Prospects for the Virtual State Jane E. Fountain Director, National Center for Digital Government John F. Kennedy School of Government Author information: Jane E. Fountain, Associate Professor of Public Policy, John F. Kennedy School of Government, 79 JFK St., Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Email:
[email protected] The author gratefully acknowledges the helpful comments of Hirokazu Okumura (Director, Institute of Developing Economies/JETRO) and the panelists and participants at the seminars held at the Graduate School of Law and Politics, University of Tokyo and the Graduate School of Law, Kyoto University. The author’s visit to Japan was organized by Hideaki Shiroyama, Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Law and Politics, University of Tokyo under the support of the COE Program on Invention of Policy Systems in Advanced Countries, Graduate School of Law and Politics, University of Tokyo. The research assistance of Robin McKinnon is gratefully acknowledged. The study reported in this paper is supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. 0131923. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation. Introduction One of the most important developments in governance during the past century has been the rise of digital information and communication technologies. Explaining the means by which fundamentally new information and communication technologies are incorporated into the structures and processes of the state and of governance is a key research challenge. Every major government in the world is striving to use ICTs to enact governance. Each government asks similar questions regarding the strategic benefits of building a virtual state, the appropriate institutional locus of control and expertise, types of systems to be employed and, not least, how to construct a beneficial and expeditious path of change across departments, systems, and policy domains.