Uitdagingen Voor De Technische Adviescommissie Waterkeringen
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Adaptation of the Dutch Delta to a changing climate UK-Netherlands Symposium on Coastal Defence and Flood Management The Hague, October 9, 2007. By prof. Pier Vellinga ClimateDirector Centre Climate Programme, Wageningen University and vrije UniversiteitDirector Climateamsterdam Centre, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam. www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooded area at NAP -6.0 m Waddenzee Markermeer A6 A7 A9 Amsterdam Utrecht Haarlem A2 Noordwijk A4 M t.o.v. NAP Noordzee A12 + 5m Druk 0 m op de toetsen Delft A13 Den Haag -5 m Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nlSource: WL ->onderzoekcentraDelft hydraulics -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooded area at NAP -5.0 m Waddenzee Markermeer A6 A7 A9 Amsterdam Utrecht Haarlem A2 Noordwijk A4 M t.o.v. NAP Noordzee A12 + 5m Druk 0 m op de toetsen Delft A13 Den Haag -5 m Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nlSource: WL ->onderzoekcentraDelft hydraulics -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooded area at NAP -4.0 m Waddenzee Markermeer A6 A7 A9 Amsterdam Utrecht Haarlem A2 Noordwijk A4 M t.o.v. NAP Noordzee A12 + 5m Druk 0 m op de toetsen Delft A13 Den Haag -5 m Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nlSource: WL ->onderzoekcentraDelft hydraulics -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooded area at NAP -3.0 m Waddenzee Markermeer A6 A7 A9 Amsterdam Utrecht Haarlem A2 Noordwijk A4 M t.o.v. NAP Noordzee A12 + 5m Druk 0 m op de toetsen Delft A13 Den Haag -5 m Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nlSource: WL ->onderzoekcentraDelft hydraulics -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooded area at NAP -2.0 m Waddenzee Markermeer A6 A7 A9 Amsterdam Utrecht Haarlem A2 Noordwijk A4 M t.o.v. NAP Noordzee A12 + 5m Druk 0 m op de toetsen Delft A13 Den Haag -5 m Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nlSource: WL ->onderzoekcentraDelft hydraulics -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooded area at NAP -1.0 m Waddenzee Markermeer A6 A7 A9 Amsterdam Utrecht Haarlem A2 Noordwijk A4 M t.o.v. NAP Noordzee A12 + 5m Druk 0 m op de toetsen Delft A13 Den Haag -5 m Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nlSource: WL ->onderzoekcentraDelft hydraulics -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooded area at NAP Waddenzee Markermeer A6 A7 A9 Amsterdam Utrecht Haarlem A2 Noordwijk A4 M t.o.v. NAP Noordzee A12 + 5m Druk 0 m op de toetsen Delft A13 Den Haag -5 m Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nlSource: WL ->onderzoekcentraDelft hydraulics -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooded area at NAP +0.5 m Waddenzee Markermeer A6 A7 A9 Amsterdam Utrecht Haarlem A2 Noordwijk A4 M t.o.v. NAP Noordzee A12 + 5m Druk 0 m op de toetsen Delft A13 Den Haag -5 m Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nlSource: WL ->onderzoekcentraDelft hydraulics -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooded area at NAP +1.0 m Waddenzee Markermeer A6 A7 A9 Amsterdam Utrecht Haarlem A2 Noordwijk A4 M t.o.v. NAP Noordzee A12 + 5m Druk 0 m op de toetsen Delft A13 Den Haag -5 m Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nlSource: WL ->onderzoekcentraDelft hydraulics -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Netherlands at about 800 AD Bron: Man-made Lowlands Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Developments since 800 AD Î Eustatic sea level rise by about 1 metre Î Reclamation and draining of low lying areas with subsidence as a consequence; Î Excavation of peat; Î Reduction of sediment supply by the major rivers; Î Extreme storm surges. Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooding 1421 Bron: Man-made Lowlands Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooding 1532 Bron: Man-made Lowlands Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooding 1675 Bron: Man-made Lowlands Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooding 1682 Bron: Man-made Lowlands Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooding 1916 Bron: Man-made Lowlands Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flooding in 1953 Bron: Man-made Lowlands Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Breaches in the coastline 1014 – Storm surge hits the Low Countries. The sea 1570 – Second All Saints Flood. Extreme high tides, breaches great gaps in the coastline – virtually closed mainly in Friesland and Zeeland. off at that time – between Flanders and Northern Germany. 1703 – Flood disaster in North-western Europe, thousands dead. 1170 – All saints Flood. The sea breaks through the dunes at Den Helder and Texel. This creates the Zuiderzee and the Wadden Sea. 1717 – Christmas Flood. More than 10,000 killed in Northern Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. 1287 – St. Lucia Flood. West Friesland is cut off from the present Friesland. 1825 – Flooding in Northern Netherlands and Overijssel. 1421 – St. Elizabeth Flood. Large areas of Zeeland and Holland flooded. Dykes breached in the South 1916 – Storm surge combined with high water levels Holland Waard leading to the creation of the Biesbosch. in rivers leads to flooding round the Zuiderzee. Proves decisive in the decision to close off and partially impolder the Zuiderzee. 1530 – St. Felix Flood. Disastrous flood mainly strikes Zeeland. 1953 – Major storm surge strikes South-west Netherlands, 1835 killed. A Delta Plan must prevent any recurrence. Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Dike-rings, eachwitha specific safety standard. Bron: DWW Rijkswaterstaat Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Meeting the safety standard means “able to withstand conditions characterized by” Peak river discharge of Î Rhine: 15.000 m3/s Î Meuse: 3650 m3/s North Sea storm surge conditions: Stormsurge peak level: NAP +5 m Î Wave height: Hs = 7,6 m ^ Î Wave period: T = 12 s Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Changing Climate and Changing of representative extreme conditions 1. River peak discharge: Î Rhine: 16.000 Æ 18.000 m3/s or more Î Meuse: 3800 Æ 5320 m3/s or more 2. Sea level : Î North sea level: +20 – or 110 cm? 3. Storm surges: Î Increase in maximum wind speed and related maximum storm surge level? Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Sea level rise estimates for 2100 IPCC WGI Fourth Assessment Report: Global 18 – 59 cm Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute, KNMI: 35 – 85 cm North Atlantic “Al Gore” Greenland scenario, * 50 - 150 cm case of domination of dynamic ice discharge * IPCC 2007: “Current global model studies project that the Antarctic ice sheet will remain too cold for widespread surface melting and is expected to gain in mass due to increased snowfall. However, net loss of ice mass could occur if dynamical ice discharge dominates the ice sheet mass balance.” Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Paleo sea level variations Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam Rohling et al.,unpublished, (SOC, VU) www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> Climate Centre VUA Vellinga Great weather catastrophes 1950 – 2005 Economic and insured losses 180 160 economic losses (in values vof 2005) 140 insured losses (in values of 2005) 120 trend economic losses 100 trend insured losses 80 bn. US$ 60 40 20 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 © 2006 NatCatSERVICE, Geo Risks Research, Munich Re Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Flood protection cost in the Netherlands Î The annual cost to protect the Netherlands from river and Northsea flooding, including the historic Deltaplan and including estimates of future cost to protect the Netherlands from increasing sea level and higher peak discharges of the rivers, are in the order of 500 to 1000 million euro per year. This is equivalent to 0.1% - 0.2% of GDP Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Climate proofing the Netherlands, hotspots Climate Centre vrije Universiteit amsterdam www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> ClimateVellinga Centre VUA Financial services Health Energy and industry Urban development Agriculture, nature and recreation Transport Water: Flooding and drought Vellinga Deep polders / Haaglanden Mainport Schiphol and Haarlemmermeer Rotterdam port and region Southern delta Waddenzee Great rivers Lakes, meadows amsterdam and peat Dry rural areas ClimateUniversiteit Centre vrije www.falw.vu.nl ->onderzoekcentra -> Climate Centre VUA Examples of Co-innovation Î Nourishment of the coastal sand-river Î “Overwash” dikes Î Offshore islands as coastal protection Î “Green river” bypass Î Nature reserves as climate and flooding buffer Î Floating cities and greenhouses Î Modern