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Development and Variation of the Nerves and the Musculature of The DEVELOPMENT AND VBRIATION OF THE NERVES AND THE MUSCULATURE OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITY AND OF THE NEIGHBORING REGIONS OF THE TRUKIC IN MAN . BY CHARLES R . BARDEEN. Professor of Anatomy. University of Wisconsin. Madison . WITH 10 PLATESAND 7 TEXTFIGURES . TABLE OF COXTENTS. A. OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVES OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMI- TY ........................................................ 263 I . General features ............................................ 263 I1. Primary period of nerve development ......................... 264 I11. Muscle differentiation ....................................... 267 IV. Outgrowth of th'e nerves ..................................... 270 B . DEVELOPMEKTAND VARIATION OF THE CUTAKEOUS XERVES ...............270 I . Anterior border nerves ...................................... 271 a. Development ............................................ 271 b. Variation .............................................. 274 I1. Cutaneous nerves of the femoral group ........................ 277 a . Development ........................................... 277 b . Variation .............................................. 278 1. N . cutaneus femoris lat ............................. 278 2 . Separate anterior cutaneous nerve .................. 279 3 . Anterior and medial cutaneous branches of the femo- ral nerve ........................................ 283 4 . N . saphenus ...................................... 284 I11. Cutaneous branch of the obturator nerve ...................... 285 IV. Accessory obturator nerve ................................... 285 V . Cutaneous nerves of the sciatic group ......................... 286 a . Embryonic development ................................ 286 1. N . cutaneus femoris posterior ....................... 286 2 . N . suralis ......................................... 287 3 . N . sum lateralis .................................. 287 4 . Nn . peronei ....................................... 287 5 . Cutaneous branches of the tibia1 nerve .............. 287 AMERICANJOURNAL OF ANATOMY.-~OL.VI . 18 260 The Nerves and Muscles of the Leg b . Variation .............................................. 288 1. N . cutaneus femoris posterior ....................... 288 2 . Perforating cutaneous nerve ........................ 292 3 . Cutaneous branches of the peroneal nerve ........... 292 a. N . cutaneus sum lateralis ...................... 292 b . N . cutaneus peronei femoralis .................. 293 c . Nn . cutanei dorsales pedis ....................... 293 4 . Cutaneous branches of the tibia1 nerve .............. 296 VI . Cutaneous branches to the inferior extremity from the dorsal divisions of the spinal nerves .............................. 297 VII . Summary and conclusions .................................... 297 c. DEVELOPMENTOF THE MUSCULATURE AND THE DEVELOPMENT AND VARIA- TION IN DISTRIBUTION OF THE NERVES TO THE MUSCLES OF THE INFERIOR EXTREMITY ....................................... 300 I . Femoral group .............................................. 300 a. Embryonic development ................................ 300 1. General features .................................. 300 2. Individual muscles ................................ 301 Iliopsoas ........................................ 301 Pectineus ....................................... 302 Sartorius ........................................ 303 Quadriceps femoris .............................. 304 b . Nerve variation ........................................ 306 1. Variation in origin of the femoral nerve ............ 306 2 . Relations of the branches springing from the femoral nerve to the nerve roots ........................... 306 3 . Variation in the association of the terminal branches arising from the femoral nerve .................... 308 I1. Obturator group ............................................ 311 a. Embryonic development ................................ 311 1. General features .................................. 311 2 . Individual muscles ................................ 312 Gracilis ......................................... 312 Adductor brevis ................................. 312 Adductor longus ................................. 312 Obturator externus .............................. 312 Adductor magnus ................................ 313 Comparative anatomy of the adductor group ........ 313 b . Nerve variation in the adult ............................. 314 1. Variation in the origin of the obturator nerve ....... 314 2 . Relations of the nerves springing from the obturator nerve to the spinal nerves ......................... 314 3 . Variation in the branches of distribution arising from the obturator nerve .............................. 316 Charles R . Bardeen 111. Sciatic nerve ............................................... 318 a. Embryonic development ................................ 318 b . Adult conditions ....................................... 319 1. Separate origin of the peroneal and tibial nerves ..... 319 2 . Frequency of variation in origin of the peroneal and tibial nerves ..................................... 319 3. Relations of the branches springing from the pero- neal and.tibia1 nerves to the nerve roots ........... 319 IV. Superior gluteal group ...................................... 322 a. Embryonic development ................................ 322 1. General features .................................. 322 2 . Individual muscles ................................ 324 Tensor fascia late? ............................... 324 Gluteus medius and minimus ..................... 324 Piriformis ....................................... 325 b. Nerve variation in the adult ............................. 328 1. Variation in origin of the superior gluteal nerve and the nerve to the piriformis ........................ 328 2 . Variation in the branches of distribution ............ 328 V. The gluteus maximus and the short head of the biceps ........ 329 a. Embryonic development of the gluteus maximus ......... 330 b. Variations in the inferior gluteal nerve ................... 331 c. Embryonic development of the Short head of the biceps .... 332 VI. The mm. obturator internus. gemelli. and quadratus femoris .... 332 a. Embryonic development ................................ 332 1. Obturator internus and gemelli ..................... 332 2 . Quadratus femoris ................................ 333 b. Nerve variation ........................................ 335 1. Variation in origin ................................. 335 2 . Variation in distribution ........................... 336 VII . The hamstring muscles ...................................... 336 a. Embryonic development ................................ 336 1. General features .................................. 336 2 . Individual muscles ................................ 337 Adductor magnus ................................ 337 Semimembranosus ............................... 337 Semitendinosus .................................. 337 Biceps .......................................... 339 b . Nerve supply .......................................... 342 1. Relations of the muscle nerves to the spinal nerves ... 342 2 . Relations to the sciatic nerve ....................... 342 VIII. Peroneal muscles ............................................ 343 a. Embryonic development ................................ 343 b. Nerve distribution ..................................... 345 IX. Musculature of the extensor side of the crus and foot .......... 346 a. Embryonic development ................................ 346 1. General features .................................. 346 268 The Nerves and Muscles of the Leg 2 . Individual muscles ................................ 346 Tibialis anterior ................................. 346 Extensor digitorum longus ........................ 347 Peroneus tertius ........................... Extensor hallucis longus .................... Extensor digitorum brevis .................. b . Nerve distribution ...................................... 350 X . Musculature of the plantar side of the crus and foot .......... 352 a. General features ....................................... 352 b. Embryonic development and variation in the adult i?~the nerve supply of each of the chief groups of muscles . 353 1. Development of the Gastrocnemius-soleus group ...... 354 Gastrocnemius .................................. 354 Soleus .......................................... 354 Plantaris ........ ....................... 355 2. Development of the deep muscles of the back of the crus .......................................... 357 a. Popliteus ..................................... 357 b . Deep cruro-pedal group ......................... 358 Flexor hallucis longus ........................ 358 Flexor digitorum longus ...................... 359 Tibialis posterior ............................ 359 3 . Nerve supply of the muscles of the back of the crus in the adult ...................................... 360 a . Relation of muscle branches to the spinal nerves . 360 b. Order of origin of muscle branches from the tibia1 nerve .................................. 361 c. Relation to one another of the nerves to the: Plantaris .................................... 361 Gastrocnemius ........................ Caput mediale ............................. 361 Caput laterale ............................. 361 Soleus, proximal branch ...................... 362 Popliteus .................................... 362 Tibialis posterior ............................ 362 Soleus, distal branch ........................
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