DOCSLIB.ORG

Esophageal Cancer MATTHEW W

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Esophageal Cancer MATTHEW W Esophageal Cancer MATTHEW W. SHORT, LTC, MC, USA, Madigan Army Medical Center, Tacoma, Washington KRISTINA G. BURGERS, MAJ, MC, USA, Womack Army Medical Center, Fort Bragg, North Carolina VINCENT T. FRY, MAJ, MC, USA, Ireland Army Community Hospital, Fort Knox, Kentucky Esophageal cancer has a poor prognosis and high mortality rate, with an estimated 16,910 new cases and 15,910 deaths projected in 2016 in the United States. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma account for more than 95% of esophageal cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma is more common in nonindustrialized countries, and important risk factors include smoking, alcohol use, and achalasia. Adenocarcinoma is the predominant esophageal cancer in developed nations, and important risk factors include chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease, obesity, and smoking. Dysphagia alone or with unintentional weight loss is the most common presenting symptom, although esophageal cancer is often asymptomatic in early stages. Physicians should have a low threshold for evaluation with endoscopy if any symptoms are present. If cancer is confirmed, integrated positron emission tomography and computed tomog- raphy should be used for initial staging. If no distant metastases are found, endoscopic ultrasonography should be performed to determine tumor depth and evaluate for nodal involvement. Localized tumors can be treated with endoscopic mucosal resection, whereas regional tumors are treated with esophagectomy, neoadjuvant chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, or a combination of modalities. Nonresectable tumors or tumors with distant metastases are treated with palliative interventions. Specific prevention strategies have not been proven, and there are no recommen- dations for esophageal cancer screening. (Am Fam Physician. 2017;95(1):22-28. Copyright © 2017 American Academy of Family Physicians.) CME This clinical content sophageal cancer is the eighth cases worldwide.6 The highest rates occur conforms to AAFP criteria most common cancer worldwide. in China, Central Asia, and East and South for continuing medical Nearly four out of five cases occur Africa.2 The incidence of squamous cell car- education (CME). See CME Quiz Questions on page 8. in nonindustrialized nations, with cinoma in the United Sates is approximately Ethe highest rates in Asia and Africa.1,2 The three per 100,000 person-years.7 The inci- Author disclosure: No rel- evant financial affiliations. National Cancer Institute estimates that dence is consistent between sexes, is higher ▲ in 2016, there will be 16,910 new cases and among blacks, and peaks from 60 to 70 years Patient information: 8 A handout on this topic, 15,910 deaths from esophageal cancer in the of age. Important risk factors for esophageal 3 written by the authors of United States. squamous cell carcinoma include smoking, this article, is available Esophageal cancer is associated with a poor alcohol use, and achalasia9,10 (Table 18-15). at http://www.aafp.org/ prognosis. Despite advances in diagnosis and afp/2017/0101/p22-s1. Esophageal Adenocarcinoma html. treatment, the overall five-year survival rate for persons with esophageal cancer is 15% to Esophageal adenocarcinoma is the predomi- 20% worldwide and in the United States.4 nant type of esophageal cancer in North The two main subtypes of esophageal America and Europe6 (Figures 1 through 3). cancer are squamous cell carcinoma and According to 2013 data from the National adenocarcinoma. These subtypes account Cancer Institute, most cases occur in adults for more than 95% of malignant esophageal older than 50 years, and the incidence among tumors. Rare subtypes of esophageal can- persons 65 years and older is 11.8 to 16.3 cer, which are not discussed in this article, per 100,000 person-years, with an eightfold include lymphomas, melanomas, carcinoid higher risk in men compared with women tumors, and sarcomas.5 and a fivefold higher risk in whites compared with blacks3 (Table 18-15). Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Major risk factors for esophageal adeno- Esophagus carcinoma include gastroesophageal reflux Squamous cell carcinoma is the most com- disease, obesity, and smoking.12-14 Barrett mon subtype of esophageal cancer outside esophagus is a known precursor disease to of the United States, accounting for 90% of esophageal adenocarcinoma with a low rate 22Downloaded American from Family the American Physician Family Physician website at www.aafp.org/afp.www.aafp.org/afp Copyright © 2017 American AcademyVolume of Family 95, Physicians. Number For 1 the◆ January private, noncom 1, 2017- mercial use of one individual user of the website. All other rights reserved. Contact [email protected] for copyright questions and/or permission requests. Esophageal Cancer WHAT IS NEW ON THIS TOPIC: ESOPHAGEAL CANCER In a cohort study of 11,028 patients with low- and high- grade dysplasia Barrett esophagus, the overall incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma was 0.12% per year. Antireflux surgery appears to have minimal benefit in preventing esophageal cancer. A Cochrane review of 53 studies evaluating palliation for dysphagia showed that self-expanding metal stents are safe, effective, and provide quicker relief than brachytherapy, radiotherapy, esophageal bypass surgery, and chemotherapy. Table 1. Common Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancers Figure 1. Esophageal cancer at distal esophagus. Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma (continued) Age 60 to 70 years White race (fivefold risk) Achalasia (10-fold risk) Gastroesophageal reflux Smoking (ninefold risk) disease (five- to sevenfold risk, depending Alcohol use (three- to on frequency of symptoms) fivefold risk with ≥ three drinks per day) Obesity (2.4-fold risk with body mass index Black race (threefold risk) > 30 kg per m2) High-starch diet without Smoking (twofold risk) fruits and vegetables Barrett esophagus Adenocarcinoma Age 50 to 60 years Male sex (eightfold risk) NOTE: Risk factors listed from most to least common. Information from references 8 through 15. Figure 2. Friable esophageal cancer at distal esophagus. of conversion. A cohort study of 11,028 patients with low- and high-grade dysplasia Barrett esophagus fol- lowed over a five-year period showed that the overall incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma was 0.12% per year.16 A 41% reduced risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma has been observed among persons with Helicobacter pylori infection.17 It is believed that gastric acid secretions that contribute to reflux disease and Barrett esophagus are reduced as a result of gastric mucosa atrophy caused by H. pylori.18 This association is still under investiga- tion, and treatment of H. pylori infection continues to be recommended in accordance with American College of Gastroenterology guidelines. Clinical Presentation Figure 3. Extension of esophageal cancer as seen on retro- Esophageal cancer is often asymptomatic in the early flexed view from stomach. stages. Patients with advanced disease may present with progressive dysphagia (solids first, followed by liquids unresponsive to medication, chest pain, or signs of as the disease progresses), unintentional weight loss blood loss. (10% or more in the preceding three to six months), Of these symptoms, dysphagia alone or combined with odynophagia (painful swallowing, often noticed ini- unintentional weight loss is the most common presen- tially with dry foods), new-onset dyspepsia, heartburn tation in patients with esophageal cancer. Uncommon January 1, 2017 ◆ Volume 95, Number 1 www.aafp.org/afp American Family Physician 23 Esophageal Cancer findings include cervical adenopathy, hematemesis, LABORATORY TESTS hemoptysis, or hoarseness from recurrent nerve involve- After the diagnosis is confirmed with endoscopic biopsies, ment, which is present in less than 10% of patients at the additional laboratory studies may be helpful in evaluat- time of diagnosis.19 ing the tumor stage. The NCCN recommends evaluating Diagnosis The Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Workup of Symptoms Suggestive of Esophageal National Comprehensive Cancer Network Cancer (NCCN) recommend that patients with the clinical presentation described previously Symptoms concerning for esophageal cancer undergo upper endoscopy as the initial diagnostic evaluation to exclude esophageal Upper endoscopy cancer 20,21 (Figure 4 20-23). Other indications warranting endoscopy include persistent upper abdominal symptoms despite medical therapy and upper abdominal symptoms in If suspicious lesion(s) present, Study results normal patients older than 45 years.24 perform biopsies or brushings Chromoendoscopy (topical application of Follow-up as stains to improve visualization of different necessary mucosal tissues) and narrow band imaging No evidence Adenocarcinoma or (use of blue and green light to improve visu- of malignancy squamous cell carcinoma alization of blood vessels and other mucosal features) are often used during endoscopy Follow-up as Integrated positron emission to improve identification of suspicious necessary tomography/computed lesions. Biopsies of suspicious lesions should tomography; laboratory tests be performed, but if esophageal stricture prevents adequate biopsies, brush cytology can also be used.25 Barium studies should be reserved for patients unable to undergo No distant metastases Distant metastases upper endoscopy.15 Endoscopic Evaluate for Staging ultrasonography palliative therapy Staging usually involves multiple modalities with brachytherapy or stenting in a stepwise approach and should be tai- lored to the patient as well
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Evaluation of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Esophageal Cancer: PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors Versus Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors
    Journal of Nuclear Medicine, published on May 11, 2012 as doi:10.2967/jnumed.111.098699 Evaluation of Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Esophageal Cancer: PET Response Criteria in Solid Tumors Versus Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors Masahiro Yanagawa*1, Mitsuaki Tatsumi*1,2, Hiroshi Miyata3, Eiichi Morii4, Noriyuki Tomiyama1, Tadashi Watabe2, Kayako Isohashi2, Hiroki Kato2, Eku Shimosegawa2, Makoto Yamasaki3, Masaki Mori3, Yuichiro Doki3, and Jun Hatazawa2 1Department of Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-city, Osaka, Japan; 2Department of Nuclear Medicine and Tracer Kinetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-city, Osaka, Japan; 3Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-city, Osaka, Japan; and 4Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita-city, Osaka, Japan onstrate the correlation between therapeutic responses and Recently, PET response criteria in solid tumors (PERCIST) have prognosis in patients with esophageal cancer receiving neoadju- been proposed as a new standardized method to assess vant chemotherapy. However, PERCIST was found to be the chemotherapeutic response metabolically and quantitatively. strongest independent predictor of outcomes. Given the signifi- The aim of this study was to evaluate therapeutic response to cance of noninvasive radiologic imaging in formulating clinical neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced esophageal treatment strategies, PERCIST might be considered more suit- cancer, comparing PERCIST with the currently widely used able for evaluation of chemotherapeutic response to esophageal response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST). Methods: cancer than RECIST. Fifty-one patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer who Key Words: RECIST; PERCIST; 18F-FDG PET; esophageal cancer; received neoadjuvant chemotherapy (5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, response to therapy and cisplatin), followed by surgery were studied.
    [Show full text]
  • Immunohistochemical Detection of WT1 Protein in a Variety of Cancer Cells
    Modern Pathology (2006) 19, 804–814 & 2006 USCAP, Inc All rights reserved 0893-3952/06 $30.00 www.modernpathology.org Immunohistochemical detection of WT1 protein in a variety of cancer cells Shin-ichi Nakatsuka1, Yusuke Oji2, Tetsuya Horiuchi3, Takayoshi Kanda4, Michio Kitagawa5, Tamotsu Takeuchi6, Kiyoshi Kawano7, Yuko Kuwae8, Akira Yamauchi9, Meinoshin Okumura10, Yayoi Kitamura2, Yoshihiro Oka11, Ichiro Kawase11, Haruo Sugiyama12 and Katsuyuki Aozasa13 1Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Hospital Organization Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano, Osaka, Japan; 2Department of Biomedical Informatics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; 3Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano, Osaka, Japan; 4Department of Gynecology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano, Osaka, Japan; 5Department of Urology, National Hospital Organization Osaka Minami Medical Center, Kawachinagano, Osaka, Japan; 6Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi, Japan; 7Department of Pathology, Osaka Rosai Hospital, Sakai, Osaka, Japan; 8Department of Pathology, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka, Japan; 9Department of Cell Regulation, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kida-gun, Kagawa, Japan; 10Department of Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; 11Department of Molecular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan; 12Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan and 13Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan WT1 was first identified as a tumor suppressor involved in the development of Wilms’ tumor. Recently, oncogenic properties of WT1 have been demonstrated in various hematological malignancies and solid tumors.
    [Show full text]
  • Prognostic Factors Affecting Mortality in Patients with Esophageal Gists
    JBUON 2020; 25(1): 497-507 ISSN: 1107-0625, online ISSN: 2241-6293 • www.jbuon.com Email: [email protected] ORIGINAL ARTICLE Prognostic factors affecting mortality in patients with esophageal GISTs Dimitrios Schizas1, George Bagias2, Prodromos Kanavidis1, Demetrios Moris1, Eleftherios Spartalis3, Christos Damaskos3, Nikolaos Garmpis3, Ioannis Karavokyros1, Evangelos P. Misiakos4, Theodore Liakakos1 11st Department of Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; 2Clinic for General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; 32nd Department of Propedeutic Surgery, Laikon General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece; 43rd Department of Surgery, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Summary Purpose: Esophageal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (54.3%), followed by tumor enucleation (45.7%). The median (GISTs) compose a very rare clinical entity, representing follow-up period was 34 months; tumor recurrence occurred 0.7% of all GISTs. Therefore, the clinicopathological factors in 18 cases (18.9%) and 19 died of disease (19.2%). The over- that affect mortality are currently not adequately examined. all survival rate was 75.8%. We found out that tumor size We reviewed individual cases of esophageal GISTs found in and high mitotic rate (>10 mitosis per hpf) were significant the literature in order to identify the prognostic factors af- prognostic factors for survival. Presence of symptoms, ul- fecting mortality. ceration, and tumor necrosis as well as tumor recurrence were also significant prognostic factors (p<0.01). Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were systematically searched to identify clinical studies and Conclusions: Esophageal GISTs’ tumor size and mitotic case reports referring to esophageal GISTs.
    [Show full text]
  • Lung Equivalent Terms, Definitions, Charts, Tables and Illustrations C340-C349 (Excludes Lymphoma and Leukemia M9590-9989 and Kaposi Sarcoma M9140)
    Lung Equivalent Terms, Definitions, Charts, Tables and Illustrations C340-C349 (Excludes lymphoma and leukemia M9590-9989 and Kaposi sarcoma M9140) Introduction Use these rules only for cases with primary lung cancer. Lung carcinomas may be broadly grouped into two categories, small cell and non-small cell carcinoma. Frequently a patient may have two or more tumors in one lung and may have one or more tumors in the contralateral lung. The physician may biopsy only one of the tumors. Code the case as a single primary (See Rule M1, Note 2) unless one of the tumors is proven to be a different histology. It is irrelevant whether the other tumors are identified as cancer, primary tumors, or metastases. Equivalent or Equal Terms • Low grade neuroendocrine carcinoma, carcinoid • Tumor, mass, lesion, neoplasm (for multiple primary and histology coding rules only) • Type, subtype, predominantly, with features of, major, or with ___differentiation Obsolete Terms for Small Cell Carcinoma (Terms that are no longer recognized) • Intermediate cell carcinoma (8044) • Mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma (8045) (Code is still used; however current accepted terminology is combined small cell carcinoma) • Oat cell carcinoma (8042) • Small cell anaplastic carcinoma (No ICD-O-3 code) • Undifferentiated small cell carcinoma (No ICD-O-3 code) Definitions Adenocarcinoma with mixed subtypes (8255): A mixture of two or more of the subtypes of adenocarcinoma such as acinar, papillary, bronchoalveolar, or solid with mucin formation. Adenosquamous carcinoma (8560): A single histology in a single tumor composed of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Bilateral lung cancer: This phrase simply means that there is at least one malignancy in the right lung and at least one malignancy in the left lung.
    [Show full text]
  • Risk Factors of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Beyond Alcohol and Smoking
    cancers Review Risk Factors of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma beyond Alcohol and Smoking Munir Tarazi 1 , Swathikan Chidambaram 1 and Sheraz R. Markar 1,2,* 1 Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London W2 1NY, UK; [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (S.C.) 2 Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, 17164 Stockholm, Sweden * Correspondence: [email protected] Simple Summary: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the sixth most common cause of death worldwide. Incidence rates vary internationally, with the highest rates found in Southern and Eastern Africa, and central Asia. Initial studies identified multiple factors associated with an increased risk of ESCC, with subsequent work then focused on developing plausible biological mechanistic associations. The aim of this review is to summarize the role of risk factors in the development of ESCC and propose future directions for further research. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify risk factors associated with the development of ESCC. Risk factors were divided into seven subcategories: genetic, dietary and nutrition, gastric atrophy, infection and microbiome, metabolic, epidemiological and environmental, and other risk factors. Risk factors from each subcategory were summarized and explored. This review highlights several current risk factors of ESCC. Further research to validate these results and their effects on tumor biology is necessary. Citation: Tarazi, M.; Chidambaram, S.; Markar, S.R. Risk Factors of Abstract: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the sixth most common cause of death Esophageal Squamous Cell worldwide. Incidence rates vary internationally, with the highest rates found in Southern and Eastern Carcinoma beyond Alcohol and Africa, and central Asia.
    [Show full text]
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Renal Parenchyma
    Zhang et al. BMC Urology (2020) 20:107 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-020-00676-5 CASE REPORT Open Access Squamous cell carcinoma of the renal parenchyma presenting as hydronephrosis: a case report and review of the recent literature Xirong Zhang1,2, Yuanfeng Zhang1, Chengguo Ge1, Junyong Zhang1 and Peihe Liang1* Abstract Background: Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the renal parenchyma is extremely rare, only 5 cases were reported. Case presentation: We probably report the fifth case of primary Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the renal parenchyma in a 61-year-old female presenting with intermittent distending pain for 2 months. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) revealed hydronephrosis of the right kidney, but a tumor cannot be excluded completely. Finally, nephrectomy was performed, and histological analysis determined that the diagnosis was kidney parenchyma squamous cell carcinoma involving perinephric adipose tissue. Conclusions: The present case emphasizes that it is difficult to make an accurate preoperative diagnosis with the presentation of hidden malignancy, such as hydronephrosis. Keywords: Kidney, Renal parenchyma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Hydronephrosis, Malignancy Background Case presentation Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the renal pelvis is a The patient is a 61-year-old female. After suffering from rare neoplasm, accounting for only 0.5 to 0.8% of malig- intermittent pain in the right flank region for 2 months nant renal tumors [1], SCC of the renal parenchyma is she was referred to the urology department at an outside even less common. A review of the literature shows that hospital. The patient was diagnosed with hydronephrosis only five cases of primary SCC of the renal parenchyma of the right kidney and underwent a right ureteroscopy have been reported to date [2–6].
    [Show full text]
  • The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of a Liquid Biopsy for Esophageal Cancer: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    cancers Review The Diagnostic and Prognostic Value of a Liquid Biopsy for Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Daisuke Matsushita 1,* , Takaaki Arigami 2 , Keishi Okubo 1, Ken Sasaki 1, Masahiro Noda 1, Yoshiaki Kita 1, Shinichiro Mori 1, Yoshikazu Uenosono 3, Takao Ohtsuka 1 and Shoji Natsugoe 4 1 Department of Digestive Surgery, Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; [email protected] (K.O.); [email protected] (K.S.); [email protected] (M.N.); [email protected] (Y.K.); [email protected] (S.M.); [email protected] (T.O.) 2 Department of Onco-biological Surgery, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima 890-8520, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Surgery, Jiaikai Imamura General Hospital, Kagoshima 890-0064, Japan; [email protected] 4 Department of Surgery, Gyokushoukai Kajiki Onsen Hospital, Aira 899-5241, Japan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-99-275-5361; Fax: +81-99-265-7426 Received: 9 September 2020; Accepted: 18 October 2020; Published: 21 October 2020 Simple Summary: The “liquid biopsy” is a novel concept for detecting circulating biomarkers in the peripheral blood of patients with various cancers, including esophageal cancer. There are two main methods to identify circulating cancer related biomarkers such as morphological techniques or molecular biological techniques.
    [Show full text]
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Pancreas with High PD-L1 Expression: a Rare Presentation
    CASE REPORT published: 01 July 2021 doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.680398 Case Report: Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Pancreas With High PD-L1 Expression: A Rare Presentation Baohong Yang, Haipeng Ren* and Guohua Yu Oncology Department, Weifang People’s Hospital, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China Primary pancreatic squamous cell carcinoma is sporadic. The diagnosis is usually made following surgery or needle biopsy and requires a thorough workup to exclude metastatic squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas often has a very poor prognosis. There is no treatment guideline for this type of cancer, and to date, no therapeutic regimen has been proven effective. Here, we report the effectiveness of Edited by: immunotherapy in combination with chemotherapy against locally advanced squamous Lujun Chen, First People’s Hospital of Changzhou, cell carcinoma of the pancreas with high programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) China expression. Regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy consisting of nab-Paclitaxel Reviewed by: followed by gemcitabine infused via gastroduodenal artery every three weeks for two Helmout Modjathedi, Kingston University, United Kingdom cycles. This therapy resulted in the depletion of carcinoma, and the patient continues to Saikiran Raghavapuram, lead a high-quality life with no symptoms for more than 16 months. South Georgia Medical Center, United States Keywords: pancreas cancer, immunotherapy, chemotherapy, squamous cell carcinoma, anti-PD 1 *Correspondence: Haipeng Ren [email protected] STUDY HIGHLIGHT Specialty section: This article was submitted to 1. Regional intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy and partial splenic embolization is administered Cancer Immunity along with Immunotherapy targeting PD-L1 with gemcitabine to achieve partial remission of a and Immunotherapy, primary locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the pancreas with a high level of PD-L1 a section of the journal expression.
    [Show full text]
  • Synchronous Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Intrahepatic
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 38 : 5547-5550 (2018) doi:10.21873/anticanres.12890 Synchronous Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma Present in an Obese Male with Poor Prognosis PETER JIANG 1, LIN GU 2, YIHUA ZHOU 3, YULIN ZHAO 4 and JINPING LAI 5 1University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A.; 2Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.; 3Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.; 4Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China; 5Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, U.S.A. Abstract. Concurrent laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is rare and no prior of synchronous laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and report has been found through a PubMed search. Here we intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. The pathogenesis, report such a case of a 51-year old obese male presenting diagnosis and treatment of the diseases are discussed. with hoarseness and trouble swallowing for 2 to 3 months. Imaging findings of computer tomography (CT) and magnetic Synchronous cancers are defined as two or more primary resonance imaging (MRI) with and without contrast were cancers diagnosed in the same patient at the same time or suspicious for a T3N2 supraglottic laryngeal cancer. within 6 months of each diagnosis (1, 2). Laryngeal squamous Laryngeal biopsy showed a well differentiated squamous cell cell carcinoma comprises 95% of laryngeal malignancy, carcinoma (SCC).
    [Show full text]
  • Squamous Cell Skin Cancer
    our Pleaseonline surveycomplete at NCCN.org/patients/survey NCCN GUIDELINES FOR PATIENTS® 2019 Squamous Cell Skin Cancer Presented with support from: Available online at NCCN.org/patients Ü Squamous Cell Skin Cancer It's easy to get lost in the cancer world Let Ü NCCN Guidelines for Patients® be your guide 99Step-by-step guides to the cancer care options likely to have the best results 99Based on treatment guidelines used by health care providers worldwide 99Designed to help you discuss cancer treatment with your doctors NCCN Guidelines for Patients®: Squamous Cell Skin Cancer, 2019 1 About NCCN Guidelines for Patients® are developed by NCCN® NCCN® NCCN Guidelines® NCCN Guidelines for Patients® Ü Ü 99An alliance of 28 leading 99Developed by doctors from 99Presents information from the cancer centers across the NCCN Cancer Centers using NCCN Guidelines in an easy-to- United States devoted to the latest research and years learn format patient care, research, and of experience education. 99For people with cancer and 99For providers of cancer care those who support them all over the world 99Cancer centers that are part 99Explains the cancer care of NCCN: 99Expert recommendations for options likely to have the best NCCN.org/cancercenters cancer screening, diagnosis, results and treatment NCCN Quick GuideTM Sheets 99Key points from the NCCN Guidelines for Patients and supported by funding from NCCN Foundation® These guidelines are based on the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines®) for Squamous Cell Skin Cancer (Version 2.2019, October 23, 2018). © 2019 National Comprehensive Cancer Network, Inc. All rights reserved. NCCN Foundation® seeks to support the millions of patients and their families NCCN Guidelines for Patients® and illustrations herein may not be reproduced affected by a cancer diagnosis by funding and distributing NCCN Guidelines for in any form for any purpose without the express written permission of NCCN.
    [Show full text]
  • Distinguishing Adenocarcinoma from Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Lung Using Multiplex IHC Stains: P63 + CK5 and TTF-1 + Napsin
    Distinguishing Adenocarcinoma from Squamous Cell Carcinoma in the Lung Using Multiplex IHC Stains: p63 + CK5 and TTF-1 + Napsin A Authors: D Tacha, D Zhou and RL Henshall-Powell. Biocare Medical, Concord, United States Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Rodney T. Miller, M.D. (ProPath® Laboratories, Dallas, TX) for his valuable contributions and insight in writing this abstract. www.biocare.net As Presented at USCAP 2010, Abstract #1852 Background The current FDA-approved standard treatment for non-small cell and staining patterns were not characteristic of lung cancer (photo 3). lung cancer is Carboplastin/Taxol/Avastin; however, based upon Cases that were grade 3 and 4, and all metastatic colon cancers were survival benefit, patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) 100% negative (data not shown). Breast, prostate, bladder, stomach, should not receive Avastin due to a 30% mortality rate by fatal seminoma, liver, bile duct, lymphoma, leiomyosarcoma, melanoma hemoptysis. Further, selection of therapies such as VEGR and EGFR and pancreatic cancers were all negative (Table 1). When the same inhibitors may depend on the correct differentiation of SqCC vs. lung tissues were stained with Napsin A (M), data was equivalent except adenocarcinoma (LADC) of the lung. TTF-1, CK7 and p63 expression for colon (Table 1). have been used to differentiate primary lung cancers; however, the need for a sensitive and specific panel of antibodies to differentiate In LADC, Napsin A staining was highlighted by granular cytoplasmic lung adenocarcinoma from lung SqCC is of the utmost importance. staining around the nuclei (Photo 3), and demonstrated equal Thrombomodulin (CD141), p63, 34betaE12 and CK5/6 have sensitivity to TTF-1 (79%), but was slightly more specific (Table 2).
    [Show full text]
  • (CANSA) Fact Sheet on Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
    The Cancer Association of South Africa (CANSA) Fact Sheet on Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Skin Introduction There are two main categories of skin cancer, namely melanomas and non- melanoma skin cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma is one of the non-melanoma skin cancers (British Skin Foundation). Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) is a type of carcinoma that arises from squamous epithelium. It is the second most common form of skin cancer in South Africa. It is also sometimes referred to as cancroid. [Picture Credit: Squamous Cell Carcinoma] SCC tends to develop on skin that has been exposed to the sun for years. It is most frequently seen on sun-exposed areas of the body such as the head, neck and back of the hands. Although women frequently get SCC on their lower legs it is possible to get SCC on any part of the body including the inside of the mouth, lips and genitals. People who use tanning beds have a much higher risk of getting SCC – they also tend to get SCC earlier in life (American Academy of Dermatology). Incidence of Skin Cancer Among Individuals of Colour Most skin cancers are associated with ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds, and many people of colour are less susceptible to UV damage thanks to the greater amounts of melanin darker skin produces. Melanin is the protective pigment that gives skin and eyes their colour, however, people of colour can still develop skin cancer from UV damage. Additionally, certain skin cancers are caused by factors other than UV - such as genetics or other environmental influences - and may occur on parts of the body rarely exposed to the sun.
    [Show full text]