Chapter 6 Communicating with Other Hams

• 6.1 Basics • 6.2 Band Plans • 6.3 Making Contacts • 6.4 Using • 6.5 Nets • 6.6 Emergency Communications • 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques

1 Chapter 6.1 Contact Basics Ham Contact (QSO) Structure

• Greeting. • CQ CQ CQ this is KD0RIU … kilo, delta, zero, romeo, , uniform • Identify who is participating. • KD0RIU this is K0NK Jim in Colorado enjoying 4 feet of new snow. Over. • Exchange information, generally taking turns. • Hi Jim the name here is Larry. • Your RST is 59. • My QTH is Olathe, Ks. • You can keep the snow, give me summer. Over. • Oh, no winter is best. No bugs, no bears, no tourist. Over. • Salutations. • Well Jim, I’d better get some chores done. Hope to hear you down the log. • End the conversation. • Okay, I understand. 73 and good DXing. This is K0NK. • Enjoyed the QSO Jim. Take 2care. KD0RIU clear. Chapter 6.1 Identify Regularly

An amateur station is required to transmit its assigned at least every 10 minutes during and at the end of a contact.

3 Chapter 6.1 Phonetic Alphabet

Use of a phonetic alphabet is the method encouraged by the FCC when identifying your station when using phone.

A Alpha H Hotel O Oscar V Victor B Bravo I P Papa W Whiskey C Charlie J Juliet Q Quebec X X-ray D Delta K Kilo R Romeo Y Yankee E Echo L Lima S Sierra Z Zulu F Foxtrot M Mike T Tango G Golf N November U Uniform

4 4 Chapter 6.1 Procedural Signals

Use of procedural signals to let the other station know your intentions.

Over, “K” – The other party’s turn to talk. Clear, “SK” - The is available for a contact. Say again – I didn’t hear everything you said, please repeat. Stand-by one – I need to do something off the air, I’ll be right back. I Spell … - I’m going to spell the following using phonics.

5 5 Chapter 6.1 Using a Frequency

 No body “owns” a frequency – be polite and share.

 Schedules – a time/frequency on a repeating basis.

 “Frequency is in use” – be prepared to move to another frequency. Plan-B: Move “up” or “down” 5 KHz to avoid interference.

6 6 Chapter 6.1 Signal Reports

Table 6-2 The RST System

Readability 1-Poor … 5-Perfectly readable. Signal Strength 1-Poor … 9-Strong signal Tone (CW) 1-Poor … 9-Perfect tone

Use RST system to let the other station know how well their signal is being received.

7 7 Chapter 6.1 Power Level

Most have power level adjustment.

Running “QRP” – 5 watts or less. Running “Barefoot” – 100 watts with no additional amplifier. Running “legal limits” – of the band and within FCC rules.

FCC Rule: Use the “minimum amount of power needed to make the contact.”

8 8 Chapter 6.1 Locators

T8C05 – p6-4

A grid locator is a letter-number designator assigned to a geographic location.

9 9 Chapter 6.1 Appropriate Topics

 Do not use indecent and obscene language  Do not use racial or ethnic references.  Stay clear of: politics, religion and sexual topics.  Use good sense and an extra helping of manners to avoid offending other hams.  Ham is for developing communication expertise and goodwill.

Hams pride themselves on professional, high-quality procedures and conduct.

10 10 Chapter 6.1 Signing Off

 Final – the last transmission, as in “I will be clear on your final.”  QRU – Q-signal that means, “I have nothing more for you”  Down the log – “I’ll see you later”  73 – “Best Regards,” an almost universal closing motif.  88 – added for a female operator, originally “Love and Kisses”

 Clear – to let every one know11 you are though. 11 Chapter 6.1 Q Signals

Table-6.3 p6-5 QRM Man-made interference (another stn) QRN Nature interference (static/noise) QRP I am running low power. QRT I am going off the air. QRZ Who is calling me? QSB Your signal is fading. QSL I received the . QSO I will communicate with ______directly. QSY I am changing frequency to _____. QTH My location is ______.

12 12 Chapter 6.1 Logging and Confirming Contacts p6-7

Logging and logbooks not required any more but are a excellent idea to do so.

 Logbooks (paper, software)  QSL cards are used to confirm a contact.

13 Chapter 6.1 Logging and Confirming Contacts QSL Card

14 Chapter 6.1 Logging and Confirming Contacts Special Event QSL Card

15 Chapter 6.1 Logging and Confirming Contacts ARRL HEADQUARTERS

16 Chapter 6.1 Logging and Confirming Contacts QSL Card

17 Chapter 6.1 Logging and Confirming Contacts QSL Card – Radio Club

18 Chapter 6.1 Logging and Confirming Contacts QSL Card – Radio Club

19 Chapter 6.1 Logging and Confirming Contacts Field Day Logging

20 Chapter 6.2 Bands

Valid bands are different from ‘Band Plans’ which are a voluntary guidance over and above the bands authorized by the FCC.

21 Chapter 6.2 Band Plans

6.2 – p6-9 DEFINITIONS & FINDING BAND PLANS  Beyond FCC rules.  Additional structure.  Voluntary agreements by hams.  Good amateur practice.  Table 6-4 (pg 6-9) 2 meter band plan.

22 Chapter 6.2 Band Plans

A band plan, beyond the privileges established by the FCC, is a voluntary guideline for using different modes or activities within an amateur band.

50.000-50.100: CW - No voice modes allowed per FCC section §97.305 50.060-50.080: CW/ Sub band 50.100-50.300: Phone (SSB), etc. (no FM voice) 50.100-50.125: DX Window 50.300-50.600: All modes (simplex) 50.600-50.800: Digital modes (e.g. Packet) 50.800-51.000: Radio Control (R/C) 51.000-51.100: "Pacific DX window" (SSB/CW) 51.120-51.480: 6 Meter FM Inputs (areas w/500 KHz split) 51.500-51.600: Simplex FM, 6 channels: 51.500, 51.520, 51.540, 51.560, 51.580, and 51.600 51.620-51.980: 6 Meter FM Repeater Outputs (areas w/500 KHz split) 52.000-52.480: 6 Meter FM Repeater Inputs (for 500 KHz and 1 MHz split) Note: 52.525, 52.400, 52.040, and 52.020 are widely used for simplex operation with 52.525 being the "national simplex" frequency. 52.500-52.980: 6 Meter FM Repeater Outputs 53.000-53.480: 6 Meter 23FM Repeater Inputs and Repeater Outputs23 53.500-53.980: 6 Meter FM Repeater Outputs Chapter 6.2 Band Plans Simplex Frequency

Simplex Frequency  Non-Repeater use  TX and RX on same frequency  Point-to-Point communication using simplex .  Simplex frequency reside between repeater’s input/output frequencies – use same .

24 Chapter 6.3 Making Contact

Listen (to make sure frequency isn’t in use)

SSB (use phonetics on call)  CQ CQ CQ this is KD0RIU KD0RIU KD0RIU And Standing-by. (or Listening)

CW OR DIGITAL  CQ CQ CQ DE KD0RIU KD0RIU K

REPEATER  This is KD0RIU. Listening  K0NK this is KD0RIU 25 Chapter 6.3 Making Contact via Repeater

ARRL Repeater Directory

REPEATER CONTACTS  Listen  Keep transmissions short  Identify your station legally  Pause briefly between transmissions  Signal Report on the Repeater  Courtesy beep

26 Chapter 6.3 Making Contact

TAKING TURNS AND BREAKING IN

 Ragchew – long conversation  – short, quick, get to next contact as soon as possible  Roundtable – like ragchew but taking turns  Nets – Under control of a leader, net control, used to information to a group  Doubling – two hams transmitting at the same time  Breaking in – joining the QSO by saying their call, your call, and being invited to join the group

27 Chapter 6.3 Making Contact

SIMPLEX CHANNELS

 Sending/Receiving stations close  Uses single tx/rcv frequency  Uses simplex frequency  Simplex calling freq on 2 meters is 146.52 MHz  Simplex calling freq on 70cm is 446.00 MHz  Uses same antenna for simplex as you do for repeater

28 Chapter 6.4 Using Repeaters

29 Chapter 6.4 Using Repeaters Santa Fe Trail ARC Repeaters

30 Chapter 6.4 Using Repeaters Santa Fe Trail ARC Repeaters

What repeaters really look like.

220 Repeater (homebrew) 2M31 Repeater 440 Repeater 31 Chapter 6.4 Using Repeaters

REPEATER OFFSET OR SHIFT  Offset or shift (positive, negative)  147.240 MHz +600 KHz = 147.84000 MHz  145.290 MHz -600 KHz = 144.690 MHz  145.470 MHz -600 KHz = 144.870 MHz  442.200 MHz +5 MHz = 447.200 MHz  448.775 MHz -5 MHz = 443.775 MHz

32 Chapter 6.4 Using Repeaters

REPEATER ACCESS TONES (keys to the repeater’s lock)  CTCSS is the term used to describe the use of a sub-audible tone transmitted with normal voice audio to open the of a receiver. (CTCSS – Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System)  Also called a PL tone. 67.0 Hz 94.8 Hz 131.8 Hz 171.3 Hz 203.5 Hz 69.3 Hz 97.4 Hz 136.5 Hz 173.8 Hz 206.5 Hz 71.9 Hz 100.0 Hz 141.3 Hz 177.3 Hz 210.7 Hz 74.4 Hz 103.5 Hz 146.2 Hz 179.9 Hz 218.1 Hz 77.0 Hz 107.2 Hz 151.4 Hz 183.5 Hz 225.7 Hz 79.7 Hz 110.9 Hz 156.7 Hz 186.2 Hz 229.1 Hz 82.5 Hz 114.8 Hz 159.8 Hz 189.9 Hz 233.6 Hz 85.4 Hz 118.8 Hz 162.2 Hz 192.8 Hz 241.8 Hz 88.5 Hz 123.0 Hz 165.5 Hz 196.6 Hz 250.3 Hz 91.5 Hz 127.3 Hz 167.9 Hz 199.5 Hz 254.1 Hz

 A brief statement of saying your call sign to indicate that you are listening on a repeater.

33 33 Chapter 6.4 Using Repeaters

ID AND CONTROL TOPICS  Timer starts at begin transmission  Courtesy tone  Timer limit three minutes (repeater protection)  “Repeater Timed out” repeater shuts down  Prevents over heating  Letting the repeater drop will reset the timer  Let the repeater’s squelch tail drop

34 Chapter 6.4 Using Repeaters

REPEATER SYSTEMS  Remote receivers  Auxiliary stations for retransmission  Linked to other repeaters  Co-located  Control link  Control codes  Repeater controller sends repeater ID  Phone call through the repeater is called autopatch

35 Chapter 6.4 Using Repeaters

OPEN, SPECIAL USE AND PRIVATE REPEATER  Open -- No tone required  Open -- Tone required  Closed – Not available for public use (usually club members only)

36 Chapter 6.4 Using Repeaters

DIGITAL REPEATER SYSTEMS

 IRLP ( Radio Linking Project)  Echolink  WIRES II proprietary system by Yaesu  D-STAR – public D-STAR standard  IRLP & Echolink uses VoIP  ON codes  ARRL book VoIP: Internet Linking for Radio Amateurs

37 Chapter 6.5 NETS

TYPES OF NETS

 Social – informal on-the-air meetings  Traffic – routing formal “traffic”  Emergency –  ECS “Storm-spotters”,  ARES “Search & Rescue”,  SATERN “Health & Welfare”

38 Chapter 6.5 NETS

NET STRUCTURE & PARTICIPATION

 Net Control Station – Conducting each net  Uses a “script”  Any emergency info or urgent traffic?  Makes announcements of interest  Takes regular check-ins  Conducts net business  “Emergency, your callsign”  Closes the net and returns the freq to normal operations

39 Chapter 6.5 NETS

TRAFFIC HANDLING

 Accurately relay or “pass” messages  Messages formatted as radiograms  Preamble (Used to track messages)  Body  Signature

40 Chapter 6.5 NETS Radiogram

41 Chapter 6.5 NETS

FINDING NETS

 ARRL Net Directory  ARRL web site “On the Air” section  www.sftarc.org web site

42 Chapter 6.6 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

OPERATING UNDER EMERGENCY CONDITIONS

 Don’t become part of the problem : assist  Maintain your safety  Maintain radio discipline; protocols  Strive for 100% accuracy  Protect personal information  Don’t give out unauthorized info  messages and reports are not considered emergent by FCC rules

43 Chapter 6.6 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

EMCOMM AND YOUR EMPLOYER

 FCC 97.113(a)(3) “No amateur shall transmit … communication on behalf of an employer.”  Training/Drills are allowed by employer if:  Government-sponsored  Employer is a government agency  Teachers and club operators may transmit:  Part of their instruction  Transmit bulletins and code practice at least 40 hr/wk

44 Chapter 6.6 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

EMERGENCY DECLARATIONS

 FCC declared  Temporary state of comm emergency  Special operating conditions  Observed during the emergency  Remains in force until FCC lifts it  Declarations on FCC/ARRL web sites  Relayed on NTS and Official Relay stations  Avoid operating on/near disaster relief frequencies (stated in declaration) 45 Chapter 6.6 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

THREATS TO LIFE AND PROPERTY

 Normal communication is unavailable  Use any means to communicate in an emergency that involves a threat to life or property.  Threat over, return to normal operations

46 Chapter 6.6 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

DISTRESS CALLS

 Voice: Mayday Mayday Mayday  CW: SOS SOS SOS  “any station come in please”  ID with your call-sign  Give location  Nature of situation  Type of assistance required  Other pertinent info  Pause and listen  Never make a false distress call!!! 47 Chapter 6.6 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

PUBLIC SERVICE COMMUNICATIONS

 Support public events: parades, races  Excellent emcomm training  May not receive pay  May receive reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses

48 Chapter 6.6 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS

 Use Tactical Call signs:  Headquarters  First-Aid Station  Judges Stand  Water Tanker 1  Must follow FCC rules for ID  Every 10 min and at end of transmission

49 Chapter 6.6 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

ARES AND RACES

 ARES supports:  Red Cross  Salvation Army  National Weather Service  RACES supports:  Local, state, or federal government emergency management agencies during civil emergencies  Many Amateurs belong to both

50 Chapter 6.6 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS TRAINING

 Join a local amateur emergency preparedness team – radio club, ARES team, RACES team, etc.  Take EMCOMM training  FEMA training (Emergency preparedness)  NIMS training (Safety agencies organized)  SET drill every October  GO-Kit (check every 6 mos.)

51 Chapter 6.6 EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT

 GO-Kit ready: bag, back-pack, suite case  Radio, batteries (car battery)  Support you for 24 hours: water, meds, snack  Recharging ability  Solar power  Antennas: magnetic mount whip, wire dipole  Repeater list and simplex frequency list  Headset  Adequate clothing for weather and temperature  Safety gear: glasses, hearing, mask, gloves 52 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques

DXING, AWARDS & CONTESTING

 DX stands for “distant station”  Dxing best on SSB or CW (efficiency)  UTC (24-hour World Time)  ARRL Outgoing QSL Bureau  Awards (WAS, WAZ, DXCC)  Contests  Special Events

53 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques

Contests • Field Day • Sweep Stakes • QSO Parties • CQ DX Contest • Contest Corral

54 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques ARRL CONTESTS

55 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques

Awards • DXCC – Contacting 100 different countries and/or entities. • WAS – Contacting 50 states. • VUCC – Contacting 100 grid squares on VHF/UHF.

56 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques Awards

57 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques Awards

58 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques Awards

59 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques Special Events • Commemorate significant event. • Stations for public display. • Certificates awarded for contact

60 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques Special Event Entry January QST

 Jan 9, 1700Z-2359Z, San Diego, CA. USS Midway (CV-41) Museum Radio Room, NI6IW. USS Nautilus (SSN-571) Underway on Nuclear Power 1955. 14.320 7.250 7.070 D-STAR. QSL. USS Midway Museum Radio Room, 910 North Harbor Dr, San Diego, CA 92101-5811. [email protected]

61 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques Museum Radio Room

 USS Midway (CVB/CVA/CV- 41) was an aircraft carrier of the Navy, the lead ship of her class, and the first to be commissioned after the end of World War II. Active in the Vietnam War and in Operation Desert Storm, currently, she is a museum ship in San Diego, California.

62 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques USS NAUTILUS (SSN-571) First nuclear powered sub

 At 11:00 hours on 17 January 1955 she put to sea for the first time and signaled her historic message: "Underway on nuclear power." - Wikipedia

63 Special Event: Field Day Jim Cessna (AC0KN)

64 Special Event: Field Day Harry Krout (W0YQG (SK) ) Joe Krout (W0PWJ)

65 Solar/Battery Powered Ham Station Tim Godfrey (KC0FCP)

66 Solar Panel and Tree limb

67 SATERN Generator (pwr supply)

68 Special Event: Foxhunting

 A radio direction finder (RDF) is a device for finding the direction to a radio source.  Usually to find noise interference or jamming

69 Amateur AO-51

70

 “Technician-class license could use a satellite that is listening for uplink signals on 2 meters and transmitting on a 10-meter downlink frequency even though not permitted to transmit on 10- meters.”  Possible to work 100 countries via satellite with your HT.

71 HOPE OSCAR 68 Launched 15 DEC 2009

 HO-68 (Hope Oscar 68)  Spacecraft Name: XW-1  Alternate Name: CAS-1  Satellite Type: Microsatellite  Launch Date: 15 December, 2009  Launch Location: Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center of China  Launch Vehicle: CZ-2C(LM-2C) Rocket  Apogee: 1200.00  Perigee: 1200.00  Inclination: 100.50  Period: 109.00  Dimensions: 680mm*480mm (Envelope dimension), not include antennas  Weight: 60.000 Kg  Organization: CAMSAT

72 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques

SATELLITES  OSCAR (Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio)  Uplink / Downlink frequency (U/V)  Sub-bands  Apogee – farthest from Earth  Perigee – nearest the Earth  Beacon – information about the satellite  Doppler shift – shift in freq due to relative motion between the satellite and the Earth station.  Keplerian elements – tracking the satellite’s orbit

73 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques

SATELLITES  LEO (Low Earth Orbit)  Elliptical orbit  Spin fading (satellite spin)  Pacsat (FM packet for digital communication)  Tracking programs  Satellite contact (aka squirting the bird)  AMSAT (organization building /launching most amateur satellites)

74 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques

SPECIAL MODES  Video  SSTV (Slow scan TV, HF, still images)  ATV (fast scan TV, UHF, wide 6 MHz, color)  Meteor Scatter and Moonbounce  Radio Control (cars, trucks, boats and planes)  Telecommand signals (one-way signals) to control a device  1 watt  Call sign, name, address on transmitter

75 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques Earth-Moon-Earth: Moonbounce Alaska station

76 Chapter 6.7 Special Activities, Modes and Techniques Radio Controlled

• Radio Control (RC). – Telecommand. – 50 MHz band.

77 T2B10 What is the "Q" signal used to indicate that you are receiving interference from other stations? Page 6-5 A. QRM B. QRN C. QTH D. QSB

78 T2B11 What is the "Q" signal used to indicate that you are changing frequency?

Page 6-5 A. QRU B. QSY C. QSL D. QRZ

79 T8C05 What is a grid locator?

Page 6-4

A. A letter-number designator assigned to a geographic location B. A letter-number designator assigned to an azimuth and elevation C. An instrument for neutralizing a final amplifier D. An instrument for radio direction finding

80 T2B01 What is the term used to describe an amateur station that is transmitting and receiving on the same frequency? Page 6-9 A. Full duplex communication B. Diplex communication C. Simplex communication D. Half duplex communication

81 T2A02 What is the national calling frequency for FM simplex operations in the 70 cm band? Page 6-14 A. 146.520 MHz B. 145.000 MHz C. 432.100 MHz D. 446.000 MHz

82 T2A04 What is an appropriate way to call another station on a repeater if you know the other station's call sign? Page 6-12

A. Say "break, break" then say the station's call sign B. Say the station's call sign then identify with your call sign C. Say "CQ" three times then the other station's call sign D. Wait for the station to call "CQ" then answer it

83 T2A01 What is the most common repeater frequency offset in the 2 meter band?

Page 6-16 A. Plus 500 kHz B. Plus or minus 600 kHz C. Minus 500 kHz D. Only plus 600 kHz

84 T2A03 What is a common repeater frequency offset in the 70 cm band? Page 6-16 A. Plus or minus 5 MHz B. Plus or minus 600 kHz C. Minus 600 kHz D. Plus 600 kHz

85 T2B02 What is the term used to describe the use of a sub-audible tone transmitted with normal voice audio to open the squelch of a receiver? Page 6-16 A. Carrier squelch B. Tone burst C. DTMF D. CTCSS

86 T2B04 Which of the following common problems might cause you to be able to hear but not access a repeater even when transmitting with the proper offset? Page 6-17

A. The repeater receiver requires audio tone burst for access B. The repeater receiver requires a CTCSS tone for access C. The repeater receiver may require a DCS tone sequence for access D. All of these choices are correct

87 T4B11 Which of the following describes the common meaning of the term “repeater offset”? Page 6-5 A. The distance between the repeater’s transmit and receive antennas B. The time delay before the repeater timer resets C. The difference between the repeater’s transmit and receive frequencies D. The maximum frequency deviation permitted on the repeater’s input signal

88 T2C06 Which of the following is common practice during net operations to get the immediate attention of the net control station when reporting an emergency? Page 6-5 A. Repeat the words SOS three times followed by the call sign of the reporting station B. Press the push-to-talk button three times C. Begin your transmission with “Priority” or “Emergency” followed by your call sign D. Play a pre-recorded emergency alert tone followed by your call sign

89 T2C07 What should you do to minimize disruptions to an emergency traffic net once you have checked in? Page 6-21 A. Whenever the net frequency is quiet, announce your call sign and location B. Move 5 kHz away from the net's frequency and use high power to ask other hams to keep clear of the net frequency C. Do not transmit on the net frequency until asked to do so by the net control station D. Wait until the net frequency is quiet, then ask for any emergency traffic for your area

90 T2C08 What is usually considered to be the most important job of an amateur operator when handling emergency traffic messages? Page 6-22 A. Passing messages exactly as written, spoken or as received B. Estimating the number of people affected by the disaster C. Communicating messages to the news media for broadcast outside the disaster area D. Broadcasting emergency information to the general public

91 T2C10 What is the preamble in a formal traffic message? Page 6-22 A. The first paragraph of the message text B. The message number C. The priority handling indicator for the message D. The information needed to track the message as it passes through the amateur radio traffic handling system

92 T2C11 What is meant by the term "check" in reference to a formal traffic message? Page 6-22 A. The check is a count of the number of words or word equivalents in the text portion of the message B. The check is the value of a money order attached to the message C. The check is a list of stations that have relayed the message D. The check is a box on the message form that tells you the message was received

93 T2C01 What set of rules applies to proper operation of your station when using amateur radio at the request of public service officials? Page 6-25 A. RACES Rules B. ARES Rules C. FCC Rules D. FEMA Rules

94 T2C04 What do RACES and ARES have in common?

Page 6-24

A. They represent the two largest ham clubs in the United States B. Both organizations broadcast road and weather traffic information C. Neither may handle emergency traffic supporting public service agencies D. Both organizations may provide communications during emergencies

95 T2C05 What is the Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service? Page 6-24 A. An emergency radio service organized by amateur operators B. A radio service using amateur stations for emergency management or civil defense communications C. A radio service organized to provide communications at civic events D. A radio service organized by amateur operators to assist non-military persons

96 T2C09 When may an amateur station use any means of radio communications at its disposal for essential communications in connection with immediate safety of human life and protection of property? Page 6-25 A. Only when FEMA authorizes it by declaring an emergency B. When normal communications systems are not available C. Only when RACES authorizes it by declaring an emergency D. Only when authorized by the local MARS program director

97 T1A07 What is the FCC Part 97 definition of telemetry?

Page 6-33

A. An information bulletin issued by the FCC B. A one-way transmission to initiate, modify or terminate functions of a device at a distance C. A one-way transmission of measurements at a distance from the measuring instrument D. An information bulletin from a VEC Congress of the United States

98 T7A09 Which of the following devices is most useful for VHF weak-signal communication?

Page 6-28 A. A quarter-wave vertical antenna B. A multi-mode VHF C. An omni-directional antenna D. A mobile VHF FM transceiver

99 T8B01 Who may be the control operator of a station communicating through an amateur satellite or space station? Page 6-30 A. Only an Amateur Extra Class operator B. A General Class licensee or higher licensee who has a satellite operator certification C. Only an Amateur Extra Class operator who is also an AMSAT member D. Any amateur whose license privileges allow them to transmit on the satellite uplink frequency

100 T8B02 How much transmitter power should be used on the uplink frequency of an amateur satellite or space station?

Page 6-31 A. The maximum power of your transmitter B. The minimum amount of power needed to complete the contact C. No more than half the rating of your linear amplifier D. Never more than 1 watt

101 T8B03 Which of the following can be done using an ?

Page 6-31 A. Talk to amateur radio operators in other countries B. Get global positioning information C. Make telephone calls D. All of these choices are correct

102 T8B04 Which amateur stations may make contact with an amateur station on the International Space Station using 2 meter and 70 cm band amateur radio frequencies?

A. Only members of amateur radio clubs at NASA facilities B. Any amateur holding a Technician or higher class license C. Only the astronaut's family members who are hams D. You cannot talk to the ISS on amateur radio frequencies

103 T8B05 What is a satellite beacon?

Page 6-30 A. The primary transmit antenna on the satellite B. An indicator light that that shows where to point your antenna C. A reflective surface on the satellite D. A transmission from a space station that contains information about a satellite

104 T8B06 What can be used to determine the time period during which an amateur satellite or space station can be accessed? Page 6-31 A. A GPS receiver B. A field strength meter C. A telescope D. A satellite tracking program

105 T8B07 With regard to satellite communications, what is Doppler shift?

Page 6-30 A. A change in the satellite orbit B. A mode where the satellite receives signals on one band and transmits on another C. An observed change in signal frequency caused by relative motion between the satellite and the earth station D. A special digital communications mode for some satellites

106 T8B08 What is meant by the statement that a satellite is operating in "mode U/V"?

Page 6-31 A. The satellite uplink is in the 15 meter band and the downlink is in the 10 meter band B. The satellite uplink is in the 70 cm band and the downlink is in the 2 meter band C. The satellite operates using ultraviolet frequencies D. The satellite frequencies are usually variable

107 T8B09 What causes "spin fading" when referring to satellite signals?

Page 6-31 A. Circular polarized noise interference radiated from the B. Rotation of the satellite and its antennas C. Doppler shift of the received signal D. Interfering signals within the satellite uplink band

108 T8B10 What do the initials LEO tell you about an amateur satellite?

Page 6-30 A. The satellite battery is in Low Energy Operation mode B. The satellite is performing a Lunar Ejection Orbit maneuver C. The satellite is in a Low Earth Orbit D. The satellite uses Light Emitting Optics

109 T8B11 What is a commonly used method of sending signals to and from a digital satellite?

Page 6-31 A. USB AFSK B. PSK31 C. FM Packet D. WSJT

110 T8C01 Which of the following methods is used to locate sources of noise interference or jamming?

Page 6-29 A. Echolocation B. Doppler radar C. Radio direction finding D. Phase locking

111 T8C02 Which of these items would be useful for a hidden transmitter hunt?

Page 6-29 A. Calibrated SWR meter B. A directional antenna C. A calibrated noise bridge D. All of these choices are correct

112 T8C03 What popular operating activity involves contacting as many stations as possible during a specified period of time? Page 6-28 A. Contesting B. Net operations C. Public service events D. Simulated emergency exercises

113 T8C04 Which of the following is good procedure when contacting another station in a radio contest? Page 6-28 A. Be sure to sign only the last two letters of your call if there is a pileup calling the station B. Work the station twice to be sure that you are in his log C. Send only the minimum information needed for proper identification and the contest exchange D. All of these choices are correct

114 T8C07 What is the maximum power allowed when transmitting telecommand signals to radio controlled models? Page 6-33 A. 500 milliwatts B. 1 watt C. 25 watts D. 1500 watts

115 T8C08 What is required in place of on-air station identification when sending signals to a radio control model using amateur frequencies? Page 6-33 A. Voice identification must be transmitted every 10 minutes B. ID must be sent once per hour C. A label indicating the licensee's name, call sign and address must be affixed to the transmitter D. A flag must be affixed to the transmitter antenna with the station call sign in 1 inch high letters or larger

116 T8D04 What type of transmission is indicated by the term NTSC?

Page 6-32 A. A Normal Transmission mode in Static Circuit B. A special mode for earth satellite uplink C. An analog fast scan color TV signal D. A frame compression scheme for TV signals

117 QUESTIONS ?

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