Leaf Extract

ECC Original Research Article Eurasian Chemical Communications http://echemcom.com Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using (Eryngium Campestre) leaf extract Maryam Khodaie, Nahid Ghasemi*, Majid Ramezani Department of Chemistry, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Received: 31 January 2019, Accepted: 9 May 2019, Published: 1 October 2019 Abstract Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is considered as a fast, eco-friendly, affordable and easily scalable technology. Also, the nanoparticles produced by plants are very stable. In this study, the focus is on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using extract of eryngium campestre. The effective parameters such as concentration of silver nitrate, pH, temperature and time, size and morphology of the nanoparticles were investigated and controlled by (UV-Vis) spectroscopy in the range of 300-500 nm. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized under optimal conditions of 1 mM silver nitrate, pH=5, temperature= 50 °C and synthesis time of 100 minutes. Then, it was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Keywords: Silver nanoparticles; metallic nanoparticles; Eryngium campestre; green synthesis. Introduction because of their antimicrobial and anti- Nowadays, nanotechnology has become cancer properties have very specific one of the most promising and growing applications in infections and wounds technologies in all sciences including treatment, medical and pharmaceutical physics, chemistry, biology, medicine, cases, and surgical matters [6,7]. and materials science [1-3]. Metallic Typical chemical and physical nanoparticles due to their unique synthesis methods have many properties and applications have disadvantages such as high cost, attracted many attentions of the environmental and human hazards and researchers all over the world. Due to the use of toxic chemical materials. the importance of metallic These problems have attracted attention nanoparticles synthesis, the scientific to the new and alternative routes. community has taken extensive Phytochemicals reduction and synthesis proceedings to develop appropriate of nanoparticles using plants and techniques, new and safe methods for microorganisms as a new source for the humans and environment for the synthesis and production of production of nanoparticles [4,5]. Silver nanoparticles has been proven. This nanoparticles (AgNPs) which are one of method has become a simple and the most important nanoparticles efficient way because of its effective *Corresponding author: Nahid Ghasemi Tel: +98 (863) 4135421, Fax: +98 (863) 4135421 Eurasian Chem. Commun., 2019, 502-511 E-mail: [email protected] Page | 502 M. Khodaie et al. / Eurasian Chemical Communications, 2019, 502-511 features like environmental inflammation and pain [21]. Most of compatibility, affordable, fast and safe the compounds in eryngium campestre method, without the need for high have different essential oils of folic temperatures and specific conditions. acid, and its root contains tannin and Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) which sugar of sucrose. Also, the extract of have been produced by this method can eryngium campestre has high levels of be used in various industries, including phenol and flavonoids. As previously textile industry, creams and cosmetics mentioned, polyphenolic phenol, such [8,9], medical and surgical applications as flavonoids, can be used as a reducing [10-12], because of its antibacterial agent in the synthesis of metallic properties [11]. There are secondary nanoparticles by biological routes. metabolites in the pure extract of plants, Since the synthesis of silver such as folic acid, flavoneides, nanoparticles has not been investigated alkanoids, and terpinetics, and etc. that by this plant, this study attempts to play an important role in the plants investigate this synthesis rout and defense system, and humans use them effective parameters such as pH, as medicine or spice, these metabolites concentration of silver nitrate solution, are usually produced in certain plants temperature and time. Then, silver and species. Reports have shown that nanoparticles were synthesized under there are different mechanisms for the optimal conditions of all parameters, synthesis of nanoparticles in different the obtained nanostructures were species [13]. The mechanism and characterized by EDX, UV-VIS, XRD, elements involved in the synthesis of SEM, and FTIR techniques. nanoparticles by plants have not been Experimental identified completely, but it has been General suggested that the secondary Fresh leaves of eryngium campestre metabolites play an important role in were collected from around the city of metallic salts reduction, as well as Mazandaran in northern Iran. UV-Vis coating and stabilizing agent for silver Perkin-Elmer spectrophotometer was nanoparticles [14]. Secondary used to study parameters and optimum metabolites are continuously used in conditions in the range of 300 to 500 the reactions required for the green nm. IR spectra were taken by Bruker synthesis of eco-friendly nanoparticles Alpha in the range of 500 to 4000 cm-1 [15]. These reactions can be affected with KBR. X-ray diffraction was the shape and size of the nanoparticles recorded with a Philips PW 1730 [16,17]. In recent years, many plants Powder. The analysis was carried out at have been investigated around the the current of 30 mA and 40 kV, step world to synthesize metallic size = 0.02 ° and step time = 1s by nanoparticles, especially silver monochromatized Cu radiation at nanoparticles, which jasminoide λ=1.5406 Å. The range of 2θ is from 10 (gardenia) [18], vitex negundo [19], to 80 °. SEM was recorded with a thin thyme [20] and etc. are some examples layer of gold was coated for of them. The eryngium campestre plant conductivity on the specimens and is one of the medicinal plants that, samples were analyzed at 20 kV based on information from traditional accelerator voltage. EDX was recorded medicine, have some therapeutic effects with a TESCAN VEGA3. including; sedation, soothing the rheumatic diseases, relieving Page | 503 Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using (Eryngium campestre) leaf extract Preparation of plant extract Results and discussion Eryngium campestre, which is a local After the synthesis of silver herb, was collected from around the nanoparticles via eryngium campestre city of Mazandaran in northern Iran, extract effective parameters on size and and washed several times with morphology of silver nanoparticles, deionized water and dried in shadow, including silver nitrate concentration, and then it was prepared for extraction. pH, temperature and time were For extraction, 20 gr of dried leaves and investigated. In order to determine the 100 mL of deionized water were poured optimal conditions, UV-Vis into an Erlenmeyer flask. Afterwards, it spectroscopy was used in the range of was boiled in water bath for 30 minutes 300-500 nm. Eryngium campestre and the extract was filtered after collected from around the city of cooling using filter paper. The final Mazandaran in northern Iran is shown extract was kept at 4 °C for further in the Figure 1. In the first, the effect of experiments. silver nitrate concentration was Synthesis of silver nanoparticles investigated. Different concentrations 10 mL of the eryngium campestre of silver nitrate solution (1, 3, 5 and 10 extract with 90 mL of 5 mM silver mM) were prepared. Then, 10 mL of nitrate solution was mixed. The color the extract was added to 90 mL of each changing of the solution from yellow to concentrations, After 30 minutes at brown indicates the synthesis of silver room temperature (25 °C), the nanoparticles [22]. Finally, silver maximum absorbance of each solution nanoparticles were characterized by was recorded by UV-Vis XRD, FT-IR, SEM and EDX spectrophotometer in the wavelength spectroscopy. range of 300-500 nm. Figure 1. The fresh leaves Eryngium campestre As shown in Figure 2, by sufficiently available for concentration increasing silver nitrate concentration, of 1 mM, and increasing silver ions we observed that the absorption peak concentration, reduces this access and decreased, in fact, by decreasing larger nanoparticles have been surface plasm on particle size has been synthesized and surface plasmon has increased. It can be assumed that the been decreased. amount of responsible metabolites for silver ions reduction in the extract is Page | 504 M. Khodaie et al. / Eurasian Chemical Communications, 2019, 502-511 Figure 2. Effect of concentration silver on green synthesized AgNPs using (eryngium campestre) leaf extract (pH=3, temperature =25°C, time= 30 min.) pH is an important parameter in formation of smaller nanoparticles. This size and shape investigation of the is probably due to the fact that the nanoparticles. For this purpose, the increase in pH will cause a change in optimum concentration of silver nitrate the normal charge of the metabolites in (1 mM) was prepared and 90 mL of it the extract, which will have a positive and 10 mL of the extract were poured effect on the adhesion and binding of into 5 separate Erlenmeyer flask and silver ions, and the connection will be pH of each Erlenmeyer was adjusted to increased because the surface of 3 5, 6, 7 and 9 by 0.1 N NaOH and metabolites become more negative and HCl. After 30 minutes at room silver ions are positive. With pH temperature (25 °C), the absorbance of increasing, the surface

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