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Cochliomyia Hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Southern South America

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Cochliomyia Hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in Southern South America Parasitology Research (2019) 118:1077–1086 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06267-0 ARTHROPODS AND MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY - REVIEW Using ecological niche models to describe the geographical distribution of the myiasis-causing Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in southern South America Pablo Ricardo Mulieri1 & Luciano Damián Patitucci1 Received: 1 July 2018 /Accepted: 12 February 2019 /Published online: 19 February 2019 # Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract In southern South America, namely Argentina and Chile, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) is the main myiasic agent on humans and domestic animals. The distribution pattern of the species is poorly known and the southern limit of its geographic distribution is unclear. The aims of this study are to elucidate the basic environmental factors associated with occurrence of this myiasic species, evaluation of models constructed on the basis of occurrence data based on adult specimen records to predict geographic occurrence of myiasis, evaluation of unsurveyed sites of high potential of occurrence of the species, and recognition and prioritization of areas that need medical control and specific prophylaxis practices related to this pest. The maximum entropy modeling system (Maxent) was used. Maps of potential distribution of C. hominivorax were produced using two different datasets, models obtained with all localities known for the species (combining medical data and taxonomic data) and only- taxonomic models (excluding medical data). The results obtained include an updated compilation of occurrence of the species in Argentina and Chile. Predictive models obtained in this work indicated that large areas of central-eastern territory of Argentina has the potential for C. hominivorax occurrence, probably reaching the parallel 42° S as is indicated by the complete datasets. Only-taxonomic models fail to predict those myiasic cases occurring in the nearer areas of the Andean chains. The main variables associated with the distribution of C. hominivorax were, alternatively, isothermality or minimum temperature of the coldest month. These results provide a new analytical resource of high potential for the prevention of myiasis and to supports further epidemiological studies. Keywords Myiasis . Cochliomyia hominivorax . Screwworm fly . Distribution . Ecological niche models Introduction iases (Hall and Wall 1995). The screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Coquerel) is an obligatory par- Myiasis describes the infestation of tissues of a vertebrate asite of wild and domestic animals and humans, whose host with dipteran larvae. In the case of domestic animals larval instars complete their development in living tissues. and humans, this infestation by maggots is frequently as- During the infestation, the larval stages of this pest- sociated with neglected wounds, known as traumatic my- species cause serious injuries and can lead to host death. These characteristics provide this species with a high eco- nomic and sanitary impact (CABI 2018). Section Editor: Boris R. Krasnov Due to its considerable economic and medical impor- tance, C. hominivorax has been the subject of intense * Pablo Ricardo Mulieri [email protected] research into many aspects of its behavioral ecology (Brenner 1984; Thomas and Mangan 1989;Thomas Luciano Damián Patitucci 1991; Mayer and Atzeni 1993), habitat preference [email protected] (Brenner 1985; Mangan and Thomas 1989), and morphol- ogy (Leite and Guevara 1993; Leite 1995) among several 1 B ^ Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales Bernardino Rivadavia , other topics. However, little is known in terms of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Angel Gallardo 470, C1405DJR Buenos Aires, Argentina basic environmental factors associated with its 1078 Parasitol Res (2019) 118:1077–1086 occurrence, and the species has received little attention in environmental determinants of myiasis as well as for guiding preventive studies and risk evaluations at a geographic the planning of control programs and prevention. scale in the neotropics. In an attempt to refine information on the geographical The original geographic distribution of this myiasic agent distribution of the screwworm fly in southern South ranges from the southern USA to Argentina and Chile (James America, a revision aimed at collecting available data of this 1947;HallandWall1995). However, control programs have species in natural history museums, in addition to bibliograph- eradicated this pest from North America but the screwworm ical sources (taxonomic works and myiasis reports), was de- fly is still an important pest in South America. At the southern veloped. The following goals are associated with this data extreme of its distribution in South America, namely collection effort and modeling obtained through ENM: (1) Argentina and Chile, C. hominivorax is the main myiasic generation of updated maps of the screwworm fly’scurrent agent on humans and domestic animals, with higher infesta- and potential distribution, (2) description of basic environ- tion prevalence in comparison to other fly species according to mental factors and its influence associated with the occurrence the few existing medical and veterinary reports (e.g., Mazza of this myiasic species, (3) evaluation of models constructed 1939; Mariluis et al. 1994; Visciarelli et al. 2007). In such on the basis of occurrence data based on adult specimen re- cases, however, the screwworm was recorded from few local- cords to predict geographic occurrence of myiasis, (4) evalu- ities in Argentina (see Mariluis and Mulieri 2003;Fresiaetal. ation of unsurveyed sites of high potential of occurrence of the 2013) and Chile (Dear 1985), and the available literature is species, and (5) recognition and prioritization of areas that unclear and ambiguous regarding the southern limits of its need medical control and specific prophylaxis practices relat- geographic distribution. As argued by Del Ponte (1958), ed to this pest. C. hominivorax can reach 45° S, whereas other works have fixed the southernmost ranges at 30° S, approximately (e.g., Boero and Morini 1965). Materials and methods In comparison to necrophagous Calliphoridae, C. hominivorax is relatively poorly sampled (Cardona López Species occurrence data et al. 1994;CoronadoandKowalski2009) and consequently, the species is scarcely documented in biological collections of All available records of C. hominivorax from southern South museums. The paucity of detailed records on geographic dis- America (i.e., Argentina and Chile) were used. The occur- tributions of this primary-myiasis agent has been a major lim- rence database was compiled from literature and material de- iting factor for modeling areas of potential distribution and, posited in museum collections: BInstituto-Fundación Miguel consequently, risk-areas associated with this species. The Lillo^ (IFML) (Tucumán, Argentina); Museo Argentino de availability of tools for ecological niche modeling (ENM) Ciencias Naturales BBernardino Rivadavia^ (MACN); and has made possible development of high-resolution maps of Museo de La Plata (MLP) (Table 1). Localities that remained potential distribution for arthropods of medical and veterinary unrecognizable or imprecise were not taken into account for importance (e.g., Foley et al. 2008; Almeida et al. 2013). In models. Data recovered were classified in two categories: (1) the case of C. hominivorax, there are recent studies using such medical data: based in human myiasis cases obtained from models of distribution, focusing on the phylogeographics of literature (e.g., case reports) or (2) taxonomic data:associated the species, describing the mode and time of divergence of the with adult specimens recovered from museums or taxonomic regional groups of C. hominivorax on a continental scale to literature (Table 1). In the case of medical data, the construct hypotheses of population divergence (Fresia et al. georeferences are ascribed to the origin of the patients affected 2013, 2014). There is no distribution model devoted to accu- with myiasis wounds whenever these data are available from rately describing the potential distribution of this myiasis- the original publications. causing species in southern South America. Labels of voucher specimens deposited in scientific collec- tions probably constitute the largest primary biodiversity data. Variables Although biological information available in this format is generally biased, natural history museums are crucial re- A total of 19 bioclimatic variables with a spatial resolution of sources for biological information of poorly known taxa, par- 2.5 arcmin (approximately 5 km2) were used to construct the ticularly given the development ENM approach (Reutter et al. models. These data are available from the WorldClim Version 2003; Gaubert et al. 2006). For instance, such a model uses 2 database (Fick and Hijmans 2017) and were derived by presence data only and is a useful tool in cases with a small interpolation of climate station records from 1970 to 2000 to number of occurrence records. (Pearson et al. 2007). Hence, represent biologically significant information that may influ- modeling the spatial distributions of parasitic flies on human ence the distribution of a species. These environmental vari- and domestic animal is crucial to understanding the ables included 19 climatic layers. Parasitol Res (2019) 118:1077–1086 1079 Table 1 Records of Cochliomyia hominivorax from Argentina and Chile, obtained
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