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Sprinting Performance and Resistance-Based Training Interventions: a Systematic Review

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Sprinting Performance and Resistance-Based Training Interventions: a Systematic Review View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Limerick Institutional Repository Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research Publish Ahead of Print DOI: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000720 TITLE: Sprinting Performance and Resistance-Based Training Interventions: A Systematic Review. 1, 2 Bolger, R., 1Kenny, IC., 1Lyons, M., 1Harrison, AJ. 1Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Ireland. 2Department of Health Sport & Exercise Science, WIT, Ireland. ‘‘This manuscript is original and not previously published, nor is it being considered elsewhere until a decision is made as to its acceptability by the JSCR Editorial Review Board.’’ Richard Bolger Biomechanics Research Unit Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences University of Limerick Ireland Email: [email protected] Phone: +353 (0)86-8076331 Or / Secondary contact information Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Science Health Sciences Building Waterford Institute of Technology Ireland Office Number: 051-834133 Email: [email protected] Dr Ian Kenny PhD Biomechanics Research Unit Department of Physical Education & Sport Sciences University of Limerick Ireland Phone: +353 (0)6123 4308 E-mail: [email protected] Dr Mark Lyons (BSc. PhD) Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences University of Limerick Ireland Tel: 00-353-61202819 Email: [email protected] Dr Drew Harrison FISBS Senior LecturerACCEPTED in Sports Biomechanics Department of Physical Education and Sports Science University of Limerick IRELAND Tel: +353 61 202809 Email: [email protected] Copyright Ó Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. 1 ABSTRACT 2 The purpose of this systematic review was to search the scientific literature for 3 original research, addressing the effects different forms of resistance-based 4 training have on sprinting performance in competitive sprinters. Specific key 5 words (Sprinters OR Sprint) NOT (Rugby, Soccer, Cycling, Swimming, 6 Paralympic, Nutrition) were used to search relevant databases through 7 November 2013 for related literature. Original research was reviewed using the 8 Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Five studies met the inclusion 9 criteria: actively competitive adult male sprinters who participated in a 10 resistance-based intervention (>4 weeks), with outcome measures in the form of 11 10-100 m sprint times. Exclusion criteria included acute studies (<4 weeks), 12 non-sprinting populations and studies with no performance outcome measures 13 (10-100 m sprint times). Three of the five studies employed both locomotor 14 resistance and fixed plane resistance, whereas the remaining two studies used 15 more fixed plane resistance e.g. squat and leg extension. Three of the studies 16 showed a statistical improvement in sprinting performance measures e.g. a 17 decrease in 30 m sprint time (p = 0.044), whereas one study showed a decrease 18 in sprinting performance. The analysis concluded that resistance-based training 19 has a positive effect on sprinting performance. Varied input of locomotor 20 resistance and fixed plane resistance has resulted in similar percentage change 21 for sprinting performance. This review adds to the body of knowledge by 22 strongly highlighting the dearth of literature exploring the effects of resistance- 23 based training on sprinting performance in competitive sprinters. The short 24 duration and wide range of exercises implemented in studies to date are of 25 concern, but coaches should not hesitate to implement well-planned resistance 26 programs for their sprint athletes. 27 28 Key WordsACCEPTED sprinters, resistance training, plyometrics, specificity, transference. 29 30 31 32 33 1 Copyright Ó Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. 1 INTRODUCTION 2 Sprinting performance has captivated audiences across the world since the 3 ancient Olympic games in the 8 th Century BC. Numerous studies have been 4 conducted using sprinters as a population. The majority of these are acute 5 studies and investigate a wide variety of topics such as physiological changes 6 (14, 15, 29), alteration in stride length and frequency (1, 6, 16, 19), and acute 7 biomechanical changes (10, 32, 38, 41, 42, 53). There are concerns that 8 resistance training will result in muscle hypertrophy, increasing athlete mass 9 thus impacting on speed (46, 62). Ross and Leveritt (46) have shown an increase 10 (5% - 10%) in Type I and Type II fibre cross-sectional area, in sprinters after 11 prolonged training ranging from 8 weeks to 8 months, which accounts for top- 12 level sprinters’ muscular physiques. Ross and Leveritt also notes that as a 13 physique becomes more muscular, as in the case of a bodybuilder, contractile 14 characteristics (concentric/eccentric) become slower. For clarity, this paper 15 refers to exercises which involve bounding, sled towing, prowler pushing, or any 16 other form of resisted sprint training as locomotor resistance. Exercises such as 17 back squats, squat jumps, leg extensions or exercises, which are performed on 18 the spot, or in a fixed plane, are referred to as fixed plane resistance. 19 20 To date, a large number of studies have examined the effects of resistance-based 21 interventions on sprinting performance in team sports athletes, with the greatest 22 volume of research conducted on American football, Rugby and soccer teams. 23 American football studies have focused on various training methods over a 24 season, yet report inconsistent findings about which method can best improve 25 speed development (20, 31). Many of the studies have demonstrated 26 improvements in running performance outcome measures after a season of 27 resistance training (13, 20, 23, 55, 60). However, various methods have been 28 used to ACCEPTEDelicit improved speed development of these athletes. Many have used 29 fixed plane resistances such as jump squats (22), power cleans (13, 20-23, 34, 30 47, 60), medicine ball throws (37) and Olympic weightlifting variations (13, 20- 31 23, 47, 60) supplementing their programs with more locomotor-orientated 32 resistance training such as plyometrics (13, 21, 34, 37, 55) and maximal 33 treadmill running (47). 2 Copyright Ó Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. 1 The available studies on Rugby and sprinting performance suggest similar 2 findings as American football. For example, Baker’s (3) study report a shorter 3 intervention time of 6-8 weeks, unlike the American football studies which lasted 4 as long as an entire season. These studies have used similar training methods to 5 American football, including many locomotor resistance exercises such as over- 6 speed training (9), resisted sprint training (18, 59), plyometric training (34, 54) 7 and fixed plane resistance exercises such as jump squats (3, 9, 17, 43) and 8 Olympic weightlifting variations (3). 9 10 The body of research on soccer has also presented similar findings with 11 interventions lasting from 3-10 weeks (8, 12, 27, 28, 35, 36, 40, 45, 56-58, 61) 12 involving fixed plane resistance training interventions of back squats (27, 35, 13 36), half squats (35, 40, 45, 61), countermovement jumps (CMJ’s) (35, 45, 56). 14 They also use many locomotor training exercises including repeated sprint 15 training (12, 28, 57, 61), plyometrics (8, 35, 36, 40, 45, 56), speed, agility, 16 quickness (27) and assisted and resisted sprint training (58). Many of these 17 studies have utilised both locomotor and fixed plane resistance programs 18 concurrently, some even using a complex training methods (36). 19 20 Several key recommendations have arisen from these studies, primarily a 21 necessity for further research examining the validity, transfer, and periodization 22 method of these programs. The overall theme suggests that longer (>8 weeks) 23 studies yield improved speed development (8, 12, 13, 20-23, 27, 31, 35, 50, 54, 24 55, 57, 59-61), and that a combined approach of resistance training, and 25 locomotor training improves speed (3, 11, 13, 20, 27, 31, 47, 54, 55, 58, 61, 62). 26 Both American football, and Rugby have position specific considerations, which 27 may influence overall study results (2, 13, 25, 31, 44). The soccer studies showed 28 significantACCEPTED improvements with interventions lasting longer than 8 weeks, again 29 with a combined approach of resistance training and locomotor training (8, 12, 30 27, 57, 58, 61). There was little focus on running technique development in these 31 studies, and none of the studies tested speed beyond 60 m. 32 3 Copyright Ó Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. 1 From a broader perspective, the performance outcome measures of the studies 2 are not easily comparable to competitive sprint performance, as it is harder to 3 control subject variability in running mechanics and body mass. This is partly 4 due to an overall difference in focus on body composition, as sprinting strength 5 to weight ratio is important for the expression of force. A greater body mass to 6 strength ratio will aid overall speed production (46), whereas both American 7 football (25, 44) and Rugby (2) place greater emphasis on heavier body mass in 8 conjunction with strength, speed and power due to the collision-based nature of 9 their sports. The absence of resistance training trials within the sprinting 10 population is apparent, yet most are performing resistance training as part of 11 their overall training program. Longitudinal controlled trials involving track 12 athletes, in particular sprinters, are not abundant in the literature (62). This 13 illustrates a gap in the literature on resistance modality and programming for 14 competitive sprinters. 15 16 Numerous review papers have aimed to clarify the effects of different modalities 17 of training on sprinting performance (5, 11, 24, 26, 48). The representation of 18 sprinters amongst their population samples, however, is sparse. To date, 19 strength and conditioning professionals and athletics coaches only have a small 20 number of sport-specific studies to draw from to validate their training program 21 selection for the modern sprinter.
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