” by Lydia Bieri, David Garfinkle, and • Andrew Granville Nicolas Yunes. • Winfried Kohnen • Philippe Michel • Peter Sarnak • Michael Schlosser Viazovska Awarded • Gisbert Wustholz Previous winners of the SASTRA Ramanujan Prize are: SASTRA Ramanujan Prize • Manjul Bhargava and Kannan Soundararajan (two full Maryna Viazovska of the Swiss prizes), 2005 Federal Institute of Technology, Lau- • Terence Tao, 2006 sanne, has been awarded the 2017 • Ben Green, 2007 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize. She is “an • Akshay Venkatesh, 2008 extraordinarily gifted mathemati- • Kathrin Bringmann, 2009 cian who has made deep contribu- • Wei Zhang, 2010 tions to several fundamental prob- • Roman Holowinsky, 2011 lems in number theory.” • Zhiwei Yun, 2012 The prize citation reads: “Maryna • Peter Scholze, 2013 Viazovska is awarded the 2017 SAS- • James Maynard, 2014 • Jacob Tsimerman, 2015 Maryna Viazovska TRA Ramanujan Prize for her stun- ning and elegant resolution of the • Kaisa Matomaki and Maksym Radziwill (shared), 2016 celebrated sphere-packing problem in dimension 8, the proof of which appeared in her paper in the Annals of —Krishnaswami Alladi, University of Florida Mathematics (2017), and for her joint 2017 paper in the Annals of Mathematics with Henry Cohn, Abhinav Kumar, EDITOR’S NOTE. A feature article on Viazovska’s work Stephen D. Miller, and Danylo Radchenko, which resolves appears in the February 2017 issue of Notices. the sphere-packing problem in dimension 24 by building on her ideas in dimension 8. The prize also recognizes her outstanding PhD thesis of 2013 at the University of Bonn in which she resolved significant cases of the Gross- Zagier Conjecture and her work prior to her PhD with A. Bodarenko and D. Radchenko resolving a long-standing conjecture of Korevaar and Meyers on spherical designs, that appeared in the Annals of Mathematics in 2013. The prize notes that the modular forms techniques developed by Viazovska will have a significant future impact in dis- crete geometry, analytic number theory, and harmonic analysis. The award of the 2017 SASTRA Ramanujan Prize to Maryna Viazovska is in keeping with the tradition of recognizing the spectacular contributions by the most brilliant young mathematicians.” JANUARY 2018 NOTICES OF THE AMS 47 Mathematics People NEWS Institute of Mathematical Sciences. His honors include the Venkatesh Awarded Salem Prize (2007), a Packard Fellowship (2007), the SAS- Ostrowski Prize TRA Ramanujan Prize (2008), and the Infosys Prize (2016). The Ostrowski Foundation was created by Alexander Akshay Venkatesh of Stanford Ostrowski, for many years a professor at the University University has been awarded the of Basel. He left his entire estate to the foundation and Ostrowski Prize for 2017 “for his stipulated that the income should provide a prize for groundbreaking work in number outstanding recent achievements in pure mathematics and theory, the theory of automorphic the foundations of numerical mathematics. The prize is forms and representation theory, generally awarded every two years. homogeneous dynamics, and arith- metic geometry.” The prize carries a —From an Ostrowski Foundation announcement cash award of 100,000 Swiss francs (approximately US$102,000). Akshay Venkatesh The prize citation reads as fol- Candès Awarded lows: “Venkatesh is notable for his originality and his ability to synthesize between different MacArthur Fellowship fields, bringing conceptually new tools to bear against long-standing problems with striking consequences. This Emmanuel Candès of Stanford Uni- not only advances the
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