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Crime and Violence Prevention Field Guide, Updated Version

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Crime and Violence Prevention Field Guide, Updated Version CRIME AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION FIELD GUIDE UPDATED VERSION APRIL 2021 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development by Democracy International, Inc. DISCLAIMER The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. Prepared by Democracy International, as part of the Latin America and Caribbean Youth Violence Prevention Project (Task Order AID-OAA-TO-16-00041), under the YouthPower: Evidence and Evaluation IDIQ (AID-OAA-I-15-00007). Submitted to: USAID/LAC Prepared by: Yemile Mizrahi, Ph.D. Lainie Reisman, MSc. Lorena Cohan, M.A. Charles E. Costello, J.D. Contractor: Democracy International, Inc. 7600 Wisconsin Avenue, Suite 1010 Bethesda, MD 20814 Tel: 301-961-1660 www.democracyinternational.com CRIME AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION FIELD GUIDE UPDATED VERSION APRIL 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS AND TRANSLATIONS ....................................................................................... III EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.............................................................................................................. V INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 1 PART 1: BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Overview of crime and violence in Latin America and the Caribbean .................................................. 4 Overview ............................................................................................................................................................. 4 Trends Across LAC .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Why is USAID concerned about crime and violence? ...................................................................................... 13 PART 2: CONCEPTUAL APPROACHES FOR UNDERSTANDING CRIME AND VIOLENCE ................................................................................................................................... 16 2.1 Definition of Citizen Security ................................................................................................................................. 16 Crime and Violence ........................................................................................................................................ 17 Victimization and Fear of Crime .................................................................................................................. 18 Crime and Violence Prevention ................................................................................................................... 20 Types of Violence: The violence continuum .............................................................................................. 21 2.2 Conceptual Approaches for Addressing Crime and Violence Prevention ................................................... 22 Public Health Prevention Approach ............................................................................................................ 22 Criminological Prevention Approach .......................................................................................................... 23 Situational Prevention Approach.................................................................................................................. 23 Law Enforcement Prevention Approach .................................................................................................... 24 Comprehensive Prevention Approaches .................................................................................................... 26 PART 3: RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR CRIME AND VIOLENCE ................... 27 3.1 Risk Factors ................................................................................................................................................................ 27 Risk Factors at the Societal Level ................................................................................................................ 28 Risk Factors at the Community Level ......................................................................................................... 31 Risk Factors at the Relationship Level ........................................................................................................ 34 Risk Factors at the Individual Level ............................................................................................................. 35 3.2 Protective Factors ..................................................................................................................................................... 37 Levels of Intervention ..................................................................................................................................... 38 PART 4: CRIME AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS ................................ 41 4.1 Select Examples of Prevention Interventions ...................................................................................................... 42 What Does Not Prevent Crime and Violence .......................................................................................... 52 PART 5: DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING CRIME AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES .................................................................................................. 55 5.1 Phase 1: Analysis and Problem Identification ...................................................................................................... 57 What Information Does an Activity Manager Need? .............................................................................. 58 Sources of Crime and Violence Information ............................................................................................. 59 5.2 Phase 2: Developing the Results Framework and Articulating a Theory of Change .................................. 63 Identifying the Overall Activity Goal and Objective ................................................................................ 64 CRIME AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION FIELD GUIDE i Targeting Interventions .................................................................................................................................. 65 Identify Potential Partners and Champions ................................................................................................ 66 Establish a Realistic Funding Level and Timeline ....................................................................................... 67 5.3 Phase 3: Establishing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan .................................................................................... 67 Indicators for Crime and Violence Prevention Activities ....................................................................... 68 Guidance for Selecting Appropriate and Relevant Indicators ................................................................ 70 Data Sensitivity, Security, and Transparency ............................................................................................. 72 5.4 Phase 4: Monitoring and Evaluation ...................................................................................................................... 73 Distinguishing Between Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................................. 74 The Importance of Evaluating Prevention interventions ......................................................................... 76 ANNEX A: RISK AND PROTECTIVE FACTORS ...................................................... ANNEX-1 ANNEX B: CRIME AND VIOLENCE IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN ................................................................................................................... ANNEX-2 ANNEX C: MATRIX OF EVIDENCE-BASED CRIME AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION INTERVENTIONS, ACCORDING TO RISK LEVEL AND PREVENTION LEVEL ................................................................................................... ANNEX-4 ANNEX D: EFFECTIVE INTERVENTIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF INTERVENTION ............................................................................................................ ANNEX-8 ANNEX E: POTENTIAL SOURCES FOR CRIME AND VIOLENCE DATA ........... ANNEX-9 ANNEX F: ASSESSING THE PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A POTENTIAL TARGET AREA .......................................................................... ANNEX-10 ANNEX G: EXAMPLES OF A SELECTION OF FOCUS AREAS AND INTERVENTIONS FOR A MUNICIPALITY ............................................................. ANNEX-13 ANNEX H: INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK’S REGIONAL SYSTEM OF STANDARDIZED INDICATORS FOR CITIZEN SECURITY AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION (SES) ..................................................................... ANNEX-14 ANNEX I: REFERENCES ............................................................................................ ANNEX-16 ANNEX J: USEFUL RESOURCES RELATED TO CRIME AND VIOLENCE PREVENTION .............................................................................................................. ANNEX-27 ANNEX K: LESSONS LEARNED FROM USAID/OFFICE OF TRANSITION INITIATIVES HONDURAS PROGRAM .................................................................... ANNEX-29 CRIME AND VIOLENCE
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