October 30, 2019

Mr. Vik Bapna VIA EMAIL CWE Corporation [email protected] 1561 East Orangethrope Avenue, Suite 240 Fullerton, California 92831

Subject: Results of Focused Presence/Absence Surveys for Least Bell’s Vireo for the Pala Park Channel Reconstruction Project, City of Temecula, Riverside County, California

Dear Mr. Bapna:

This Letter Report presents the results of focused surveys for least Bell’s vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) for the Pala Park Channel Reconstruction Project (hereinafter referred to as “the project site”), located in the City Temecula, Riverside County, California. The purpose of the focused surveys was to determine the presence or absence of least Bell’s vireo on the project site. Surveys were conducted by biologists familiar with the vocalizations and plumage characteristics of both adults and juveniles of the species. Notification of the intent to conduct protocol-level surveys was submitted to the California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW) on April 17, 2019.

PROJECT LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION

The project site is located north of Pala Community Park in the City of Temecula in Riverside County, California (Exhibit 1). The limits of work fall within the boundaries of Assessor Parcel Numbers (APNs) 961-450-001, 961-450-002, 631-150-017, and 961-450-064. The project occurs within a relatively urban landscape matrix. Residential development and Pala Park are immediately to the south, with an undeveloped parcel south of the park. There is an approximately 700- to 900-foot-wide open space corridor along Temecula Creek to the north, with commercial development farther north. Topography within the project limits consists of the relatively flat upland area between the park and Temecula Creek, the relatively flat creek bottom, and sloping to near vertical creek banks. The elevation on site is approximately 1,020 feet above mean sea level (msl). The project site is located on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Pechanga 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle on Sections 19 and 20 of Township 8 South Range 2 West (Exhibit 2).

The following vegetation types and other areas were mapped in the limits of work: southern cottonwood- willow riparian scrub, southern sycamore riparian woodland (canopy and understory), blue elderberry, mule fat scrub, alluvial scrub, open wash, and developed areas. The survey area for the least Bell’s vireo surveys included all suitable riparian habitats within the project work limits, including a 500-foot buffer (Exhibit 3). Representative site photographs are included in Attachment A.

3 Hutton Centre Drive Suite 200 Santa Ana, CA 92707

Tel 714.751.7373 www.Psomas.com

Mr. Vik Bapna October 30, 2019 Page 2

The purpose of the project is to provide bank stabilization, and habitat protection and enhancement along the existing Pala Community Park. Temecula Creek is located north of Pala Community Park and has impinged on the south bank of the channel, eroding the embankment and encroaching on the park. The embankment in the current state has eroded and exposed tree roots. The bank requires stabilization to protect park facilities.

SPECIES BACKGROUND

Least Bell’s vireo is a federally and State listed Endangered species. It is one of four subspecies of the Bell’s vireo (Vireo bellii); this subspecies is the westernmost of the four subspecies, breeding entirely in southwestern California and northwestern Baja California, Mexico. Although not well known, the winter range of the least Bell’s vireo is believed to be the west coast of Central America from southern Sonora, Mexico, south to northwestern Nicaragua, including the cape region of Baja California, Mexico (Brown 1993). The least Bell’s vireo arrives in southern California from mid-March to early April and departs for its wintering grounds in August to mid-September.

The least Bell’s vireo is a small, gray migratory songbird that is about 4.5 to 5 inches long. It has short, rounded wings and a short, straight bill for catching insects. Feathers are gray above and pale below. “The least Bell’s vireo is easily recognized on the breeding grounds by its distinctive song” (Coues 1903). Males establish and defend territories through counter-singing, chasing, and sometimes physically confronting neighboring males (USFWS 1998).

Least Bell’s vireos consume a “wide variety of insects including bugs, beetles, grasshoppers, moths, and particularly caterpillars” (Chapin 1925; Bent 1950). They obtain prey through foliage gleaning (picking prey from leaves or bark) and through hovering (removing prey from vegetation surfaces while fluttering in the air) (Salata 1983; Miner 1989). Vireos will forage in all layers of the canopy but tend to concentrate their foraging in the lower to mid-strata from 9 to 18 feet in height (Miner 1989). Vireos forage in both riparian and adjacent upland habitat (Salata 1983; Kus and Miner 1987).

The least Bell’s vireo is an obligate riparian species (i.e., nests exclusively in riparian habitat) and prefers early-successional habitat. On its breeding grounds, it typically inhabits structurally diverse woodlands along watercourses. In California, least Bell’s vireo habitat consists of southern willow scrub, mule fat scrub, sycamore alluvial woodland, coast live oak riparian forest, arroyo willow riparian forest, and cottonwood bottomland forest (Faber et al. 1989). Although least Bell’s vireos typically nest in willow- dominated areas, plant species composition does not appear to be as important in nest site selection as habitat structure (USFWS 1998). The most critical factor in habitat structure is the presence of a dense understory shrub layer from approximately 3 to 6 feet above ground, where nests are typically placed, and a dense stratified canopy for foraging (Goldwasser 1981; Gray and Greaves 1981; Salata 1981, 1983; RECON 1989). This structure is typically met by willows that are between four and ten years of age (RECON 1988; Franzreb 1989). As stands mature, the tall canopy tends to shade out the shrub layer, making the sites less suitable for nesting; however, least Bell’s vireos will continue to use such areas if patches of understory exist (USFWS 1998). Vireo nest placement tends to occur in openings and along the riparian edge, where exposure to sunlight allows the development of shrubs (USFWS 1998). The riparian ecosystems required by the vireo are dynamic systems; and the scouring of vegetation during periodic floods is required to create the low, dense vegetation favored by the bird (USFWS 1986).

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Males arrive on the breeding grounds about one week prior to females, and older birds arrive before first- year birds. Pair formation occurs within a few days, and pairs build a nest together over the next four to five days. The typical clutch size for least Bell’s vireo is four eggs, which are incubated for approximately 14 days. The young remain in the nest for approximately 10 to 12 days. Adults continue to care for the young for at least two weeks post-fledging, as the family groups forage over larger areas. The largest causes of least Bell’s vireo nest failure are nest parasitism by brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) and egg predation; nests also fail due to vegetation clearing, trampling by humans and cattle, ant infestations, and rainstorms. Least Bell’s vireo will make up to five nesting attempts per season, assuming adequate energy resources; typically, a pair will successfully fledge young from one to two nests per season. Few nests are initiated after mid-July (USFWS 1998). The least Bell’s vireo often shows a strong site fidelity, returning not just to the same drainage and the same territory but even to the same tree where it previously nested. However, vireos may move locations due to habitat loss or failure to attract a mate (USFWS 1998).

The least Bell’s vireo was formerly considered a common breeder in riparian habitats throughout the Central Valley and other low-elevation riverine systems throughout California and Baja California, Mexico (USFWS 1998). At the time of its listing, the least Bell’s vireo had been eliminated from 95 percent of its former range (USFWS 1986). The decline of least Bell’s vireo is attributed to the widespread loss of riparian woodlands coupled with the increase in brown-headed cowbirds (USFWS 1986). Loss of riparian habitat has been attributed to flood control and water development projects, agricultural development, livestock grazing, spread of invasive exotic plant species, degradation of habitat by off-road vehicles, and urban development. With the implementation of intensive brown-headed cowbird management programs, the least Bell’s vireo numbers have dramatically increased (USFWS 1998). Vireos have also expanded their range into areas where they were formerly extirpated.

On February 2, 1994, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) issued their final determination of Critical Habitat for the least Bell’s vireo, identifying approximately 37,560 acres as Critical Habitat in Santa Barbara, Ventura, Los Angeles, San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego Counties (USFWS 1994). The project site is not located in designated Critical Habitat for this species.

SURVEY METHODS

The USFWS protocol for the least Bell’s vireo requires that at least eight surveys be conducted from April 10 to July 31 with a ten-day interval between each site visit. A total of eight surveys were conducted to satisfy the survey requirements for the least Bell’s vireo. Psomas Senior Biologist Lindsay Messett conducted the first focused survey on April 24, 2019; Psomas Biologist Cristhian Mace conducted the remaining seven surveys on May 9, 22; June 5, 15, 27; and July 11 and 24, 2019.

Ms. Messett and Ms. Mace systematically surveyed all riparian habitats (i.e. southern cottonwood-willow riparian scrub, southern sycamore riparian woodland, and mule fat scrub) by walking slowly and methodically through all suitable habitat. As the least Bell’s vireo survey protocol does not require the playback of least Bell’s vireo vocalizations, recorded least Bell’s vireo vocalizations were not used during the surveys. Any least Bell’s vireos detected were recorded with a Global Positioning System (GPS) unit (Garmin) or an iPad.

All surveys were conducted under optimal weather conditions and during early morning hours when bird activity is at its peak (Table 1). All bird species detected during the survey were recorded, including notable observations of special status species or other birds (e.g., brown-headed cowbird). A complete list of wildlife species observed during the surveys is included in Attachment B.

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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF SURVEY DATA AND CONDITIONS FOR LEAST BELL’S VIREO SURVEYS

Air Temperature Wind (°Fahrenheit) Speed (miles Cloud Cover per Survey Dates Surveyors Time (Start/End) Start End (%) hour) Lindsay 04/24/ 2019 7:15 AM–10:30 AM 58 67 0% 0% 0–1/0–1 Messett 05/09/2019 Cristhian Mace 5:00 AM–11:00 AM 55 62 100% 100% 0–1/1–3 05/22/2019 Cristhian Mace 5:45 AM–11:00 AM 57 69 100% 100% 0–1/2–5 06/05/2019 Cristhian Mace 5:00 AM–11:00 AM 59 73 70%  20% 0–1/1–2 06/15/2019 Cristhian Mace 5:30 AM–11:00 AM 62 80 50%  25% 0–1/1–3 06/27/2019 Cristhian Mace 5:45 AM–11:00 AM 64 87 75%  35% 0–1/2–3 07/11/2019 Cristhian Mace 5:45 AM–11:00 AM 67 90 20%  45% 0–1/2–4 07/24/2019 Cristhian Mace 5:00 AM–11:00 AM 70 95 100%  100% 1–2/3–5

SURVEY RESULTS

One least Bell’s vireo was observed during the second focused survey on May 9, 2019. This individual was identified as a singing male, initially located in the western portion of the survey area, on the north side of Temecula Creek (Exhibit 3). The male appeared to be unpaired, singing continuously and traveling west through the survey area. No least Bell’s vireos were observed or detected through vocalization within the survey area during the remaining seven surveys. The California Natural Diversity Database (CNDDB) form that will be submitted is included in Attachment C. The required Least Bell’s Vireo Survey Data Summary Form is included in Attachment D.

ADDITIONAL SENSITIVE SPECIES

One California Species of Special Concern (SSC), yellow warbler (Setophaga petechia), was observed during the surveys. A yellow warbler was observed during the first focused survey on April 24, 2019. Since this individual was not detected in the survey area again during the focused surveys, it was determined to be a migrant which move through earlier in the spring and not a breeding individual.

Brown-headed cowbirds were observed throughout the survey area during four of the eight focused surveys on April 24; May 9, 22; and June 15, 2019.

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Psomas appreciates the opportunity to assist on this project. If you have any comments or questions, please contact Stacie Tennant at (714) 481-8033.

Sincerely,

Stacie A. Tennant Lindsay A. Messett, CWB® Senior Project Manager Senior Biologist

Enclosures: Exhibit 1 – Project Location Exhibit 2 – USGS 7.5-Minute Digital Quadrangle Exhibit 3 – Biological Resources Attachment A – Site Photographs Attachment B – Wildlife Compendium Attachment C – California Natural Diversity Database Form Attachment D – Least Bell’s Vireo Survey Data Summary Form

cc: Stacey Love, USFWS

R:\Projects\CWE\3CWE010100\LBV\Pala LBV Report-103019.docx

REFERENCES

American Ornithologists’ Union (AOU). 1998. Check-list of North American Birds (7th ed). Shipman, VA: Buteo Books.

Bent, A.C. 1950. Life histories of North American wagtails, shrikes, vireos, and their allies. U.S. National Museum Bulletin 197, 41 pp.

Brown, B.T. 1993. Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii). The Birds of North America, No. 35 (A. Poole, P. Stettenheim, and F. Gill, Eds.). Philadelphia, PA and Washington, D.C.: The Academy of Natural Sciences and AOU (respectively).

California Department of Fish and Wildlife (CDFW). 2019. California Natural Diversity Database. Records of Occurrence for the USGS Pechanga 7.5-minute quadrangle for the Bell’s vireo. Sacramento, CA: CDFW. Natural Heritage Division.

Chapin, E. 1925. Food habits of the vireos; a family of insectivorous birds. Bulletin.1355: 1–44. Washington, D.C.: United States Department of Agriculture.

Coues, E. 1903. Key to North American birds (5th ed.). Boston, MA: The Page Co.

Faber, P., E. Keller, A. Sands, B. Massey. 1989. The Ecology of Riparian Habitats of the Southern California Coastal Region: A Community Profile (Biological Report 85 [7.27]). Washington,

Mr. Vik Bapna October 30, 2019 Page 6

D.C: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Research and Development, National Wetlands Research Center.

Franzreb, K.E. 1989. Ecology and Conservation of the Endangered Least Bell’s Vireo (Biological Report 89[1]). Sacramento, CA: USFWS, Endangered Species Office.

Goldwasser, S. 1981. Habitat Requirements of the Least Bell’s Vireo (Final Report, Job IV-38.1). Sacramento, CA: CDFG.

Gray, V. And J. Greaves. 1981 (September). The Riparian Forest as Habitat for the Least Bell’s Vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus). Paper presented at the California Riparian Systems Conference, University of California, Davis.

Kus, B.E., and K.L. Miner. 1989. Use of Non-Riparian Habitats by Least Bell’s Vireo. In Proceedings of the California Riparian Systems Conference. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report PSW-100. pp 299-303

Miner, K. L. 1989. Foraging ecology of the Least Bell's Vireo, Vireo bellii pusillus. Tesis de Maestria. San Diego State University. San Diego, California. USA.

RECON Regional Environmental Consultants (RECON). 1988. Draft Comprehensive Species Management Plan for the Least Bell’s Vireo (Prepared for the San Diego Association of Governments). San Diego, CA: RECON.

Salata, L.R. 1983. Status of the Least Bell’s Vireo on Camp Pendleton, California: Report on Research Done in 1983. Laguna Niguel, CA: USFWS.

———. 1981. Least Bell's vireo research, Camp Pendleton Marine Corps Base, San Diego County, California, 1981. Unpubl. Rept., Natural Resources Officer, Camp Pendleton.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2001 (January 19). Least Bell’s Vireo Survey Guidelines. Carlsbad, CA: USFWS.

———. 1998 (May 6). Draft Recovery Plan for the Least Bell’s Vireo. USFWS, Portland, OR. 139 pp.

———. 1994 (February 2). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Designation of Critical Habitat for the Least Bell’s Vireo. Federal Register 59(22): 4845–4867. Washington, D.C.: USFWS.

———. 1986 (May 2). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Endangered Status for the Least Bell’s Vireo. Federal Register 51(85):16474–16482. Washington, D.C.: USFWS.

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ATTACHMENT A

SITE PHOTOGRAPHS

Representative site photograph depicting southern cottonwood-willow riparian scrub vegetation.

Representative site photograph depicting mule fat scrub vegetation. D:\Projects\3CWE\010100\GRAPHICS\LBV\Att_SP_20190906.ai Site Photographs Attachment A Pala Park Channel Reconstruction Project

(09/06/2019 MMD) R:\Projects\CWE\3CWE010100\GraphicsLBV\Att_SP.pdf

ATTACHMENT B

WILDLIFE COMPENDIUM

Pala Park Channel Reconstruction Project

WILDLIFE OBSERVED DURING SURVEYS

Species Scientific Name Common Name Special Status LIZARDS PHRYNOSOMATIDAE - SPINY LIZARD FAMILY Sceloporus occidentalis western fence lizard BIRDS ODONTOPHORIDAE - NEW WORLD QUAIL FAMILY Callipepla californica California quail COLUMBIDAE - PIGEON AND DOVE FAMILY Columba livia* rock pigeon Streptopelia decaocto* Eurasian collared-dove Zenaida macroura mourning dove CUCULIDAE - CUCKOO AND ROADRUNNER FAMILY Geococcyx californianus greater roadrunner APODIDAE - SWIFT FAMILY Aeronautes saxatalis white-throated swift TROCHILIDAE - HUMMINGBIRD FAMILY Calypte anna Anna's hummingbird Selasphorus sasin Allen's hummingbird CHARADRIIDAE - PLOVER FAMILY Charadrius vociferus killdeer CATHARTIDAE - NEW WORLD VULTURE FAMILY Cathartes aura turkey vulture ACCIPITRIDAE - HAWK FAMILY Buteo jamaicensis red-tailed hawk PICIDAE - WOODPECKER FAMILY Picoides nuttallii Nuttall's woodpecker FALCONIDAE - FALCON FAMILY Falco sparverius American kestrel TYRANNIDAE - TYRANT FLYCATCHER FAMILY Sayornis nigricans black phoebe Sayornis saya Say's phoebe Myiarchus cinerascens ash-throated flycatcher Tyrannus vociferans Cassin's kingbird Tyrannus verticalis western kingbird VIREONIDAE - VIREO FAMILY Vireo bellii pusillus least Bell's vireo FE, SE CORVIDAE - JAY AND CROW FAMILY Aphelocoma californica California scrub-jay Corvus brachyrhynchos American crow Corvus corax common raven HIRUNDINIDAE - SWALLOW FAMILY Stelgidopteryx serripennis northern rough-winged swallow Hirundo rustica barn swallow AEGITHALIDAE - BUSHTIT FAMILY Psaltriparus minimus bushtit

R:\Projects\CWE\3CWE010100\LBV\Pala LBV Report-103019.docx B-1 Wildlife Compendium Pala Park Channel Reconstruction Project

WILDLIFE OBSERVED DURING SURVEYS

Species Scientific Name Common Name Special Status TROGLODYTIDAE - WREN FAMILY Troglodytes aedon house wren Thryomanes bewickii Bewick's wren SYLVIIDAE - SILVIID WARBLERS FAMILY Chamaea fasciata wrentit TURDIDAE - THRUSH FAMILY Sialia mexicana western bluebird MIMIDAE - MOCKINGBIRD AND THRASHER FAMILY Toxostoma redivivum California thrasher Mimus polyglottos northern mockingbird STURNIDAE - STARLING FAMILY Sturnus vulgaris* European starling* FRINGILLIDAE - FINCH FAMILY Haemorhous mexicanus house finch Spinus psaltria lesser goldfinch PASSERELLIDAE - NEW WORLD SPARROW FAMILY Pipilo maculatus spotted towhee Melozone crissalis California towhee Melospiza melodia song sparrow Junco hyemalis dark-eyed junco ICTERIDAE - BLACKBIRDS AND ORIOLES Molothrus ater brown-headed cowbird Euphagus cyanocephalus Brewer's blackbird PARULIDAE - WOOD-WARBLER FAMILY Setophaga petechia yellow warbler SSC CARDINALIDAE - CARDINALS AND ALLIES Pheucticus melanocephalus black-headed grosbeak MAMMALS SCIURIDAE - SQUIRREL FAMILY Otospermophilus beecheyi California ground squirrel LEPORIDAE - HARE AND RABBIT FAMILY Sylvilagus audubonii desert cottontail USFWS: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; CDFW: California Department of Fish and Wildlife * Non-native species Species Status: Federal (USFWS) State (CDFW) FE Endangered SE Endangered SSC Species of Special Concern

R:\Projects\CWE\3CWE010100\LBV\Pala LBV Report-103019.docx B-2 Wildlife Compendium

ATTACHMENT C

CALIFORNIA NATURAL DIVERSITY DATABASE FORM

Mail to: California Natural Diversity Database For Office Use Only Department of Fish and Game Source Code Quad Code 1807 13th Street, Suite 202 Sacramento, CA 95811 Elm Code Occ. No. Fax: (916) 324-0475 email: [email protected] EO Index No. Map Index No. Date of Field Work (mm/dd/yyyy): 05/09/2019

Reset California Native Species Field Survey Form Send Form Scientific Name: Vireo bellii pusillus

Common Name: least Bell's vireo

Species Found? kk✔ Reporter: Lindsay Messett Yes No If not, why? Address: 3 Hutton Centre Dr, Suite 200 Total No. Individuals 1 Subsequent Visit? kk✔ yes no Santa Ana, CA 92707-8794 Is this an existing NDDB occurrence? k no k✔ unk. Yes, Occ. # E-mail Address: [email protected] Collection? If yes: Phone: (714) 751-7373 Number Museum / Herbarium

Plant Information Animal Information 1 %%% Phenology: # adults # juveniles # larvae # egg masses # unknown vegetative flowering fruiting kkkkkk✔ winteringbreeding nesting rookery burrow site other Location Description (please attach map AND/OR fill out your choice of coordinates, below) The project site is located north of Pala Community Park in the City of Temecula in Riverside County, California

County:Riverside Landowner / Mgr.: City of Temecula Quad Name: Pechanga Elevation: 3-19 feet T R Sec , ¼ of ¼, Meridian:HMggg S Source of Coordinates (GPS, topo. map & type): GPS T R Sec , ¼ of ¼, Meridian:HMggg S GPS Make& Model Garmin DATUM: NAD27gg NAD83 WGS84 gHorizontal Accuracy 10-15 feet meters/feet Coordinate System: UTM Zone 10gg UTM Zone 11 OR Geographic (Latitude & Longitude) g✔ Coordinates: 33.47350, -117.11994

Habitat Description (plants & animals) plant communities, dominants, associates, substrates/soils, aspects/slope: Animal Behavior (Describe observed behavior, such as territoriality, foraging, singing, calling, copulating, perching, roosting, etc., especially for avifauna): The following vegetation types and other areas are present in the survey area: southern cottonwood–willow riparian scrub, southern sycamore riparian woodland (canopy and understory), blue elderberry, mule fat scrub, alluvial scrub, open wash, and developed.

One least Bell’s vireo was observed during the second focused survey on May 9, 2019. This individual was identified as a singing male, initially located in the western portion of the survey area, on the north side of Temecula Creek. The male appeared to be unpaired, singing continuously and traveling west through the survey area. Please fill out separate form for other rare taxa seen at this site. yellow warbler

Site Information Overall site/occurrence quality/viability (site + population):k Excellent k Good kk✔ Fair Poor Immediate AND surrounding land use: Residential and urban development as well as open space (Temecula Creek) Visible disturbances: human presence - homeless camps, recreational activities Threats: brown-headed cowbirds were observed on multiple survey visits

Comments:

Determination: (check one or more, and fill in blanks) Photographs: (check one or more) Slide Print Digital Keyed (cite reference): Plant / animal Compared with specimen housed at: Habitat ✔ Compared with photo / drawing in: Diagnostic feature By another person (name): Other: familiarity with the species, visually and aurally May we obtain duplicates at our expense?gg yes ✔ no

DFG/BDB/1747 Rev. 6/16/09

ATTACHMENT D

LEAST BELL’S VIREO SURVEY DATA SUMMARY FORM

LEAST BELL'S VIREO SURVEY DATA SUMMARY

Site Information Project Title: Pala Park Channel Reconstruction Project

Landowner: City of Temecula Survey Information Surveyors:Lindsay Messett, Cristhian Mace Year: 2019

Survey Begin CoordinatesSurvey End Coordinates Datum

Northing:3703756 Northing: 3703740 NAD83

Easting:488804 Easting: 489203 NAD 83

Survey Length (Km) Total Number of Surveys Total Number of Survey Hours 0.4km 8 42.5 Least Bell's Vireo Detection Information Number of males that were: Based on observation of female, nest, young, or nesting behavior Paired: 0 (nest-building, food carrying).

Undetermined Status: 0 The total number of resident males not confirmed as paired. Only detected once despite repeated surveys, or were not detected 1 Transient: at the same location for more than 2 weeks.

Total number of males: 1 The sum of the three categories above. Coordinates for LBVI Territories (continue on second sheet if necessary) Territory ID Northing Easting Status/Comments (e.g. paired)

1 3703788 488856 Unpaired Male